专题03 介词动词（知识梳理+高频考点精讲+进阶分级练）（讲义，全国通用）英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题03 介词动词 第一部分 介词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 1.近年高考对介词的考查侧重在复杂语境下考查介词的核心含义和含有介词的固定短语两大类。如【2025年浙江首考focus on】及【2024年新高考I卷stand as】均考查到复杂语境下介词及含有介词的短语的用法。 2.侧重考查介词核心含义（2023~2025年：3年7考）；固定短语：（2023~2025年：3年8考）。考生应注重积累含有介词的短语，并熟练掌握介词的核心含义。 3.介词考点在高考中注重语境，在语篇中综合运用词法知识。要求考生将文章上下文意思联系起来填用正确的介词。考生应当在熟练掌握各类介词基本用法的基础上, 注重复杂语境的准确理解。 介词是一种虚词，用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用，必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。 介词 具体含义 常见用法示例 at 表示具体时刻、地点的点、特定活动场合等 - 时间：at six o'clock（在六点钟），at noon（在中午），at night（在夜晚），at Christmas（在圣诞节） - 地点：at the station（在车站），at the door（在门口），at school（在学校），at the corner（在拐角处） in 表示在较长时间段、范围、内部等 - 时间：in the morning（在上午），in January（在一月），in 2024（在 2024 年），in the past（在过去），in the future（在未来），in English（用英语，表范围） - 地点：in the city（在城市里），in the room（在房间里），in the box（在盒子里），in China（在中国），in Europe（在欧洲） on 表示在具体某一天、物体表面、边缘沿线等 - 时间：on Monday（在星期一），on May 1st（在五月一日），on Sunday morning（在星期天上午） - 地点：on the table（在桌子上），on the wall（在墙上），on the edge of the lake（在湖的边缘），on the bank of the river（在河岸） to 表示向某个方向移动、到达目的地等 - 方向：go to school（去上学），come to me（向我来），arrive in Beijing（到达北京，大地点用 in），arrive at the station（到达车站，小地点用 at） from 表示从某个地方出发、来源等 - 方向：come from China（来自中国），go from here to there（从这里到那里），a book from the library（从图书馆借来的一本书） towards 表示向某个方向移动，强调趋向性 - 方向：walk towards the park（朝着公园走去） by 表示通过某种方式、手段、交通工具，按照某种方式等 - 方式：by bus（乘公共汽车），by train（乘火车），by plane（乘飞机），by the way（顺便说一下），by myself（靠我自己） with 表示用某种工具、手段、伴随某种情况等 - 方式：write with a pen（用钢笔写字），cut with a knife（用刀切割），go with friends（和朋友一起去） because of 表示因为、由于，后接名词、代词、动名词等 - 原因：because of the rain（因为下雨），because of him（因为他），because of having a cold（因为感冒了） due to 表示因为、由于，常与特定语境或搭配相关 - 原因：due to the traffic jam（由于交通堵塞） owing to 表示因为、由于，用法类似 because of - 原因：owing to the bad weather（由于恶劣天气） of 表示所属关系、构成一些固定搭配等 - 所属：a book of mine（我的一本书），the name of the city（城市的名字） - 固定搭配：a lot of（许多），some of（一些） for 表示目的、用途、时间或距离的持续等 - 目的：a book for reading（一本用来阅读的书），go for a walk（去散步） - 持续：for three days（持续三天），for five kilometers（持续五公里） about 表示关于、大约等 - 关于：a book about history（一本关于历史的书），talk about something（谈论某事） - 大约：about ten people（大约十个人） 知识点 1．表示时间的介词辨析 表示时间 具体含义 at, in, on； 1. at表示时间点.at noon, at 7 o’clock, at dawn, at daybreak, at sunrise, at Christmas 2. in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配.in Ming Dynasty, in September, in the morning 3. on表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上。on October 1st, on a rainy day, in, after；within; 1. 表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用. 2. “after＋时间段”常与过去时连用;within表示“不超过……的范围”. You must finish the test within an hour.你必须在一小时之内完成这项测试。 He will come back in three days. The nights start after half past five in winter.冬天的夜晚在5点半之后开始。 for, since, from； 1. “for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久； 2. “since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间； I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。 3.“from＋时间点”只表示行为或状态的起始点。 The meeting will be held from seven to nine.这个会议将从7点开到9点。 before,by; before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但by表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内。after表示“在......”之后 Can you repair my bike by Friday?你能在星期五之前修好我的自行车吗？ I will be back before lunch.午饭之前我赶回来。 for, during, through; 1. for表示“达……之久”，指经过多长时间，常和完成时连用。They have lived here for five years.他们已经在这里生活了5年。 2. during表示“在……期间或某项活动中”。 She learned Japanese during her stay in Shanghai.她在上海逗留期间学会了日语。 3. through表示“一直……”，指从开始到结束。 They played cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。 知识点2 表示方位的介词辨析 表示方位 具体含义 on, above, over； under; beneath; 1. on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath； 2. above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below； 3. over 指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under。 4. beneath意味着某物位于另一物的正下方，两者可能接触，更正式；under 也可以表示某物位于另一物的正下方，但它的含义更广泛，两者之间不一定的接触。 on the wall在墙上 above the clouds在云端 over the sea在海上 under the chair在椅子下 below the surface of the water在水面下 across,；through, past；over, along；by； beside； 1. across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”； 2. through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”； 3. past表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边； 4. over表示从上方越过； 5. along表示“沿着”； 6. by与beside均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思； 7. beside指两者位置关系。 at, in, on at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；in后接较大的地方； on一般指与面或线接触。 at home在家； at a factory在一家工厂 in Beijing在北京；in the world在世界上 in, on, to, off； in表示在某一范围之内；on表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；to表示在某范围之外；off表示“(时空上)离，距”。 between, among, around between表示“在两者之间”； among表示“在三者（以上）之中”； around表示“环绕（四周）”。 between A and B在A和B之间；among the trees在树林中 around the table围在桌边 in front of, opposite, behind in front of表示“在……前面/正面”； behind表示“在……后面”； opposite表示“在……对面”。 in front of the classroom在教室前面; behind my house在我家房子后面 opposite me在我对面 in, into, out of , up in表示“在……之内”; into表示“进入”； out of表示“从……到外面”； up表示“向上移动”。 be in the classroom在教室里 ran into the classroom跑进教室 rush out of the room冲出房间 climb up the tree爬上树 along, across, past, through along表示“沿着”；across表示“横穿（平面）”； past表示“经过”； through表示“通过（内部空间）”其含义与in有关，。 along the river/railway沿着河边/铁路 across the river横渡过河 past the city hall经过市政厅 through the city/forest穿过城市/森林 to, for, from to表示“到达……目的地或目标”；for表示“向……（目的地）”； from表示“从……（地点）起”。 get to the airport到达机场; leave for动身去; from Beijing to Shanghai从北京到上海 知识点3 表示原因的介词辨析 原因介词具体含义 1. for:多=与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及reason, famous等词连用。 I must apologize for calling you so late.和抱歉我这么晚来找你。 2. at:常表示某种表情的起因，常和表示听、看或喜、怒、吃惊等词连用。 You didn’t looked very surprised at the news of his failure.听到他失败的消息，你看上去并不是很吃惊。 He got angry at her words他因她所说的话而生气。 3. from:常接抽象名词表示自然或间接原因 Lots of people suffered from hunger in those days.在那些日子里,许多人都遭受到了饥饿之苦。 4. of:多用于自身的原因,如死因、病因等。 I'm ashamed of myself for being so stupid.我为自己这么笨而感到羞愧 He died of cancer.他死于癌症。 5. with:多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状况的原因。 Her face went white with anger.她气得脸都白了。 6. by:表示“由于,成为……结果”,不与冠词连用。 by chance/accident意外，偶然地, by nature天生 7. because of:意为“由于,因为”,在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。 He didn't go to work because of his illness.由于生病他没去上班。 8. owing to:与because of 一样,也强调因果关系,作状语修饰整个句子，可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。 They decided to postpone the trip, owing to the change of the weather. 由于天气变化，他们决定推迟旅行。 9. due to:引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作状语时与owing to同义,一般不用逗号与其他成分隔开,且不放于句首。 The team's success was largely due to her efforts.该队的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。 10. on account of:与because of，owing to同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，但不作定语。 That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。 11. thanks to:只能用作状语,可以表示正面的意思“幸亏”，也可以用在讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. 由于全体演员的出色表演 那出戏剧才获得成功。 知识点4 其他介词及固定搭配中的介词 介词 具体含义 besides; except; but besides表示“除了……外，还有……”，表示累加关系，指包括介词宾语在内； except表示“除……以外”，表示排除关系，指从整体中除去一部分； but表示“除……以外”，与except同义，但是比except的语气更强烈。 I like English and maths besides Chinese.除了语文，我还喜欢英语和数学。 Everyone is here except Miss Ye.除了叶老师外，所有人都在这里。 There is nothing in the basket but three eggs.篮子里除了3个鸡蛋外，什么也没有。 against;for against:“反对”,表示观点或张方面与某人采取立的态度。 He is against your opinion.他反对你的观点。 for:指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度，“支持，赞成”，与in favor of同义。 Are you for the plan or against it?你支持还是反对这个计划? in;with;by in表示“用材料、语言”。Can you say it in English? with表示“用工具、某物”如: with a pen。 by表示“用、以、靠、通过…方法”。 He prefers traveling by car. 他更喜欢乘汽车出行。 知识点5 常见易混介词辨析 易混介词用法辨析 1. to与表示情感的名词连用,指某种行动后产生的感觉。 如： to one's delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret = to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb,这种表达法表示结果,在句中作状语,位于句前、句中、句尾皆可。为了强调,可在前面加 much,意为“使某人……的是”。 Much to my surprise ( = To my great surprise),they offered me the job. 使我非常惊奇的是,他们把那份工作给了我。 2. It is + adj. + for sb to do sth当形容词说明不定式的性质时，用for。常见的形容词有 important，necessary，possible，impossible等。 It won't be easy for you to find a job.对你来说，找一份工作很难。 It's important for us to learn English.学英语对我们来说很重要。 3. It is +adj. +of sb to do sth =sb. +be + adj. + to do sth当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特性时，用of。常见的形容词有 kind，good，nice，clever,stupid,foolish, con siderate，polite,impolite,cruel 等。 It was kind of you to help us.=You are kind to help us. 你好心帮助我们，真是太好了。 It was silly of you to trust such a man.=You are silly to trust such a man.你太愚蠢了，竟然相信这样一个人。 4.在被动语态中,谓语部分的介词和主语构成介宾关系,介词不能遗漏。 The child has been taken good care of in the nursery. 这个孩子在幼儿园里一直受到很好的照顾。 5.在非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。 知识点6 介词和其他词类搭配的高频短语 （1）介词与名词构成的搭配 1．at＋n.通常表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 处于战争状态 at work 在工作 at the beginning of 在……的开始 at the cost of 以……的代价 at the risk of 冒……的危险 at the mercy of 在……的支配下；任由……摆布 2．on＋n.通常表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 on the decrease/increase 在减少/增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表 on no account/condition 决不 on the top of 在……上面/顶端 3．by＋n.通常表示方式 by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工，用手 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 4.in＋n.通常表示方式 in cash 用现金 in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上 in length 在长度上 in English 用英语 in no time立刻 in no way 决不 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管 in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假使 in support of 支持 in honour of 为了纪念…… in memory of 为了纪念…… in the middle of 在……中间 in advance 事先；提前 5．of＋n.通常表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的 of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的 of use 有用的 of value 有价值的 6.out of＋n.通常表示状态 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期 out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业 7.under＋n.通常表示被动 under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中 8.with＋n.通常表示状态 with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 有困难地 with ease 轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地 with pleasure 乐意地 with satisfaction 满意地 （2）　动词与介词构成的搭配 1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构 如：accuse sb of sth 指责/控告某人某事 cure sb of sth 治好某人的某种疾病 rid sb of sth 使某人摆脱某物 cheat sb of sth 骗走某人某物 remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事 inform sb of sth 通知某人某事 2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doing sth”结构 如：blame sb for doing sth 指责某人做某事 批评某人做某事 原谅某人做某事 punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而惩罚某人 thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做某事 3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”结构 如：prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth 阻止某人/物做某事 protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done 保护某人/物免于被…… ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth 禁止某人/物做某事 4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配 如：make the best of 充分利用；尽力而为 be made up of 由……组成 put up with 忍受，容忍 see through 看穿；识破 see to 照料；处理 set about 着手做 show (sb) around/round 领(某人)参观 （3）　常用形容词与介词的搭配 be conscious/aware of 意识到 be buried/absorbed in 全神贯注于 be fond of 喜爱 be strict with sb in sth 对某人在某方面严格 be worthy of 值得；配得上的 be different from与……不同 be absent from 缺席 be popular with受到……的欢迎 be present at 出席 be tired of 厌倦 be busy with 忙于 be lost in 迷失在…… be anxious about 担心 be ashamed of 因……而惭愧 be suspicious of怀疑 be familiar with熟悉 例1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways ________ Romeo and Juliet. 例2．(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ________ all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park. 例3．(2024·八省联考)Shortening the breeding cycle ________ half or more, Nanfan accelerates the breeding process. 例4 In an effort to battle desertification and relieve the unfavorable effects of shifting sands and dust storms _ nearby residents, the “Green Great Wall” has gradually emerged. 1.Individuals that throw away their garbage ________ being sorted out can be fined up to 200 yuan, while companies and organizations can face fines up to 50，000 yuan. 2.________ consequence, the performance also became known as the “New Year Drum” by Beijingers. 3.Known as the “kidneys of the Earth”， wetlands can help safeguard biodiversity and cope ________ climate change. 4.The company Deloitte has estimated the total cultural value of the Sydney Opera House to Australia _________ $11.4 billion. 5.When I saw her yesterday, she was accompanied her parents on the street. （用适当的词填空） 一、单项选择 1．In ______ to their system, ours seems very old-fashioned. A．contrast B．contact C．contract D．compare 2．________ butterflies in my stomach, I breathed deeply. A．On B．For C．In D．With 3．Mary is always curious __________ the stories behind ancient buildings. She often asks her history teacher to tell her more details. A．about B．in C．at D．with 4．When international students want to study in this university, they need to _______ the admission office _______ detailed application materials before the deadline. A．apply; for B．apply for; to C．apply; to D．apply to; for 5．Lisa usually _______ reading paper books _______ e-books, because she thinks the touch of real pages makes her feel more relaxed. A．prefer; to B．prefers; than C．prefers; to D．prefer; than 6．Even though we live in different cities, we still try to keep __________ touch with each other by video calls every month. A．in B．on C．at D．with 7．Whenever you meet with difficulties, you can ask the policeman ________ help. A．at B．in C．for D．with 8．Students will usually decorate their classrooms ________ shining colored lights and their house ________ bright colors. A．with; through B．in; with C．with; in D．in; in 9．________ our amazement, our hometown has changed ________ recognition in the last five years. A．In; within B．To; within C．In; beyond D．To; beyond 10．Teachers often tell students not to be addicted ________ cellphone games, which may take up too much of their study time. A．to play B．to playing C．Playing D．plays 11．How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward ________ at last. A．to has come B．to coming C．to having come D．to came 12．In the company he is senior ________ Tom in position, while in life he is Tom’s ________ by two years. A．by; senior B．by; junior C．to; junior D．to; senior 13．Some parents are really opposed ________. A．students to have smartphones B．students had smartphones C．to students to have smartphones D．to students having smartphones 14．—There is a ban ________ mobile phones at the gas station. —Do you mean talking on the mobile phone ________ at the station? A．on using; is banned B．using; banned C．of using; banned D．from using; is banned 15．I was very impressed ________ the young artist ________ her latest paintings. A．with; by B．by; with C．with; with D．by; by 二 单句语法填空 1．Tom Hanks’ performance in the movie left a deep impression him. 2．Some children are never exposed classical music. 3．The crowd advanced the station. 4．But I was unrealistically optimistic what I could achieve. 5．No matter how busy he is, he always insists coming with me. 6．As the wound heals, inspect signs of infection including increased pain, redness and fluid (液体) around cut. 7．This newspaper has achieved a reputation honest and impartial political reporting. 8．Jack is banned taking part in the exam because of his cheating in the last exam. 9．They watched the familiar mountains fade the darkness. 10．They had observed the comet for 70 days before it faded sight. (用适当的词填空) 第二部分 动词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 在学业考试中，动词和动词短语的考查一直是其学考试题的重点和难点。分析近三年学考真题可知，近年学考命题加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查、强化语言运用能力和语境理解能力，侧重考查考生语言运用的准确性和得体性。对动词和动词短语在高考试卷中的题型分布主要有以下几种： 听力：侧重其动词及情态动词的语音语调、词义辨析、时态和句式的灵活运用； 阅读理解：侧重动词词义、熟词生义以及动词在长难句中的灵活运用； 完形填空：增加在语境中正确使用动词和动词短语词义的命题，考查动词的“旧词新意”和“熟词生义”现象, 主要以隐形考查的方式出现在完形填空试题中。 语法填空:侧重考查动词的各种形态变化； 书面表达:考查对动词词义和用法的熟练掌握。 （一）动词的分类及功能特点 准确区分不同类型动词：能够清晰辨别实义动词（及物动词与不及物动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词这几大类动词，并了解它们各自在句子中承担的主要功能。 实义动词表示具体的动作或行为，及物动词后需接宾语才能使句子意思完整，不及物动词则可单独使用或通过介词等搭配接宾语；系动词用于连接主语和表语，描述主语的状态、性质等；助动词协助主要动词构成否定、疑问等句式；情态动词表达说话人的情感、态度、能力等。 理解各类动词在句子中的作用机制：知道每种类型动词如何与句子中的其他成分相互配合，以准确传达句子的含义。例如，系动词后接形容词作表语（如 “She looks beautiful.”）；助动词在构成否定句、疑问句时的使用规则（如 “Do you like English?” 中 “do” 的作用）；情态动词后接动词原形且在不同语境下表达不同语义（如 “can” 表示能力，“should” 表示应该等）。 （二）动词短语的掌握 积累常见动词短语：牢记大量由动词与介词、副词或其他词构成的动词短语（如 “look after” 照顾，“give up” 放弃，“put on” 穿上等），了解它们的具体含义和用法特点。 辨析相似动词短语：能够区分那些形式相近但含义不同的动词短语，避免在使用过程中出现混淆。例如，“look for”（寻找）和 “look at”（看）；“take off”（起飞、脱下）和 “put off”（推迟）等。 理解动词短语在不同语境下的语义变化及搭配灵活性：有些动词短语在不同的语境中可能会有略微不同的语义侧重点，需要准确理解并能恰当运用。比如 “take up” 常见的意思是 “开始从事；占据（时间、空间等）”，在 “He took up painting last year.” 这句话中是 “开始从事” 的意思，表示他去年开始画画；而在 “The new furniture took up too much space in the room.” 中则是 “占据” 的意思，指新家具在房间里占据了太多空间。 知识点 1．实义动词 实义动词 (action Verbs)又叫行为动词，是英语动词的核心，表示动作的动词，有实在的意义，如eat, run, think等。实义动词是具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语，主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。根据其在句子中是否需要跟宾语，分为及物动词和不及物动词。 常见的不及物动词有： agree同意 arrive到达 come来 die死 exist存在 fall掉下 spread传开 happen发生 lie平躺 stay待 walk走 rise升起 remain剩下 consist由......组成 go去 lie位于，在于 laugh大笑 snow下雪 live居住 think想 hope希望 注意：1.不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，需要加上相应的介词才能跟宾语，不及物动词不能用于被动语态。 如talk to /with sb(与某人交谈)，think about sth(思考某事)， hope for sth.（希望某事），dream of sth.（梦想某事）。2.有些动词可以跟同源宾语如，dream a good/bad dream; live a comfortable life过着舒适的生活。3.有些动词表达动作事实是及物动词，如sell, lock, wash, write, spread; 表示性质特点时为不及物动词。 例1. The books have been sold out.（vt.）这些书已经卖完了。 例2. The book sells well.（vi.）这本书很畅销。 例3. You don’t have to write these things in detail. （vt.）你不必详细地写这些东西。【2021·新高考II】 例4. The pen writes smoothly. （vi.）这支笔写起来很流利。 知识点2 系动词 系动词（Linking Verbs）本身不表示具体动作，而是连接主语和其状态、特征或身份，后面通常接表语（主语补足语）。由名词、形容词、介词短语、表语从句等充当，描述主语“是什么”、“怎么样”或“处于什么状态”。系动词主要分为以下几类： 1. be动词：表示状态（am, is , are, was, were） He is a doctor. （身份） They are happy. （状态） The sky is blue. （特征） This cake was delicious. （性质） 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor .现实情况是，大多数西方城市都是根据汽车的需求重新设计的.（特点） 2. 感官动词：表示感官知觉（look看起来、sound听起来、smell闻起来、taste尝起来、feel摸起来） You look tired. （你看起来很累。） That idea sounds great! （那个主意听起来很棒！） The flowers smell sweet. （这些花闻起来很香。） This soup tastes salty. （这汤尝起来咸。） The fabric feels soft. （这布料摸起来柔软。） 注意：后面跟形容词作表语，描述主语给人的感觉，不是副词。 3. 状态变化系动词：become变得，go变得，run变得，fall变得，grow逐渐变得，turn变得。 She became a famous writer.(她成为了一名著名作家) It’s getting dark.（天渐渐黑了。） His face turned red.（他的脸变红了。） 4. 状态保持系动词：stay, keep; remain, prove。表示主语保持某种状态或性质不变。 Please stay calm.（请保持冷静。） Despite the chaos, he remained silent. （尽管一片混乱，他仍然保持沉默。） 5. 表象系动词：appear看起来； seem似乎； look显得； She appears (to be) very confident. （她显得非常自信。） He seems (like) a nice guy.（他看起来是个好人。） It looks like rain./It looks as if it might rain.（看起来要下雨了。） 注意： 1. 区分系动词和实义动词：很多系动词（如 feel, look, smell, taste, turn, grow, prove）本身也可以是实义动词（表示具体动作）。关键在于它们后面接什么以及表达什么含义。 系动词用法：后接表语（形容词/名词等），描述主语状态。 The rose smells sweet. （系动词，描述主语特征） She feels happy. （系动词，描述主语状态） 实义动词用法：后接宾语（名词/代词）或副词，表示具体动作。 She smelled the rose carefully.（实义动词，有宾语和副词） The doctor felt my pulse.（实义动词，有宾语） 2. 表语是形容词，不是副词：系动词后描述主语状态特征的是形容词，不是修饰动词的副词。 The soup tastes delicious (adj). (描述汤的状态) The soup tastes deliciously (adv). 副词不能描述主语) 知识点3 情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一行为或状态的态度，本身有一定的意义，但在句子中不能独立作谓语动词，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，如can, could, shall, should, will, may, might, must。 （一）can/could 的用法 1、表示具备某种“能力”。can表示现在；could表示过去。如： Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗？ We couldn’t get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。 2、表示“请求”（疑问句中）、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉；都指现在。如： Could you lend me $55? 你能借给我55美圆吗？ Yes, of course. 当然可以。 No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。 3、表示“可能性”。 could的语气更加不肯定。如 That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。 Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。 That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。 （二）may/might 的用法 1、表示允许或请求允许；might语气更礼貌： May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗？ She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。 can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当；could 礼貌客气；may 既尊重又婉转礼貌；might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如： 肯定回答：Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may. 否定回答：No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not. 2、表示可能性，“也许”。may和might无时间差别，might语气上更不肯定些。不用于疑问句，可用can/could或别的说法。 You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。 Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗？ （三）must的用法 1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。否定回答，多用needn’t 或 don’t have to。mustn’t表示“绝对不行、不可以”。 We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。 Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t. Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t. 可以进来吗？不行/绝对不行。 2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此时，must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could： There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。 Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗？ There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗？ 注意：（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。（2）对已经过去的情况的推测：情态动词+have +done。 （四）need：作为情态动词，一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。 You needn’t try to explain. 你不需要解释。（情态动词） Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗？（情态动词） She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。（实义动词） need做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用法，还有require, want等。 My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。 （五）dare：情态动词dare表示“敢”，在现代英语中，dare往往用做实义动词。 Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗？ He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。 He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。 （六）should/ought to的用法 1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to否定式为ought not to /oughtn’t to。 You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.你应该更多的注意你律师的。 2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。 You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s eight o’clock.你不该还在睡觉，已经八点了。 3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，“应该已经”。有时表“本应该”的意思；“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“本不该”的意思。 He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。 You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。 4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情： It’s strange that he should have lost his temper. 真奇怪，他竟然发脾气。 （七）情态动词+have done 1、“must have＋过去分词”表对过去的推测，“一定已经，准是已经….”，用于肯定句。表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”. The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。　 The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。 2、 “may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用can或could. “might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”。 He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。 You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。（虚拟语气） 3、“needn’t+　have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。可译成“本不必”。 I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。（实际上已经借了） 4、can/could have done在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时没有时间上的差别，只是could的语气更弱一些： Who can/could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢？ He can’t/couldn’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。 could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，表示“本来可以…；差点就要…”。 We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。 5、should/ought to have done表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；“should not/ought not to have＋过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。 She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。（实际上不是）　 The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。 6、might, may, must表示推测时的区别: may，might, must可表示 推 测“可能”.根据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might<may<must（或许→可能→肯定）。例如： It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。 They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。 Jane might have visited the Summer Palace last year. (过去)去年珍妮可能去过颐和园。 He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。 They may have been to Shanghai last summer. (过去)去年夏天他们可能去过上海。 There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。 He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。 注意：情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别；表示“推测”的表达方式；以及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。 知识点4 助动词 助动词本身没有独立的意义,在句子中不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词, 表示时态、语态、人称、数和否定、疑问等语法特征。助动词有：shall, will, do, be, have等，助动词分为两大类：基本助动词be, do,have和情态助动词can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to。 1. Be 动词 (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) 功能1：构成进行时态（Continuous Tenses） 结构： be + V-ing（现在分词） She is studyingEnglish now.（现在进行时） They were playing** football when it rained.（过去进行时） He will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.（将来进行时） 功能2：构成被动语态（Passive Voice） 结构： be + V-ed（过去分词） The book was written by Shakespeare.（一般过去时被动） The project **has been completed（现在完成时被动） Dinner is being cooked by Mom.（现在进行时被动） 2. Have 动词 (have, has, had, having) 功能：构成完成时态（Perfect Tenses） 结构：have + V-ed（过去分词） I have finished my homework.（现在完成时） She had left before I arrived.（过去完成时） By next year, he will have graduated（将来完成时） 3. Do 动词 (do, does, did) 功能1：构成疑问句（Questions） 结构： Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形？ Do you like coffee?（一般现在时疑问） Did she call you yesterday?（一般过去时疑问） 功能2：构成否定句（Negatives） 结构： 主语 + do/does/did + not + 动词原形 He did not (didn't) go to school. 功能3：表示强调（Emphasis） 结构：主语 + do/does/did + 动词原形 （+ 其他） I do understand your problem!（我真的理解！） We did see that movie!（我们确实看了那部电影！） 知识点5 动词+介词/副词 动词+介词 这类动词短语相当于及物动词，其后必修有宾语，且介词与动词不能分开，宾语只能放在介词之后，如： 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 account for解释，说明，占比 adjust to调整，适应 all for要求 add to增加， break into破门而入 ask for索取，寻找 care about 关心，在乎 come across偶然遇到 go for努力获取 deal with处理 get over克服 hope for希望，期待 get into养成（习惯） rely on依靠，依赖 pay for偿还，赔偿 answer for负责 provide for供给 plan for打算，为……计划 send for派人去请 fall behind落在......后面 laugh at嘲笑 feel like想要 refer to提到，参考 stick to坚持 动词+副词 throw away扔掉 put away把……收拾好 give away捐赠，分发 carry away运走 run away 潜逃，跑开 go away 走开 send for派人去请 stay away远离 动词+on try on试穿，试验 put on穿上，上演 have on穿着，戴着 pull on穿，戴 hold on不挂断，坚持，继续carry on继续开展坚持 keep on继续 go on继续 get on上（车） focus/concentrate on集中注意力于，关注； 动词+over come over过来 hand over移交 go over仔细检查，复习 get over克服，恢复 look over检查 think over仔细考虑 take over接受，接管 hand over 移交 turn over翻转 动词+up bring up抚育，培养 call up召唤，打电话给 come up走上前来，长出 cut up切碎 fix up修理 give up放弃； go up 上升，增长 grow up 长大 look up尊敬，向上看，查寻 make up虚构，弥补，组成 put up举起，搭建 set up建立，创（纪录） pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到 send up发射 show up 揭露，露面 turn up出现，把……调高一点 动词+out come out出来 go out出去，熄灭 look out留神，当心 walk out走出 set out出发，开始 put out扑灭，生产 give out发出，发表 hand out分发 pick out挑中 find out找出，发现 speak out大声说 turn out生产，结果是；证明是 get out出去，离开 carry out实行，执行 work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通 bring out出版 start out 出发，动身 动词+名词 lose patience失去耐心 lose heart灰心 make a bet打赌 make a face做鬼脸 take effect生效 take place发生；举行 take action/measures/steps采取措施 give way让步；屈服 lose weight减肥 lead the way领路 make a fortune发财；碰运气 take one’s time别着急；慢慢来 take exercise做锻炼 take turns轮流；依次 take advice采取建议 make a difference有影响；起作用 动词+名词+介词 take care of 照料 make fun of 取笑 take account of 考虑 take part in参加 make friends with 与……交朋友 get rid of 摆脱 lose sight of 看不到 pay attention to 注意 make progress in 在…方面取得进步 make room for为……腾空 make contributions to 对……作出贡献 play a part in起作用 put an end to结束 take advantage of利用 take notice of注意到 take pride in以......自为豪 catch sight of看见 find fault with......找碴 动词+介词+名词 类型1 动词后需跟宾语类的短语有: bring.. to an end 使……结束 bring... under control 使……在控制下 keep/have... in mind 记住…… put... into effect 使……生效 learn... by heart 记住…… 类型2 动词后不带宾语类的短语有: burst into tears突然大哭 come into being产生；形成 come to power上台执政 come into use开始被使用 come into effect生效 put on weight 增重 知识点6 动词与动词短语一词多义、熟词生义 1.address 熟意：地址   新意：解决，演讲，对..讲话，称呼 2.place 熟意：地方   新意：认出，想起，放置 3.stand 熟意：站立    新意：忍受，摊位 4.contract熟意：合同   新意：萎缩，感染，订婚 5.approach 熟意：靠近  新意：方法，处理 6.spring熟意：春天   新意：泉水，弹簧，发条，跳跃 7.season熟意:季节  新意：调味，晒干    seasoned 有经验的 8.escape熟意：逃跑   新意：度假 9.weather熟意：天气   新意：使褪色，使风化 10.flight熟意：飞行,航班    新意：逃跑 11.scale 熟意：规模   新意：天平，称，鱼鳞，等级，比例 12.desert熟意：沙漠 新意：舍弃 13.course熟意：课程    新意：道路，过程，一道菜，比赛场 14.count熟意：数    新意：是重要的（动词） 15.express熟意：表达  新意：快车 16.explode熟意：爆炸  新意：激增，暴怒 17.blow熟意：吹   新意：炸毁，打击 18.matter 熟意：物质,事情    新意：要紧，是重要的；大约a matter of minutes 大约几分钟 19.fail 熟意：失败    新意：使..失望 20.complex 熟意：负责的   新意：建筑群 21.adopt 熟意：收养    新意：采纳 22.foreign 熟意: 外国的   新意：陌生的 23.subject 熟意：科目  新意：主语，主题，主观，受试者；易受...支配的 24.object 熟意：物体    新意：目标，宾语；反对 25.chance熟意：机会  新意：可能性，偶然，偶然的 26.solid熟意：固体    新意：坚硬的，牢固的，可靠的 27.soil熟意：土壤    新意：弄脏 28.consume 熟意：消费     新意：消耗，吃掉，喝掉，充满（情感） 29.hit熟意：打击     新意：突然意识到，成功，受欢迎的人或事 30.kill熟意：杀死    新意：消磨（时间） 31.kid熟意：孩子   新意：愚弄 32.last熟意：最后的   新意：不可能的 33.open熟意：打开    新意：包容开放的，公开赛 34.position熟意：位置    新意：定位，观点，职务 35.stick熟意：棍子    新意：粘贴，卡主 36.say熟意：说话     新意：比如说 37.strength熟意：力量    新意：优点 38.weigh熟意：称重    新意：权衡 39.wind熟意：风     新意：蜿蜒， 40.produce熟意：生产    新意：农产品 41.pick up 熟意：捡起   新意：变大，增强，学习，接人 42.crop熟意：庄稼   新意：产量 43.yield 熟意：屈服   新意：产量，收益 44.state熟意：州，国家   新意：状态，陈述 45.secure熟意：安全的   新意：（经努力）获得 46.land熟意：土地   新意：登陆，跌落，得到 47.accompany熟意：陪伴   新意：伴奏 48.corner熟意：角落   新意：使..走投无路 49.charge 熟意：充电   新意：掌管，指责，控告，收费，猛冲 50.Issue 熟意：议题   新意：发布，（报纸、杂志等的）期 51.Enter熟意：进入   新意：报名，等级  entry 参赛作品，录入，条目 52.Term熟意：学期   新意：术语，任期，角度，条款 53.Trial熟意：尝试   新意：审判，试训 54.cover 熟意：覆盖    新意：掩饰，报道 55.fair 熟意：公平的   新意：集市 56.solution 熟意：解决方案   新意：溶液 57.bark 熟意：狗叫 新意：（人）大喊，树皮 58.seal 熟意：海豹   新意：封印 59.discipline熟意：纪律   新意：学科 60.novel 熟意：小说 新意：新颖的 61.recipe 熟意：食谱   新意：诀窍，秘诀 62.vital 熟意：重要的   新意：充满活力的 63.practice 熟意：练习   新意：惯例，通常做法 64.feed 熟意：喂养   新意：（社交媒体的）动态，推文 65.culture 熟意：文化   新意：培养 66.balance 熟意：平衡   新意：余额 67.observe 熟意：观察   新意：庆祝，遵守 68.distance 熟意：距离   新意：疏远，隔阂 69.brave 熟意：勇敢的   新意：勇敢面对，华丽的 70.condition 熟意：状况   新意：疾病 71.claim 熟意：声称   新意：认领，使丧命，索赔 72.return 熟意：返回   新意：归还，退货 73.recover 熟意：康复   新意：重新获得 74.proceed 熟意：开始,继续   新意：收益 75.project 熟意：项目   新意：投影 76.code 熟意：编码   新意：道德准则，行为规范 77.remember熟意：想起   新意：纪念，缅怀 78.brief 熟意：简要的   新意：概要，向..介绍情况， 79.attraction熟意：吸引   新意：旅游景点 80.respect 熟意：尊重   新意：方面 81.enterprise熟意：企业   新意：进取心 82.recreation 熟意：重建   新意：消遣，娱乐 83.saw 熟意：看到   新意：锯子 84.jam 熟意：果酱   新意：交通拥堵 85.nature 熟意：自然   新意：本质，特征 86.tear 熟意：眼泪   新意：撕扯 87.stamp 熟意：邮票 新意：跺脚，印章 88.account 熟意：账户   新意：描述，考虑 89.harbour 熟意：港口   新意：窝藏，庇护 90.nail 熟意：指甲   新意：钉子 91.back 熟意：后面   新意：支持，资助 92.correspond熟意：通信   新意：类似于，符合 93.pronounce熟意：发音   新意：宣布 94.appetite 熟意：食欲   新意：欲望，爱好 95.trip 熟意：旅行   新意：绊倒 96.bridge 熟意：桥   新意：消除（分歧） 97.frequent 熟意：频繁的 新意：经常去 98.plant 熟意：植物   新意：工厂 99.firm 熟意：牢固的   新意：坚定的，公司 100.board 熟意：木板   新意：登（机，船），寄宿，董事会 101.pound 熟意：磅，镑   新意：连续重击 102.replace 熟意：取代   新意：放回原处 103.picture 熟意：图片  新意：想象（v） 104.fuel 熟意：燃料  新意：刺激，增强 105.leave 熟意：离开   新意：使得 106.arrest 熟意：逮捕   新意：吸引，抑制，心跳停止 107.average 熟意：平均 新意：普通的 108.plain 熟意：平原   新意：普通的，朴实无华的 109.better 熟意：更好的   新意：改善 110.mount 熟意：山   新意：爬上，增加，上升 111.bear 熟意：熊，忍受   新意：带有...  支撑 112.cross 熟意：穿越   新意：生气的 113.contribute熟意：贡献 新意：投稿 114.command熟意：命令   新意：掌握 115.setting 熟意：设置   新意：背景，环境 116.celebrate熟意：庆祝   新意：赞扬 117.cause 熟意：起因   新意：事业 118.industry 熟意：工业   新意：行业，领域，勤劳 119.contain 熟意：包含   新意：容忍 120.buy 熟意：购买   新意：相信 121.develop 熟意：发展   新意：患病 122.direction熟意：方向   新意：说明，指南，命令 123.engage 熟意：从事   新意：吸引  engaging 124.employ 熟意：雇佣   新意：使用，应用 125.excuse 熟意：借口,原谅   新意：同意免除 126.fine 熟意：好的   新意：罚款 127.ticket 熟意：票据   新意：罚单 128.follow 熟意：跟随   新意：讲述 129.freeze 熟意：结冰   新意：吓住，呆住，不许动 130.given 熟意：被给予   新意：考虑到 131.stuff 熟意：物品   新意：塞    staffed toys毛绒玩具 132.invent 熟意：发明   新意：编造，虚构 133.inviting 熟意：邀请   新意：吸引人的 134.boast 熟意：吹嘘   新意：（骄傲地）拥有 135.bug 熟意：虫子   新意：漏洞，窃听器 136.make 熟意：制造   新意：成为 137.might 熟意：可能   新意：力量   mighty 138.mean 熟意：意思是   新意：吝啬的，小气的 139.overlook熟意：俯视   新意：忽视 140.pack 熟意：包装   新意：族群 141.press 熟意：摁压   新意：媒体 142.reflect 熟意：反射   新意：思考 143.review 熟意：复习   新意：评论，审查 144.slim 熟意：收的  新意：小的 145.update 熟意：更新  新意：最新消息 146.spare 熟意：空闲的  新意：省下，饶恕 147.wild 熟意：野生的  新意：疯狂的   wild dreams 148.trick 熟意：恶作剧  新意：诀窍，窍门 149.upset 熟意：心烦的   新意：打翻 150. settle 熟意：定居   新意：决定，解决 知识点一 实义动词 例1．The bill ________ data-privacy standards across the EU, and tech companies ________ that compliance costs will soar. A．concerns about; deeply concern B．concerns; are deeply concerned C．concerns that; are deeply concerned about D．is concerned about; are deeply concerned 例2．______ the world becomes more globalized, it is easier ____cuisines from different cultures. A．With, to access B．As, to access C．with, to access to D．As, to access to 例3．The fire started in the basement and quickly_____ to the first floor where it destroyed all the_____ in the language lab. A．was spreaded; furniture and equipments B．was spreaded; furniture and equipment C．spread; furnitures and equipments D．spread; furniture and equipment 1．Many students ______ the basic skills needed to solve complex math problems, which makes it difficult for them to achieve high scores. A．lack of B．are lacking of C．lack D．are lacking for 2．Jack often does things foolishly, so he _______ sometimes ________ by others. A．is; laughed B．is; laughed at C．was; laughed D．has; been laughed at 3．This kind of cloth ______ well and ______ long. A．washes; is lasted B．is washed; lasting C．washes; lasts D．is washing; lasting 4．Jim, a boy _________ you at the school gate right now. A．is waiting for B．is waiting C．waits for D．waits 5．After he survived ________ the earthquake, Tom became one of the few ________ of the family and his ________ made his old friends very happy. A．/; survivors; survival B．in; survivors; survival C．from; survivors; survival D．/; survivor; surviving 知识点二 系动词 1．Some of the apples are bad, but I believe the rest _________sweet. A．taste B．tastes C．is tasted D．are tasted 2．It ______ a young girl ______ sadly. A．sounded to be; cry B．was sounded like; crying C．sounded like; crying D．was sounded to be; cried 3．Although all of the dishes ________, none of them ________ good. A．have been tasted; taste B．have been tasted; are tasted C．have tasted; taste D．have tasted; are tasted 1．This piece of music being played at the concert ________ sweet. A．sounds B．listens to C．is sounded D．is listened to 2．The dish _____Sichuan province, China _____hot but tasty. A．originating from; is tasted B．originating from; tastes C．originated from; is tasted D．originated from; tastes 3．Please stay ________ until the bus has stopped. A．seated B．seating C．seat D．to seat 4．__________ from the people and the world, the boy eventually __________ heavy internet user with some mental problems. A．Withdrawn, became B．Withdrawn, turned C．Withdrawing, became a D．Withdrawing, turned a 5．It was a pity that he __ blind, but to the joy of his family, his dream of becoming a musician _____ true at last. A．came; came B．went; went C．came; went D．went; came 知识点三 情态动词 例1（2025年天津卷3月）There are 50,000 signs in modern Chinese but luckily, Chinese children _______ learn all of them for everyday purpose. A. couldn’t B. mustn’t C.needn’t D.wouldn’t 例2（2023年天津卷6月）We _________bother with details, for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us. A．mustn’t B．daren’t C．needn’t D．can’t 1．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）—It’s twelve o’clock already in the night. ________ you play the guitar at such a late hour? —Oh, I’m so sorry. A．Must B．Can C．May D．Shall 2．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）When faced with challenges, sometimes you ________ feel you are lost in thick mist and can’t see the light. A．need B．may C．shall D．should 3．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）You _______ smoke in the newsroom without asking for others’ opinions. It is impolite. A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．won’t D．couldn’t 4．（23-24高一下·天津·期中）The professor is patient and warm-hearted, but sometimes she ________ be mad at our silly mistakes. A．would B．can C．must D．shall 知识点四 助动词 例1．Nowadays many teenagers often take their parents’ love for granted. Seldom________ what they should do in return. A．do they think B．they think C．did they think D．think they 例2．The percentage of students at high schools who ________ newly diagnosed with depression  ________not dropped significantly. A．was; has B．were; has C．was; have D．were; have 例3．Only after we received the news that they had arrived safely ______ a sigh of relief. A．we did breathe B．we breathed C．breathed we D．did we breathe 1．Though a man may also feel like screaming as a woman________ in a crisis, he has a little bit more self-control than a woman and that makes the difference. A．having B．has C．doing D．does 2．If you make progress in Spoken English, ____ in Written English. A．so do you B．so are you C．so will you D．so did you 2．Knowing that the book didn’t ________ me, I set out to find its real owner. A．to belonging B．belonged C．is belonging D．belong to 3．Although my new cellphone has many ________ it doesn’t ________ well. A．functions, function B．function, functions C．functions, functions D．function,function 4．Mr.White doesn’t believe that his son could afford to buy a digital camera，________？ A．could he B．couldn’t he C．does he D．doesn’t he 5．Little ________ that she was infected with this disease herself. A．Amy knew B．did Amy know C．knew Amy D．was Amy known 知识点五 动词+介词/副词 例1．With the development of science and technology, the prices of TV sets have _____. A．gone down B．been gone down C．brought down D．been gone up 例2．The newly-elected president officially a plan to break through the trade barrier. A．laid off B．laid down C．laid out D．laid aside 例3．The director had her assistant ___ some hot dogs for the meeting. A．picked up B．picks up C．pick up D．picking up 1．Once fighting _________ between the two villages and many people were killed. A．broke out B．was broken out C．had broken out D．had been broken out 2 How could you _______ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months? A．give off B．break in C．turn down D．take away 3 To maintain a healthy lifestyle, doctors advise people to ______ high-sugar foods and drinks as much as possible. A．take in B．bring up C．break down D．keep off 知识点六 动词与动词短语一词多义、熟词生义 例1.[2023·全国乙卷] The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world, helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport.____________ 例2.[2020·全国Ⅱ卷] The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.____________ 例3.[2020·全国Ⅰ卷]... Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, "because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed. "____________ 1.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷] The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.____________ 2.[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷] Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.____________ 3.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]... students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/ discussion...____________ 4.[2021·全国甲卷] Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape.____________ 5.[2022·全国乙卷] In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.____________ 一、单项选择 1．As the finished product was not correctly priced, it ________ well. A．wasn’t sold B．didn’t sell C．wouldn’t be sold D．can’t sell 2．Susan's parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It ____________be particularly costly. A．can B．mustn't C．can't D．must 3．We ______ worry about details, for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us. A．mustn’t B．daren’t C．needn’t D．can’t 4．The women is older than she________. A．looks B．looks at C．is looked D．is looked at 5．______ the world becomes more globalized, it is easier ____cuisines from different cultures. A．With, to access B．As, to access C．with, to access to D．As, to access to 6．The coffee was wonderful! It ______ like anything I ______ before. A．wasn’t tasted, had B．didn’t taste, have C．wasn’t tasted, have ever had D．didn’t taste, had ever had 7．Whom would you ________ solve the problem? A．have to help B．have help C．have to help to D．have helping 8．I would like ________ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you. A．to have you know B．have you know C．to have your known D．having you know 9．Reflecting on what Walter Scott wrote in his novel Rob Roy, we may find even white lies have results we __________ know in advance. A．shan’t B．can’t C．mustn’t D．needn’t 10．It is more ______ to make another effort and try to finish the work on time rather than ______ there, telling your sufferings to those unrelated people. A．worthwhile; sit B．worthwhile; seating C．worthy, seat D．worth, sitting 二、语法填空 1．I personally would rather (roast) a chicken whole. 2．A workman must (sharp) his tools if he is to do his work well. 3．We must (evaluate) the consequences caused by the fire. ＝ We must make an (evaluate) of the consequences caused by the fire. 4．We’d better (large) the reading room by knocking through between the two small rooms. 5．Their team could (get) first prize in the 4×100 relay race, but the last runner fell down halfway. 6．（22-23高二下·全国·课后作业）Let's make use of our energy and (oppose) to wasting water, electricity, paper and so on. 一、阅读理解 A The most unforgettable journeys are not always measured by world-famous landmarks. Sometimes, the true magic lies in the quiet corners of the world, where breathtaking scenery mixes with time-honored traditions and mouth-watering local flavors. The following four rare routes, each with its own appeal, invite travelers to step off the usual path and discover something different. Narva’s Riverside Charm, Estonia Narva is a peaceful town by a wide river, with colorful houses and stone streets. The riverside park is perfect for a slow walk or a picnic. Local markets sell fresh smoked fish, sweet berry pies, and dark rye (黑麦) bread, giving visitors a true taste of the region. Inle Lake’s Floating Gardens, Myanmar Inle Lake is surrounded by misty mountains and has many floating gardens. Farmers grow vegetables on floating platforms made of soil and tall grass. Visitors can sail in long wooden boats past houses on wooden poles, explore busy lakeside markets, and taste local Shan noodles or fried lake fish while watching the sunset. Carrara’s Marble (大理石) Mountains, Italy High in the Apuan Alps, Carrara is known for its shining white marble. Visitors can join tours to see the stone mines and learn to shape the stone by hand from skilled workers. After exploring, enjoy fresh pasta and cheese in small mountain restaurants. Colmar’s Colorful Canals, France Colmar, called “Little Venice”, is full of narrow canals, bright flowers, and old wooden houses. Families can take gentle rides on small canal cruisers (游艇) through the quiet waterways, visit summer markets with handmade chocolates and cheeses, and take photos of lively street art. 1．What can visitors do in Myanmar? A．Hike in the mountains. B．Learn to grow vegetables. C．Tour in a wooden boat. D．Rest in local farmers’ houses. 2．Which route allows tourists to participate in hands-on activities? A．Colmar’s Colorful Canals, France. B．Carrara’s Marble Mountains, Italy. C．Narva’s Riverside Charm, Estonia. D．Inle Lake’s Floating Gardens, Myanmar. 3．What do the four routes have in common? A．They include historic sights. B．They offer various water-based activities. C．They are famous for their summer markets. D．They provide visitors with tasty local foods. B Born on her family’s farm in Ray, North Dakota, Mary Sherman Morgan had been helping her father with farm work before she could attend the small-town schoolhouse. Being a few years behind didn’t hold her back and she graduated from high school with honors. Aware of her intelligence, she ran away from Ray to attend Minot State University as a chemistry major, where her skill was evident. The outbreak of World War II led to a national shortage of chemists and scientists. In spite of the fact that she was still a student and a woman, she was offered a job as a chemical analyst due to her talents, producing explosives (爆炸物) for the wartime effort. She put her degree on hold and moved to Ohio, taking on the dangerous job of analyzing unstable chemicals to produce weapons. After the war ended there was a fall in demand for explosives, so she made a move to the field of aeronautics, moving to California to work for NAA (North American Aviation). The only woman out of 900 engineers, she was soon promoted to a role which involved calculating the performance of rocket propellants (推进剂) and designing special fuels to work with different engines. However, never having returned to complete her degree, she was not afforded the rank or higher pay of an engineer, even though she had all the skills and knowledge of one. Her experience with propellants meant that when NAA was tasked to find a fuel capable of lifting the redesigned Redstone missiles into space, Morgan was appointed technical lead on the project. National pride was on the line, so Morgan set about investigating fuels. After countless trials, she finally designed her own mixture, which was named Hydyne. Hydyne tested well with the Redstone missiles and subsequently other aircraft (飞行器) , such as Jupiter-C rockets, proving to be a quick solution to getting to space without a total rocket redesign. The fuel made the first successful US satellite launch possible, even if Morgan silently slipped away from her success, retiring to focus on her family and leaving her chemistry career behind. 4．What do we know about Mary? A．She attended school while helping with farm work. B．She was offered a job as a chemistry analyst after graduation. C．She changed her working focus because her country’s demand changed. D．She launched the first US satellite before retiring from her career. 5．What was Mary doing after the war ended? A．Analyzing chemicals. B．Producing explosives. C．Mixing and saving fuels. D．Designing and building aircraft. 6．What made Mary the technical lead on the project of NAA? A．Her special knowledge in fuels. B．Her rank as an engineer. C．Her discovery of Hydyne. D．Her sense of national pride 7．Which of the following words can describe Mary Sherman Morgan? A．Caring and determined. B．Intelligent and skillful. C．Courageous but sensitive. D．Accomplished but proud. C It was obvious with Pinocchio. Every time he told a lie his nose grew longer. But for the rest of us in real life, the result of telling lies isn’t so evident. Is it possible that there are unseen consequences to dishonesty? Since lies are carried by speech, and speech originates in the brain, is it possible that telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable? Psychologists Julia Lee and Ashley Hardin wanted to find out. Drs. Lee and Hardin set up a series of studies to explore the question of dishonesty, with 250 pairs of individuals. In each pair, one was assigned (分派) the task of either lying or telling the truth. The other member of the pair was instructed to evaluate the emotions of the lying or truth-telling partner. Each of the partners was then assigned the task of evaluating the emotions of the other partner. The research found that subjects who were asked to be dishonest were significantly worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those who told the truth. Surprisingly, the small, seemingly unimportant moments of dishonesty clouded an individual’s ability to read the emotions of another individual later on. To determine how well the participants could read other people’s emotions, the researchers then had the subjects watch a series of short video clips. In the clips, actors expressed a wide range of emotions in their facial expressions, voices, and body languages. The participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of the actors. Once again, across all the experimental studies, the researchers consistently found that those who were tempted to, and likely did lie, ended up performing worse on the test of empathetic accuracy than those who didn’t lie. We live in a world where businesses, social life, and personal relationships depend on the ability of individuals to interact well with other people. And to interact with them we often need to be able to determine their emotions. As most of us learned in kindergarten: it’s important to tell the truth! 8．What is the aim of the studies? A．To explore the motive for lying. B．To explain the Pinocchio Effect. C．To test if lying causes brain changes. D．To teach people how to detect lies. 9．What does the underlined word “clouded” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Improved. B．Cleared. C．Monitored. D．Weakened. 10．What were the participants asked to do in the studies? A．To learn body languages. B．To make faces. C．To identify different emotions. D．To rate others’ performances. 11．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The application of the study. B．The necessity of being honest. C．The complexity of social interaction. D．The reasons for telling lies. D A wheeled robot rolls across the floor. A soft-bodied robotic star bends its five legs, moving awkwardly. Powered by conventional electricity, these simple robotic creations would be ordinary, but what sets these two robots apart is that they are controlled by a living organism: a king oyster mushroom. By growing the mushroom’s mycelium (菌丝体) into the robot’s hardware, a team led by Cornell University researchers has engineered two types of robots that sense and respond to the environment by using electrical signals made by the fungus (真菌) and its sensitivity to light. The robots are the latest accomplishment of scientists in a field known as biohybrid (生物混合的) robotics which seek to combine biological, living materials such as plant and animal cells or insects with synthetic components to make partly living and partly engineered robots. Biohybrid robots have yet to go beyond the lab, but researchers hope one day they may explore oceans or search for survivors after an earthquake. “Biohybridization is an attempt to find components in the biological world that we can use, understand, and control to help our artificial systems work better,” said Robert Shepherd, a professor at Cornell University who leads the Organic Robotics Lab. Fungi can be cultivated in large quantities and thrive in many different environments. Fungi may have advantages over other biohybrid approaches in terms of the conditions required to keep them alive. This could make them an excellent candidate for biohybrid robots for applications in agriculture and marine exploration. The lab has produced more than 30 sensing and computing devices using live fungi. However, some experts show their concerns that if biohybrid robots become more complex and are applied in the ocean or other ecosystems, it could disturb the habitats, challenging the traditional distinction between life and machine. Currently, this research hasn’t raised ethical questions, but if it continues to develop, it’s vital to consider the consequences of releasing them in the open. 12．What can we learn about biohybrid robots from the first two paragraphs? A．They are controlled by human cells. B．They are applied to rescue operations. C．They may be sensitive to electrical signals. D．They may have many practical applications. 13．Why are fungi used for biohybrid robots? A．They are in large numbers. B．They respond to the environment quickly. C．They are readily available. D．They can survive in different environments. 14．What is the potential problem with biohybrid robots? A．Damaging ecosystems. B．Confusing humans with machines. C．Losing control. D．Replacing humans on certain jobs. 15．What is the purpose of the text? A．To warn about the risks of biohybrid robots. B．To present the concept of biohybrid robots. C．To introduce the new development of robots. D．To question the benefits of engineered robots 七选五 If you are planning to visit the USA and want to do like the locals do, follow these tips and you’re sure to fit in comfortably — whether you’re in Boston, New York or San Francisco! 16 Popular culture is a huge influence around the world. 17 . If anything ties us together culturally, it’s probably the TV shows and movies we watch, the celebrity gossip we read in magazines, the sports teams we follow daily. Best to avoid talking about politics, religion or how much people earn unless you are among close friends. Join in strangers’ casual conversations The signature American speaking volume might be a shock at first. Usually, you will be forced to hear strangers’ conversations on public transport, at restaurants, standing in the checkout line. 18 , you will never run out of strange conversations to entertain each other. Show your talent for good deal hunting We Americans aren’t satisfied with a purchase unless we’re sure we got our money’s worth. So if you find yourself in a MacDonald’s, look for deals. If your brain tells you that the burger is simply too big, just tell yourself: “Hey, if I don’t get deals, why not take the leftovers to go and eat them for lunch tomorrow? Two meals for the price of one? 19 !” Try to be yourself The US celebrates diversity more than any other place on Earth. Going against norms is in Americans’ blood, which explains the rule of being American; Be yourself. 20 . So when you’re in the US you should do it, too! Luckily for you, foreign accents make you the most interesting person at any party. A．But it is a good deal B．If they talk too loudly C．Find suitable topics to start small talks D．So it is hard not to be exposed to it abroad E．If you put any shyness aside and join in the small talks F．Never mind that you are looking for a winter coat in winter G．Americans value their individuality and show it off unapologetically 二、完形填空 A 12-year-old girl from Michigan is fighting for making laws to build public restrooms more accessible for the disabled. Good Morning America first 21 Zoey Harrison’s story on TV in 2018 when she helped save time after her mom invented the Bodycoat — a special coat for children who use 22 like Zoey. The first bill Zoey introduced to State Representative Graham Filler in 2019 23 increasing accessibility in 24 restrooms. The second suggested adding 25 directions to accessible restrooms to the Michigan’s government website so people with disabilities know where the most 26 ones are and plan trips with their 27 . Mom Jennifer Harrison of Ithaca, Michigan, told Good Morning America that she 28 Zoey when Zoey was a 1-year-old in an orphanage (孤儿院). “I’m 29 by her so much.” Harrison said. “Disability doesn’t stop her from reaching her 30 to help a whole bunch of people and she has no 31 to speak up.” Zoey would also like to see more family restrooms and 32 maps so people know where to find them. She hopes to visit amusement parks, restaurants, stores and 33 the public equipment. If they meet Zoey’s approval as well as that of the checklist’s under her proposed bills, those places would 34 an official “Z-seal of approval”. Her message to fellow kids: “Always be kind and 35 and no matter what, you can make a difference.” 21．A．reported B．interviewed C．described D．written 22．A．flashlights B．glasses C．phones D．wheelchairs 23．A．took up B．turned down C．focused on D．put off 24．A．beautiful B．public C．new D．decorated 25．A．traditional B．clear C．private D．individual 26．A．suitable B．expensive C．enjoyable D．modern 27．A．pets B．teachers C．families D．fans 28．A．abandoned B．knew C．blamed D．adopted 29．A．disappointed B．amazed C．puzzled D．excited 30．A．goals B．standards C．stages D．agreements 31．A．humor B．courage C．patience D．shyness 32．A．sell B．preserve C．create D．change 33．A．repair B．destroy C．examine D．touch 34．A．borrow B．purchase C．refuse D．receive 35．A．nervous B．helpful C．intelligent D．handsome 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In most Asian countries, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, 36 Korea, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. Apart 37 being made of wood or bamboo, chopsticks can be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks 38 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters are 39 (extreme) artistic. Skilled workers have a 40 (prefer) for the combination of various hardwoods and metal. They desire 41 (create) special designs. The Chinese have definitely used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably 42 (cook) their food in large pots, 43 (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, as 44 population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the remarkable Chinese scholar Confucius (孔子), 45 lived from about 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives were too violent for use at the table. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands. 四、书信写作 46．假定你是高二学生会主席李华，为了促进文化交流，你校将举办“国际节日文化节 （International Festival Culture Event）”。请你写一封邮件，邀请外教Mr. Ryan参加，内容包括： 1. 活动信息（时间、地点、目的等）； 2. 邀请出席开幕式并介绍家乡的一个重要节日； 3. 期待回复。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Ryan, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 五、书面表达 47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The fresh autumn air filled the school bus as Leo and his team rode to the old community center for their weekend voluntary work. Their job was simple: clean a storage room that had been closed for years, so they could build a new computer lab there. Leo loved fixing machines-he’d even put small projectors and wire cutters in his bag, thinking about how to set up the lab’s wires later. Sam, the team’s programmer, was glued to his laptop, checking a simple app he made to track stars. Mia, their artist, sketched the trees and fences passing by in her notebook. When they opened the storage room door, dust flew out and made them cough. The room was filled with old textbooks in boxes, cast-aside tools, and a broken chalkboard. As they moved a heavy, dusty workbench to sweep the floor under it, Sam suddenly stopped. “Guys, look here!” He pointed to the wall behind the bench. There was a beautiful star map- its colors were faint, but you could clearly see the constellations (星座) connected by silver lines. The lines still glowed a little, because they were painted with special light-up paint. In the comer, neat handwriting said, “For Eliza, who loves the night sky.” Mr. Evans, the center’s grayed-haired caretaker, walked over when he heard them talking. “That was drawn by Mr. Henderson, who lived here years ago. He taught people about stars, and he painted this for his daughter Eliza, who moved far away for college and now also works in the community in memory of her father. After he passed away a few years later, we closed the room to keep his things safe... but it ended up being forgotten.” Leo held a cloth to wipe dust, but he stopped halfway. He felt he was like wiping away something important. Mia’s eyes opened wide. “We can’t erase this! It’s like a father’s love letter, made with paint.” Sam pushed his glasses up, his voice getting excited. “Erase it? Why do that? How about saving this to surprise Eliza?” 注意： （1） 续写词数应为150个左右； （2） 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 An idea sparked in Leo’s eyes. “We can use my mini-projectors and your programming, Sam,” he said excitedly. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ With the night falling, the team held their breath as Mr. Evans guided a woman into the room. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 介词动词 第一部分 介词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 1.近年高考对介词的考查侧重在复杂语境下考查介词的核心含义和含有介词的固定短语两大类。如【2025年浙江首考focus on】及【2024年新高考I卷stand as】均考查到复杂语境下介词及含有介词的短语的用法。 2.侧重考查介词核心含义（2023~2025年：3年7考）；固定短语：（2023~2025年：3年8考）。考生应注重积累含有介词的短语，并熟练掌握介词的核心含义。 3.介词考点在高考中注重语境，在语篇中综合运用词法知识。要求考生将文章上下文意思联系起来填用正确的介词。考生应当在熟练掌握各类介词基本用法的基础上, 注重复杂语境的准确理解。 介词是一种虚词，用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用，必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。 介词 具体含义 常见用法示例 at 表示具体时刻、地点的点、特定活动场合等 - 时间：at six o'clock（在六点钟），at noon（在中午），at night（在夜晚），at Christmas（在圣诞节） - 地点：at the station（在车站），at the door（在门口），at school（在学校），at the corner（在拐角处） in 表示在较长时间段、范围、内部等 - 时间：in the morning（在上午），in January（在一月），in 2024（在 2024 年），in the past（在过去），in the future（在未来），in English（用英语，表范围） - 地点：in the city（在城市里），in the room（在房间里），in the box（在盒子里），in China（在中国），in Europe（在欧洲） on 表示在具体某一天、物体表面、边缘沿线等 - 时间：on Monday（在星期一），on May 1st（在五月一日），on Sunday morning（在星期天上午） - 地点：on the table（在桌子上），on the wall（在墙上），on the edge of the lake（在湖的边缘），on the bank of the river（在河岸） to 表示向某个方向移动、到达目的地等 - 方向：go to school（去上学），come to me（向我来），arrive in Beijing（到达北京，大地点用 in），arrive at the station（到达车站，小地点用 at） from 表示从某个地方出发、来源等 - 方向：come from China（来自中国），go from here to there（从这里到那里），a book from the library（从图书馆借来的一本书） towards 表示向某个方向移动，强调趋向性 - 方向：walk towards the park（朝着公园走去） by 表示通过某种方式、手段、交通工具，按照某种方式等 - 方式：by bus（乘公共汽车），by train（乘火车），by plane（乘飞机），by the way（顺便说一下），by myself（靠我自己） with 表示用某种工具、手段、伴随某种情况等 - 方式：write with a pen（用钢笔写字），cut with a knife（用刀切割），go with friends（和朋友一起去） because of 表示因为、由于，后接名词、代词、动名词等 - 原因：because of the rain（因为下雨），because of him（因为他），because of having a cold（因为感冒了） due to 表示因为、由于，常与特定语境或搭配相关 - 原因：due to the traffic jam（由于交通堵塞） owing to 表示因为、由于，用法类似 because of - 原因：owing to the bad weather（由于恶劣天气） of 表示所属关系、构成一些固定搭配等 - 所属：a book of mine（我的一本书），the name of the city（城市的名字） - 固定搭配：a lot of（许多），some of（一些） for 表示目的、用途、时间或距离的持续等 - 目的：a book for reading（一本用来阅读的书），go for a walk（去散步） - 持续：for three days（持续三天），for five kilometers（持续五公里） about 表示关于、大约等 - 关于：a book about history（一本关于历史的书），talk about something（谈论某事） - 大约：about ten people（大约十个人） 知识点 1．表示时间的介词辨析 表示时间 具体含义 at, in, on； 1. at表示时间点.at noon, at 7 o’clock, at dawn, at daybreak, at sunrise, at Christmas 2. in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配.in Ming Dynasty, in September, in the morning 3. on表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上。on October 1st, on a rainy day, in, after；within; 1. 表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用. 2. “after＋时间段”常与过去时连用;within表示“不超过……的范围”. You must finish the test within an hour.你必须在一小时之内完成这项测试。 He will come back in three days. The nights start after half past five in winter.冬天的夜晚在5点半之后开始。 for, since, from； 1. “for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久； 2. “since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间； I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。 3.“from＋时间点”只表示行为或状态的起始点。 The meeting will be held from seven to nine.这个会议将从7点开到9点。 before,by; before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但by表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内。after表示“在......”之后 Can you repair my bike by Friday?你能在星期五之前修好我的自行车吗？ I will be back before lunch.午饭之前我赶回来。 for, during, through; 1. for表示“达……之久”，指经过多长时间，常和完成时连用。They have lived here for five years.他们已经在这里生活了5年。 2. during表示“在……期间或某项活动中”。 She learned Japanese during her stay in Shanghai.她在上海逗留期间学会了日语。 3. through表示“一直……”，指从开始到结束。 They played cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。 知识点2 表示方位的介词辨析 表示方位 具体含义 on, above, over； under; beneath; 1. on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath； 2. above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below； 3. over 指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under。 4. beneath意味着某物位于另一物的正下方，两者可能接触，更正式；under 也可以表示某物位于另一物的正下方，但它的含义更广泛，两者之间不一定的接触。 on the wall在墙上 above the clouds在云端 over the sea在海上 under the chair在椅子下 below the surface of the water在水面下 across,；through, past；over, along；by； beside； 1. across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”； 2. through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”； 3. past表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边； 4. over表示从上方越过； 5. along表示“沿着”； 6. by与beside均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思； 7. beside指两者位置关系。 at, in, on at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；in后接较大的地方； on一般指与面或线接触。 at home在家； at a factory在一家工厂 in Beijing在北京；in the world在世界上 in, on, to, off； in表示在某一范围之内；on表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；to表示在某范围之外；off表示“(时空上)离，距”。 between, among, around between表示“在两者之间”； among表示“在三者（以上）之中”； around表示“环绕（四周）”。 between A and B在A和B之间；among the trees在树林中 around the table围在桌边 in front of, opposite, behind in front of表示“在……前面/正面”； behind表示“在……后面”； opposite表示“在……对面”。 in front of the classroom在教室前面; behind my house在我家房子后面 opposite me在我对面 in, into, out of , up in表示“在……之内”; into表示“进入”； out of表示“从……到外面”； up表示“向上移动”。 be in the classroom在教室里 ran into the classroom跑进教室 rush out of the room冲出房间 climb up the tree爬上树 along, across, past, through along表示“沿着”；across表示“横穿（平面）”； past表示“经过”； through表示“通过（内部空间）”其含义与in有关，。 along the river/railway沿着河边/铁路 across the river横渡过河 past the city hall经过市政厅 through the city/forest穿过城市/森林 to, for, from to表示“到达……目的地或目标”；for表示“向……（目的地）”； from表示“从……（地点）起”。 get to the airport到达机场; leave for动身去; from Beijing to Shanghai从北京到上海 知识点3 表示原因的介词辨析 原因介词具体含义 1. for:多=与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及reason, famous等词连用。 I must apologize for calling you so late.和抱歉我这么晚来找你。 2. at:常表示某种表情的起因，常和表示听、看或喜、怒、吃惊等词连用。 You didn’t looked very surprised at the news of his failure.听到他失败的消息，你看上去并不是很吃惊。 He got angry at her words他因她所说的话而生气。 3. from:常接抽象名词表示自然或间接原因 Lots of people suffered from hunger in those days.在那些日子里,许多人都遭受到了饥饿之苦。 4. of:多用于自身的原因,如死因、病因等。 I'm ashamed of myself for being so stupid.我为自己这么笨而感到羞愧 He died of cancer.他死于癌症。 5. with:多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状况的原因。 Her face went white with anger.她气得脸都白了。 6. by:表示“由于,成为……结果”,不与冠词连用。 by chance/accident意外，偶然地, by nature天生 7. because of:意为“由于,因为”,在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。 He didn't go to work because of his illness.由于生病他没去上班。 8. owing to:与because of 一样,也强调因果关系,作状语修饰整个句子，可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。 They decided to postpone the trip, owing to the change of the weather. 由于天气变化，他们决定推迟旅行。 9. due to:引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作状语时与owing to同义,一般不用逗号与其他成分隔开,且不放于句首。 The team's success was largely due to her efforts.该队的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。 10. on account of:与because of，owing to同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，但不作定语。 That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。 11. thanks to:只能用作状语,可以表示正面的意思“幸亏”，也可以用在讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. 由于全体演员的出色表演 那出戏剧才获得成功。 知识点4 其他介词及固定搭配中的介词 介词 具体含义 besides; except; but besides表示“除了……外，还有……”，表示累加关系，指包括介词宾语在内； except表示“除……以外”，表示排除关系，指从整体中除去一部分； but表示“除……以外”，与except同义，但是比except的语气更强烈。 I like English and maths besides Chinese.除了语文，我还喜欢英语和数学。 Everyone is here except Miss Ye.除了叶老师外，所有人都在这里。 There is nothing in the basket but three eggs.篮子里除了3个鸡蛋外，什么也没有。 against;for against:“反对”,表示观点或张方面与某人采取立的态度。 He is against your opinion.他反对你的观点。 for:指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度，“支持，赞成”，与in favor of同义。 Are you for the plan or against it?你支持还是反对这个计划? in;with;by in表示“用材料、语言”。Can you say it in English? with表示“用工具、某物”如: with a pen。 by表示“用、以、靠、通过…方法”。 He prefers traveling by car. 他更喜欢乘汽车出行。 知识点5 常见易混介词辨析 易混介词用法辨析 1. to与表示情感的名词连用,指某种行动后产生的感觉。 如： to one's delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret = to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb,这种表达法表示结果,在句中作状语,位于句前、句中、句尾皆可。为了强调,可在前面加 much,意为“使某人……的是”。 Much to my surprise ( = To my great surprise),they offered me the job. 使我非常惊奇的是,他们把那份工作给了我。 2. It is + adj. + for sb to do sth当形容词说明不定式的性质时，用for。常见的形容词有 important，necessary，possible，impossible等。 It won't be easy for you to find a job.对你来说，找一份工作很难。 It's important for us to learn English.学英语对我们来说很重要。 3. It is +adj. +of sb to do sth =sb. +be + adj. + to do sth当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特性时，用of。常见的形容词有 kind，good，nice，clever,stupid,foolish, con siderate，polite,impolite,cruel 等。 It was kind of you to help us.=You are kind to help us. 你好心帮助我们，真是太好了。 It was silly of you to trust such a man.=You are silly to trust such a man.你太愚蠢了，竟然相信这样一个人。 4.在被动语态中,谓语部分的介词和主语构成介宾关系,介词不能遗漏。 The child has been taken good care of in the nursery. 这个孩子在幼儿园里一直受到很好的照顾。 5.在非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。 知识点6 介词和其他词类搭配的高频短语 （1）介词与名词构成的搭配 1．at＋n.通常表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 处于战争状态 at work 在工作 at the beginning of 在……的开始 at the cost of 以……的代价 at the risk of 冒……的危险 at the mercy of 在……的支配下；任由……摆布 2．on＋n.通常表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 on the decrease/increase 在减少/增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表 on no account/condition 决不 on the top of 在……上面/顶端 3．by＋n.通常表示方式 by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工，用手 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 4.in＋n.通常表示方式 in cash 用现金 in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上 in length 在长度上 in English 用英语 in no time立刻 in no way 决不 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管 in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假使 in support of 支持 in honour of 为了纪念…… in memory of 为了纪念…… in the middle of 在……中间 in advance 事先；提前 5．of＋n.通常表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的 of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的 of use 有用的 of value 有价值的 6.out of＋n.通常表示状态 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期 out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业 7.under＋n.通常表示被动 under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中 8.with＋n.通常表示状态 with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 有困难地 with ease 轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地 with pleasure 乐意地 with satisfaction 满意地 （2）　动词与介词构成的搭配 1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构 如：accuse sb of sth 指责/控告某人某事 cure sb of sth 治好某人的某种疾病 rid sb of sth 使某人摆脱某物 cheat sb of sth 骗走某人某物 remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事 inform sb of sth 通知某人某事 2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doing sth”结构 如：blame sb for doing sth 指责某人做某事 批评某人做某事 原谅某人做某事 punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而惩罚某人 thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做某事 3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”结构 如：prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth 阻止某人/物做某事 protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done 保护某人/物免于被…… ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth 禁止某人/物做某事 4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配 如：make the best of 充分利用；尽力而为 be made up of 由……组成 put up with 忍受，容忍 see through 看穿；识破 see to 照料；处理 set about 着手做 show (sb) around/round 领(某人)参观 （3）　常用形容词与介词的搭配 be conscious/aware of 意识到 be buried/absorbed in 全神贯注于 be fond of 喜爱 be strict with sb in sth 对某人在某方面严格 be worthy of 值得；配得上的 be different from与……不同 be absent from 缺席 be popular with受到……的欢迎 be present at 出席 be tired of 厌倦 be busy with 忙于 be lost in 迷失在…… be anxious about 担心 be ashamed of 因……而惭愧 be suspicious of怀疑 be familiar with熟悉 例1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways ________ Romeo and Juliet. 【答案】to 【解析】be similar to是固定短语，意为“与……相似”。故填to。 例2．(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ________ all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park. 【答案】for 【解析】设空处缺少介词，应用for表示目的，意为“为了”。故填for。 例3．(2024·八省联考)Shortening the breeding cycle ________ half or more, Nanfan accelerates the breeding process. 【答案】by 【解析】shorten ... by ... 表示“使……缩短了……”。故填by。 例4 In an effort to battle desertification and relieve the unfavorable effects of shifting sands and dust storms _ nearby residents, the “Green Great Wall” has gradually emerged. 【答案】on/upon 【解析】考查介词。句意：为了对抗沙漠化，减轻流沙和沙尘暴对附近居民的不利影响，“绿色长城”逐渐形成。分析句子可知，这里考查“relieve the effects on/upon...”，是固定搭配，表示“减轻对…… 的影响”，所以此处应用介词on或者upon。故填on或upon。 1.Individuals that throw away their garbage ________ being sorted out can be fined up to 200 yuan, while companies and organizations can face fines up to 50，000 yuan. 【答案】without 【解析】根据下文“can be fined up to 200 yuan”可知，未经分类就乱扔垃圾的人会被罚款，应用介词without，表示“没有”。故填without。 2.________ consequence, the performance also became known as the “New Year Drum” by Beijingers. 【答案】In 【解析】in consequence是固定短语，意为“结果；因此”，位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填In。 3.Known as the “kidneys of the Earth”， wetlands can help safeguard biodiversity and cope ________ climate change. 【答案】with 【解析】短语cope with表示“应对”。故填with。 4.The company Deloitte has estimated the total cultural value of the Sydney Opera House to Australia _________ $11.4 billion. 【答案】at 【解析】考查介词。句意：Deloitte公司估计，悉尼歌剧院对澳大利亚的总文化价值为114亿美元。根据空前the total cultural value可知，此处表示“总文化价值”，固定短语estimate the value… at …，意为“评估……的价值为……”，用介词at表示具体估值。故填at。 5.When I saw her yesterday, she was accompanied her parents on the street. （用适当的词填空） 【答案】by 【详解】考查介词。句意：昨天我在街上看到她时，她的父母陪着她。be accompanied by sb“由某人陪同”，故填by。 一、单项选择 1．In ______ to their system, ours seems very old-fashioned. A．contrast B．contact C．contract D．compare 【答案】A 【详解】考查介词短语。句意：与他们的系统相比，我们的似乎非常过时。A. contrast对比；B. contact接触；C. contract合同；D. compare举世无双。句中把“我们的系统”和“他们的系统”进行对比，用介词短语in contrast to，意为“与……形成对比；与……相反”。故选A项。 2．________ butterflies in my stomach, I breathed deeply. A．On B．For C．In D．With 【答案】D 【详解】考查介词词义辨析。句意：我心里七上八下的，于是深吸了一口气。A. On在……上面；B. For为了；C. In在……里面；D. With带有，伴随。butterflies in my stomach为固定搭配，意为“心里七上八下的、感到紧张”，With butterflies in my stomach是with复合结构，由“with + 宾语（butterflies） + 宾语补足语（in my stomach，介词短语）”构成，在句中作伴随状语，说明“深吸气”时伴随的“心里七上八下”的状态。故选D。 3．Mary is always curious __________ the stories behind ancient buildings. She often asks her history teacher to tell her more details. A．about B．in C．at D．with 【答案】A 【详解】考查介词。句意：玛丽总是对古建筑背后的故事感到好奇。她经常请她的历史老师告诉她更多的细节。be curious about为固定搭配，表示“对……感到好奇”。故选A。 4．When international students want to study in this university, they need to _______ the admission office _______ detailed application materials before the deadline. A．apply; for B．apply for; to C．apply; to D．apply to; for 【答案】D 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：当国际学生想在这所大学学习时，他们需要在截止日期前向招生办公室申请详细的申请材料。apply to sb. for sth.是固定搭配，意为 “向某人申请某物”。第一空后the admission office“招生办公室”指“申请的对象”，需用apply to；第二空后detailed application materials“详细的申请材料”指“申请的东西”，需用for。故选D。 5．Lisa usually _______ reading paper books _______ e-books, because she thinks the touch of real pages makes her feel more relaxed. A．prefer; to B．prefers; than C．prefers; to D．prefer; than 【答案】C 【详解】考查短语和时态。句意：丽莎通常更喜欢读纸质书而不是电子书，因为她认为真正的书页让她感觉更放松。结合句意，表达“比起……更喜欢……”用短语prefer...to...；根据usually可知，句子陈述习惯性动作，应用一般现在时，主语Lisa是第三人称单数，谓语动词prefer用单数形式。故选C。 6．Even though we live in different cities, we still try to keep __________ touch with each other by video calls every month. A．in B．on C．at D．with 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：虽然我们住在不同的城市，但我们仍然每个月都通过视频电话保持联系。keep in touch with sb.是固定短语，意为“与某人保持联系”。故选A。 7．Whenever you meet with difficulties, you can ask the policeman ________ help. A．at B．in C．for D．with 【答案】C 【详解】考查介词搭配。句意：无论你何时遇到困难，都可以向警察求助。 固定短语“ask sb for sth”，意为 “向某人请求/索要某物”。故选C项。 8．Students will usually decorate their classrooms ________ shining colored lights and their house ________ bright colors. A．with; through B．in; with C．with; in D．in; in 【答案】C 【详解】考查介词搭配。句意：学生们通常会用闪亮的彩灯装饰他们的教室，把他们的房子装饰成明亮的颜色。第一空后为shining colored lights，因此用短语decorate… with…表示“用……装饰……”；第二空后为bright colors，为颜色，通常用介词in和颜色搭配，表示“把……装饰成某种颜色”。故选C。 9．________ our amazement, our hometown has changed ________ recognition in the last five years. A．In; within B．To; within C．In; beyond D．To; beyond 【答案】D 【详解】考查介词和固定短语。句意：令我们惊讶的是，我们的家乡在过去五年里变得完全认不出来了。第一空： 固定搭配To one’s amazement表示“令某人惊讶的是”，因此第一空应填To。第二空： Beyond recognition是固定短语，意为“面目全非；认不出来”，强调变化极大。故选D。 10．Teachers often tell students not to be addicted ________ cellphone games, which may take up too much of their study time. A．to play B．to playing C．Playing D．plays 【答案】B 【详解】考查固定搭配和非谓语动词。句意：老师经常告诫学生不要沉迷于手机游戏，因为这会占用他们太多的学习时间。动词短语be addicted to是固定搭配，译为“沉迷于”，其中to为介词，后接名词或动名词作宾语，play cellphone games“玩手机游戏”用动名词形式作to宾语。故选B。 11．How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward ________ at last. A．to has come B．to coming C．to having come D．to came 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词短语和时态。句意：我们多么高兴啊！我们一直期待的假期终于来了。“we have been looking forward”是省略关系代词的限制性定语从句，其中使用了动词短语look forward to，意为“期待”，to是介词；come(来；来到)作主句谓语，与主语“The holiday”之间是主动关系，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，即“假期已经来了，我们现在很高兴”，因此用现在完成时态has come。故选A项。 12．In the company he is senior ________ Tom in position, while in life he is Tom’s ________ by two years. A．by; senior B．by; junior C．to; junior D．to; senior 【答案】C 【详解】考查固定搭配和名词词义辨析。句意：在公司里，他在职位上比汤姆级别高；而在个人年龄方面，他比汤姆小两岁。junior地位（或职位、级别）低下的，较年轻的，职位较低者，较年幼者；senior较……年长的人，级别（或地位）较高者，级别（或地位）高的。第一空为固定短语be senior to表示“比……职位高”；第二空根据“while”（表转折）可知，前后句形成对比：工作上他职位比汤姆高，生活中则应“比汤姆小两岁”。“junior”表示“较年幼者”，be sb’s junior (by...)意为“比某人小……岁”，符合语境，故第二空填“junior”。故选C。 13．Some parents are really opposed ________. A．students to have smartphones B．students had smartphones C．to students to have smartphones D．to students having smartphones 【答案】D 【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。句意：一些家长非常反对学生拥有智能手机。短语be opposed to“反对……”中to是介词，“学生有手机”用动名词复合结构students having smartphones表达，作介词to的宾语。故选D。 14．—There is a ban ________ mobile phones at the gas station. —Do you mean talking on the mobile phone ________ at the station? A．on using; is banned B．using; banned C．of using; banned D．from using; is banned 【答案】A 【详解】考查介词短语及动词语态。句意：——加油站禁止使用手机。——你的意思是在车站里禁止用手机打电话？第一空处是固定搭配a ban on sth.意为“关于……的禁令”；第二空ban用作动词，和主语“talking on the mobile phone”之间是被动关系，且句子描述客观事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态。故选A项。 15．I was very impressed ________ the young artist ________ her latest paintings. A．with; by B．by; with C．with; with D．by; by 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：我因她的最新画作而对这位年轻艺术家印象深刻。be impressed with sb./sth.，表示“对某人/某物印象深刻”，be impressed by sth.表示“被某物打动”，均为固定搭配，第一空后the young artist为人，需用with；第二空后her latest paintings指物，需用by。故选A项。 二 单句语法填空 1．Tom Hanks’ performance in the movie left a deep impression him. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】on 【详解】考查介词。句意：汤姆·汉克斯在这部电影中的表演给他留下了深刻的印象。根据句意可知，此处是固定短语leave an impression on sb.“给某人留下印象”。故填on。 2．Some children are never exposed classical music. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】to 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：有些孩子从未接触过古典音乐。此处为固定短语expose sb. to sth.，表示“使某人接触某物”，此处为被动语态“sb. be exposed to sth.”，填入to后符合语境。故填to。 3．The crowd advanced the station.(用适当的词填空) 【答案】towards/on 【详解】考查介词搭配。句意：人群向车站前进/逼近。根据动词“advanced(前进)”和宾语“the station(车站)”可知，此处需填入表示运动方向的介词；“advance towards”强调“朝……方向移动”，“advance on”可表示“向……逼近”（常带有一定压迫感），两者均符合语境。故填towards/on。 4．But I was unrealistically optimistic what I could achieve. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】about 【详解】考查介词。句意：但我对自己能取得的成就过于乐观了。此处是固定短语be optimistic about，意为“对……感到乐观”。故填about。 5．No matter how busy he is, he always insists coming with me. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】on/upon 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：不管他有多忙，他总是坚持要和我一起去。insist on/upon意为“坚持做某事”，为固定短语，所以此处使用介词on/upon 。故填on/upon。 6．As the wound heals, inspect signs of infection including increased pain, redness and fluid (液体) around cut. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】for 【详解】考查介词。句意：随着伤口愈合，注意检查是否有感染的迹象，包括疼痛加剧、伤口周围发红以及有液体渗出等情况。动词短语inspect for表示“检查是否有……的迹象”，后接名词短语signs of infection，符合句子和句意。故填for。 7．This newspaper has achieved a reputation honest and impartial political reporting. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】for 【详解】考查介词。句意：这家报纸因诚实和公正的政治报道而闻名。空处应用介词，后接名词短语作宾语，表示“因为、由于”，故应用介词for。故填for。 8．Jack is banned taking part in the exam because of his cheating in the last exam. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】from 【详解】考查介词。句意：杰克被禁止参加这次考试，因为他在上次考试中作弊。分析句子可知，此处为介词短语ban sb. from doing sth.，表示“禁止某人做某事”，此处为被动语态sb. be banned from doing sth.。故填from。 9．They watched the familiar mountains fade the darkness. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】into 【详解】考查介词。句意：他们看着熟悉的山峦渐渐消失在夜色中。此处为固定搭配“fade into”，意为“逐渐消失在……中”符合句意，所以使用介词into。故填into。 10．They had observed the comet for 70 days before it faded sight. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】from 【详解】考查介词。句意：他们对这颗彗星进行了70天的观测，直到它从视线中消失。由They had observed the comet for 70 days before可知，句子表示“他们对这颗彗星进行了70天的观测，直到它从视线中消失”，空格处意为“从……”，因此用介词from，故填from。 第二部分 动词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 在学业考试中，动词和动词短语的考查一直是其学考试题的重点和难点。分析近三年学考真题可知，近年学考命题加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查、强化语言运用能力和语境理解能力，侧重考查考生语言运用的准确性和得体性。对动词和动词短语在高考试卷中的题型分布主要有以下几种： 听力：侧重其动词及情态动词的语音语调、词义辨析、时态和句式的灵活运用； 阅读理解：侧重动词词义、熟词生义以及动词在长难句中的灵活运用； 完形填空：增加在语境中正确使用动词和动词短语词义的命题，考查动词的“旧词新意”和“熟词生义”现象, 主要以隐形考查的方式出现在完形填空试题中。 语法填空:侧重考查动词的各种形态变化； 书面表达:考查对动词词义和用法的熟练掌握。 （一）动词的分类及功能特点 准确区分不同类型动词：能够清晰辨别实义动词（及物动词与不及物动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词这几大类动词，并了解它们各自在句子中承担的主要功能。 实义动词表示具体的动作或行为，及物动词后需接宾语才能使句子意思完整，不及物动词则可单独使用或通过介词等搭配接宾语；系动词用于连接主语和表语，描述主语的状态、性质等；助动词协助主要动词构成否定、疑问等句式；情态动词表达说话人的情感、态度、能力等。 理解各类动词在句子中的作用机制：知道每种类型动词如何与句子中的其他成分相互配合，以准确传达句子的含义。例如，系动词后接形容词作表语（如 “She looks beautiful.”）；助动词在构成否定句、疑问句时的使用规则（如 “Do you like English?” 中 “do” 的作用）；情态动词后接动词原形且在不同语境下表达不同语义（如 “can” 表示能力，“should” 表示应该等）。 （二）动词短语的掌握 积累常见动词短语：牢记大量由动词与介词、副词或其他词构成的动词短语（如 “look after” 照顾，“give up” 放弃，“put on” 穿上等），了解它们的具体含义和用法特点。 辨析相似动词短语：能够区分那些形式相近但含义不同的动词短语，避免在使用过程中出现混淆。例如，“look for”（寻找）和 “look at”（看）；“take off”（起飞、脱下）和 “put off”（推迟）等。 理解动词短语在不同语境下的语义变化及搭配灵活性：有些动词短语在不同的语境中可能会有略微不同的语义侧重点，需要准确理解并能恰当运用。比如 “take up” 常见的意思是 “开始从事；占据（时间、空间等）”，在 “He took up painting last year.” 这句话中是 “开始从事” 的意思，表示他去年开始画画；而在 “The new furniture took up too much space in the room.” 中则是 “占据” 的意思，指新家具在房间里占据了太多空间。 知识点 1．实义动词 实义动词 (action Verbs)又叫行为动词，是英语动词的核心，表示动作的动词，有实在的意义，如eat, run, think等。实义动词是具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语，主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。根据其在句子中是否需要跟宾语，分为及物动词和不及物动词。 常见的不及物动词有： agree同意 arrive到达 come来 die死 exist存在 fall掉下 spread传开 happen发生 lie平躺 stay待 walk走 rise升起 remain剩下 consist由......组成 go去 lie位于，在于 laugh大笑 snow下雪 live居住 think想 hope希望 注意：1.不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，需要加上相应的介词才能跟宾语，不及物动词不能用于被动语态。 如talk to /with sb(与某人交谈)，think about sth(思考某事)， hope for sth.（希望某事），dream of sth.（梦想某事）。2.有些动词可以跟同源宾语如，dream a good/bad dream; live a comfortable life过着舒适的生活。3.有些动词表达动作事实是及物动词，如sell, lock, wash, write, spread; 表示性质特点时为不及物动词。 例1. The books have been sold out.（vt.）这些书已经卖完了。 例2. The book sells well.（vi.）这本书很畅销。 例3. You don’t have to write these things in detail. （vt.）你不必详细地写这些东西。【2021·新高考II】 例4. The pen writes smoothly. （vi.）这支笔写起来很流利。 知识点2 系动词 系动词（Linking Verbs）本身不表示具体动作，而是连接主语和其状态、特征或身份，后面通常接表语（主语补足语）。由名词、形容词、介词短语、表语从句等充当，描述主语“是什么”、“怎么样”或“处于什么状态”。系动词主要分为以下几类： 1. be动词：表示状态（am, is , are, was, were） He is a doctor. （身份） They are happy. （状态） The sky is blue. （特征） This cake was delicious. （性质） 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor .现实情况是，大多数西方城市都是根据汽车的需求重新设计的.（特点） 2. 感官动词：表示感官知觉（look看起来、sound听起来、smell闻起来、taste尝起来、feel摸起来） You look tired. （你看起来很累。） That idea sounds great! （那个主意听起来很棒！） The flowers smell sweet. （这些花闻起来很香。） This soup tastes salty. （这汤尝起来咸。） The fabric feels soft. （这布料摸起来柔软。） 注意：后面跟形容词作表语，描述主语给人的感觉，不是副词。 3. 状态变化系动词：become变得，go变得，run变得，fall变得，grow逐渐变得，turn变得。 She became a famous writer.(她成为了一名著名作家) It’s getting dark.（天渐渐黑了。） His face turned red.（他的脸变红了。） 4. 状态保持系动词：stay, keep; remain, prove。表示主语保持某种状态或性质不变。 Please stay calm.（请保持冷静。） Despite the chaos, he remained silent. （尽管一片混乱，他仍然保持沉默。） 5. 表象系动词：appear看起来； seem似乎； look显得； She appears (to be) very confident. （她显得非常自信。） He seems (like) a nice guy.（他看起来是个好人。） It looks like rain./It looks as if it might rain.（看起来要下雨了。） 注意： 1. 区分系动词和实义动词：很多系动词（如 feel, look, smell, taste, turn, grow, prove）本身也可以是实义动词（表示具体动作）。关键在于它们后面接什么以及表达什么含义。 系动词用法：后接表语（形容词/名词等），描述主语状态。 The rose smells sweet. （系动词，描述主语特征） She feels happy. （系动词，描述主语状态） 实义动词用法：后接宾语（名词/代词）或副词，表示具体动作。 She smelled the rose carefully.（实义动词，有宾语和副词） The doctor felt my pulse.（实义动词，有宾语） 2. 表语是形容词，不是副词：系动词后描述主语状态特征的是形容词，不是修饰动词的副词。 The soup tastes delicious (adj). (描述汤的状态) The soup tastes deliciously (adv). 副词不能描述主语) 知识点3 情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一行为或状态的态度，本身有一定的意义，但在句子中不能独立作谓语动词，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，如can, could, shall, should, will, may, might, must。 （一）can/could 的用法 1、表示具备某种“能力”。can表示现在；could表示过去。如： Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗？ We couldn’t get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。 2、表示“请求”（疑问句中）、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉；都指现在。如： Could you lend me $55? 你能借给我55美圆吗？ Yes, of course. 当然可以。 No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。 3、表示“可能性”。 could的语气更加不肯定。如 That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。 Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。 That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。 （二）may/might 的用法 1、表示允许或请求允许；might语气更礼貌： May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗？ She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。 can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当；could 礼貌客气；may 既尊重又婉转礼貌；might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如： 肯定回答：Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may. 否定回答：No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not. 2、表示可能性，“也许”。may和might无时间差别，might语气上更不肯定些。不用于疑问句，可用can/could或别的说法。 You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。 Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗？ （三）must的用法 1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。否定回答，多用needn’t 或 don’t have to。mustn’t表示“绝对不行、不可以”。 We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。 Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t. Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t. 可以进来吗？不行/绝对不行。 2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此时，must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could： There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。 Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗？ There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗？ 注意：（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。（2）对已经过去的情况的推测：情态动词+have +done。 （四）need：作为情态动词，一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。 You needn’t try to explain. 你不需要解释。（情态动词） Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗？（情态动词） She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。（实义动词） need做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用法，还有require, want等。 My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。 （五）dare：情态动词dare表示“敢”，在现代英语中，dare往往用做实义动词。 Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗？ He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。 He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。 （六）should/ought to的用法 1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to否定式为ought not to /oughtn’t to。 You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.你应该更多的注意你律师的。 2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。 You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s eight o’clock.你不该还在睡觉，已经八点了。 3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，“应该已经”。有时表“本应该”的意思；“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“本不该”的意思。 He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。 You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。 4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情： It’s strange that he should have lost his temper. 真奇怪，他竟然发脾气。 （七）情态动词+have done 1、“must have＋过去分词”表对过去的推测，“一定已经，准是已经….”，用于肯定句。表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”. The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。　 The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。 2、 “may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用can或could. “might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”。 He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。 You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。（虚拟语气） 3、“needn’t+　have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。可译成“本不必”。 I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。（实际上已经借了） 4、can/could have done在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时没有时间上的差别，只是could的语气更弱一些： Who can/could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢？ He can’t/couldn’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。 could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，表示“本来可以…；差点就要…”。 We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。 5、should/ought to have done表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；“should not/ought not to have＋过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。 She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。（实际上不是）　 The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。 6、might, may, must表示推测时的区别: may，might, must可表示 推 测“可能”.根据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might<may<must（或许→可能→肯定）。例如： It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。 They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。 Jane might have visited the Summer Palace last year. (过去)去年珍妮可能去过颐和园。 He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。 They may have been to Shanghai last summer. (过去)去年夏天他们可能去过上海。 There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。 He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。 注意：情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别；表示“推测”的表达方式；以及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。 知识点4 助动词 助动词本身没有独立的意义,在句子中不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词, 表示时态、语态、人称、数和否定、疑问等语法特征。助动词有：shall, will, do, be, have等，助动词分为两大类：基本助动词be, do,have和情态助动词can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to。 1. Be 动词 (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) 功能1：构成进行时态（Continuous Tenses） 结构： be + V-ing（现在分词） She is studyingEnglish now.（现在进行时） They were playing** football when it rained.（过去进行时） He will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.（将来进行时） 功能2：构成被动语态（Passive Voice） 结构： be + V-ed（过去分词） The book was written by Shakespeare.（一般过去时被动） The project **has been completed（现在完成时被动） Dinner is being cooked by Mom.（现在进行时被动） 2. Have 动词 (have, has, had, having) 功能：构成完成时态（Perfect Tenses） 结构：have + V-ed（过去分词） I have finished my homework.（现在完成时） She had left before I arrived.（过去完成时） By next year, he will have graduated（将来完成时） 3. Do 动词 (do, does, did) 功能1：构成疑问句（Questions） 结构： Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形？ Do you like coffee?（一般现在时疑问） Did she call you yesterday?（一般过去时疑问） 功能2：构成否定句（Negatives） 结构： 主语 + do/does/did + not + 动词原形 He did not (didn't) go to school. 功能3：表示强调（Emphasis） 结构：主语 + do/does/did + 动词原形 （+ 其他） I do understand your problem!（我真的理解！） We did see that movie!（我们确实看了那部电影！） 知识点5 动词+介词/副词 动词+介词 这类动词短语相当于及物动词，其后必修有宾语，且介词与动词不能分开，宾语只能放在介词之后，如： 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 account for解释，说明，占比 adjust to调整，适应 all for要求 add to增加， break into破门而入 ask for索取，寻找 care about 关心，在乎 come across偶然遇到 go for努力获取 deal with处理 get over克服 hope for希望，期待 get into养成（习惯） rely on依靠，依赖 pay for偿还，赔偿 answer for负责 provide for供给 plan for打算，为……计划 send for派人去请 fall behind落在......后面 laugh at嘲笑 feel like想要 refer to提到，参考 stick to坚持 动词+副词 throw away扔掉 put away把……收拾好 give away捐赠，分发 carry away运走 run away 潜逃，跑开 go away 走开 send for派人去请 stay away远离 动词+on try on试穿，试验 put on穿上，上演 have on穿着，戴着 pull on穿，戴 hold on不挂断，坚持，继续carry on继续开展坚持 keep on继续 go on继续 get on上（车） focus/concentrate on集中注意力于，关注； 动词+over come over过来 hand over移交 go over仔细检查，复习 get over克服，恢复 look over检查 think over仔细考虑 take over接受，接管 hand over 移交 turn over翻转 动词+up bring up抚育，培养 call up召唤，打电话给 come up走上前来，长出 cut up切碎 fix up修理 give up放弃； go up 上升，增长 grow up 长大 look up尊敬，向上看，查寻 make up虚构，弥补，组成 put up举起，搭建 set up建立，创（纪录） pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到 send up发射 show up 揭露，露面 turn up出现，把……调高一点 动词+out come out出来 go out出去，熄灭 look out留神，当心 walk out走出 set out出发，开始 put out扑灭，生产 give out发出，发表 hand out分发 pick out挑中 find out找出，发现 speak out大声说 turn out生产，结果是；证明是 get out出去，离开 carry out实行，执行 work out计算出，解决，实行，行得通 bring out出版 start out 出发，动身 动词+名词 lose patience失去耐心 lose heart灰心 make a bet打赌 make a face做鬼脸 take effect生效 take place发生；举行 take action/measures/steps采取措施 give way让步；屈服 lose weight减肥 lead the way领路 make a fortune发财；碰运气 take one’s time别着急；慢慢来 take exercise做锻炼 take turns轮流；依次 take advice采取建议 make a difference有影响；起作用 动词+名词+介词 take care of 照料 make fun of 取笑 take account of 考虑 take part in参加 make friends with 与……交朋友 get rid of 摆脱 lose sight of 看不到 pay attention to 注意 make progress in 在…方面取得进步 make room for为……腾空 make contributions to 对……作出贡献 play a part in起作用 put an end to结束 take advantage of利用 take notice of注意到 take pride in以......自为豪 catch sight of看见 find fault with......找碴 动词+介词+名词 类型1 动词后需跟宾语类的短语有: bring.. to an end 使……结束 bring... under control 使……在控制下 keep/have... in mind 记住…… put... into effect 使……生效 learn... by heart 记住…… 类型2 动词后不带宾语类的短语有: burst into tears突然大哭 come into being产生；形成 come to power上台执政 come into use开始被使用 come into effect生效 put on weight 增重 知识点6 动词与动词短语一词多义、熟词生义 1.address 熟意：地址   新意：解决，演讲，对..讲话，称呼 2.place 熟意：地方   新意：认出，想起，放置 3.stand 熟意：站立    新意：忍受，摊位 4.contract熟意：合同   新意：萎缩，感染，订婚 5.approach 熟意：靠近  新意：方法，处理 6.spring熟意：春天   新意：泉水，弹簧，发条，跳跃 7.season熟意:季节  新意：调味，晒干    seasoned 有经验的 8.escape熟意：逃跑   新意：度假 9.weather熟意：天气   新意：使褪色，使风化 10.flight熟意：飞行,航班    新意：逃跑 11.scale 熟意：规模   新意：天平，称，鱼鳞，等级，比例 12.desert熟意：沙漠 新意：舍弃 13.course熟意：课程    新意：道路，过程，一道菜，比赛场 14.count熟意：数    新意：是重要的（动词） 15.express熟意：表达  新意：快车 16.explode熟意：爆炸  新意：激增，暴怒 17.blow熟意：吹   新意：炸毁，打击 18.matter 熟意：物质,事情    新意：要紧，是重要的；大约a matter of minutes 大约几分钟 19.fail 熟意：失败    新意：使..失望 20.complex 熟意：负责的   新意：建筑群 21.adopt 熟意：收养    新意：采纳 22.foreign 熟意: 外国的   新意：陌生的 23.subject 熟意：科目  新意：主语，主题，主观，受试者；易受...支配的 24.object 熟意：物体    新意：目标，宾语；反对 25.chance熟意：机会  新意：可能性，偶然，偶然的 26.solid熟意：固体    新意：坚硬的，牢固的，可靠的 27.soil熟意：土壤    新意：弄脏 28.consume 熟意：消费     新意：消耗，吃掉，喝掉，充满（情感） 29.hit熟意：打击     新意：突然意识到，成功，受欢迎的人或事 30.kill熟意：杀死    新意：消磨（时间） 31.kid熟意：孩子   新意：愚弄 32.last熟意：最后的   新意：不可能的 33.open熟意：打开    新意：包容开放的，公开赛 34.position熟意：位置    新意：定位，观点，职务 35.stick熟意：棍子    新意：粘贴，卡主 36.say熟意：说话     新意：比如说 37.strength熟意：力量    新意：优点 38.weigh熟意：称重    新意：权衡 39.wind熟意：风     新意：蜿蜒， 40.produce熟意：生产    新意：农产品 41.pick up 熟意：捡起   新意：变大，增强，学习，接人 42.crop熟意：庄稼   新意：产量 43.yield 熟意：屈服   新意：产量，收益 44.state熟意：州，国家   新意：状态，陈述 45.secure熟意：安全的   新意：（经努力）获得 46.land熟意：土地   新意：登陆，跌落，得到 47.accompany熟意：陪伴   新意：伴奏 48.corner熟意：角落   新意：使..走投无路 49.charge 熟意：充电   新意：掌管，指责，控告，收费，猛冲 50.Issue 熟意：议题   新意：发布，（报纸、杂志等的）期 51.Enter熟意：进入   新意：报名，等级  entry 参赛作品，录入，条目 52.Term熟意：学期   新意：术语，任期，角度，条款 53.Trial熟意：尝试   新意：审判，试训 54.cover 熟意：覆盖    新意：掩饰，报道 55.fair 熟意：公平的   新意：集市 56.solution 熟意：解决方案   新意：溶液 57.bark 熟意：狗叫 新意：（人）大喊，树皮 58.seal 熟意：海豹   新意：封印 59.discipline熟意：纪律   新意：学科 60.novel 熟意：小说 新意：新颖的 61.recipe 熟意：食谱   新意：诀窍，秘诀 62.vital 熟意：重要的   新意：充满活力的 63.practice 熟意：练习   新意：惯例，通常做法 64.feed 熟意：喂养   新意：（社交媒体的）动态，推文 65.culture 熟意：文化   新意：培养 66.balance 熟意：平衡   新意：余额 67.observe 熟意：观察   新意：庆祝，遵守 68.distance 熟意：距离   新意：疏远，隔阂 69.brave 熟意：勇敢的   新意：勇敢面对，华丽的 70.condition 熟意：状况   新意：疾病 71.claim 熟意：声称   新意：认领，使丧命，索赔 72.return 熟意：返回   新意：归还，退货 73.recover 熟意：康复   新意：重新获得 74.proceed 熟意：开始,继续   新意：收益 75.project 熟意：项目   新意：投影 76.code 熟意：编码   新意：道德准则，行为规范 77.remember熟意：想起   新意：纪念，缅怀 78.brief 熟意：简要的   新意：概要，向..介绍情况， 79.attraction熟意：吸引   新意：旅游景点 80.respect 熟意：尊重   新意：方面 81.enterprise熟意：企业   新意：进取心 82.recreation 熟意：重建   新意：消遣，娱乐 83.saw 熟意：看到   新意：锯子 84.jam 熟意：果酱   新意：交通拥堵 85.nature 熟意：自然   新意：本质，特征 86.tear 熟意：眼泪   新意：撕扯 87.stamp 熟意：邮票 新意：跺脚，印章 88.account 熟意：账户   新意：描述，考虑 89.harbour 熟意：港口   新意：窝藏，庇护 90.nail 熟意：指甲   新意：钉子 91.back 熟意：后面   新意：支持，资助 92.correspond熟意：通信   新意：类似于，符合 93.pronounce熟意：发音   新意：宣布 94.appetite 熟意：食欲   新意：欲望，爱好 95.trip 熟意：旅行   新意：绊倒 96.bridge 熟意：桥   新意：消除（分歧） 97.frequent 熟意：频繁的 新意：经常去 98.plant 熟意：植物   新意：工厂 99.firm 熟意：牢固的   新意：坚定的，公司 100.board 熟意：木板   新意：登（机，船），寄宿，董事会 101.pound 熟意：磅，镑   新意：连续重击 102.replace 熟意：取代   新意：放回原处 103.picture 熟意：图片  新意：想象（v） 104.fuel 熟意：燃料  新意：刺激，增强 105.leave 熟意：离开   新意：使得 106.arrest 熟意：逮捕   新意：吸引，抑制，心跳停止 107.average 熟意：平均 新意：普通的 108.plain 熟意：平原   新意：普通的，朴实无华的 109.better 熟意：更好的   新意：改善 110.mount 熟意：山   新意：爬上，增加，上升 111.bear 熟意：熊，忍受   新意：带有...  支撑 112.cross 熟意：穿越   新意：生气的 113.contribute熟意：贡献 新意：投稿 114.command熟意：命令   新意：掌握 115.setting 熟意：设置   新意：背景，环境 116.celebrate熟意：庆祝   新意：赞扬 117.cause 熟意：起因   新意：事业 118.industry 熟意：工业   新意：行业，领域，勤劳 119.contain 熟意：包含   新意：容忍 120.buy 熟意：购买   新意：相信 121.develop 熟意：发展   新意：患病 122.direction熟意：方向   新意：说明，指南，命令 123.engage 熟意：从事   新意：吸引  engaging 124.employ 熟意：雇佣   新意：使用，应用 125.excuse 熟意：借口,原谅   新意：同意免除 126.fine 熟意：好的   新意：罚款 127.ticket 熟意：票据   新意：罚单 128.follow 熟意：跟随   新意：讲述 129.freeze 熟意：结冰   新意：吓住，呆住，不许动 130.given 熟意：被给予   新意：考虑到 131.stuff 熟意：物品   新意：塞    staffed toys毛绒玩具 132.invent 熟意：发明   新意：编造，虚构 133.inviting 熟意：邀请   新意：吸引人的 134.boast 熟意：吹嘘   新意：（骄傲地）拥有 135.bug 熟意：虫子   新意：漏洞，窃听器 136.make 熟意：制造   新意：成为 137.might 熟意：可能   新意：力量   mighty 138.mean 熟意：意思是   新意：吝啬的，小气的 139.overlook熟意：俯视   新意：忽视 140.pack 熟意：包装   新意：族群 141.press 熟意：摁压   新意：媒体 142.reflect 熟意：反射   新意：思考 143.review 熟意：复习   新意：评论，审查 144.slim 熟意：收的  新意：小的 145.update 熟意：更新  新意：最新消息 146.spare 熟意：空闲的  新意：省下，饶恕 147.wild 熟意：野生的  新意：疯狂的   wild dreams 148.trick 熟意：恶作剧  新意：诀窍，窍门 149.upset 熟意：心烦的   新意：打翻 150. settle 熟意：定居   新意：决定，解决 知识点一 实义动词 例1．The bill ________ data-privacy standards across the EU, and tech companies ________ that compliance costs will soar. A．concerns about; deeply concern B．concerns; are deeply concerned C．concerns that; are deeply concerned about D．is concerned about; are deeply concerned 【答案】B 【详解】考查concern用法。句意：该法案涉及欧盟范围内的数据隐私标准，科技公司则深切担忧合规成本将会飙升。分析句子可知，第一空应填及物动词concerns，表“涉及；关于”，主语通常是物（如法案、文件、问题等），直接接宾语；第二空考查be concerned about，意为“担忧；关心”，主语通常是人或组织，concerned在此处为形容词，表“担忧的”。故选B项。 例2．______ the world becomes more globalized, it is easier ____cuisines from different cultures. A．With, to access B．As, to access C．with, to access to D．As, to access to 【答案】B 【详解】考查时间状语从句和及物动词。句意：随着世界变得越来越全球化，人们更容易接触到来自不同文化的美食。分析句子结构可知，句首应填入从属连词引导时间状语从句，则应选as，意为“随着”，第二空，access作为及物动词，意为“接触，靠近”，直接接宾语cuisines，故选B项。 例3．The fire started in the basement and quickly_____ to the first floor where it destroyed all the_____ in the language lab. A．was spreaded; furniture and equipments B．was spreaded; furniture and equipment C．spread; furnitures and equipments D．spread; furniture and equipment 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词、名词。句意：大火从地下室开始，并迅速蔓延到一楼，摧毁了语言实验室的所有家具和设备。spread是不及物动词，不用被动。furniture和equipment都是不可数名词，没有复数。故选D。 1．Many students ______ the basic skills needed to solve complex math problems, which makes it difficult for them to achieve high scores. A．lack of B．are lacking of C．lack D．are lacking for 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词和固定搭配。句意：许多学生缺乏解决复杂数学问题所需的基本技能，这使得他们很难取得高分。空格处是谓语动词，所以选项中的lack是动词，动词lack是及物动词，后面可以跟名词作宾语，不与介词of搭配，排除A和B项。lack for是固定搭配，一般与否定意义的词搭配，如lack for nothing“没有欠缺”，所以排除D项。故选C项。 2．Jack often does things foolishly, so he _______ sometimes ________ by others. A．is; laughed B．is; laughed at C．was; laughed D．has; been laughed at 【答案】B 【详解】考查时态、语态。句意：杰克经常做傻事，所以他有时会被别人嘲笑。根据前半句及后半句中的sometimes可知，此处考查一般现在时，laugh为不及物动词，需加介词at后才可带宾语，动词短语laugh at与主语he之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，be动词为is。故填is；laughed at。故选B项。 3．This kind of cloth ______ well and ______ long. A．washes; is lasted B．is washed; lasting C．washes; lasts D．is washing; lasting 【答案】C 【详解】考查主动表被动词。句意：这种布料洗涤效果好，而且耐用。陈述事实用一般现在时，且wash和last此处为不及物动词，表示事物特性，用主动形式表被动意义，类似用法还有sell、write等。故选C。 4．Jim, a boy _________ you at the school gate right now. A．is waiting for B．is waiting C．waits for D．waits 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：吉姆，一个男孩正在学校门口等你。根据时间状语right now可知，应用现在进行时，又wait为不及物动词，后需加介词for再加名词。故选A项。 5．After he survived ________ the earthquake, Tom became one of the few ________ of the family and his ________ made his old friends very happy. A．/; survivors; survival B．in; survivors; survival C．from; survivors; survival D．/; survivor; surviving 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词用法和名词词义辨析。句意：在他从地震中幸存下来后，汤姆成为这个家庭为数不多的幸存者之一，他的幸存使他的老朋友们非常高兴。survivors幸存者；survival幸存。第一空前survive意为“幸存；幸免于难；艰难度过”，是及物动词，后直接跟宾语，不需要使用介词；第二空前有the few，应用survivor的复数形式，表示“少数的幸存者”；第三空作主语，被his修饰，表示“幸存”，用抽象名词survival。故选A项。 知识点二 系动词 1．Some of the apples are bad, but I believe the rest _________sweet. A．taste B．tastes C．is tasted D．are tasted 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：有些苹果坏了，但我认为剩下的苹果吃起来很甜。the rest 指代的是 “剩下的苹果”，是复数意义，谓语动词应该用复数形式，taste在此处是系动词，意为 “尝起来”，没有被动语态。故选A。 2．It ______ a young girl ______ sadly. A．sounded to be; cry B．was sounded like; crying C．sounded like; crying D．was sounded to be; cried 【答案】C 【详解】考查固定搭配和非谓语动词。句意：听起来像是一个年轻女孩在伤心地哭泣。sound like是固定短语，意为“听起来像”，其中sound在这里是系动词，不能用于被动语态，句子陈述过去发生的事情，时态为一般过去时，sound用过去式形式，故第一空用sounded like；第二空作后置定语修饰空前名词girl，girl与cry为主动关系，且强调动作正在进行，用现在分词形式crying。故选C。 3．Although all of the dishes ________, none of them ________ good. A．have been tasted; taste B．have been tasted; are tasted C．have tasted; taste D．have tasted; are tasted 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词语态和动词词性。句意：这些菜都被尝过了，但没有一样好吃。根据句意，第一个空用到的taste是及物动词，表示“尝（某物）的味道”，主语all of the dishes和taste之间是被动关系，表示“菜被尝”，结合选项所给时态和主语，可知第一个空用现在完成时的被动，也就是have been tasted，强调“已经完成的尝菜动作对现在产生的影响”；根据句意以及空后形容词good，可知第二个空taste是系动词，表示“尝起来”，后常用形容词作表语，系动词没有被动，常用来表示主语的特点或性质，再结合选项，此处直接用一般现在时态，结合主语none of后是表示复数概念的代词，谓语用复数，所以此空用taste，故选A。 1．This piece of music being played at the concert ________ sweet. A．sounds B．listens to C．is sounded D．is listened to 【答案】A 【详解】考查系动词。句意：音乐会上正在弹奏的这首音乐听起来很美。分析句子可知，句中主语为This piece of music，系动词应使用表示听觉的感官动词，sound“听起来” 是系动词，后接形容词作表语。故选A项 。 【点睛】 2．The dish _____Sichuan province, China _____hot but tasty. A．originating from; is tasted B．originating from; tastes C．originated from; is tasted D．originated from; tastes 【答案】B 【详解】考查非谓语动词和感官动词。句意：起源于中国四川的这道菜尝起来辣而可口。第一空，分析句子结构可知originate from在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语dish构成主动关系，故应用现在分词作后置定语；第二空，taste在句中作谓语，陈述客观事实应用一般现在时，主语为dish，谓语动词应用第三人称单数，taste此处表示“尝起来”，为感官动词，无被动语态。故选B。 3．Please stay ________ until the bus has stopped. A．seated B．seating C．seat D．to seat 【答案】A 【详解】考查stay的用法。句意：在公交车停下来之前请坐好。stay在此意为“保持”，用作连系动词，后面接形容词、名词、分词等作表语。seated在此用作形容词，意为“坐下来的”。故选A。 4．__________ from the people and the world, the boy eventually __________ heavy internet user with some mental problems. A．Withdrawn, became B．Withdrawn, turned C．Withdrawing, became a D．Withdrawing, turned a 【答案】C 【详解】考查非谓语动词和系动词。句意：远离了人群和世界，这个孩最终成为了一个患有精神疾病的重度网民。分析句子结构可知，第一空withdraw与逻辑主语the boy是主动关系，应该用现在分词表示主动，作原因状语，第二空become后跟名词作表语时，单数可数名词应用冠词，而turn表示“变成”时，名词作表语时不加冠词。故选C项。 5．It was a pity that he __ blind, but to the joy of his family, his dream of becoming a musician _____ true at last. A．came; came B．went; went C．came; went D．went; came 【答案】D 【详解】考查连系动词。句意：真遗憾他失明了，但是使他的家人高兴的是，他成为音乐家的梦想最终成为现实了。第一空填went，go这里是连系动词，后面接形容词，表示情况由好变坏。go blind失明，第二空填came，也是连系动词，come true成为现实。选D。 知识点三 情态动词 例1（2025年天津卷3月）There are 50,000 signs in modern Chinese but luckily, Chinese children _______ learn all of them for everyday purpose. A. couldn’t B. mustn’t C.needn’t D.wouldn’t 【答案】C 【解析】couldn’t（不能）：表示能力不足，与“luckily”矛盾。mustn’t（禁止）：语气过重，不符合语境。 needn’t（不需要）：表示“不必学全部”，符合“幸运的是”的轻松语气。wouldn’t（不会）：表意愿，与“必要性”无关。“幸运的是”说明不需要掌握全部汉字，故选needn’t。 例2（2023年天津卷6月）We _________bother with details, for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us. A．mustn’t B．daren’t C．needn’t D．can’t 【答案】C 【解析】考查情态动词。句意：我们不必为细节而烦恼，因为我们的队友会尽全力帮助我们。A. mustn’t禁止；B. daren’t不敢；C. needn’t不必；D. can’t不能。根据“for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us”可知，因为我们队友会全力帮助我们，所以我们不必为细节烦恼。故选C。 1．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）—It’s twelve o’clock already in the night. ________ you play the guitar at such a late hour? —Oh, I’m so sorry. A．Must B．Can C．May D．Shall 【答案】A 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：—已经夜里十二点了。你非得在这么晚的时候弹吉他吗？  —哦，非常抱歉。A. Must偏偏；B. Can能够；C. May可以；D. Shall将要。根据句意，说话人表示的是一种不满意的情绪，表示“非要这时候弹吉他吗”的意思，符合题意的是must，有“非得，偏偏”的意思，故选A项。 2．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）When faced with challenges, sometimes you ________ feel you are lost in thick mist and can’t see the light. A．need B．may C．shall D．should 【答案】B 【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：当你面临挑战时，你可能会感觉你迷失在浓雾里，看不见光，但是我百分百确定，你会感激你没有放弃。A. need需要；B. may可能，也许；C. shall将要；D. should应该。根据句意以及sometimes可知，此处表示一种可能性，意为“可能，也许”，应用情态动词may。故选B项。 3．（23-24高一下·广东深圳·期中）You _______ smoke in the newsroom without asking for others’ opinions. It is impolite. A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．won’t D．couldn’t 【答案】A 【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：在没有征求别人意见的情况下，你不能在新闻编辑室抽烟。这是不礼貌的。A. mustn’t禁止，不能；B. needn’t不需要；C. won’t将不会；D. couldn’t不能。根据“It is impolite.”可知，此处表示禁止吸烟，故选A项。 4．（23-24高一下·天津·期中）The professor is patient and warm-hearted, but sometimes she ________ be mad at our silly mistakes. A．would B．can C．must D．shall 【答案】B 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这位教授很有耐心，也很热心，但有时她会对我们愚蠢的错误感到恼火。A. would就会，总是；B. can 可以，能，有时会；C. must必须；D. shall将会，应该。根据句中的sometimes可知，教授对我们愚蠢的错误感到恼火是偶尔会发生的情况，表示理论上的可能性，应用情态动词can。故选B。 知识点四 助动词 例1．Nowadays many teenagers often take their parents’ love for granted. Seldom________ what they should do in return. A．do they think B．they think C．did they think D．think they 【答案】A 【详解】考查部分倒装句结构。句意：当今社会，许多青少年把父母对他们的爱当成是理所当然。他们几乎都没有考虑过应该做什么去回报父母。Seldom是否定副词“几乎不”的意思，放在句首时，主句谓语要部分倒装，即把谓语里面的助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语前面。根据句意，这句话应该是一般现在时，谓语是实义动词think，主语是复数代词they，所以倒装时要加助动词do，并将其提到主语的前面，所以应该填do they think。故选A项。 例2．The percentage of students at high schools who ________ newly diagnosed with depression  ________not dropped significantly. A．was; has B．were; has C．was; have D．were; have 【答案】B 【详解】考查主谓一致。句意：最近被诊断患有抑郁症的高中生的比例还没有显著下降。第一空为定语从句中谓语动词被动态；定语从句谓语动词的形式由先行词单复数决定，先行词students at high schools是复数形式，故be动词用复数，且动作发生在过去，用一般过去时复数形式were；第二空为主句谓语动词现在完成时助动词have的选择，主语the percentage是单数，故助动词用三单形式has。故选B项。 例3．Only after we received the news that they had arrived safely ______ a sigh of relief. A．we did breathe B．we breathed C．breathed we D．did we breathe 【答案】D 【详解】考查倒装。句意：只有在我们收到他们安全到达的消息后，我们才松了一口气。Only+状语/状语从句，置于句首时，主句的谓语动词需用部分倒装，即：Only+状语/状语从句+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其它，根据从句谓语动词 received可知，主语谓语动词需用一般过去时，助动词需用did，所以空处需用did we breathe。故选D。 1．Though a man may also feel like screaming as a woman________ in a crisis, he has a little bit more self-control than a woman and that makes the difference. A．having B．has C．doing D．does 【答案】D 【详解】考查实义动词。句意：虽然男人在危机中也会像女人一样尖叫，但比女人更有自制力，这一点很重要。在从句as a woman________ in a crisis中缺少谓语，故排除A、C。do代替上文提到的动词feel like，而B项意为“有”，作为助动词不能替代上文提到的动词。故D项正确。 【点睛】do、does、did即可做助动词，也可做实义动词。如例句What does he do every day? 中，does是助动词，后面的do是实义动词！ 2．If you make progress in Spoken English, ____ in Written English. A．so do you B．so are you C．so will you D．so did you 【答案】C 【详解】考查助动词和时态。句意：如果英语口语有进步，那么你的英语写作也会取得进步。本句为if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，so指代与前文相同的情况，故选C。 【点睛】so的用法。 1.so可以用作连词，表示“因此，所以”。例：I heard some noise outside, so I went out of the room to see why. so that作为连词词组，表示 “以便，为了”。例：The vase is put high on the table, so that it won’t be broken. 2.so可以用作形容词，表示“是这样的，是真的”。例：The newspapers claim she killed him in self defence but that just isn’t so. 　　3.so可以用作副词，表示—— 　　1)“如此，这么”结构为：so+adj./adv，例：She was so tired that she fell asleep very fast.　　表示此意思时，还可以用：so+adj.+a/an+n.，例：It is so good a movie that everyone who saw it praises it very much. 　　2)“如此，如是”，用于表示已经提到的想法，建议或情况等　例：“Will I need my umbrella?” 　　“I think so.” 　　3)“也是，也一样”结构为so+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语　　例：Tony takes exercise every day and so does his younger brother.　　注意否定句应把so改为neither/nor，结构为neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语　例：Jenny has never been late for class. Neither/Nor her younger brother. 　　4)“确实是这样”，表示对前面陈述事实的强调，结构为so+主语+助动词/情态动词/be动词，例：Tony works very hard at all the subjects. So he does. 　　5)“似乎，那么”，表示惊讶、不同意或者嘲讽，例：So you think you've got troubles? 常见结构：and so on/and so forth：等等；so as to(do)：以便；so that+从句：以便，例：We eat different vegetables，such as tomato，potato，celery，and so on. They got up early so as to catch the first bus. 本句为if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，so指代与前文相同的情况，故选C。 2．Knowing that the book didn’t ________ me, I set out to find its real owner. A．to belonging B．belonged C．is belonging D．belong to 【答案】D 【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：知道这本书不是我的，我开始寻找它真正的主人。设空处在that引导的宾语从句中作谓语，位于助动词didn’t后，此处应用动词原形。故选D项。 3．Although my new cellphone has many ________ it doesn’t ________ well. A．functions, function B．function, functions C．functions, functions D．function,function 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词复数和助动词用法。句意：虽然我的新手机有很多功能，但运行不太好。function作名词意为“功能”，为可数名词，在many后应用复数形式。function作动词意为“运行”，在助动词do或does后应用原形。故选A。 4．Mr.White doesn’t believe that his son could afford to buy a digital camera，________？ A．could he B．couldn’t he C．does he D．doesn’t he 【答案】C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。怀特先生不相信他的儿子能买得起一台数码照相机，对吗？根据句子结构可知，这句话考查反意疑问句。句子陈述部分是宾语从句，反意疑问句部分要依据主句的主语和谓语动词的结构来判断。主句谓语是实义动词“believe”，反意疑问句部分要用到助动词do。又因为陈述句主句的主语是第三人称“Mr.White”，而且是一般现在时的否定句，有助动词does，所以，反意疑问句部分要用助动词的肯定形式+主语的结构。故选C项。 5．Little ________ that she was infected with this disease herself. A．Amy knew B．did Amy know C．knew Amy D．was Amy known 【答案】B 【详解】考查倒装句。句意：艾米不知道她自己也感染了这种疾病。否定副词位于句首时，句子用部分倒装，即“否定副词+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分”，little 是否定副词，故用倒装句，再结合后面的was可知，应用一般过去时的倒装，因此助动词用did，提到主语前面。故选B。 知识点五 动词+介词/副词 例1．With the development of science and technology, the prices of TV sets have _____. A．gone down B．been gone down C．brought down D．been gone up 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：随着科学技术的发展，电视机的价格下降了。go down（价格、水平或数量）下降，下跌；bring down取来，导致，引起，降低（价格）。go down 和 bring down 都表示价格的下降， 但 bring down是及物动词， 表示降价时应用 bring the price down 或bring down the price，而 go down 是不及物动词，没有被动语态。故 A 项正确。 例2．The newly-elected president officially a plan to break through the trade barrier. A．laid off B．laid down C．laid out D．laid aside 【答案】C 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：新当选的总统正式阐述了一项关于如何打破别国的贸易壁垒的计划。A. lay off（因工作岗位不足而）被辞退、解雇；B. lay down制定、颁布。搁下；C. lay out讲解、阐述、规划；D. lay aside搁置、储存以备后用、抛开（情感或信仰）。根据句意，故选C。 例3．The director had her assistant ___ some hot dogs for the meeting. A．picked up B．picks up C．pick up D．picking up 【答案】C 【详解】考查使役动词have的用法。句意：董事让她的助手为会议准备了一些热狗。由句意知此处的have用作使役动词，意为“使；让；叫”，其后可以跟省to的不定式作宾语补足语，表示“让某人做某事”，也可以跟现在分词和过去分词作宾补，跟过去分词时，表示和宾语之间是动宾关系，跟现在分词则表示“使……处于某种状态”，表示动作正在进行，此处表示“董事让助手为会议准备了一些热狗”，应用省略to的不定式。故选C项。 1．Once fighting _________ between the two villages and many people were killed. A．broke out B．was broken out C．had broken out D．had been broken out 【答案】A 【详解】考查时态。句意：一旦两个村庄之间爆发恶斗，许多人会丧生。根据“were killed”可知，本句为一般过去时，且break out为不及物动词短语，无被动形式。故选A项。 2 How could you _______ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months? A．give off B．break in C．turn down D．take away 【答案】C 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：你失业了几个月，怎么能拒绝这样一份好工作呢？A. give off发出，散发出；B. break in闯入，打断；C. turn down拒绝，调低；D. take away拿走，带走。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处表示拒绝一份好工作，应用turn down表示拒绝。故选C。 3 To maintain a healthy lifestyle, doctors advise people to ______ high-sugar foods and drinks as much as possible. A．take in B．bring up C．break down D．keep off 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：为了保持健康的生活方式，医生建议人们尽可能远离高糖食品和饮料。A. take in吸收；B. bring up提出；C. break down分解；D. keep off远离。根据句意，此处说的是“远离高糖食品和饮料”，应该用动词短语keep off表示。故选D项。 知识点六 动词与动词短语一词多义、熟词生义 例1.[2023·全国乙卷] The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world, helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport.____________ 【答案】1. average adj. 平均的→处于平均水平的→adj.平常的，普通的，一般的 例2.[2020·全国Ⅱ卷] The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.____________ 【答案】2. check n.检查→检查的目的是制止更多的问题→n.控制，制止 例3.[2020·全国Ⅰ卷]... Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, "because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed. "____________ 【答案】3. construct v.建造→用各种材料建造某种物体，即各种材料构成某种物体→v.组成，构成 1.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷] The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.____________ 2.[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷] Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.____________ 3.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]... students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/ discussion...____________ 4.[2021·全国甲卷] Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape.____________ 5.[2022·全国乙卷] In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.____________ 【答案】1. consume v.消耗→人消耗食物→v.吃,喝 【答案】2. cover v.覆盖→金额能够覆盖住账单的金额→v.足以支付，够付 【答案】3. draw v.绘画;拉,拖;吸引→拉出想要的内容→v.获取 【答案】4. entry n.进入，参加→进入比赛需要提交的作品→n.参赛作品 【答案】5. expand v.扩展,扩大→扩展介绍信息→v.详述，详细阐明 一、单项选择 1．As the finished product was not correctly priced, it ________ well. A．wasn’t sold B．didn’t sell C．wouldn’t be sold D．can’t sell 【答案】B 【详解】考查时态语态。句意：由于成品定价不合理，所以卖得不好。此处sell为不及物动词，表示事物内在的品质和属性，用主动形式表示被动意义。根据句中时态可知，陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。故选B。 2．Susan's parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It ____________be particularly costly. A．can B．mustn't C．can't D．must 【答案】D 【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：苏珊的父母买了一座带有游泳池的大房子，这一定特别昂贵。A. can可以；B. mustn't 禁止；C. can't不能；D. must一定。根据句意，苏珊的父母买了一座带有游泳池的大房子，这样的房子一定特别昂贵，所以用must表示推测，表示“一定”。故选D。 3．We ______ worry about details, for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us. A．mustn’t B．daren’t C．needn’t D．can’t 【答案】C 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们不必为细节而烦恼，因为我们的队友会尽全力帮助我们。A. mustn’t禁止；B. daren’t不敢；C. needn’t不必；D. can’t不能。根据“for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us”以及句意可知，因为我们队友会全力帮助我们，所以我们“不必”为细节烦恼。故选C。 4．The women is older than she________. A．looks B．looks at C．is looked D．is looked at 【答案】A 【详解】考查语态。句意：这个女人比她看起来要老。在本句中look作为系动词，与older连用；表示“看起来”。look at意为“看……”，其后需要加宾语。故选A。 5．______ the world becomes more globalized, it is easier ____cuisines from different cultures. A．With, to access B．As, to access C．with, to access to D．As, to access to 【答案】B 【详解】考查时间状语从句和及物动词。句意：随着世界变得越来越全球化，人们更容易接触到来自不同文化的美食。分析句子结构可知，句首应填入从属连词引导时间状语从句，则应选as，意为“随着”，第二空，access作为及物动词，意为“接触，靠近”，直接接宾语cuisines，故选B项。 6．The coffee was wonderful! It ______ like anything I ______ before. A．wasn’t tasted, had B．didn’t taste, have C．wasn’t tasted, have ever had D．didn’t taste, had ever had 【答案】D 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：咖啡太棒了！它尝起来和我以前喝过的都不一样。taste是系动词，不用被动语态，排除AC；根据句意和前文时态可知，空2处表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时态。故选D。 7．Whom would you ________ solve the problem? A．have to help B．have help C．have to help to D．have helping 【答案】B 【详解】考查使役动词。句意：你想让谁帮你解决这个问题？分析句子，句中构成have sb. do sth.为固定句型，意为“使某人做某事”。故选B。 8．I would like ________ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you. A．to have you know B．have you know C．to have your known D．having you know 【答案】A 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我想让你知道，我对你的评价不是很高。would like to do为固定句型，意为“想让某人做某事”，后面接动词不定式作宾语；同时have sb do意为“使某人做某事”，该结构中have为使役动词，逻辑主语you和know之间构成主动关系。故选A。 9．Reflecting on what Walter Scott wrote in his novel Rob Roy, we may find even white lies have results we __________ know in advance. A．shan’t B．can’t C．mustn’t D．needn’t 【答案】B 【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：回想沃尔特·斯科特在他的小说《罗布·罗伊》中所写的，我们可能会发现，即使是善意的谎言也会有我们无法提前知道的结果。A. shan’t不应该，shall not的缩略形式；B. can’t无法，不能，can not的缩略形式；C. mustn’t不得，must not的缩略形式；D. needn’t不必，need not的缩略形式。此处用了关系代词引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词results，先行词在从句中作know的宾语，结合“in advance”可知，这里指“我们无法提前知道的结果”，应用can’t。故选B。 10．It is more ______ to make another effort and try to finish the work on time rather than ______ there, telling your sufferings to those unrelated people. A．worthwhile; sit B．worthwhile; seating C．worthy, seat D．worth, sitting 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定句型和动词用法。句意：与其坐在那里向那些无关的人诉说你的痛苦，不如再努力一点，按时完成工作。A. worthwhile; sit值得的，坐；B. worthwhile; seating值得的，坐；C. worthy, seat值得的，坐；D. worth, sitting值得的，坐。It is worthwhile to do：做某事是值得的， rather than后面的动词不定式省略to，使用动词原形，seat需要后接sb作宾语，故选A。 二、语法填空 1．I personally would rather (roast) a chicken whole. 【答案】roast 【详解】考查动词。句意：我个人更喜欢整只烤鸡。固定短语would rather do sth.意为“更喜欢做某事”，表示对于两种选择，更倾向于选择某种行为或情况，因此空处应用动词roast“炙，烘”的原形。故填roast。 2．A workman must (sharp) his tools if he is to do his work well. 【答案】sharpen 【详解】考查情态动词+动词原形。句意：工人要想做好工作，就必须磨快工具。分析句子结构，该空作句子谓语动词，“磨快”是sharpen，情态动词后，用动词原形，所以填sharpen。 3．We must (evaluate) the consequences caused by the fire. ＝ We must make an (evaluate) of the consequences caused by the fire. 【答案】 evaluate evaluation 【详解】考查动词和名词。句意：我们必须评估火灾造成的后果。情态动词must后应用动词原形构成谓语；不定冠词an后应用名词单数作make的宾语。故空1填evaluate；空2填evaluation。 4．We’d better (large) the reading room by knocking through between the two small rooms. 【答案】enlarge 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们最好把两个小房间之间打通，把阅览室扩大。had better do sth.意为“最好做某事”，后接动词原形，故空格处填动词；large，形容词；enlarge，动词，意为“扩大”。故填enlarge。 5．Their team could (get) first prize in the 4×100 relay race, but the last runner fell down halfway. 【答案】have got 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：他们队本可以在4×100接力赛中获得第一名，但最后一位选手在半路上摔倒了。根据fell可知，是过去时，could have done表示过去本来可以做，没有做。故填have got。 6．（22-23高二下·全国·课后作业）Let's make use of our energy and (oppose) to wasting water, electricity, paper and so on. 【答案】be opposed 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：让我们充分利用能源，反对浪费水，电，纸等能源。所给词oppose（反对）结合句意及空后介词to，该空应使用be opposed to doing 结构，表示“反对，抵制”。 分析句子，根据let 使役动词用法let sb. do ，该空应该填动词原形与make并列。故填be opposed。 一、阅读理解 A The most unforgettable journeys are not always measured by world-famous landmarks. Sometimes, the true magic lies in the quiet corners of the world, where breathtaking scenery mixes with time-honored traditions and mouth-watering local flavors. The following four rare routes, each with its own appeal, invite travelers to step off the usual path and discover something different. Narva’s Riverside Charm, Estonia Narva is a peaceful town by a wide river, with colorful houses and stone streets. The riverside park is perfect for a slow walk or a picnic. Local markets sell fresh smoked fish, sweet berry pies, and dark rye (黑麦) bread, giving visitors a true taste of the region. Inle Lake’s Floating Gardens, Myanmar Inle Lake is surrounded by misty mountains and has many floating gardens. Farmers grow vegetables on floating platforms made of soil and tall grass. Visitors can sail in long wooden boats past houses on wooden poles, explore busy lakeside markets, and taste local Shan noodles or fried lake fish while watching the sunset. Carrara’s Marble (大理石) Mountains, Italy High in the Apuan Alps, Carrara is known for its shining white marble. Visitors can join tours to see the stone mines and learn to shape the stone by hand from skilled workers. After exploring, enjoy fresh pasta and cheese in small mountain restaurants. Colmar’s Colorful Canals, France Colmar, called “Little Venice”, is full of narrow canals, bright flowers, and old wooden houses. Families can take gentle rides on small canal cruisers (游艇) through the quiet waterways, visit summer markets with handmade chocolates and cheeses, and take photos of lively street art. 1．What can visitors do in Myanmar? A．Hike in the mountains. B．Learn to grow vegetables. C．Tour in a wooden boat. D．Rest in local farmers’ houses. 2．Which route allows tourists to participate in hands-on activities? A．Colmar’s Colorful Canals, France. B．Carrara’s Marble Mountains, Italy. C．Narva’s Riverside Charm, Estonia. D．Inle Lake’s Floating Gardens, Myanmar. 3．What do the four routes have in common? A．They include historic sights. B．They offer various water-based activities. C．They are famous for their summer markets. D．They provide visitors with tasty local foods. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，文章介绍了四条小众旅行路线，它们各具特色，涵盖独特风光、传统与美食，邀请游客脱离常规探索别样体验。 1．细节理解题。根据Inle Lake’s Floating Gardens, Myanmar部分“Visitors can sail in long wooden boats past houses on wooden poles, explore busy lakeside markets, and taste local Shan noodles or fried lake fish while watching the sunset.(游客可以乘坐木质长船，驶过建在木桩上的房屋，探索热闹的湖畔集市，还能一边欣赏日落，一边品尝当地掸族面条或炸湖鱼。)”可知，游客在缅甸可以乘坐木船游览。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据Carrara’s Marble (大理石) Mountains, Italy部分“Visitors can join tours to see the stone mines and learn to shape the stone by hand from skilled workers. (游客可以参加游览活动参观采石场，并向熟练工人学习手工雕刻石头。)”可知，意大利卡拉拉的大理石山脉路线允许游客参与手工实践活动。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据各路线描述：纳尔瓦有“fresh smoked fish, sweet berry pies, and dark rye bread (新鲜熏鱼、甜浆果派和黑麦面包)”；茵莱湖有“local Shan noodles or fried lake fish (当地掸族面条或炸湖鱼)”；卡拉拉有“fresh pasta and cheese (新鲜意大利面和奶酪)”；科尔马有“handmade chocolates and cheeses (手工巧克力和奶酪)”可知，四条路线的共同点是都能为游客提供美味的当地食物。故选D项。 B Born on her family’s farm in Ray, North Dakota, Mary Sherman Morgan had been helping her father with farm work before she could attend the small-town schoolhouse. Being a few years behind didn’t hold her back and she graduated from high school with honors. Aware of her intelligence, she ran away from Ray to attend Minot State University as a chemistry major, where her skill was evident. The outbreak of World War II led to a national shortage of chemists and scientists. In spite of the fact that she was still a student and a woman, she was offered a job as a chemical analyst due to her talents, producing explosives (爆炸物) for the wartime effort. She put her degree on hold and moved to Ohio, taking on the dangerous job of analyzing unstable chemicals to produce weapons. After the war ended there was a fall in demand for explosives, so she made a move to the field of aeronautics, moving to California to work for NAA (North American Aviation). The only woman out of 900 engineers, she was soon promoted to a role which involved calculating the performance of rocket propellants (推进剂) and designing special fuels to work with different engines. However, never having returned to complete her degree, she was not afforded the rank or higher pay of an engineer, even though she had all the skills and knowledge of one. Her experience with propellants meant that when NAA was tasked to find a fuel capable of lifting the redesigned Redstone missiles into space, Morgan was appointed technical lead on the project. National pride was on the line, so Morgan set about investigating fuels. After countless trials, she finally designed her own mixture, which was named Hydyne. Hydyne tested well with the Redstone missiles and subsequently other aircraft (飞行器) , such as Jupiter-C rockets, proving to be a quick solution to getting to space without a total rocket redesign. The fuel made the first successful US satellite launch possible, even if Morgan silently slipped away from her success, retiring to focus on her family and leaving her chemistry career behind. 4．What do we know about Mary? A．She attended school while helping with farm work. B．She was offered a job as a chemistry analyst after graduation. C．She changed her working focus because her country’s demand changed. D．She launched the first US satellite before retiring from her career. 5．What was Mary doing after the war ended? A．Analyzing chemicals. B．Producing explosives. C．Mixing and saving fuels. D．Designing and building aircraft. 6．What made Mary the technical lead on the project of NAA? A．Her special knowledge in fuels. B．Her rank as an engineer. C．Her discovery of Hydyne. D．Her sense of national pride 7．Which of the following words can describe Mary Sherman Morgan? A．Caring and determined. B．Intelligent and skillful. C．Courageous but sensitive. D．Accomplished but proud. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．A 7．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了Mary Sherman Morgan的生平，她从农场女孩成长为化学分析师，后因战争需求转行，最终在航空领域取得重大成就的故事。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“The outbreak of World War II led to a national shortage of chemists and scientists.(第二次世界大战的爆发导致了全国化学家和科学家的短缺。)”和第三段“After the war ended there was a fall in demand for explosives, so she made a move to the field of aeronautics(战争结束后，炸药的需求出现下滑，于是她转向了航空领域)”可知，Mary的工作重点从化学家转向了航空领域，是因为国家的需求发生了变化。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“After the war ended there was a fall in demand for explosives, so she made a move to the field of aeronautics, moving to California to work for NAA (North American Aviation). The only woman out of 900 engineers, she was soon promoted to a role which involved calculating the performance of rocket propellants (推进剂) and designing special fuels to work with different engines.(战争结束后，炸药的需求出现下滑，于是她转向了航空领域，移居加利福尼亚为北美航空公司（NAA）效力。作为 900 名工程师中唯一的女性，她很快得到晋升，负责计算火箭推进剂的性能，并为不同发动机设计专用燃料。)”可知，战后Mary在设计和制造飞行器。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“Her experience with propellants meant that when NAA was tasked to find a fuel capable of lifting the redesigned Redstone missiles into space, Morgan was appointed technical lead on the project.(她在推进剂方面的经验意味着，当NAA被委以寻找一种能够将重新设计的红石导弹送入太空的燃料时，摩根被任命为该项目的技术负责人。)”可知，Mary在推进剂方面的特殊知识使她成为NAA项目的技术负责人。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段“Aware of her intelligence, she ran away from Ray to attend Minot State University as a chemistry major, where her skill was evident.(意识到自己的聪明，她从Ray逃走，进入Minot州立大学主修化学，在那里她的技能很明显。)”可知，Mary是一个聪明且有技能的人。故选B。 C It was obvious with Pinocchio. Every time he told a lie his nose grew longer. But for the rest of us in real life, the result of telling lies isn’t so evident. Is it possible that there are unseen consequences to dishonesty? Since lies are carried by speech, and speech originates in the brain, is it possible that telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable? Psychologists Julia Lee and Ashley Hardin wanted to find out. Drs. Lee and Hardin set up a series of studies to explore the question of dishonesty, with 250 pairs of individuals. In each pair, one was assigned (分派) the task of either lying or telling the truth. The other member of the pair was instructed to evaluate the emotions of the lying or truth-telling partner. Each of the partners was then assigned the task of evaluating the emotions of the other partner. The research found that subjects who were asked to be dishonest were significantly worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those who told the truth. Surprisingly, the small, seemingly unimportant moments of dishonesty clouded an individual’s ability to read the emotions of another individual later on. To determine how well the participants could read other people’s emotions, the researchers then had the subjects watch a series of short video clips. In the clips, actors expressed a wide range of emotions in their facial expressions, voices, and body languages. The participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of the actors. Once again, across all the experimental studies, the researchers consistently found that those who were tempted to, and likely did lie, ended up performing worse on the test of empathetic accuracy than those who didn’t lie. We live in a world where businesses, social life, and personal relationships depend on the ability of individuals to interact well with other people. And to interact with them we often need to be able to determine their emotions. As most of us learned in kindergarten: it’s important to tell the truth! 8．What is the aim of the studies? A．To explore the motive for lying. B．To explain the Pinocchio Effect. C．To test if lying causes brain changes. D．To teach people how to detect lies. 9．What does the underlined word “clouded” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Improved. B．Cleared. C．Monitored. D．Weakened. 10．What were the participants asked to do in the studies? A．To learn body languages. B．To make faces. C．To identify different emotions. D．To rate others’ performances. 11．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The application of the study. B．The necessity of being honest. C．The complexity of social interaction. D．The reasons for telling lies. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．C 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Julia Lee和Ashley Hardin通过一系列研究来探索不诚实行为是否会导致大脑发生变化，并阐述了研究的发现以及诚实的重要性。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Since lies are carried by speech, and speech originates in the brain, is it possible that telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable? Psychologists Julia Lee and Ashley Hardin wanted to find out. (既然谎言是通过言语传递的，而言语又起源于大脑，那么说谎是否可能会导致大脑发生无法从外部观察到的变化？心理学家Julia Lee和Ashley Hardin想要找出答案)”和第三段中“Drs. Lee and Hardin set up a series of studies to explore the question of dishonesty, with 250 pairs of individuals. (Lee博士和Hardin博士设计了一系列关于诚信问题的研究，共邀请了250组参与者)”可知，研究的目的是测试说谎是否会导致大脑发生变化。故选C项。 9．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“The research found that subjects who were asked to be dishonest were significantly worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those who told the truth.(研究发现，被要求说谎的受试者，在辨识同伴情绪状态方面的表现远逊于诚实者)”可知，不诚实会削弱一个人后来读取另一个人情绪的能力。故划线词所在句“Surprisingly, the small, seemingly unimportant moments of dishonesty clouded an individual’s ability to read the emotions of another individual later on.(令人惊讶的是，那些看似微不足道的不诚实行为，竟会clouded个体后续解读他人情绪的能力)”中“clouded”意为“削弱，弱化”，与D项“Weakened”意思相近。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段中“To determine how well the participants could read other people’s emotions, the researchers then had the subjects watch a series of short video clips. In the clips, actors expressed a wide range of emotions in their facial expressions, voices, and body languages. The participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of the actors.(为了确定参与者能多好地读懂他人的情绪，研究人员让受试者观看一系列短片。在视频中，演员们通过面部表情、声音和肢体语言表达了广泛的情绪。然后要求参与者识别演员的情绪状态)”可知，参与者被要求识别不同的情绪。故选C项。 11．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“We live in a world where businesses, social life, and personal relationships depend on the ability of individuals to interact well with other people. And to interact with them we often need to be able to determine their emotions. As most of us learned in kindergarten: it’s important to tell the truth!(我们生活在一个商业、社交和个人关系都依赖于个人与他人良好互动能力的世界。为了与他们互动，我们常常需要能够判断他们的情绪。正如我们大多数人在幼儿园学到的那样：说真话很重要!)”可知，最后一段主要讲了诚实的必要性。故选B项。 D A wheeled robot rolls across the floor. A soft-bodied robotic star bends its five legs, moving awkwardly. Powered by conventional electricity, these simple robotic creations would be ordinary, but what sets these two robots apart is that they are controlled by a living organism: a king oyster mushroom. By growing the mushroom’s mycelium (菌丝体) into the robot’s hardware, a team led by Cornell University researchers has engineered two types of robots that sense and respond to the environment by using electrical signals made by the fungus (真菌) and its sensitivity to light. The robots are the latest accomplishment of scientists in a field known as biohybrid (生物混合的) robotics which seek to combine biological, living materials such as plant and animal cells or insects with synthetic components to make partly living and partly engineered robots. Biohybrid robots have yet to go beyond the lab, but researchers hope one day they may explore oceans or search for survivors after an earthquake. “Biohybridization is an attempt to find components in the biological world that we can use, understand, and control to help our artificial systems work better,” said Robert Shepherd, a professor at Cornell University who leads the Organic Robotics Lab. Fungi can be cultivated in large quantities and thrive in many different environments. Fungi may have advantages over other biohybrid approaches in terms of the conditions required to keep them alive. This could make them an excellent candidate for biohybrid robots for applications in agriculture and marine exploration. The lab has produced more than 30 sensing and computing devices using live fungi. However, some experts show their concerns that if biohybrid robots become more complex and are applied in the ocean or other ecosystems, it could disturb the habitats, challenging the traditional distinction between life and machine. Currently, this research hasn’t raised ethical questions, but if it continues to develop, it’s vital to consider the consequences of releasing them in the open. 12．What can we learn about biohybrid robots from the first two paragraphs? A．They are controlled by human cells. B．They are applied to rescue operations. C．They may be sensitive to electrical signals. D．They may have many practical applications. 13．Why are fungi used for biohybrid robots? A．They are in large numbers. B．They respond to the environment quickly. C．They are readily available. D．They can survive in different environments. 14．What is the potential problem with biohybrid robots? A．Damaging ecosystems. B．Confusing humans with machines. C．Losing control. D．Replacing humans on certain jobs. 15．What is the purpose of the text? A．To warn about the risks of biohybrid robots. B．To present the concept of biohybrid robots. C．To introduce the new development of robots. D．To question the benefits of engineered robots 【答案】12．D 13．D 14．A 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种由真菌控制的生物混合机器人的新发展，包括其原理、潜在应用和可能存在的问题。 12． 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Biohybrid robots have yet to go beyond the lab, but researchers hope one day they may explore oceans or search for survivors after an earthquake. (生物混合机器人尚未走出实验室，但研究人员希望有一天它们能探索海洋或在地震后搜寻幸存者)”可推知，这种机器人未来可能有许多实际的应用。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Fungi can be cultivated in large quantities and thrive in many different environments. Fungi may have advantages over other biohybrid approaches in terms of the conditions required to keep them alive. This could make them an excellent candidate for biohybrid robots for applications in agriculture and marine exploration.(真菌可以大量种植，并在许多不同的环境中茁壮成长。就维持真菌存活所需的条件而言，真菌可能比其他生物杂交方法有优势。这可能使它们成为应用于农业和海洋勘探的生物混合机器人的绝佳候选者。)”可知，真菌被用于生物混合机器人是因为它们能在不同环境中生存。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段中“However, some experts show their concerns that if biohybrid robots become more complex and are applied in the ocean or other ecosystems, it could disturb the habitats, challenging the traditional distinction between life and machine.(然而，一些专家担心，如果生物混合机器人变得更加复杂，并应用于海洋或其他生态系统，它可能会扰乱栖息地，挑战生命和机器之间的传统区别。)”可知，生物混合机器人潜在的问题是可能破坏生态系统。故选A。 15．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“By growing the mushroom’s mycelium into the robot’s hardware, a team led by Cornell University researchers has engineered two types of robots that sense and respond to the environment by using electrical signals made by the fungus and its sensitivity to light. The robots are the latest accomplishment of scientists in a field known as biohybrid robotics which seek to combine biological, living materials such as plant and animal cells or insects with synthetic components to make partly living and partly engineered robots. Biohybrid robots have yet to go beyond the lab, but researchers hope one day they may explore oceans or search for survivors after an earthquake.(通过将蘑菇的菌丝体植入机器人的硬件中，康奈尔大学的研究人员领导的一个团队设计出了两种类型的机器人，它们通过真菌发出的电信号及其对光的敏感性来感知和响应环境。这些机器人是科学家在生物混合机器人领域取得的最新成就，该领域寻求将生物、如植物、动物细胞或昆虫这样的生物材料与合成成分结合起来，制造部分有生命、部分工程的机器人。生物混合机器人还没有走出实验室，但研究人员希望有一天它们可以探索海洋或在地震后搜寻幸存者。)”推知，文章的主要目的是介绍机器人领域的新发展。故选C。 七选五 If you are planning to visit the USA and want to do like the locals do, follow these tips and you’re sure to fit in comfortably — whether you’re in Boston, New York or San Francisco! 16 Popular culture is a huge influence around the world. 17 . If anything ties us together culturally, it’s probably the TV shows and movies we watch, the celebrity gossip we read in magazines, the sports teams we follow daily. Best to avoid talking about politics, religion or how much people earn unless you are among close friends. Join in strangers’ casual conversations The signature American speaking volume might be a shock at first. Usually, you will be forced to hear strangers’ conversations on public transport, at restaurants, standing in the checkout line. 18 , you will never run out of strange conversations to entertain each other. Show your talent for good deal hunting We Americans aren’t satisfied with a purchase unless we’re sure we got our money’s worth. So if you find yourself in a MacDonald’s, look for deals. If your brain tells you that the burger is simply too big, just tell yourself: “Hey, if I don’t get deals, why not take the leftovers to go and eat them for lunch tomorrow? Two meals for the price of one? 19 !” Try to be yourself The US celebrates diversity more than any other place on Earth. Going against norms is in Americans’ blood, which explains the rule of being American; Be yourself. 20 . So when you’re in the US you should do it, too! Luckily for you, foreign accents make you the most interesting person at any party. A．But it is a good deal B．If they talk too loudly C．Find suitable topics to start small talks D．So it is hard not to be exposed to it abroad E．If you put any shyness aside and join in the small talks F．Never mind that you are looking for a winter coat in winter G．Americans value their individuality and show it off unapologetically 【答案】16．C 17．D 18．E 19．A 20．G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了几个融入美国社会的技巧。 16．由下文“Best to avoid talking about politics, religion or how much people earn unless you are among close friends.(除非是和亲密朋友在一起，否则尽量避免谈论政治、宗教或收入)”可知，空格处需点明“选择合适的闲聊话题”这一核心建议。C项“Find suitable topics to start small talks (找合适的话题开启闲聊)”符合语境，“suitable topics”呼应下文“避免谈论的敏感话题”，“small talks”引出下文对聊天内容的具体指导，逻辑连贯。故选C项。 17．由上文“Popular culture is a huge influence around the world.(流行文化在全球影响深远)”可知，空格处需说明“在国外也容易接触到美国流行文化”。D项“So it is hard not to be exposed to it abroad (所以在国外很难不接触到它)”符合语境，it指代上文“American popular culture”，“hard not to be exposed to”承接“影响深远”，解释了“流行文化能成为聊天话题”的前提，承上启下。故选D项。 18．由上文“Usually, you will be forced to hear strangers’ conversations on public transport, at restaurants, standing in the checkout line.(通常在乘坐公共交通、就餐或排队结账时，你总会被迫听到陌生人的交谈)”和下文“you will never run out of strange conversations to entertain each other.(你们永远不会缺少陌生的话题来互相消遣)”可知，空格处需给出 “加入陌生人闲聊”的条件。E项“If you put any shyness aside and join in the small talks (如果你放下羞涩加入这些闲聊)”符合语境，“join in the small talks”呼应上文“strangers’ conversations”，引出下文“有聊不完的话题”的结果，衔接自然。故选E项。 19．由上文“Two meals for the price of one? (花一份钱吃两顿饭？)”可知，空格处需回应“这种优惠很划算”。A项“But it is a good deal (但这真的很划算)”符合语境，“a good deal” 呼应前文“look for deals”和“got our money’s worth”，直接肯定“一份钱两顿饭”的优惠价值，逻辑清晰。故选A项。 20．由上文“The US celebrates diversity more than any other place on Earth. Going against norms is in Americans’ blood, which explains the rule of being American; Be yourself. (美国比世界上任何地方都崇尚多样性。违背常规是美国人的天性，这也解释了美国人的准则：做自己。)”可知，空格处需说明“美国人重视个性”的特点。G项“Americans value their individuality and show it off unapologetically (美国人重视自己的个性，并毫无歉意地展现出来)”符合语境，“value their individuality”呼应“celebrates diversity”和“Be yourself”，“show it off unapologetically”解释了“做自己”的具体表现，衔接紧密。故选G项。 二、完形填空 A 12-year-old girl from Michigan is fighting for making laws to build public restrooms more accessible for the disabled. Good Morning America first 21 Zoey Harrison’s story on TV in 2018 when she helped save time after her mom invented the Bodycoat — a special coat for children who use 22 like Zoey. The first bill Zoey introduced to State Representative Graham Filler in 2019 23 increasing accessibility in 24 restrooms. The second suggested adding 25 directions to accessible restrooms to the Michigan’s government website so people with disabilities know where the most 26 ones are and plan trips with their 27 . Mom Jennifer Harrison of Ithaca, Michigan, told Good Morning America that she 28 Zoey when Zoey was a 1-year-old in an orphanage (孤儿院). “I’m 29 by her so much.” Harrison said. “Disability doesn’t stop her from reaching her 30 to help a whole bunch of people and she has no 31 to speak up.” Zoey would also like to see more family restrooms and 32 maps so people know where to find them. She hopes to visit amusement parks, restaurants, stores and 33 the public equipment. If they meet Zoey’s approval as well as that of the checklist’s under her proposed bills, those places would 34 an official “Z-seal of approval”. Her message to fellow kids: “Always be kind and 35 and no matter what, you can make a difference.” 21．A．reported B．interviewed C．described D．written 22．A．flashlights B．glasses C．phones D．wheelchairs 23．A．took up B．turned down C．focused on D．put off 24．A．beautiful B．public C．new D．decorated 25．A．traditional B．clear C．private D．individual 26．A．suitable B．expensive C．enjoyable D．modern 27．A．pets B．teachers C．families D．fans 28．A．abandoned B．knew C．blamed D．adopted 29．A．disappointed B．amazed C．puzzled D．excited 30．A．goals B．standards C．stages D．agreements 31．A．humor B．courage C．patience D．shyness 32．A．sell B．preserve C．create D．change 33．A．repair B．destroy C．examine D．touch 34．A．borrow B．purchase C．refuse D．receive 35．A．nervous B．helpful C．intelligent D．handsome 【答案】 21．A 22．D 23．C 24．B 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．D 29．B 30．A 31．D 32．C 33．C 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了残障女孩佐伊·哈里森向政府官员提议增设公共卫生间，并希望在政府的网站上标注残障人士可用的卫生间的故事。 21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2018年，《早安美国》首次在电视上报道了佐伊·哈里森的故事，当时她的妈妈发明了一种专为像佐伊这样坐轮椅的儿童设计的特殊外套“Bodycoat”，帮助节省了时间。A. reported报道；B. interviewed采访；C. described描述；D. written写。根据下文中的“on TV”可知，《早安美国》在2018年首次报道了Zoey Harrison的故事。故选A。 22．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. flashlights手电筒；B. glasses眼镜；C. phones电话；D. wheelchairs轮椅。根据前文“A 12-year-old girl from Michigan is fighting for making laws to build public restrooms more accessible for the disabled.”和第三段中的“Disability doesn’t stop her from reaching her 　　10　　 to help a whole bunch of people and she has no 　　11　　 to speak up.”可知，Zoey是一名残障儿童，因此可知Zoey的母亲发明了一种特制外套Bodycoat，专供像Zoey一样使用轮椅的儿童使用。故选D。 23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：2019年，佐伊向州众议员格雷厄姆·菲尔提出的第一项议案聚焦于提高公共厕所的可访问性。A. took up占据；B. turned down拒绝；C. focused on集中；D. put off推迟。根据下文“increasing accessibility in 　　4　　 restrooms”可知，Zoy第一个提案集中在提升公共卫生间的无障碍性上。故选C。 24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：2019年，佐伊向州众议员格雷厄姆·菲尔提出的第一项议案聚焦于提高公共厕所的可访问性。A. beautiful漂亮的；B. public公共的；C. new新的；D. decorated装饰的。根据第一段第一句“A 12-year-old girl from Michigan is fighting for making laws to build public restrooms more accessible for the disabled.”可知，Zoey第一个提案的重点是提升公共卫生间的无障碍性。故选B。 25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：第二项建议在密歇根政府网站上添加无障碍厕所的明确指示，以便残疾人士知道最合适的厕所在哪里，并计划与家人一起旅行。A. traditional传统的；B. clear清楚的，明确的；C. private私密的；D. individual个人的。根据下文中的“directions to accessible restrooms to the Michigan’s government website so people with disabilities know...”可知，Zoey的第二个提案是增加可使用的洗手间的明确指示帮助残疾人。故选B。 26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. suitable合适的；B. expensive昂贵的；C. enjoyable快乐的；D. modern现代的。根据上文“directions to accessible restrooms”可知，如果增加了可使用的洗手间的明确指示，残障人士就能知道最适合自己的洗手间在哪里。故选A。 27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二项建议在密歇根政府网站上添加无障碍厕所的明确指示，以便残疾人士知道最合适的厕所在哪里，并计划与家人一起旅行。A. pets宠物；B. teachers老师；C. families家人；D. fans粉丝。根据前文“plan trips”和最后一段中的“Zoey would also like to see more family restrooms and 　12　 maps so people know where to find them.”可知，当政府网站上有了可供残障人士使用的卫生间的明确指示后，残障人士也可以安排和家人们的出行了。故选C。 28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：密歇根州伊萨卡市的母亲詹妮弗·哈里森在接受《早安美国》采访时表示，佐伊1岁时住在孤儿院，她就收养了她。A. abandoned抛弃；B. knew知道；C. blamed责备；D. adopted领养，收养。根据下文中的“when Zoey was a 1-year-old in an orphanage (孤儿院)”可知，Jennifer Harrison在Zoey一岁时收养了她。故选D。 29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：哈里森说：“我对她感到非常惊讶”。A. disappointed失望的；B. amazed震惊的；C. puzzled迷惑的；D. excited兴奋的。根据下文中的“Disability doesn’t stop her from reaching her 　　10　　 to help a whole bunch of people”可知，残疾并没有阻止Zoey，因此她让Jennifer Harrison感到很惊讶。故选B。 30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：残疾并没有阻止她实现帮助很多人的目标，她毫不害羞地说出来。A. goals目的；B. standards标准；C. stages舞台；D. agreements协议。根据下文“to help a whole bunch of people”可知，帮助很多人是Zoey的目标，而身体的残障没有阻止Zoy去实现目标。故选A。 31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：残疾并没有阻止她实现帮助很多人的目标，她毫不害羞地说出来。A. humor幽默；B. courage勇气；C. patience耐心；D. shyness害羞。根据前文“Disability doesn’t stop her from reaching her 　　10　　 to help a whole bunch of people”可知，残疾不能阻止Zoey帮助他人，她不会感到害羞且敢于说出自己的观点。故选D。 32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：佐伊还想看到更多的家庭厕所，并制作地图，以便人们知道在哪里可以找到它们。A. sell卖；B. preserve保存；C. create创造；D. change改变。根据下文中的“so people know where to find them”可知，Zoey希望有更多的家庭式卫生间并创建地图以便人们可以找到这些厕所。故选C。 33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她希望参观游乐园、餐厅、商店，并检查公共设施。A. repair修复；B. destroy破坏；C. examine检查；D. touch触摸。根据下文中的“If they meet Zoey’s approval as well as that of the checklist’s under her proposed bills(如果它们能得到佐伊的认可，同时也能符合她所提议的法案中的各项标准要求)”可知，Zoey希望自己能参观游乐园、餐厅、商店并检查这些公共设施，看这些设备是否达到了她的认可程度。故选C。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果它们得到了佐伊的赞同，以及她提议的法案下的清单，这些地方将获得官方的“赞同Z印章”。A. borrow借；B. purchase购买；C. refuse拒绝；D. receive收到。根据前文“If they meet Zoey’s approval as well as that of the checklist’s under her proposed bills”可知，凡是（设备）达标的地方都会收到官方的“Z批准”。故选D。 35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：永远善良，乐于助人，无论发生什么，你都能有所作为。A. nervous紧张的；B. helpful乐于助人的；C. intelligent智慧的；D. handsome帅气的。根据上文中的“Always be kind”可知，总是要善良和乐于助人，无论如何，你都可以有所作为，这是Zoy给同龄人的建议。故选B。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In most Asian countries, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, 36 Korea, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. Apart 37 being made of wood or bamboo, chopsticks can be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks 38 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters are 39 (extreme) artistic. Skilled workers have a 40 (prefer) for the combination of various hardwoods and metal. They desire 41 (create) special designs. The Chinese have definitely used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably 42 (cook) their food in large pots, 43 (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, as 44 population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the remarkable Chinese scholar Confucius (孔子), 45 lived from about 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives were too violent for use at the table. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands. 【答案】 36．and 37．from 38．made 39．extremely 40．preference 41．to create 42．cooked 43．using 44．the 45．who 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了筷子在亚洲国家的使用、材料、历史发展及其文化意义。 36．考查连词。句意：在大多数亚洲国家，尤其是中国、日本和韩国这些所谓的“饭碗文化”国家，人们通常用筷子吃饭。空格处连接三个并列的国家名称“China, Japan”和“Korea”，因此使用并列连词“and”。故填and。 37．考查固介词。句意：除了由木头或竹子制成外，筷子还可以由塑料、动物骨头或金属制成。根据空前的“Apart” 可知，此处应填入介词from，构成固定搭配“apart from”，意为“除了……之外”，后接名词或动名词。故填from。 38．考查非谓语动词。句意：有时刻有汉字、用金银制成的筷子极具艺术性。分析句子结构可知，主语“chopsticks”与动词“make”之间是被动关系，且本句中已有谓语动词“are”，因此使用过去分词“made”表被动，构成过去分词短语“made of gold and silver”作后置定语，修饰“chopsticks”。故填made。 39．考查副词。句意：有时刻有汉字、用金银制成的筷子极具艺术性。空格处修饰形容词“artistic(有艺术性的)”，因此需要使用所给形容词extreme的副词形式“extremely”，表示“极其”。故填extremely。 40．考查名词。句意：熟练的工匠对各种硬木和金属的组合有所偏爱。空格前有冠词“a”，因此需要用所给动词prefer的名词形式“preference”，作动词have后的宾语。“have a preference for...”表示“对……有偏爱”。故填preference。 41．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们渴望创造特殊的设计。动词“desire”后常接动词不定式作宾语，即“desire to do sth.”，表示“渴望做某事”。故填to create。 42．考查动词的时态和语态。句意：人们可能过去常常用大锅烹饪食物。根据语境可知，此处指过去的人常做的事，故用一般过去时；且主语People与cook为主动关系。故填cooked。 43．考查非谓语动词。句意：人们可能过去常常用大锅烹饪食物，用树枝来取食物。分析句子结构可知，句子已有谓语cooked，其与所给动词use之前无连词，故设空处应用非谓语动词作状语，表示伴随状态。主语“People”与动词“use”之间是主动关系，因此使用现在分词“using”。故填using。 44．考查冠词。句意：随着时间的推移，随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样煮得更快。“population”为可数名词单数形式，且前无任何限定词，需用冠词；此处特指“(当时的)人口”，因此需要使用定冠词“the”。故填the。 45．考查定语从句。句意：有些人认为，生活在公元前551年至479年间的中国著名学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。空格后是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“Confucius”，关系词在从句中作主语，指代人，因此使用关系代词“who”。故填who。 四、书信写作 46．假定你是高二学生会主席李华，为了促进文化交流，你校将举办“国际节日文化节 （International Festival Culture Event）”。请你写一封邮件，邀请外教Mr. Ryan参加，内容包括： 1. 活动信息（时间、地点、目的等）； 2. 邀请出席开幕式并介绍家乡的一个重要节日； 3. 期待回复。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Ryan, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Mr. Ryan,​        I’m Li Hua, president of the Senior Two Student Union. There will be an International Festival Culture Event on December 15th at 3:00 PM in the school hall. The aim is to promote cultural exchange among students through global festival celebrations.        We warmly invite you to attend the opening ceremony as our guest of honor. We would also be delighted if you could briefly introduce an important festival from your hometown during the event.         Your participation would greatly enrich our cultural understanding. Please let us know if you can join us. We look forward to your reply! Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给外教Mr. Ryan写一封邮件，邀请参加学校将举办的“国际节日文化节”，告知活动信息，邀请出席开幕式，并提出介绍家乡的一个重要节日的要求。 【详解】1.词汇积累 目标/目的：aim→purpose/goal 热情地：warmly→kindly/passionately 高兴的：delighted→happy/glad 简单地：briefly→simply 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：There will be an International Festival Culture Event on December 15th at 3:00 PM in the school hall. The aim is to promote cultural exchange among students through global festival celebrations. 拓展句：There will be an International Festival Culture Event on December 15th at 3:00 PM in the school hall, whose aim is to promote cultural exchange among students through global festival celebrations. 【点睛】【高分句型1】There will be an International Festival Culture Event on December 15th at 3:00 PM in the school hall.（运用了there be存在句） 【高分句型2】We would also be delighted if you could briefly introduce an important festival from your hometown during the event.（运用了if引导条件状语从句） 五、书面表达 47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 The fresh autumn air filled the school bus as Leo and his team rode to the old community center for their weekend voluntary work. Their job was simple: clean a storage room that had been closed for years, so they could build a new computer lab there. Leo loved fixing machines-he’d even put small projectors and wire cutters in his bag, thinking about how to set up the lab’s wires later. Sam, the team’s programmer, was glued to his laptop, checking a simple app he made to track stars. Mia, their artist, sketched the trees and fences passing by in her notebook. When they opened the storage room door, dust flew out and made them cough. The room was filled with old textbooks in boxes, cast-aside tools, and a broken chalkboard. As they moved a heavy, dusty workbench to sweep the floor under it, Sam suddenly stopped. “Guys, look here!” He pointed to the wall behind the bench. There was a beautiful star map- its colors were faint, but you could clearly see the constellations (星座) connected by silver lines. The lines still glowed a little, because they were painted with special light-up paint. In the comer, neat handwriting said, “For Eliza, who loves the night sky.” Mr. Evans, the center’s grayed-haired caretaker, walked over when he heard them talking. “That was drawn by Mr. Henderson, who lived here years ago. He taught people about stars, and he painted this for his daughter Eliza, who moved far away for college and now also works in the community in memory of her father. After he passed away a few years later, we closed the room to keep his things safe... but it ended up being forgotten.” Leo held a cloth to wipe dust, but he stopped halfway. He felt he was like wiping away something important. Mia’s eyes opened wide. “We can’t erase this! It’s like a father’s love letter, made with paint.” Sam pushed his glasses up, his voice getting excited. “Erase it? Why do that? How about saving this to surprise Eliza?” 注意： （1） 续写词数应为150个左右； （2） 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 An idea sparked in Leo’s eyes. “We can use my mini-projectors and your programming, Sam,” he said excitedly. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ With the night falling, the team held their breath as Mr. Evans guided a woman into the room. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】      An idea sparked in Leo’s eyes. “We can use my mini-projectors and your programming, Sam,” he said excitedly. “We can project the star map onto the ceiling and make it look like a real starry night sky. Mia, you can add some artistic touches to make it more beautiful.” Sam nodded, his fingers already itching to start coding. They quickly got to work. Leo set up the mini-projectors, adjusting the angles carefully. Sam coded rapidly, making the stars on the projected map twinkle and move. Mia painted some clouds and a moon around the stars with her special paint, adding a dreamy touch.    With the night falling, the team held their breath as Mr. Evans guided a woman into the room. Eliza stepped in, looking a bit confused. Suddenly, she gasped. The ceiling was transformed into a magnificent starry sky, exactly like the map her father had drawn for her years ago. Tears welled up in her eyes. “This is... this is amazing,” she whispered. Leo, Sam, and Mia smiled at each other, feeling a warm sense of accomplishment. Their weekend work not only cleaned the storage room but also rekindled a precious memory for Eliza. 【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，文章主要讲述了 Leo 和他的团队去老社区中心做志愿工作，清理一个多年未用的储藏室以便建立新电脑实验室，在清理过程中发现了一面墙上由 Mr. Henderson 为女儿 Eliza 画的星图，大家决定想办法保留这份特殊的记忆。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“Leo眼中闪过一个念头。“Sam，我们可以用我的迷你投影仪和你的编程技术，” 他兴奋地说道。”可知，第一段可描写他们具体如何实施这个想法，如安装投影仪、进行编程等。 ②由第二段首句内容“夜幕降临，当 Evans先生领着一位女士走进房间时，团队成员们都屏住了呼吸”可知，第二段可描写描述 Eliza 看到改造后的场景的反应，以及团队成员们的感受。 2.续写线索：提出想法（Leo 提出利用设备和编程）——具体实施（Leo 安装投影仪、Sam 编程、Mia 做艺术装饰）——呈现结果（Eliza 看到改造后的场景感动，团队有成就感） 3.词汇激活 ① 安装：set up /install ② 编码：code /program ③ 引导：guide /lead 情绪类 ①兴奋地：excitedly /enthusiastically ② 令人惊讶的：amazing /astonishing 【点睛】[高分句型1] Sam coded rapidly, making the stars on the projected map twinkle and move. (运用了现在分词作状语) [高分句型2] Their weekend work not only cleaned the storage room but also rekindled a precious memory for Eliza. (运用了not only...but also结构) / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $