Unit4 Then and now 词汇，短语，语法和阅读练习讲义 -2025-2026学年沪教版（五四制）英语八年级上册

该初中英语单元复习讲义围绕“Then and now”主题，通过表格对比易混词汇（如borrow与lend的用法差异）、思维导图梳理短语体系（如“transport goods”相关短语链），系统整合重点词汇、核心句型及阅读策略，清晰呈现知识脉络与重难点内在联系。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计，基础词汇题（如“The truck is carrying fruits”）巩固语言能力，句型转换题（如改写感叹句）提升语法应用，阅读题结合科技发展主题培养思维品质。配套词转技巧与答题模板，助力不同层次学生自主复习，教师可据此实施精准教学。

U4 Then and now知识点 重点词汇 modern adj. 现代的；近代的 （model 模特） 【词转】modernize v. 使现代化 modernization n.现代化 【例句】Modern technology has opened our eyes to many things. 现代科技开阔 了我们的眼界，让我们了解了许多事物。 【搭配】in modern times 当今；modern technology 现代科技；modern history 近 代史 highway /'haweI/n.公 路 复数 highways 公 路 She could see clear down the highway into the town.她可以清晰地看到 通往城镇的高速公路。 stay n.停留；逗留(时间) 【词转】stay v.停留，保持 (stay—stays—stayed) 【例句】It's a pity that you can't stay longer. 你不能再多停留些时间，真是遗憾。 【搭配】stay in/at 待在某处； stay out (晚上)不回家；stay up 深夜不睡；熬夜 tape n.磁带；录像带 【例句】Tell me when the tape starts recording. 磁带开始录时告诉我一声。 memory n.记忆 【词转】memorise/memorize v.记忆；记住 【例句】As he aged,his memory got worse. 随着年事增高，他的记忆力变差了。 【搭配】in memory of… 为了纪念 …… ;have a good/poor memory 有好的/差的记性 【例句】I have a good memory of faces. 我对人的面孔有很好的记忆力。 seldom /'seldəm/adv. 不常；很少；难得，用与反义意疑问句 (前否后肯) 【例句】I seldom go to bed before ten.我几乎不会在十点前去睡觉。 nowadays /'nauəderz/adv. 现今；现在；目前 【例句】Nowadays most kids prefer watching TV to reading. 现在大多数孩子都 更喜欢看电视而不是读书。 truck /trʌk/n. 卡车；货运汽车 【例句】Now and then they heard the roar of a heavy truck. 他们不时地听到大 卡车的轰鸣声。 【搭配】truck driver 卡车司机； by truck 卡车装运；乘卡车 wide adj. 宽的；宽阔的 【反义】narrow adj. 狭窄的；窄小的 【例句】How wide is that stream?那条小溪有多宽? 【词转】widely adv.广泛地；普遍的 widen v.拓宽；加宽 width n. 宽 度 【例句】This idea is widely accepted. 这个想法已被普遍接受。 【例句】The road will be widened to cope with the increase in traffic. 这条马路将要被拓宽以应对车辆的增多。 【例句】This road is about 10metres in width. 这条马路约10米宽。 player /'plerə(r)/n. 播放机 【词转】playlist n.播放清单 【例句】Lily bought a new CD player. 莉莉买了一个新的CD播放机。 【拓展】player n.运动员 【拓展】play n.戏 剧 v. 玩耍；播放 inside /in'said/prep. 在(或向) ……内；在(或向) ……里 It may freeze tonight,so bring those plants inside.今夜可能有霜冻，把 那些花草搬进屋来吧。 【反义】outside prep.在(或向) … … 外面 any more adv.(常用于否定句和疑问句句末)再也(不),(不)再 Not.....any more=no more=no longer 【例句】I’m not going to swim any more. 我再也不会去游泳了。 borrow /'borəu/v.借；借用 【例句】Jane borrowed that detective story from me.Jane 从我这里借走了那本 侦探小说。 【搭配】borrow…from … 从……借来 · … … 【辨析】borrow与 lend lend 是把自己的东西借给别人，和介词 to 连用，构成短语 lend sth.to… ; borrow 是从别人那里借东西，通常和介词from 连用 【例句】I've lent the car to a friend.我已把车借给一位朋友了。 【例句】Members can borrow up to ten books from the library at one time. 会员在图书馆每次最多可借十本书。 imagine /i'mædʒin/v. 想象；设想 【词转】imagination n. 想象力 imaginative adj 【拓展】 Imagine doing sth 想象做某事 【例句】I can't imagine my life without trees. 我无法想象我的生活中没有树。 roll /rəul/ n.卷；卷轴 v. 滚动；把……卷起来 A roll of paper 一卷纸 【例句】I'd like to buy two rolls of film.我想买两卷胶片。 record /'rekɔd/n.唱片 【例句】He's sold more than 120 million records. 他的唱片销量已经达到一亿两千多万张。 【拓展】record v. 记 录【词转】recorder n. 录音机 business n.公司；商业 【词转】businessman/businesswoman n. 商人/女商人 Business 公司 可数名词 =company Business 商业 不可数名词 【例句】Maybe you want to start a business and become rich and successful. 也许你想创业，变得富有和成功。 【搭配】be on business 去出差 【例句】My uncle has been on business for a week. 我叔叔已经出差一周了。 except /ik'sept/prep. 除……之外，就远原则 【词转】exception n. 例外；例外的事物 【例句】Everyone except me went to the concert. 除了我，别人都去了音乐会。 相似词： expect sb to do sth 期待某人做某事 【辨析】except与besides besides作介词表示除 … … 之外(还); except 指仅有某事物不包括在内。 【例句】What other sports do you like besides football? 除足球外你还喜欢其他哪些运动? 【例句】I like all sports except football. 除足球外我喜欢其他所有的运动。 belong v. 应在(某处) 【词转】belongings n.所有物；财物 【例句】I've always been a fighter because I belong here. 我一直是个斗士，因为 我属于这里。 belong to sb. 属于某人；归某人所有=of one’s own 【例句】Who does this watch belong to? 这块表是谁的? 短语梳理 1.used to be 过去常常=often did 2.in the past 在过去 用于过去时 in the past\last five years 用于现在完成时 3. an international city 一个国际化城市 4.travel by air 乘飞机旅行 5.by land or sea 通过陆路或海路 6. transport goods from faraway places从遥远的地方运送来货物 7.take. to…. 把……运到/带到… 8. from one place to another 从一个地方到另一个地方 9.decide to do sth.决定做某事=make a decision to do sth=make up one’s mind to do sth 10.What was it like…?…是什么样的? like prep 像 like n点赞 相似句型 how do you like sth =what do you think of sth What’s the weather like ?=How is the weather? 11.living／housing／working conditions 生活／住房／工作条件 in bad／good／excellent condition 处于糟糕的／良好的／极佳的状态 12. the 21st century 21世纪 （century-centuries） 13.at the beginning of．．．在······的开始 14.result in 造成；导致=lead to 造成；导致 15.burn down 烧毁；火势减弱；burn up 烧起来；烧掉；使大怒 16.bring…to life 把······赋予生命 17.make progress 取得进步 18.economic／scientific／technical progress 经济的／科学的／技术的进步 词汇练习 1.In the past, people ______ travelled by air. A. seldom B. usually C. often D. always 2.______ , more and more people use smartphones. A. Memory B. Nowadays C. Century D. Roll 3.The ______ is carrying a lot of fruits. A. player B. tape C. truck D. highway 4.The river is too ______ for us to swim across. A. wide B. modern C. ordinary D. large 5.This building is a ______ structure. A. smelly B. foreign C. modern D. rare 6.We drove on the ______ for two hours. A. business B. highway C. industry D. mine 7.I had a good ______ in Beijing last summer. A. stay B. bath C. growth D. progress 8.She still keeps some old ______ at home. A. records B. tapes C. rolls D. players 9.Put the CD ______ the player. A. inside B. outside C. beside D. behind 10.My old bike doesn’t work ______ . A. any more B. any time C. any way D. any place 11.Can I ______ your umbrella? It’s raining. A. borrow B. lend C. keep D. buy 12.It’s hard to ______ life without electricity. A. remember B. imagine C. record D. develop 13.They found a ______ of paper in the box. A. piece B. roll C. sheet D. set 14.This ______ has my favorite songs. A. tape B. player C. record D. book 15.The phone book has the names of many ______ . A. businesses B. industries C. countries D. cities 16.Everyone went to the park ______ Tom. A. except B. besides C. including D. with 17.This book ______ to my sister. A. belongs B. owns C. has D. holds 18.The 21st ______ is a time of rapid development. A. decade B. century C. year D. month 19.The living ______ in this area have improved a lot. A. situations B. conditions C. environments D. places 20.We should learn a ______ language to communicate with others. A. foreign B. native C. local D. national III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once (将下列单词或词组填入空格。每空格限填词, 每词只能填一次) A. show off B) more than C) designing D) satisfied E) based on It seems like everyone plays video games today. Kids play, mums and dads play, and even grandparents play. In fact, ___36___ half of the families in the United States today play video games. Video games haven been around for a long time, though. The first computer game was invented in 1958. It was ___37___ the game of tennis. At that time, few people had computers in their homes. Computer programmers, or people working on the computers in labs, made games for fun and to ___38___ their skills. In 1972, a programmer named Ralph Baer began to think about how to play video games on a television. He invented a home gaming console (操作台；控制台) that allowed people to play video games on TVs. After that, many people began ___39___ home gaming consoles. In the late 1980s, hand-held games also became popular. A) recognize B) confuse C) train D) technology E) hundreds of As ___40___ developed and more people owned computers, the number of games grew. Soon, people sat around TVs with controls that were wired to consoles. They played sports games, mystery games, and games in which characters chased one another. Then people started playing games over the Internet. Instead of just two people playing a game in a room, ___41___ people could play a game together. Although video games are often used for fun, they can be used in other ways, too. You may have played games that helped you ___42___ letters and words or that helped you learn how to add numbers. Doctors have used games to treat children and adults with brain injuries. The US military uses video games to ___43___ soldiers. Video games have changed a lot in the past 60 years, from playing tennis to helping people get well. Complete the sentences with thegiven words in their proper forms. 1. Bus stops, underground stations,__________________and bridges are everywhere.(highway) 2.-What do you think of the film last night? -Not so good. In fact, it is the______________ one I have ever seen before. (bad) 3. Looking at this album brings back many sweet_______________(memory) 4.Many people__________ believe that exercise is good for health.(wide) 5. It's hard to______________ how people lived without phones in the past.(imagination) 6. It's been a pleasure to do_____________with you.(busy) 7.Press the play button on the music____________to start your favorite song.(play) 重点句子 Transport used to be very slow and difficult in the past. 在过去，交通运 输非常缓慢和困难。 (1)used to be…:表示“过去常常…… ”,其后接形容词，用于描述过去的状态。 类似表达还有 sb.used to do sth.表示“某人过去常常做某事”,描述过去的习惯 性动作。 【例句】Did you use to live in New York?你过去住在纽约吗? 【必考点】 sb.is used to doing sth. 某人习惯于做某事 sth.is used to do/for doing sth.某物被用来做某事 (2)in the past:在过去，用来表示过去发生的事情。 Many years ago,people seldom travelled by air but made long journeys by land or sea. 许多年前，人们很少乘飞机旅行，而长途旅行要通 过陆路或海路。 (1)seldom 作为副词，表示“很少”,在句中用于修饰动词，表示动作发生的频率 较低，在反义疑问句中表示否定含义。 【例句】 Betty seldom goes to school on foot,does she? 贝蒂几乎不步行去上 学，是吗? (2)by+ 交通工具：表示“乘坐 …… ”,用于描述交通方式，中间不需要冠词。 travel by air/sea/land 坐飞机/乘船/采取陆地方式出行。 其他不使用by 表达出行方式的有： on foot( 步 行 ) ,in a car(乘汽车) ,on a bike (骑自行车)等。 Nowadays,ships and planes transport goods from faraway places, and trucks take them to stores and homes. 如今，船只和飞机从遥远的地方运送来货物，然后卡车把它们运到商店和家里。 (1)nowadays 作为副词表示“如今；现在”,用于句首，引出当前的情况。 (2)transport/take sth.to…:表示“将……输送到……”。carry/deliver (运输；运 送)可以与 transport/take 互换使用。 【例句】Trucks deliver goods to stores and homes.卡车把货物运到商店和家里。 The government decided to build a long bridge across the Jialing River. 政府决定修建一座横跨嘉陵江的大桥。 decide to do sth.:表示“决定做某事”,decide后接动词不定式，用于描述做出的决定或计划。可以和make a decision to do sth.(做出……的决定)互换使用。 【例句】She made a decision to study abroad. 她决定出国留学。 Great-grandma,what was it like when you were a child? 曾祖母，在您小时候生活是什么样子的? “What was it like…?”表示“…… ·是什么样的?”,用于询问过去的感受或情况。 【例句】So what was it like back then?那么它当时又是什么样子呢? I've never seen one before.我以前从未见过。 have never done sth.从来没有做过某事。 本句为现在完成时，结构为“have + 动词的过去分词”。 never 作为程度副词修饰动词see,表示否定。 【例句】Maria has never been to China. 玛丽亚从来没有去过中国。 That can't be true!It seems like only yesterday that I bought my first cassette! 这不可能是真的!好像就在昨天，我才买了我的第一盒磁带! (1) can't be +形容词，表示对事物的否定猜测。肯定猜测一般使用must be。 【例句】The light is on.He must be at home. 灯亮着。他肯定在家。 (2)It seems like … 看起来好像；似乎。seem 为系动词，It 在这里是形式主语， 真正的主语是后面的that 从句。此句是通过夸张用法表达时间过得很快，恍如 昨日。 Can we play a cassette right now? 我们现在能播放盒式磁带吗? (1)play a cassette 播放磁带 play music 播放音乐。 (2)right now立刻；马上=right away =at once =immediately My cassette player doesn't work any more. 我的盒式磁带播放机再也不 能工作了。 (1)work 在这里作动词，表示无法正常播放，适用于其他电子或家电设备。 (2)not…any more 表示“不再……”,可以和no longer 替换使用。 【例句】Terry no longer eats junk food. 泰瑞再也不吃垃圾食品了。 You can ask your dad to borrow his.你可以让你爸爸把他的盒式磁带播放 机借给你。 (1)ask sb.to do sth. 询问或者要求某人做某事，否定结构为 ask sb.not to do sth.。 【例句】The teacher asks students not to run in the hallway.老师要求学生不要 在走廊里奔跑。 (2)borrow sth.from sb.从某人那里借到某物， lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某 人相对应。 【例句】Jimmy borrowed the notebook from me after class. 吉米下课后从我这 儿借走了笔记本。 Technology has gone so far since I was young! 和我年轻的时候比起来， 现在的科技已经这么发达了! (1)has gone so far表示“发展到了如此的程度”或“取得了如此大的进步”。 go 在这里作不及物动词，表示“发展，进步”。 (2)so far是副词短语，表示“如此之远”“到如此的程度”,用来修饰“go”,强调科 技发展的巨大跨度。 so far还可以表示“迄今为止”,用来说明时间范围。 【例句】So far,I haven't received any replies. 到目前为止，我还没有收到任何回复。 (3)since在这里是连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来”。 【例句】My father has been working in this bank since 2020. (how long提问) 我爸爸自从2020 年以来一直在这家银行上班。 It was used to take photos.它是用来拍照的。 【例句】The money was used to buy a local farm. 这笔钱被用来购买了当地的一个农场。 Rewrite the following sentences as required （根据所给要求, 改写下列句子。52-57 题, 每 空格限填一词。 52. Peter needs more time to fit into the new class. (改为一般疑问句) _______ Peter _______ more time to fit into the new class? 53. Ariana became famous quickly for her role in the TV series Stuck in the Middle. (改为感叹句) _______ _______ Ariana became famous for her role in the TV series Stuck in the Middle! 54. I would like a house with a big garden. (对划线部分提问) _______ _______ of house would you like? 55. Jenny is hard-working and every teacher likes her. (保持句意基本不变) Jenny _______ _______ and every teacher likes her. 56. Australians celebrate Australia Day on January 26th every year. (改为被动语态) Australia Day _______ _______ on January 26th every year. 57. Mr. White said, "Tom, sit straight and put your hands on the desk." (保持句意基本不变) Mr. White told Tom _______ _______ straight and put his hands on the desk. 58. the cold weather, with the help of, no longer, the greenhouse, can, the vegetables, do harm to（连词成句） _________________________________________________________. 阅读练习 Choose the best answer (阅读短文，选择最恰当的答案) In the early part of human history, communication over long distances was slow and unreliable (不可靠的). This article can help you find out how advancements in communications have transformed the way people communicate and how businesses are run. Smoke signals and carrier pigeons From historical dramas, you might have seen methods of communication such as messages relayed via (通过) fire smoke signals or the pigeon post. Postal letters With the rise of maritime (海的) shipping, postal letters were carried between two main areas of land in the world. However, these letters often took months to arrive and might be lost due to disasters at sea. Telegraphs and telephones The telegraph was developed in the 1830s to transmit electrical signals over a wire installed between telegraph stations. Later, scientists invented receivers that were able to turn electricity into sound. This led to the development of telephones in 1871 which allowed the human voice to be transmitted (传送) over wires. Smartphones Since the 2000s, telephones and mobile phones have developed rapidly, enabling people to keep their attention in a range of functions beyond making calls. With key developments in wireless networks, mobile processors and camera technology, people are now able to communicate with others across different time zones and over various distances via instant video calls using their smartphones. 39. In what order is the article written? A. In the order of space. B. In the order of time. C. In the logical order. D. In the order of events developments. 40. Which of the following is the right statement about postal letters? A. Postal letters could always be sent to the receivers. B. postal letters were always lost because of the disasters at sea. C. Postal letters were often slow and unreliable. D. Postal letters were often carried between ships in the world. 41. What is the similarity between telegraphs and telephones? A. They both appeared in the eighteenth century. B. They both transmitted electrical signals over wires. C. They were both able to turn electricity into sound. D. They were both transmitted over wires. 42. Which of the following may have the similar meaning as the word “relayed”? A. passed along B. posted C. signed D. organized 43. What does the underlined part probably refer to? A. People all over the city. B. People all over the country. C. People across different countries. D. People from different generations. 44. Which one can be the best title of the article? A. Developments in long-distance communication B. Inventions of computers and the Internet C. Advantages of transportation D. Electronic resources in our life Ⅱ.Choose the best answer and complete the passage(选择最恰当的选项完成短文) The American city of Detroit(底特律)was like Paris,some people said.It had a big river,beautiful wide streets and important buildings.Then,in the 20th century,it was called“Motor City”because of the 1 of car factories there. Workers in the car factories had good jobs and they earned good money.It wasn't unusual to own a home,a boat and even a holiday home.In the 1950s,new highways were built and lots of people 2 from the city centre to the suburbs. Life was good.But at the beginning of the 21st century,Detroit became America's poorest big city. In a period of fifty years,more than half the people left Detroit.Houses and buildings were 3 . Poverty and crime increased. Plants and trees grew in the houses. What happened in Detroit? The city's population fell for several reasons.First,people moved to the suburbs in the 1950s.And in 1967 there were terrible riots(暴乱) . A lot of people were afraid of coming to the city. Also,the big car companies 4 General Motors and Chrysler had huge problems.And in 2008,the world financial crisis(经济危机)had a big effect on many cities,especially Detroit.Now,a lot of people in Detroit are poor.Half of the city's families have less than 25,000 dollars a year. In 2013,the city of Detroit was bankrupt(破产).It was the 5 bankrupt city in American history.But then 6 began to change.It was a new beginning for the city. It had some money to improve small things like lights in the streets and so people felt safe. The police came quickly when there were problems. Old,empty buildings were demolished (拆除). There is now space for new buildings.And there are new businesses too.The city gave 10,000 dollars to 30 new small businesses.Now there are grocery stores,juice bars, coffee shops and even bicycle makers.Finally,the city is working again. ( )1.A.research B.improvement C.number D.advantage ( )2.A.moved B.removed C.supported D.sent ( )3.A.rural B.continuous C.fantastic D.empty ( )4.A.for example B.are like C.as for D.such as ( )5.A.biggest B.smallest C.highest D.best ( )6.A.everyone B.something C.anything D.nothing C. Complete the dialogue with the sentences below. Boys and girls, Welcome to our theatre workshop! My name is Roy. I’m your teacher today. In our theatre group, we use different materials to make our costumes and sets. ___50___ Some materials are flexible (柔韧的) and light. Some materials are strong. ___51___ ___52___ It is flexible and light because it is made of paper, glue and water. You can paint the masks and decorate them with lots of different things. ___53___ Most cities in Greece had a theatre, and people went there to watch comedies (funny shows) or tragedies (sad shows). ___54___ Some masks were double-sided, which means they could have one face on one side and a different one on the other side! Let’s make happy and sad double-sided masks now, shall we? A. Theatre was very important in Ancient Greece. B. We use materials with different properties (特性). C. We often make masks with papier-mache. D. But the most important thing is to use safe materials. E. The actors used masks to show different feelings more clearly. Choose the best answer （选择最恰当的答案，每题只有一个正确答案）（本大题共10题） Changing lives with new technology There are more than 19 people in the world, but only half of them can use the Internet. In some countries of South America, many people have never used a computer. Rodrigo Baggio is a millionaire from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who made his money from computers and the Internet. He decided to do something to help 20 poor in his city. He says an idea came to him in a dream. In this dream, he saw young people from the poor parts of the city using computers to improve their lives. Computers were changing the lives of many people, and he wanted everybody to 21 in that change. 22 1995, Rodrigo opened the first Center for Digital Inclusion(CDI) in Santa Marta, one of the poorest parts of Rio de Janeiro. It's a type of school where young people 23 learn to use computers and other new technology. In the center, they take four-month courses, learning to use the technology 24 problems in their lives. Batista Silva, from Santa Marta, remembers his course very well. “The harder I studied in CDI, 25 benefits I got to make me better and better. And I learned how to work on websites, 26 , I got a job with a web design company.” Batista’s experience encouraged more 27 learning among the poor children like him. Since 1995, Rodrigo 28 many CDI centers in Brazil and in other countries, and more will open soon. They will help thousands of young people to improve their own lives and the lives of other people. 19. A. seven billions B. seven billion C. seven billion of 20. A. / B. a C. the 21. A. be repeated B. be included C. be touched 22. A. In B. On C. At 23. A. must B. should C. can 24. A. to solve B. solving C. solve 25. A. the most B. the more C. many 26. A. instead B. however C. therefore 27. A. volunteer B. voluntary C. volunteers 28. A. has set up B. set up C. sets up 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $