焦点 05 阅读理解之说明文-备考2026年中考英语新课标（核心素养）同步大师课堂之题型特训面面到（北京）

焦点05 阅读理解之说明文 备考2026年中考英语新课标（核心素养）同步大师课堂之题型特训面面到 【题型解析】 一、说明文的特点与结构 说明文是北京中考英语阅读理解中的常见文体，其核心目的是传递信息，语言通常简洁准确，逻辑清晰。文章结构一般包括标题、引言、主体和结论，主体部分会按照时间、空间或其他逻辑顺序展开说明。 二、近年北京中考说明文选材主题 从近年的试卷分析来看，说明文的选材紧密联系时代发展，注重价值引领和素养考查‌ 常见的主题包括： 科技前沿‌：例如介绍中国科学家在“软体机器人学”领域的突破性进展，或探讨人工智能算法与人类价值观的关系。 社会热点与传统文化‌：例如关注食物浪费问题并提出解决方案‌或涉及嫦娥六号登月、高铁发展等展现国家成就的素材‌ 生活实践与成长‌：例如探讨“慢生活”理念，引导学生合理规划时间。 三、说明文阅读的考查重点 试题注重考查学生在真实情境中理解语篇、获取信息和解决问题的能力‌ 具体可能包括： 细节理解‌：定位并理解文中具体信息。 主旨大意‌：把握文章的核心观点或主要说明对象。 推理判断‌：根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，理解作者的言外之意。 词义猜测‌：通过上下文推测生词或短语的含义。 篇章结构‌：理解文章的写作顺序、段落间的逻辑关系。 四、解题技巧建议 针对说明文阅读，可以掌握以下技巧‌ 快速浏览，把握大意‌：先通读全文，了解文章主要说明什么。 关注关键词和逻辑连接词‌：它们能帮助理清文章的逻辑脉络。 分析段落中心句‌：通常每段的中心句会概括该段的主要内容。 仔细审题，回文定位‌：根据题目关键词回到原文中寻找对应信息，注意选项与原文的细微差别。 总结‌：2026年北京中考英语阅读理解中的说明文，预计将继续坚持素养立意，选材会贴近时代、贴近生活，注重考查学生的信息处理能力和思维品质。备考时，建议多阅读不同主题的说明文，熟悉其结构，并加强上述阅读技巧的训练。 A Do you know some great inventors and their inventions? What factors (因素) are needed for their success? Well, good timing for a start. You can have a great idea which the public simply doesn’t want… yet. The Italian Giovanni Caselli invented the first fax (传真) machine in the 1860s. Although the quality is excellent, his invention quickly died a commercial (商业的) death. It was not until the 1980s that the fax became very common in every office… too late for Giovanni Caselli. Money also helps. The Frenchman Denis Papin (1647-1712) had the idea for a steam engine (蒸汽机) almost a hundred years before the better-remembered Scotsman James Watt was even born… but he never had enough money to build one. You also need to be patient (it took scientists nearly eighty years to develop a light bulb which actually worked), but not too patient. In the 1870s, Elisha Gray, a professional inventor from Chicago, developed plans for a telephone. Gray saw it as no more than “a beautiful toy”. However, when he finally sent details of his invention to the Patent Office (专利局) in February, 1876, it was too late. Almost the same invention had arrived two hours earlier… and the young man who sent it, Alexander Graham Bell, will always be remembered as the inventor of the telephone. Of course what you really need is a great idea, but if you haven’t got one, a walk in the country and a careful look at nature can help. The Swiss scientist, George de Mestral, had the idea for Velcro (魔术贴) when he found his clothes covered in sticky seed pods after a walk in the country. During a similar walk in the French countryside some 250 years earlier, Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur had the idea that paper could be made from wood when he found an abandoned (废弃的) wasps’ nest (蜂巢). You also need good commercial sense. Willy Higinbotham was a scientist doing nuclear (核能的) research in the Brookhaven National Laboratory (实验室) in Upton, USA．In 1958 the public were invited to an exhibition in the Laboratory to see their work, but both parents and children were more interested in a tiny 120 cm screen with a white dot which could be hit back and forth over a “net” using a button (按钮) and a knob (旋钮). Soon hundreds of people were ignoring (忽视) the other exhibits to play the first ever computer game made from a simple laboratory instrument called an “oscilloscope” Higinbotham, however, never made money from his invention, he thought people were only interested in the game because the other exhibits were so boring! 1．Why did the writer use the example of Giovanni Caselli? A．To show how fax machines became common in the 1980s. B．To explain how the quality of an invention can be improved. C．To argue that commercial success is the only goal for inventors. D．To prove that good timing is important for an invention’s success. 2．What can you learn from the passage? A．Elisha Gray missed the chance to be the inventor of the telephone. B．George de Mestral got the idea from a walk in a French countryside. C．Denis Papin succeeded in building a steam engine a hundred years ago. D．Willy Higinbotham made money from his invention of the first computer game. 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．How to get a great idea from nature. B．How to be a successful inventor. C．How to have good commercial sense. D．How to make money from inventions. B When I write, knowing someone will read it, something changes. Having readers forces me to think harder about what I’m trying to say. That’s the audience effect at play. The presence of others changes what we choose to do and who we choose to be, and we become different people when we know we’re being watched. Our brains evolved (进化) to care deeply about social standing. When we sense we’re being observed, our neural (神经的) networks change into “performance mode.” In our brains, the areas connected with inner drive quiet down while areas processing social feedback (反馈) light up. This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making. Once you know about the audience effect, you’ll notice how it plays out everywhere. In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just “be average” to please others—instead of being truly creative. Similar effects appear in career decisions. Worrying about our audience, even if that audience is just your parents, can make you choose paths (小路) that look impressive on the outside but do not bring real satisfaction. The audience effect is hard to deal with because of feedback. When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves. Over time, we forget what we wanted before we started performing for others. However, you can’t eliminate (消除) the influence of having an audience, and you actually wouldn’t want to. In fact, it can be useful if we learn how to manage it. One way is to be careful about whose opinions we care about. Instead of trying to please everyone, we should focus on the people whose opinions actually matter. Another way is to keep both audience-focused and audience-free creative spaces. Share your progress, but also work on projects no one will see. When you make a choice—like what to write, share, or study—stop and ask yourself: “Am I doing this for me, or just to please others?” When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The reason for the audience effect. B．The downsides of the audience effect. C．The examples of the audience effect. D．The importance of the audience effect. 2．Which of the following situations best shows the audience effect? A．Sharing photos online to record life. B．Jogging in the park to enjoy the fresh air. C．Playing hard in the game because of others’ cheers. D．Preparing the speech carefully to understand it better. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why people care so much about social standing. B．To show that the audience effect is harmful and should be avoided. C．To give examples of how the audience effect influences our daily life. D．To remind readers to manage the audience effect without losing their true selves. C While many people see chores as necessary pains, there are science-based reasons to change your thoughts about chores. It turns out that doing chores is not always in the ways that you might think. As researchers state here in a study, doing tasks which don’t need a lot of effort allows the mind to float around where it will. Your mind gets a break and allows you to consider old problems with new eyes. In fact, effortless tasks create more great ideas than difficult tasks or just resting. So, doing chores can lead to creative problem-solving. Chores are exercise snacks for health. The phrase “exercise snacks” refers to small, even tiny, pieces of physical activity, such as standing for a few minutes after sitting for a while. Taking a two-minute walk, or doing a chore like sweeping up the kitchen. Researchers have studied the effects of exercise snacks ranging (范围) from 30 seconds, like walking up a flight of stairs, to 10 minutes, like washing dishes. Some of the health effects include improved memory, reduced risk of some serious diseases, and longer life. Chores are related to our mental (心理的) health. Completing chores increases (增长) your sense of self-efficacy, known as a person’s belief that they have the ability and skills to reach their goals. Self-efficacy, which was first developed by Professor Albert Bandura in the 1970s, has been shown to increase confidence, low self-efficacy is connected with worries, sadness and hopelessness, while higher self-efficacy is connected with life satisfaction, self-confidence, social connection and growth mindset. Doing chores can reduce stress. A small study from Florida State University explored whether the chore of dish washing could reduce stress. Using a group of 51 students, they discovered that dishwashers who were asked to be mindful when washing dishes focusing on the smell of the soap, the warmth of the water, and the feel of the dishes— reported a decrease in nervousness by 27 percent and an increase in mental inspiration by 25 percent. Chores that reduce the mess can also reduce stress. So if you’ve been thinking about cleaning out that junk drawer, do it. You’ll receive more. 1．According to Paragraph 2, the writer may agree that we can ________ by doing chores. A．get less social B．live a better life C．become more inventive D．change ways of exercise 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．We need to eat snacks after sweeping up the kitchen. B．We can get a sense of achievement by doing chores. C．Using the soap when washing dishes increases efficacy. D．Doing chores every day decreases the creative thinking. 3．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why most people hate doing chores and offer ways to make chores less tiring. B．To introduce the science-supported advantages of doing chores and encourage people to do chores. C．To prove that doing chores like washing dishes is the best way to reduce stress and improve creativity. D．To teach readers how to use different chores to increase self-efficacy and achieve life satisfaction. D Do you remember where you were when you heard about a traffic accident involving a close friend? The answer is probably yes. Do you remember what you were doing on your birthday that year? You may have to think a little harder. People remember bad memories more easily and in greater detail than good ones. Why is that? A new study found that people do this because of evolutionary (进化的) reasons. Elizabeth Kensinger and her partners at Boston College, US, did a study looking at this. They found that negative (消极的) feelings like fear and sadness cause an increase in brain activity. This activity happens in the part of the brain that controls memories. So memories caused by negative feelings are kept in greater detail than other kinds of memories. For example, after seeing a man on a street holding a knife, people remember the knife clearly, but they forget the details of the street. According to Kensinger, it is easy to understand this from an evolutionary point of view. She said that people pay attention to dangerous information so they can use that information to guide their actions and save their lives. They can also use it to plan for similar events in the future. The scientists say more studies are needed on how we remember bad memories. This line of research could help solve stress disorders. In short, the reason we remember bad things more firmly and clearly is actually a “survival skill” passed down to us by our ancestors. Our brains pay extra attention to dangerous information to help us avoid harm and survive better. However, there are still many details behind this waiting for scientists to discover. Now, when you think of the bad things that left a deep impression on you, do you understand why your brain “makes a point to remember” them? 1．Good memories are remembered ________ than bad ones. A．longer B．less often C．more easily D．more in detail 2．When a girl breaks into tears, ________. A．her brain activity will increase B．she probably has a stress disorder C．she can control her memories well D．her brain activity will be kept in great detail 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Brain activity controls memories B．How we remember bad memories C．Bad memories are easier to remember D．Bad memories can cause stress disorders A （2025·北京·中考真题） Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. B （2024·北京·中考真题） Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. A （2025·北京海淀·三模） If you’re missing an amazing party for your aunt’s birthday that you promised your mum you would attend you’ll probably get “FOMO” — the fear of missing out. It’s impossible to attend every social event in the calendar, but sometimes it really annoys you when you have prior (先前的) engagements (约定) and you know you’re missing out on something great. But some people feel the opposite. Rather than feeling FOMO, they take joy in missing out. They don’t feel the need to attend everything, and instead find comfort in either sticking to their original plans or staying at home alone. In a blog post, Kristen Fuller said “JOMO” is basically the emotionally intelligent antidote to “FOMO” and it is “about being present and being satisfied with where you are in life”. Some people are born with it, others learn to accept it. Here are the different ways JOMO can show itself: ①Living in the moment If you constantly worry about missing out on something, you cannot enjoy yourself wherever you are. This isn’t a healthy way to live your life, and Fuller wrote that you shouldn’t compare yourself to other people’s lives or experiences. “JOMO allows us to be who we are in the present moment, which is the secret to finding happiness,” she said. “When you free up that competitive and anxious space in your brain, you have so much more time, energy and emotion to realize your true priorities (首要事情). ” ② Switching off In an article, writer Justin Bariso discovered JOMO after he published his first book. He found it hard to switch off, worrying that his editor would contact him for rewrites, or he would miss an important email. It wasn’t until he was abroad with his family and his daughter asked him to play that he thought: “What am I doing?” “Did I really want to go to Starbucks to sit in front of my computer, responding to emails from people I barely know, when instead I could be spending time with my family on a beautiful beach?” he wrote. ③Enjoying your own company Some people are simply born with the ability to switch off, and not worry about what they could be missing out on. For them, being alone is important, and it doesn’t matter if they’re missing out on the party of the year. Others don’t necessarily need the space on a biological level, but they don’t feel the need to compare their lives to others. These are the people who aren’t involved in social media, and find joy in what they have, rather than focusing on what they don’t. 1．Which of the following proves that you feel JOMO? A．You cancel your original appointment and attend a party later. B．You always work hard in order to create a better future for your family. C．You spare a day for yourself every week to do some reading and writing. D．You constantly check your emails to make sure you keep up with your work. 2．What does the underlined word “antidote” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．A requirement to improve the situation. B．A way to take away the bad effects of something. C．An experiment to test the effect of something. D．A method to keep a balance between two things. 3．Which is the best title of this article? A．Differences between FOMO and JOMO B．Your Choice: FOMO or JOMO C．JOMO: A Way to Deal with Fear D．JOMO: Find Happiness in Not Being Involved B （2025·北京房山·一模） Flying has completely changed the way we travel around the world. It’s usually the fastest and most convenient way to go on long trips. But here’s a problem: it’s one of the activities that produce the most carbon for an ordinary person. In 2018, a small group of famous people in Sweden, driven by environmental worries, started the “flight shame” movement. They wanted to encourage people to give up flying. But for those who need to travel or love traveling, what other green ways are there? For medium to long trips, trains seem to be the best choice. According to a report, taking a train instead of a domestic (国内的) flight can cut down carbon emissions (碳排放) by86%. However, there are some problems. Trains can be more expensive than cheap flights. Especially during busy travel seasons. Also, it may take many more hours to get to your place, and most people don’t want to spend a lot of their travel time just on the way. That’s why sleeper trains are a great idea. The train networks in Europe are getting bigger, with new railways being added regularly. This means passengers can sleep during the trip and wake up in a new city or country! For short trips, many people are willing to ride bikes instead of driving cars. But few would think of cycling to another country. Matilda Welin is one of the few. It took her 17 days to ride a bike from London to Sweden. Sadly, she found that her trip neither benefited the planet nor saved her money. But it did change how she saw things. She said, “When I was travelling, I really felt the distance of the journey that I usually take so easily by plane.” She described how the world around her changed slowly, like the languages, the buildings, and the view—things she couldn’t enjoy on a flight Unfortunately for the planet, air travel remains a popular choice. About 100,000 planes take off around the world every day. But if we spend more money in building better train systems and make train tickets cheaper, more people might choose trains over planes, which could greatly reduce carbon emissions. 1．What challenges do trains face compared to flights? A．Trains are always faster but more expensive than flights. B．Trains are often cheaper but take much longer than flights. C．Trains are more expensive than cheap flights and take more hours. D．Trains are used for short—distance trip and less effective than flights. 2．What do you know about Matilda Welin’s cycling trip from the passage? A．The trip took her little time and wasted some money. B．The trip has brought a lot of advantages to the planet. C．She enjoyed experiencing slow changes during the trip. D．She realized that the distance of this trip was quite short. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The greenest active way to travel. B．Choose green travel instead of flying C．Serious problems of travelling by bike D．Push forward the building of train systems. C （2025·北京东城·二模） A United Nations scientific report states that human-caused climate change is greatly reducing land quality worldwide. It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production. About 30 percent of the Earth’s surface is land, but the land is warming two times faster than the planet as a whole. While greenhouse gases are causing global (全球的) warming, land has been less talked about as a part of climate change. In-fact, the way we use land is both part of the problem and part of the solution. Climate change has caused serious harm to the land. It has caused deserts to spread and made forests more easily harmed by fire, disease and shortage of water. Meanwhile, farming and forestry together account for about 23 percent of the greenhouse gases. Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. The report suggests that we can change the way we farm and eat to slow down the temperature rise. It notes that better, smarter farming methods can reduce carbon levels by up to 18 percent of present emission (排放) levels by 2050. Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds. That will also free up several million square kilometres of land by 2050. Reducing food waste is also an important part of fighting climate change. The report notes that almost one-third of food produced is lost or wasted. Reducing food waste would reduce emissions and help feed more people. However, the report warns that “the window for making these changes is closing fast.” 1．According to the report, what is one cause of climate change? A．Forest fires. B．Improper land use. C．Low rainfalls. D．Large areas of deserts. 2．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Smarter farming will increase carbon emissions. B．Worldwide hunger is mainly caused by food waste. C．Cereal production mostly depends on farming methods. D．Eating less red meat can slow down the temperature rise. D （2025·北京大兴·二模） We live in a hurried society, which is often reflected in how we eat. We eat quickly and often while doing something else, such as studying for a test or finishing some work, so we usually aren’t aware of what or how much we are putting in our mouths. This is very common in our modern lives. It can affect our health, and perhaps focusing on the act of eating, or “mindful eating,” can help us. Eating and nutrition (营养) are linked; both play important roles in helping us achieve and keep good health. Proper nutrition involves having a diet rich in necessary nutrients. Mindful eating can help us by focusing on being aware of what we are eating and paying attention as we eat it. That means turning off the television, smartphone and computer. Using these devices while eating can lead to mindless eating as well as eating too much. By focusing on our food and the act of eating, we can better appreciate (享受) the flavors, textures and smells of our meals. Eating can be turned from a necessity into an enjoyable and satisfying experience. Another benefit of mindful eating is improved digestion (消化). By eating quickly and without focus, we tend to have large numbers of food and not chew (咀嚼) our food properly. This can lead to digestion problems and less effective nutrient absorption (吸收). Mindful eating encourages slower eating, which gives the body more time to break down food. Slower eating also gives the brain more time to know when the stomach is full, which limits overeating. Additionally, mindful eating helps in recognizing the difference between physical and emotional hunger. Many people eat in response to emotions like stress or sadness rather than physical hunger. By practicing mindful eating, people can become aware of true hunger signs and address emotional needs in healthier ways. A greater appreciation for food is also improved, which can lead to better food choices, such as fresh, whole foods. As a result, people often choose healthier eating habits that are good for long-term well-being. Mindful eating can be done through several steps. These include eating slowly, appreciating each bite, listening to the body’s hunger and fullness cues (信号) and creating a calm eating environment. Overall, mindful eating can be a powerful tool for improving one’s physical health. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a hurried lifestyle. B．To criticize the fast modern life. C．To show the result of eating too much. D．To describe a common eating experience. 2．According to the passage, which is the example of mindful eating? A．Lily likes reading e-books while enjoying her meals. B．Emma enjoys watching short videos while eating quickly. C．Bob often enjoys his sandwich and salad slowly and quietly. D．Tom always eats much food while chatting with friends at school. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Mindful eating is more important than nutrition we get from food. B．We are likely to eat more if we turn off the technology devices. C．We can eat tasty food to cheer us up when we are in low spirit. D．Mindful eating encourages us to focus on eating to digest better. E （2025·北京平谷·二模） When it comes to exercise, many struggle to find the motivation to move. In the US, nearly 40% of adults get no exercise in their free time. This is a serious and difficult problem. Music, however, offers a powerful solution. Research shows that listening to music while exercising can reduce the feeling of being tired by up to 10%, making workouts feel easier and enabling people to exercise longer. For instance, runners who listen to upbeat songs like “Eye of the Tiger” often find they can keep up their speed and go a longer distance without getting tired. A study in the Journal of Sports Sciences found that cyclists who listened to fast-paced music exercised 15% longer than those who did not. Music also improves mood and reduces anxiety, turning exercise into an enjoyable experience. When people listen to their favorite music during workouts, they are likely to enjoy the activity more and remember it as a positive experience. Research showed that those who exercised with self-selected music reported higher levels of enjoyment and were more likely to stick to their exercise routines. Moreover, matching movement to music’s beat can improve exercise efficiency. One research found that when people listened to their own chosen music, they could last 21% longer in tasks that tested how long they could hold on. Walking, in particular, benefits from this effect, as it allows people to focus on enjoyment rather than stress. To fight against inactivity, it’s necessary to make exercise fun and easy to do. Adding music to everyday activities such as walking or dancing can be helpful. Many fitness classes now use music to create engaging environments. At a larger level, rethinking exercise as a joyful experience rather than a task through public messaging can increase long-term participation. Let’s move to the beat! Walk with your favorite music or join an energetic dance class. Find what makes you happy. Let music motivate you and make exercise something you enjoy. Add rhythm(节奏) and make exercise fun for everyone! 1．What problem does the passage mention regarding exercise? A．More than half of people spend their free time without exercising. B．Many people find it challenging to find the determination to move. C．Listening to upbeat songs can make you feel tired while exercising. D．Few fitness programs use music to make the atmosphere more lively. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Music can reduce most of the feeling of being tired during exercise. B．Music chosen by your friends can help you exercise for a longer time. C．Music makes exercise more fun by lifting your spirits and easing anxiety. D．It’s important for young people to listen to music while doing daily routines. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Science of Music and Sports B．How Music Can Make You Run Faster C．Music: How It Affects Our Daily Lives D．Music: The Beat That Keeps You Moving 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 焦点05 阅读理解之说明文 备考2026年中考英语新课标（核心素养）同步大师课堂之题型特训面面到 【题型解析】 一、说明文的特点与结构 说明文是北京中考英语阅读理解中的常见文体，其核心目的是传递信息，语言通常简洁准确，逻辑清晰。文章结构一般包括标题、引言、主体和结论，主体部分会按照时间、空间或其他逻辑顺序展开说明。 二、近年北京中考说明文选材主题 从近年的试卷分析来看，说明文的选材紧密联系时代发展，注重价值引领和素养考查‌ 常见的主题包括： 科技前沿‌：例如介绍中国科学家在“软体机器人学”领域的突破性进展，或探讨人工智能算法与人类价值观的关系。 社会热点与传统文化‌：例如关注食物浪费问题并提出解决方案‌或涉及嫦娥六号登月、高铁发展等展现国家成就的素材‌ 生活实践与成长‌：例如探讨“慢生活”理念，引导学生合理规划时间。 三、说明文阅读的考查重点 试题注重考查学生在真实情境中理解语篇、获取信息和解决问题的能力‌ 具体可能包括： 细节理解‌：定位并理解文中具体信息。 主旨大意‌：把握文章的核心观点或主要说明对象。 推理判断‌：根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，理解作者的言外之意。 词义猜测‌：通过上下文推测生词或短语的含义。 篇章结构‌：理解文章的写作顺序、段落间的逻辑关系。 四、解题技巧建议 针对说明文阅读，可以掌握以下技巧‌ 快速浏览，把握大意‌：先通读全文，了解文章主要说明什么。 关注关键词和逻辑连接词‌：它们能帮助理清文章的逻辑脉络。 分析段落中心句‌：通常每段的中心句会概括该段的主要内容。 仔细审题，回文定位‌：根据题目关键词回到原文中寻找对应信息，注意选项与原文的细微差别。 总结‌：2026年北京中考英语阅读理解中的说明文，预计将继续坚持素养立意，选材会贴近时代、贴近生活，注重考查学生的信息处理能力和思维品质。备考时，建议多阅读不同主题的说明文，熟悉其结构，并加强上述阅读技巧的训练。 A Do you know some great inventors and their inventions? What factors (因素) are needed for their success? Well, good timing for a start. You can have a great idea which the public simply doesn’t want… yet. The Italian Giovanni Caselli invented the first fax (传真) machine in the 1860s. Although the quality is excellent, his invention quickly died a commercial (商业的) death. It was not until the 1980s that the fax became very common in every office… too late for Giovanni Caselli. Money also helps. The Frenchman Denis Papin (1647-1712) had the idea for a steam engine (蒸汽机) almost a hundred years before the better-remembered Scotsman James Watt was even born… but he never had enough money to build one. You also need to be patient (it took scientists nearly eighty years to develop a light bulb which actually worked), but not too patient. In the 1870s, Elisha Gray, a professional inventor from Chicago, developed plans for a telephone. Gray saw it as no more than “a beautiful toy”. However, when he finally sent details of his invention to the Patent Office (专利局) in February, 1876, it was too late. Almost the same invention had arrived two hours earlier… and the young man who sent it, Alexander Graham Bell, will always be remembered as the inventor of the telephone. Of course what you really need is a great idea, but if you haven’t got one, a walk in the country and a careful look at nature can help. The Swiss scientist, George de Mestral, had the idea for Velcro (魔术贴) when he found his clothes covered in sticky seed pods after a walk in the country. During a similar walk in the French countryside some 250 years earlier, Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur had the idea that paper could be made from wood when he found an abandoned (废弃的) wasps’ nest (蜂巢). You also need good commercial sense. Willy Higinbotham was a scientist doing nuclear (核能的) research in the Brookhaven National Laboratory (实验室) in Upton, USA．In 1958 the public were invited to an exhibition in the Laboratory to see their work, but both parents and children were more interested in a tiny 120 cm screen with a white dot which could be hit back and forth over a “net” using a button (按钮) and a knob (旋钮). Soon hundreds of people were ignoring (忽视) the other exhibits to play the first ever computer game made from a simple laboratory instrument called an “oscilloscope” Higinbotham, however, never made money from his invention, he thought people were only interested in the game because the other exhibits were so boring! 1．Why did the writer use the example of Giovanni Caselli? A．To show how fax machines became common in the 1980s. B．To explain how the quality of an invention can be improved. C．To argue that commercial success is the only goal for inventors. D．To prove that good timing is important for an invention’s success. 2．What can you learn from the passage? A．Elisha Gray missed the chance to be the inventor of the telephone. B．George de Mestral got the idea from a walk in a French countryside. C．Denis Papin succeeded in building a steam engine a hundred years ago. D．Willy Higinbotham made money from his invention of the first computer game. 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．How to get a great idea from nature. B．How to be a successful inventor. C．How to have good commercial sense. D．How to make money from inventions. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕成功发明所需的关键因素，结合多位发明家的案例，介绍了好时机、资金、耐心、创意、商业嗅觉等要素的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据“Well, good timing for a start. You can have a great idea which the public simply doesn’t want… yet. The Italian Giovanni Caselli invented the first fax machine in the 1860s.”可知，作者用乔瓦尼·卡塞利的例子是为了证明好的时机对发明成功很重要。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“In the 1870s, Elisha Gray, a professional inventor from Chicago, developed plans for a telephone… when he finally sent details of his invention to the Patent Office in February, 1876, it was too late.”可知，伊莱沙·格雷错失了成为电话发明者的机会。故选A。 3．最佳标题题。根据“Do you know some great inventors and their inventions? What factors are needed for their success?”及全文围绕发明成功所需因素展开可知，文章主要讲述如何成为一名成功的发明家。故选B。   B When I write, knowing someone will read it, something changes. Having readers forces me to think harder about what I’m trying to say. That’s the audience effect at play. The presence of others changes what we choose to do and who we choose to be, and we become different people when we know we’re being watched. Our brains evolved (进化) to care deeply about social standing. When we sense we’re being observed, our neural (神经的) networks change into “performance mode.” In our brains, the areas connected with inner drive quiet down while areas processing social feedback (反馈) light up. This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making. Once you know about the audience effect, you’ll notice how it plays out everywhere. In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just “be average” to please others—instead of being truly creative. Similar effects appear in career decisions. Worrying about our audience, even if that audience is just your parents, can make you choose paths (小路) that look impressive on the outside but do not bring real satisfaction. The audience effect is hard to deal with because of feedback. When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves. Over time, we forget what we wanted before we started performing for others. However, you can’t eliminate (消除) the influence of having an audience, and you actually wouldn’t want to. In fact, it can be useful if we learn how to manage it. One way is to be careful about whose opinions we care about. Instead of trying to please everyone, we should focus on the people whose opinions actually matter. Another way is to keep both audience-focused and audience-free creative spaces. Share your progress, but also work on projects no one will see. When you make a choice—like what to write, share, or study—stop and ask yourself: “Am I doing this for me, or just to please others?” When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The reason for the audience effect. B．The downsides of the audience effect. C．The examples of the audience effect. D．The importance of the audience effect. 2．Which of the following situations best shows the audience effect? A．Sharing photos online to record life. B．Jogging in the park to enjoy the fresh air. C．Playing hard in the game because of others’ cheers. D．Preparing the speech carefully to understand it better. 3．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why people care so much about social standing. B．To show that the audience effect is harmful and should be avoided. C．To give examples of how the audience effect influences our daily life. D．To remind readers to manage the audience effect without losing their true selves. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了“观众效应”如何影响人们的行为和决策，并提出了管理这种效应的建议。 1．主旨大意题。通读第二段并根据“This neurological change explains why an audience changes our decision-making.”可知，神经变化解释了为什么观众会改变我们的决策。由此可知，本段主要解释了观众效应的神经科学原因。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“In creative work, for example, an audience can give you the focus you need to turn ideas into great work. But it can also push you to just ‘be average’ to please others”和“When we receive praise or likes for audience-focused choices, we slowly start to value what pleases others more than what pleases ourselves.”可知，观众效应的典型表现是行为因他人反馈而改变。选项C“因他人的欢呼而在比赛中拼命表现”符合这一特征。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据“When you recognize the audience effect, you can use it to gain focus and energy without losing your true self.”可知，当你意识到观众效应时，你可以利用它获得专注和能量，而不失去真实的自我。由此可知，作者的主要目的是提醒读者在不失去真实自我的前提下，管理好观众效应。故选D。 C While many people see chores as necessary pains, there are science-based reasons to change your thoughts about chores. It turns out that doing chores is not always in the ways that you might think. As researchers state here in a study, doing tasks which don’t need a lot of effort allows the mind to float around where it will. Your mind gets a break and allows you to consider old problems with new eyes. In fact, effortless tasks create more great ideas than difficult tasks or just resting. So, doing chores can lead to creative problem-solving. Chores are exercise snacks for health. The phrase “exercise snacks” refers to small, even tiny, pieces of physical activity, such as standing for a few minutes after sitting for a while. Taking a two-minute walk, or doing a chore like sweeping up the kitchen. Researchers have studied the effects of exercise snacks ranging (范围) from 30 seconds, like walking up a flight of stairs, to 10 minutes, like washing dishes. Some of the health effects include improved memory, reduced risk of some serious diseases, and longer life. Chores are related to our mental (心理的) health. Completing chores increases (增长) your sense of self-efficacy, known as a person’s belief that they have the ability and skills to reach their goals. Self-efficacy, which was first developed by Professor Albert Bandura in the 1970s, has been shown to increase confidence, low self-efficacy is connected with worries, sadness and hopelessness, while higher self-efficacy is connected with life satisfaction, self-confidence, social connection and growth mindset. Doing chores can reduce stress. A small study from Florida State University explored whether the chore of dish washing could reduce stress. Using a group of 51 students, they discovered that dishwashers who were asked to be mindful when washing dishes focusing on the smell of the soap, the warmth of the water, and the feel of the dishes— reported a decrease in nervousness by 27 percent and an increase in mental inspiration by 25 percent. Chores that reduce the mess can also reduce stress. So if you’ve been thinking about cleaning out that junk drawer, do it. You’ll receive more. 1．According to Paragraph 2, the writer may agree that we can ________ by doing chores. A．get less social B．live a better life C．become more inventive D．change ways of exercise 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．We need to eat snacks after sweeping up the kitchen. B．We can get a sense of achievement by doing chores. C．Using the soap when washing dishes increases efficacy. D．Doing chores every day decreases the creative thinking. 3．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain why most people hate doing chores and offer ways to make chores less tiring. B．To introduce the science-supported advantages of doing chores and encourage people to do chores. C．To prove that doing chores like washing dishes is the best way to reduce stress and improve creativity. D．To teach readers how to use different chores to increase self-efficacy and achieve life satisfaction. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 【难度】0.4 【知识点】家庭生活、说明文、劳动实践 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要论述了做家务有科学依据的好处，包括促进创造性解决问题、有益健康、与心理健康相关以及减轻压力等，并鼓励人们积极做家务。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“So, doing chores can lead to creative problem-solving.”可知，做家务可以带来创造性的问题解决方法，即可以让我们变得更有创造力。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Completing chores increases (增长) your sense of self-efficacy, known as a person’s belief that they have the ability and skills to reach their goals.”可知，完成家务可以增加我们的自我效能感，即一种相信自己有能力达到目标的信念，这可以看作是一种成就感。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“While many people see chores as necessary pains, there are science-based reasons to change your thoughts about chores.”以及后文对做家务的好处的论述可知，作者的主要目的是介绍做家务的科学依据的好处，并鼓励人们做家务。故选B。 D Do you remember where you were when you heard about a traffic accident involving a close friend? The answer is probably yes. Do you remember what you were doing on your birthday that year? You may have to think a little harder. People remember bad memories more easily and in greater detail than good ones. Why is that? A new study found that people do this because of evolutionary (进化的) reasons. Elizabeth Kensinger and her partners at Boston College, US, did a study looking at this. They found that negative (消极的) feelings like fear and sadness cause an increase in brain activity. This activity happens in the part of the brain that controls memories. So memories caused by negative feelings are kept in greater detail than other kinds of memories. For example, after seeing a man on a street holding a knife, people remember the knife clearly, but they forget the details of the street. According to Kensinger, it is easy to understand this from an evolutionary point of view. She said that people pay attention to dangerous information so they can use that information to guide their actions and save their lives. They can also use it to plan for similar events in the future. The scientists say more studies are needed on how we remember bad memories. This line of research could help solve stress disorders. In short, the reason we remember bad things more firmly and clearly is actually a “survival skill” passed down to us by our ancestors. Our brains pay extra attention to dangerous information to help us avoid harm and survive better. However, there are still many details behind this waiting for scientists to discover. Now, when you think of the bad things that left a deep impression on you, do you understand why your brain “makes a point to remember” them? 1．Good memories are remembered ________ than bad ones. A．longer B．less often C．more easily D．more in detail 2．When a girl breaks into tears, ________. A．her brain activity will increase B．she probably has a stress disorder C．she can control her memories well D．her brain activity will be kept in great detail 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Brain activity controls memories B．How we remember bad memories C．Bad memories are easier to remember D．Bad memories can cause stress disorders 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要讲述了人们更容易且更详细地记住不好的记忆这一现象，并介绍了相关研究及原因，还指出这方面研究的意义以及仍有许多未知等待发现。 1．细节理解题。根据“People remember bad memories more easily and in greater detail than good ones.”可知，人们对不好的记忆记得更清楚、更详细，因此美好的记忆相比不好的记忆被记住的频率更低，没有那么详细，也没有那么容易。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“They found that negative (消极的) feelings like fear and sadness cause an increase in brain activity.”可知，悲伤等负面情绪会引发大脑活动增强，哭泣属于悲伤的表现，因此大脑活动可能会增加。故选A。 3．最佳标题题。本文主要讲述了人们更容易且更详细地记住不好的记忆这一现象，并介绍了相关研究及原因，还指出这方面研究的意义以及仍有许多未知等待发现，以选项C“不好的记忆更容易被记住”为标题最合适。故选C。 A （2025·北京·中考真题） Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【难度】0.4 【知识点】发明与创造、说明文 【导语】本文主要介绍了可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“...researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。 B （2024·北京·中考真题） Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 A （2025·北京海淀·三模） If you’re missing an amazing party for your aunt’s birthday that you promised your mum you would attend you’ll probably get “FOMO” — the fear of missing out. It’s impossible to attend every social event in the calendar, but sometimes it really annoys you when you have prior (先前的) engagements (约定) and you know you’re missing out on something great. But some people feel the opposite. Rather than feeling FOMO, they take joy in missing out. They don’t feel the need to attend everything, and instead find comfort in either sticking to their original plans or staying at home alone. In a blog post, Kristen Fuller said “JOMO” is basically the emotionally intelligent antidote to “FOMO” and it is “about being present and being satisfied with where you are in life”. Some people are born with it, others learn to accept it. Here are the different ways JOMO can show itself: ①Living in the moment If you constantly worry about missing out on something, you cannot enjoy yourself wherever you are. This isn’t a healthy way to live your life, and Fuller wrote that you shouldn’t compare yourself to other people’s lives or experiences. “JOMO allows us to be who we are in the present moment, which is the secret to finding happiness,” she said. “When you free up that competitive and anxious space in your brain, you have so much more time, energy and emotion to realize your true priorities (首要事情). ” ② Switching off In an article, writer Justin Bariso discovered JOMO after he published his first book. He found it hard to switch off, worrying that his editor would contact him for rewrites, or he would miss an important email. It wasn’t until he was abroad with his family and his daughter asked him to play that he thought: “What am I doing?” “Did I really want to go to Starbucks to sit in front of my computer, responding to emails from people I barely know, when instead I could be spending time with my family on a beautiful beach?” he wrote. ③Enjoying your own company Some people are simply born with the ability to switch off, and not worry about what they could be missing out on. For them, being alone is important, and it doesn’t matter if they’re missing out on the party of the year. Others don’t necessarily need the space on a biological level, but they don’t feel the need to compare their lives to others. These are the people who aren’t involved in social media, and find joy in what they have, rather than focusing on what they don’t. 1．Which of the following proves that you feel JOMO? A．You cancel your original appointment and attend a party later. B．You always work hard in order to create a better future for your family. C．You spare a day for yourself every week to do some reading and writing. D．You constantly check your emails to make sure you keep up with your work. 2．What does the underlined word “antidote” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．A requirement to improve the situation. B．A way to take away the bad effects of something. C．An experiment to test the effect of something. D．A method to keep a balance between two things. 3．Which is the best title of this article? A．Differences between FOMO and JOMO B．Your Choice: FOMO or JOMO C．JOMO: A Way to Deal with Fear D．JOMO: Find Happiness in Not Being Involved 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了JOMO的含义，即享受当下，对自己目前的生活状态感到满足，并探讨了JOMO在不同人身上的表现方式，包括活在当下、关闭外界干扰以及享受独处等。 1．细节理解题。根据“They don’t feel the need to attend everything, and instead find comfort in either sticking to their original plans or staying at home alone.”以及“Here are the different ways JOMO can show itself: ①Living in the moment...③Enjoying your own company”可知，JOMO表现为坚持自己的原计划或独自在家里，享受当下和独处。选项C“你每周为自己留出一天时间来阅读和写作”符合JOMO的表现，即享受独处和专注于自己的事情。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据“In a blog post, Kristen Fuller said ‘JOMO’ is basically the emotionally intelligent antidote to ‘FOMO’ and it is ‘about being present and being satisfied with where you are in life’.”可知，Kristen Fuller在博客中写道，“JOMO”基本上是情感上聪明的“FOMO”的“antidote”，它是“关于活在当下，并对自己目前的生活状态感到满足”。由此可以推断，“antidote”在这里的意思是“消除某种不良影响的方法”，即JOMO是消除FOMO带来的不良影响的方法。故选B。 3．最佳标题题。文章主要讨论了JOMO这一概念，并探讨了JOMO在不同人身上的表现方式以及它如何帮助人们找到幸福。选项D“JOMO：在不参与中找到快乐”最能概括文章的主旨，即JOMO是一种在不参与某些社交活动时也能找到快乐的方式。故选D。 B （2025·北京房山·一模） Flying has completely changed the way we travel around the world. It’s usually the fastest and most convenient way to go on long trips. But here’s a problem: it’s one of the activities that produce the most carbon for an ordinary person. In 2018, a small group of famous people in Sweden, driven by environmental worries, started the “flight shame” movement. They wanted to encourage people to give up flying. But for those who need to travel or love traveling, what other green ways are there? For medium to long trips, trains seem to be the best choice. According to a report, taking a train instead of a domestic (国内的) flight can cut down carbon emissions (碳排放) by86%. However, there are some problems. Trains can be more expensive than cheap flights. Especially during busy travel seasons. Also, it may take many more hours to get to your place, and most people don’t want to spend a lot of their travel time just on the way. That’s why sleeper trains are a great idea. The train networks in Europe are getting bigger, with new railways being added regularly. This means passengers can sleep during the trip and wake up in a new city or country! For short trips, many people are willing to ride bikes instead of driving cars. But few would think of cycling to another country. Matilda Welin is one of the few. It took her 17 days to ride a bike from London to Sweden. Sadly, she found that her trip neither benefited the planet nor saved her money. But it did change how she saw things. She said, “When I was travelling, I really felt the distance of the journey that I usually take so easily by plane.” She described how the world around her changed slowly, like the languages, the buildings, and the view—things she couldn’t enjoy on a flight Unfortunately for the planet, air travel remains a popular choice. About 100,000 planes take off around the world every day. But if we spend more money in building better train systems and make train tickets cheaper, more people might choose trains over planes, which could greatly reduce carbon emissions. 1．What challenges do trains face compared to flights? A．Trains are always faster but more expensive than flights. B．Trains are often cheaper but take much longer than flights. C．Trains are more expensive than cheap flights and take more hours. D．Trains are used for short—distance trip and less effective than flights. 2．What do you know about Matilda Welin’s cycling trip from the passage? A．The trip took her little time and wasted some money. B．The trip has brought a lot of advantages to the planet. C．She enjoyed experiencing slow changes during the trip. D．She realized that the distance of this trip was quite short. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．The greenest active way to travel. B．Choose green travel instead of flying C．Serious problems of travelling by bike D．Push forward the building of train systems. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】交通方式、说明文 【导语】本文主要讨论了航空旅行对环境的影响以及替代的绿色出行方式，如火车和自行车，以减少碳排放。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Trains can be more expensive than cheap flights. Especially during busy travel seasons. Also, it may take many more hours to get to your place…”可知，火车比廉价航班更贵且耗时更长。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“She described how the world around her changed slowly, like the languages, the buildings, and the view—things she couldn’t enjoy on a flight”可知，Matilda Welin在骑行中享受了缓慢变化的环境。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。全文围绕航空旅行的高碳排放问题，提出火车和自行车等绿色出行方式的替代方案，倡导选择环保旅行方式。故选B。 C （2025·北京东城·二模） A United Nations scientific report states that human-caused climate change is greatly reducing land quality worldwide. It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production. About 30 percent of the Earth’s surface is land, but the land is warming two times faster than the planet as a whole. While greenhouse gases are causing global (全球的) warming, land has been less talked about as a part of climate change. In-fact, the way we use land is both part of the problem and part of the solution. Climate change has caused serious harm to the land. It has caused deserts to spread and made forests more easily harmed by fire, disease and shortage of water. Meanwhile, farming and forestry together account for about 23 percent of the greenhouse gases. Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. The report suggests that we can change the way we farm and eat to slow down the temperature rise. It notes that better, smarter farming methods can reduce carbon levels by up to 18 percent of present emission (排放) levels by 2050. Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds. That will also free up several million square kilometres of land by 2050. Reducing food waste is also an important part of fighting climate change. The report notes that almost one-third of food produced is lost or wasted. Reducing food waste would reduce emissions and help feed more people. However, the report warns that “the window for making these changes is closing fast.” 1．According to the report, what is one cause of climate change? A．Forest fires. B．Improper land use. C．Low rainfalls. D．Large areas of deserts. 2．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Smarter farming will increase carbon emissions. B．Worldwide hunger is mainly caused by food waste. C．Cereal production mostly depends on farming methods. D．Eating less red meat can slow down the temperature rise. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】环境保护、说明文 【导语】本文讲述了人类活动导致的气候变化正在加速土地退化，并对粮食安全和生态系统造成严重影响，但通过改进土地利用方式、调整饮食结构和减少浪费，可以缓解这一问题。 1．细节理解题。根据“It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production.”可知，人类对土地的使用方式是导致地球变暖更快的原因之一，也就是气候变化的一个原因是土地使用不当。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe).”可知，以小麦为例是为了说明二氧化碳含量高会降低许多作物的蛋白质和营养物质，即展示了气候变化对食物质量的影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant - based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds.”可知，少吃红肉可以进一步减少碳排放，从而减缓气温上升。故选D。 D （2025·北京大兴·二模） We live in a hurried society, which is often reflected in how we eat. We eat quickly and often while doing something else, such as studying for a test or finishing some work, so we usually aren’t aware of what or how much we are putting in our mouths. This is very common in our modern lives. It can affect our health, and perhaps focusing on the act of eating, or “mindful eating,” can help us. Eating and nutrition (营养) are linked; both play important roles in helping us achieve and keep good health. Proper nutrition involves having a diet rich in necessary nutrients. Mindful eating can help us by focusing on being aware of what we are eating and paying attention as we eat it. That means turning off the television, smartphone and computer. Using these devices while eating can lead to mindless eating as well as eating too much. By focusing on our food and the act of eating, we can better appreciate (享受) the flavors, textures and smells of our meals. Eating can be turned from a necessity into an enjoyable and satisfying experience. Another benefit of mindful eating is improved digestion (消化). By eating quickly and without focus, we tend to have large numbers of food and not chew (咀嚼) our food properly. This can lead to digestion problems and less effective nutrient absorption (吸收). Mindful eating encourages slower eating, which gives the body more time to break down food. Slower eating also gives the brain more time to know when the stomach is full, which limits overeating. Additionally, mindful eating helps in recognizing the difference between physical and emotional hunger. Many people eat in response to emotions like stress or sadness rather than physical hunger. By practicing mindful eating, people can become aware of true hunger signs and address emotional needs in healthier ways. A greater appreciation for food is also improved, which can lead to better food choices, such as fresh, whole foods. As a result, people often choose healthier eating habits that are good for long-term well-being. Mindful eating can be done through several steps. These include eating slowly, appreciating each bite, listening to the body’s hunger and fullness cues (信号) and creating a calm eating environment. Overall, mindful eating can be a powerful tool for improving one’s physical health. 1．Why does the writer use the example in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a hurried lifestyle. B．To criticize the fast modern life. C．To show the result of eating too much. D．To describe a common eating experience. 2．According to the passage, which is the example of mindful eating? A．Lily likes reading e-books while enjoying her meals. B．Emma enjoys watching short videos while eating quickly. C．Bob often enjoys his sandwich and salad slowly and quietly. D．Tom always eats much food while chatting with friends at school. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Mindful eating is more important than nutrition we get from food. B．We are likely to eat more if we turn off the technology devices. C．We can eat tasty food to cheer us up when we are in low spirit. D．Mindful eating encourages us to focus on eating to digest better. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】健康饮食、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讨论了现代社会中匆忙饮食的问题，并提出“正念饮食”的概念，强调专注进食对健康的好处，包括改善消化、避免过量饮食、区分生理与情绪饥饿以及促进健康饮食习惯等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“We live in a hurried society, which is often reflected in how…can help us.”可知，通过描述人们边吃边做其他事情的常见场景，引出正念饮食的重要性，例子旨在说明现代生活中普遍存在的饮食方式，而非单纯批评快节奏生活或介绍其本身。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Mindful eating can be done through… and creating a calm eating environment.”可知，正念饮食可以通过几个步骤来实现，这些步骤包括慢慢进食、珍惜每一口、倾听身体的饥饿和饱腹信号，并营造一个平静的饮食环境，所以，选项C“鲍勃经常慢慢地、安静地享用他的三明治和沙拉。”符合文中对正念饮食的定义。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“Mindful eating encourages slower eating, which gives the body more time to break down food.”可知，正念饮食鼓励慢慢进食，这样身体有更多时间分解食物，选项D“正念饮食鼓励我们专注于进食以更好地消化。”符合题意。故选D。 E （2025·北京平谷·二模） When it comes to exercise, many struggle to find the motivation to move. In the US, nearly 40% of adults get no exercise in their free time. This is a serious and difficult problem. Music, however, offers a powerful solution. Research shows that listening to music while exercising can reduce the feeling of being tired by up to 10%, making workouts feel easier and enabling people to exercise longer. For instance, runners who listen to upbeat songs like “Eye of the Tiger” often find they can keep up their speed and go a longer distance without getting tired. A study in the Journal of Sports Sciences found that cyclists who listened to fast-paced music exercised 15% longer than those who did not. Music also improves mood and reduces anxiety, turning exercise into an enjoyable experience. When people listen to their favorite music during workouts, they are likely to enjoy the activity more and remember it as a positive experience. Research showed that those who exercised with self-selected music reported higher levels of enjoyment and were more likely to stick to their exercise routines. Moreover, matching movement to music’s beat can improve exercise efficiency. One research found that when people listened to their own chosen music, they could last 21% longer in tasks that tested how long they could hold on. Walking, in particular, benefits from this effect, as it allows people to focus on enjoyment rather than stress. To fight against inactivity, it’s necessary to make exercise fun and easy to do. Adding music to everyday activities such as walking or dancing can be helpful. Many fitness classes now use music to create engaging environments. At a larger level, rethinking exercise as a joyful experience rather than a task through public messaging can increase long-term participation. Let’s move to the beat! Walk with your favorite music or join an energetic dance class. Find what makes you happy. Let music motivate you and make exercise something you enjoy. Add rhythm(节奏) and make exercise fun for everyone! 1．What problem does the passage mention regarding exercise? A．More than half of people spend their free time without exercising. B．Many people find it challenging to find the determination to move. C．Listening to upbeat songs can make you feel tired while exercising. D．Few fitness programs use music to make the atmosphere more lively. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Music can reduce most of the feeling of being tired during exercise. B．Music chosen by your friends can help you exercise for a longer time. C．Music makes exercise more fun by lifting your spirits and easing anxiety. D．It’s important for young people to listen to music while doing daily routines. 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Science of Music and Sports B．How Music Can Make You Run Faster C．Music: How It Affects Our Daily Lives D．Music: The Beat That Keeps You Moving 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 【难度】0.4 【知识点】科普知识、说明文 【导语】本文阐述了音乐对运动的积极影响，包括减轻疲劳感、提升运动时长、改善情绪和运动效率等，建议通过音乐让运动变得更有趣和可持续。 1．细节理解题。根据“When it comes to exercise, many struggle to find the motivation to move. In the US, nearly 40% of adults get no exercise in their free time. This is a serious and difficult problem”可知，文章提到的问题是许多人难以找到运动动力。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“Music also improves mood and reduces anxiety, turning exercise into an enjoyable experience”可知，音乐通过提升情绪和缓解焦虑使运动更有趣。故选C。 3．最佳标标题。全文围绕音乐如何通过节奏、情绪调节等功能帮助人们更好地运动展开，最佳标题应体现音乐与运动的这种关系。故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $