专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（学考真题汇编，全国通用）高中英语

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 题号 难度 知识点 1 适中 动物,说明文 2 适中 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 3 适中 科普知识 ,说明文,航空航天 4 适中 历史知识,说明文,建筑 5 适中 人与动植物,说明文 6 适中 交通方式,发明与创造 ,说明文 7 适中 发明与创造 ,环境保护,说明文 8 较难 学校生活,说明文 9 较难 语言与文化 ,说明文 10 较难 科普知识 ,社会问题与社会现象,说明文 Passage 1 （2025·广东·学业考试）Do you know why different animals or insects (昆虫) have their special colors? Colors are used mainly for protecting themselves. Some birds like eating locusts (蝗虫), but they cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts change their colors together with the change of the colors of crops (庄稼). When crops are green, locusts look green. But when the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. Some other insects with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves in the day and appear only at night. If you study the animal life, you find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves. Bears, lions and other animals cannot be easily seen by hunters (猎人), This is because they have the colors much like the trees. A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid (液体) when it faces danger. While the liquid is around, its enemies (敌人) can’t find it. And it runs away at once. So it has lived for millions of years though it is not strong at all. 1．Why do different animals or insects have their special colors? A．Because they want to protect themselves. B．Because they want to attract enemies C．Because they like changing colors. D．Because they like different colors. 2．When crops are green, locusts look A．red B．brown C．green D．black 3．What do insects with different colors from plants do to protect themselves? A．They appear in the day and hide at night. B．They hide in the day and appear at night. C．They hide themselves day and night. D．They move quietly. 4．Why has the fish lived for millions of years? A．Because it is strong. B．Because it has the same color as the sea. C．Because it can change its color when in danger. D．Because it can send out a kind of liquid and run away when in danger. 5．What can we learn from the passage? A．Some birds can easily catch locusts B．When the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color. C．Bears and lions can be easily seen by hunters. D．While the black liquid is around, enemies can find the fish 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了不同动物和昆虫有特殊颜色的原因，主要是为了保护自己，并通过举例蝗虫、一些与植物颜色不同的昆虫、熊和狮子以及一种鱼来说明这一观点。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Do you know why different animals or insects have their special colors? Colors are used mainly for protecting themselves. (你知道为什么不同的动物或昆虫有它们特殊的颜色吗？颜色主要用来保护自己。)”可知，不同动物或昆虫有特殊颜色主要是为了保护自己，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When crops are green, locusts look green. (当庄稼是绿色时，蝗虫看起来是绿色的。)”可知，当庄稼是绿色时，蝗虫看起来是绿色的，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some other insects with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves in the day and appear only at night. (其他一些与植物颜色不同的昆虫很容易被天敌发现和吃掉。所以它们不得不在白天躲起来，只在晚上出现。)”可知，与植物颜色不同的昆虫白天隐藏自己，晚上才出现，故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid (液体) when it faces danger. While the liquid is around, its enemies (敌人) can’t find it. And it runs away at once. So it has lived for millions of years though it is not strong at all. (海里有一种鱼在遇到危险的时候会发出一种非常黑的液体。当液体在周围时，它的敌人找不到它。它立刻跑掉了。所以它已经活了几百万年，虽然它一点也不强壮。)”可知，这种鱼能存活数百万年是因为它在面临危险时能释放出一种黑色液体，趁敌人找不到它时逃跑，故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“But when the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. (但当收获季节到来时，蝗虫会变成和庄稼一样的棕色。)”可知，当收获季节到来时，蝗虫会变成和庄稼一样的棕色。故选B。 Passage 2 （2025高二上·湖南·学业考试）Wake up early enough and depending on where you live, you’ll likely hear a pleasant group of birds singing their tiny hearts out. This is natural behavior for birds. According to the Woodland Trust, this early singing is known as the dawn chorus (黎明合唱), and it can start as early as 4 a.m. and last for several hours. Birds do it to attract mates (配偶) and warn other birds to stay away from their area. One idea about why birds choose the early hours to communicate these important messages is that the low visibility (能见度) makes it hard for them to do other activities. To keep their activity level low, they choose to sing instead. Another idea argues that birds use the morning songs to project an image of strength. By singing, they’re letting other birds know they survived the night — no certainty in nature — and would make for an excellent mate. Like a good recording studio, the early morning hours also allow birds to send a clear song thanks to the cooler, drier air. Because birds have unique sounds, the clearness helps them be more easily identified by birds within listening distance. There used to be a common idea that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to less noise, but it was disproven by researchers at the University of Western Ontario. They played recordings of sparrows — small brown and grey birds — at dawn and midday. The songs didn’t travel farther, but they were more consistent (持续的). 1．Why do birds sing during low visibility in the early morning? A．Because they cannot see enemies clearly. B．Because they cannot do other activities easily. C．Because they need to practice singing. D．Because they want to confuse other birds. 2．How does the cool morning air benefit bird songs? A．It makes songs louder. B．It makes songs spread more quickly. C．It helps songs sound clearer. D．It attracts more insects for food. 3．What was the original explanation for birds singing more in the morning? A．To attract mates and show their home area. B．To communicate with other animals. C．To make sounds travel farther. D．To be more energetic at dawn. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The discovery of a new species of sparrow and its singing habits. B．Why birds sing more at dawn and possible explanations. C．The negative effects of human noise on bird communication. D．The role of temperature in determining the quality of bird songs. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了鸟类在黎明时分鸣叫的现象，包括其开始时间、持续时间以及鸟类这样做的原因和可能的好处。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One idea about why birds choose the early hours to communicate these important messages is that the low visibility (能见度) makes it hard for them to do other activities. To keep their activity level low, they choose to sing instead. (有一种观点认为，鸟类选择在清晨传达这些重要信息是因为能见度低，使它们难以进行其他活动。为了保持较低的活动水平，它们选择唱歌。)”可知，鸟类在清晨能见度低时唱歌是因为它们难以进行其他活动。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Like a good recording studio, the early morning hours also allow birds to send a clear song thanks to the cooler, drier air. (就像一个好的录音室一样，清晨的凉爽干燥的空气也让鸟儿们能够唱出清晰的歌声。)”可知，凉爽干燥的清晨空气使鸟鸣声更加清晰。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“There used to be a common idea that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to less noise, but it was disproven by researchers at the University of Western Ontario. (过去有一种普遍的观点认为，鸟儿早上唱歌是因为声音可以在较少的噪音下传播得更远，但这一观点被韦仕敦大学的研究人员推翻了。)”可知，原来对鸟类早上唱歌更多的解释是为了让声音传播得更远。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段中“According to the Woodland Trust, this early singing is known as the dawn chorus (黎明合唱), and it can start as early as 4 am and last for several hours. (根据Woodland信托基金会的说法，这种早间鸣叫被称为黎明合唱（黎明合唱），它最早可以在凌晨4点开始，并持续数小时。)”以及下文对鸟类黎明合唱的原因的解释，可知，本文主要讨论了鸟类为什么在黎明时分鸣叫以及可能的解释。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2025高二·陕西·学业考试）Is there intelligent life on other planets besides Earth? For years, scientists weren’t sure. Today, this is changing. Scientists believe intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. They also think we will soon contact these beings. Why do they think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the universe is about 12 billion years old. This is too long for only one planet in the whole universe to develop intelligent life. The second reason is size—there are at least 100 billion galaxies. And our galaxy has at least 100 billion stars. Some planets that circle these stars might be similar to Earth. In the past, it was difficult to search for signs of intelligent life in the universe. But now, advanced telescopes (望远镜) allow scientists to identify many more small planets in other solar systems. If these planets are similar to Earth, they might have intelligent life. Have beings from outer space already visited Earth? Probably not. The distance between planets is too great. Despite this, scientists think intelligent beings might eventually contact us using other methods, but now we may not have the right tools to receive their messages. However, this is changing. Scientists believe we will make contact with other life forms in our universe within the next 20 years. 1．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To discuss how life probably started on Earth. B．To tell when the universe possibly came into being. C．To describe what life on other planets might look like. D．To explain why we may find intelligent life outside of Earth. 2．Which statement would scientists agree with? A．Intelligent life only exits on one planet. B．Intelligent beings will never contact us. C．Advanced telescopes help to discover more planets. D．There are at least 100 billion planets in our galaxy. 3．What do the underlined words “life forms” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Messages. B．Beings. C．Planets. D．Stars. 4．What’s scientists’ attitude towards finding intelligent life in the future? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Uncertain. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了科学家认为外星可能存在智慧生命的原因，如宇宙的时间跨度长和规模大，还探讨了目前寻找外星智慧生命的情况及未来的可能性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Is there intelligent life on other planets besides Earth? For years, scientists weren’t sure. Today, this is changing. Scientists believe intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. They also think we will soon contact these beings.(除了地球，其他行星上是否存在智慧生命呢？多年来，科学家们一直不确定。如今，这种情况正在改变。科学家们认为宇宙中的其他地方存在智慧生命。他们还认为我们很快就会与这些生命取得联系)”以及根据第二段“Why do they think intelligent life exists on other planets?(为什么他们认为其他星球上存在智慧生命呢？)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要解释了科学家认为外星可能存在智慧生命的原因，如宇宙的时间跨度长和规模大，还探讨了目前寻找外星智慧生命的情况及未来的可能性。所以短文的目的是解释为什么我们可能会在地球以外发现智慧生命。故选D项。 2．细节理解。根据第三段“But now, advanced telescopes (望远镜) nallow scientists to identify many more small planets in other solar systems.(但现在，先进的望远镜使科学家能够在其他太阳系中识别出更多的小行星)” 可知，先进的望远镜有助于发现更多行星，故选C项。 3．词义猜测题。文章一直在讨论外星是否存在智慧生命的问题，如第一段 “Is there intelligent life on other planets besides Earth?(除地球外，其他行星上是否存在智慧生命？)”“Scientists believe intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.(科学家认为宇宙中其他地方存在智慧生命)”以及第四段“Have beings from outer space already visited Earth?(外星生物已经访问过地球了吗？)” “Scientists believe we will make contact with other life forms in our universe within the next 20 years.(科学家们相信，在未来 20 年内，我们将与宇宙中的其他生命形式取得联系)” 可知，根据上下文语境，这里的 “life forms” 指的就是前文提到的外星智慧生物。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Scientists believe we will make contact with other life forms in our universe within the next 20 years.(科学家们相信，在未来 20 年内，我们将与宇宙中的其他生命形式取得联系)” 可知，科学家们对未来发现智慧生命持积极态度。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2025高二·湖南·学业考试）The castle (城堡) was the home of a king or nobleman (贵族). Most of the castles we think of today were built in Europe. They were built from about 1,000 AD to about 1,500 AD, during a period known as the Middle Ages. Castles played an important role after the fall of the Roman Empire. When a king gave land to nobles, the nobles promised in return to serve the king and provide him with soldiers. Nobles built castles on the lands given to them. But some nobles simply claimed land as their own and built a castle on it. That was asking for trouble. There were many power struggles between nobles and kings, and among the nobles themselves. Many stone castles were surrounded by a wide ditch called a moat (护城河). Some moats were filled with water, but many were not. The only way into the castle was across a wooden drawbridge over the moat. If enemies attacked, the defenders raised the bridge. Then they lowered a heavy iron-and-wood barrier called a portcullis to block the entrance to the castle. A well-built castle was a pretty safe place to be. Attackers had a hard time getting in. But they still had some options. They could go over the walls using ladders. They could break through the walls or doors. Or they could dig under the walls and try to get part of the wall to fall down. If none of those things worked, they could just camp outside until the defenders ran out of food. Attackers sometimes brought large machines called siege engines with them to break through castle doors or walls. This was a heavy wooden beam with a metal cap. In the early 1500s, cannons (大炮) entered wide use in warfare. Cannonballs could dig into the base of stone walls and weaken them. The walls then fell under their own weight. As a result, castles were no longer needed. 1．The underlined word “That” in Para. 2 refers to the fact that ________. A．the nobles claimed land as their own and built a castle on it B．the nobles promised to serve the king in return C．the nobles provided the king with soldiers D．the nobles simply lived on their own 2．What would happen to the wooden drawbridge when enemies attacked? A．It would be destroyed. B．It would be lowered. C．It would be blocked. D．It would be raised. 3．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about? A．Attacking a castle. B．Visiting a castle. C．A pretty safe place. D．Weakness of a castle. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．Kings in ancient Europe were more generous. B．Some castles were built to attract more visitors. C．Warfare must be common during the Middle Ages. D．Drawbridges were used to break through castle doors. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了欧洲中世纪城堡的相关信息，包括城堡的建造背景、防御设施以及遭受攻击时的应对情况和城堡逐渐不再被需要的原因。 1．指代猜测题。根据第二段“But some nobles simply claimed land as their own and built a castle on it. That was asking for trouble.(但有些贵族只是宣称土地归自己所有，并在上面建造城堡。那是自找麻烦)” 可知，“That” 指代的是前文 “有些贵族宣称土地归自己所有并在上面建造城堡”这一事实。故选A。 2．细节理解题。 根据第三段“If enemies attacked, the defenders raised the bridge.(如果敌人进攻，防御者会升起吊桥)” 可知，当敌人进攻时，木质吊桥会被升起。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Attackers had a hard time getting in. But they still had some options. They could go over the walls using ladders. They could break through the walls or doors. Or they could dig under the walls and try to get part of the wall to fall down. If none of those things worked, they could just camp outside until the defenders ran out of food.(攻击者很难进入城堡。但他们仍有一些办法。他们可以用梯子翻墙。他们可以突破城墙或门。或者他们可以在城墙下挖掘，试图使部分城墙倒塌。如果这些都不起作用，他们就只能在外面扎营，直到防御者耗尽食物)”，此段详细阐述了攻击者为进入城堡所采取的多种方法。根据最后一段“Attackers sometimes brought large machines called siege engines with them to break through castle doors or walls. This was a heavy wooden beam with a metal cap. In the early 1500s, cannons (大炮) entered wide use in warfare. Cannonballs could dig into the base of stone walls and weaken them. The walls then fell under their own weight.(攻击者有时会携带被称为攻城器械的大型装备，用来攻破城堡的城门或城墙。这是一种带有金属头的沉重木梁。16 世纪早期，大炮在战争中得到广泛应用。炮弹能够轰进石墙底部，使其结构变脆弱，随后城墙便会因自身重量而坍塌)”，该段进一步介绍了攻击者借助攻城器械和大炮等手段来攻破城堡。综合这两段内容，其核心都是围绕攻击者如何对城堡发起攻击展开，所以选项 A“Attacking a castle.(攻击城堡)” 能够准确概括这两段的主旨。故选A 。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“There were many power struggles between nobles and kings, and among the nobles themselves.(贵族与国王之间，以及贵族彼此之间存在许多权力斗争)” 以及最后两段提到的各种攻击城堡的方式可知，中世纪战争频繁。故选C。 Passage 5 （2025·江苏·学业考试）So, how do pets have such a great positive effect on both our physical and mental health? It’s likely that there are a number of factors at play. First, pets offer company. Research shows that being alone can have a hugely harmful effect on our physical and mental health, with studies linking it to heart disease, anxiety, depression and so on. It also appears that pets promote (促进) social connections. Studies have shown that walking out with a dog result in much more conversations with passing strangers than walking alone. But, it’s not just dogs that can increase our social connections. A 1975 study gave a group of elderly individuals either a plant or a bird to look after over a period of three years. They found that those caring for a bird had built up a significantly bigger community of friends and visitors than those with a plant. Pet ownership can also come with increased exercise, which may help to explain some of the heart and mental health benefits. And it may explain why dogs, who need to be taken out regularly for walks, appear to be more beneficial for heart health than other pets. Although the exact mechanism (机制) of health promotion is still-unknown, one thing is clear: pets are great for our health and well worth bringing into our homes if we’ re looking to make new friends, add a spring to our step and perhaps even days to our life. 1．What will happen when you walk out with a dog? A．The dog will attack other animals. B．The dog will get excited outside home. C．Strangers will walk past you at a safe distance D．There will be more chances of talking with strangers 2．Why does the writer mention “a 1975 study” in Paragraph 3? A．To support an idea. B．To tell a story. C．To present a fact. D．To make a guess. 3．What will the writer probably recommend? A．Study the mechanism of health promotion. B．Grow some plants at home. C．Keep a pet at home. D．Do more exercise 4．How many positive effects of pets does the passage show? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了宠物对人类身心健康的多方面积极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Studies have shown that walking out with a dog result in much more conversations with passing strangers than walking alone.(研究表明，与独自散步相比，带着狗外出散步会带来更多与路过陌生人的交谈机会)”可知，当你带着狗出去散步时，会有更多与陌生人交谈的机会。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“But, it’s not just dogs that can increase our social connections. A 1975 study gave a group of elderly individuals either a plant or a bird to look after over a period of three years. They found that those caring for a bird had built up a significantly bigger community of friends and visitors than those with a plant.(但是，并非只有狗能够增进我们的社交关系。一项 1975 年的研究让一群老年人在三年的时间里要么照料一株植物，要么照料一只鸟。研究人员发现，那些照料鸟的人比照料植物的人建立起了规模大得多的朋友圈子，也有更多人来探访他们)”可知，作者提到1975年的研究是为了支持“宠物能促进社交联系”这一观点，说明不仅仅是狗能增加我们的社交联系，照顾鸟的老人也建立了更大的朋友和访客社区。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Although the exact mechanism (机制) of health promotion is still-unknown, one thing is clear: pets are great for our health and well worth bringing into our homes if we’ re looking to make new friends, add a spring to our step and perhaps even days to our life.(尽管促进健康的确切机制仍然未知，但有一点是明确的：宠物对我们的健康大有裨益。如果我们想要结交新朋友、让自己步伐轻快起来，甚至有可能延长寿命，那么宠物是非常值得养在家里的)”可知，作者认为宠物对我们的健康有好处，如果我们想结交新朋友，给我们的生活增添活力，甚至延长我们的寿命，那么把宠物带回家是值得的。因此，作者可能会推荐在家里养宠物。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段的“First. pets offer company.(宠物提供陪伴)”；第二段的“It also appears that pets promote (促进) social connections.(宠物促进社交联系)”以及最后一段的“Pet ownership can also come with increased exercise, which may help to explain some of the heart and mental health benefits.(养宠物会增加锻炼，这可能有助于解释对心脏和心理健康的一些好处)”可知，文章中提到宠物的积极影响一共有三个方面。所以选 B。 Passage 6 （2024高二上·陕西·学业考试）Concept cars(概念车) are model cars created by car makers to show new ideas and designs. With concept cars, the future looks so beautiful. Even though most of us can’t afford such unbelievable cars, we still like their beautiful design and, if they were built, we would love to see them on the streets. Car makers create innovative designs for their future goals. However, most concept cars may never go into production. They serve as a source of inspiration and creativity for future models. Cool concept cars are often displayed at shows in order to receive suggestions from customers. Then, the designers can improve future plans and technologies. In recent times, cars are often practical, safe, and affordable. As the suburbs have grown, many people have to spend more time on their way to work. This change has made cars become more important. However, some people have argued that cars in recent years have also become overly boring. The futuristic designs of the 1970s have become a thing of the past, and popular standard models are often short of imagination. However, there is a wide range of concept cars that have been produced. They are running to a better future. 1．What do we know about concept cars from Paragraph 1? A．They are cheap enough for everyone to afford. B．They are model cars to show new ideas and designs. C．Their design never looks beautiful. D．They have already been seen everywhere. 2．Why are cool concept cars often displayed at shows? A．To receive suggestions from customers. B．To sell more concept cars for money. C．To replace normal cars in daily life. D．To attract children for education. 3．What do some people argue about cars in recent years? A．They are not practical. B．They are too expensive. C．They are not safe enough. D．They are overly boring. 4．According to the text, what is the future of concept cars? A．It is terrible. B．It is dark. C．It is bright. D．It is hopeless. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了概念车的定义及其相关知识。概念车是汽车制造商为展示新想法和设计而创造的模型车。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段首句“Concept cars(概念车) are model cars created by car makers to show new ideas and designs.(概念车是汽车制造商为展示新想法和设计而创造的模型车)”可知，概念车是为展示新想法和设计而创造的模型车。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cool concept cars are often displayed at shows in order to receive suggestions from customers. Then, the designers can improve future plans and technologies.(很酷的概念车经常在车展上展出，以获得客户的建议。然后，设计师可以改进未来的计划和技术)”可知，概念车经常在车展上展出是想要得到来自消费者的建议。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, some people have argued that cars in recent years have also become overly boring.(然而，一些人认为，近年来汽车也变得过于无聊)”可知，人们认为近些年的汽车设计过于无聊，没有新意。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段末句“However, there is a wide range of concept cars that have been produced. They are running to a better future.(然而，已经生产的概念车种类繁多。他们正在奔向更美好的未来)”可知，概念车的未来前景是光明的，很有前途。故选C项。 Passage 7 （2023高二上·山东·学业考试）Plastic (塑料) remains one of the most-used materials for making many things we use in our everyday lives. Things made of plastic can be very strong and last a long time. They also do well in extreme heat and cold. Plastic is also much lighter than metal and can easily be formed into different shapes. But plastic can take hundreds of years to break down on their own. Very few kinds are highly recyclable (可回收的). But a team of researchers working at the U. S. Department of Energy says it has created a kind of plastic that could lead to products that are 100 percent recyclable. The researchers say the new material is called PDK. The team reports that the material can be broken down in parts at the molecular (分子的) level. It can then be built up again to form plastics of different shapes, colors and more.The researchers say this process can be repeated over and over again — without the plastic material losing any performance or quality. “Most plastics were never made to be recycled,” lead researcher Peter Christensen said in a statement. “But we have discovered a new way to assemble plastics that takes recycling into consideration from a molecular perspective.” 1．What is the disadvantage of plastic? A．It is very strong. B．It can't last long. C．It is heavier than metal. D．It is often not highly recyclable. 2．Which of the following is TRUE about PDK? A．It can be broken down at the molecular level. B．It will lose some quality when reused. C．It can be used to produced metal. D．It is the name of Peter’s lab. 3．What is the purpose of this text? A．To discover a new way to reuse plastic. B．To introduce a newly created material. C．To explain why plastic is widely used. D．To show how strong plastic is. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了塑料虽然在日常生活中有诸多优点，但自身难以分解且很少种类可高度回收。美国能源部的研究人员研发出一种名为PDK的新材料，这种材料可在分子层面分解并重新组合，且能重复此过程而不损失性能或质量。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Plastic is also much lighter than metal and can easily be formed into different shapes. But plastic can take hundreds of years to break down on their own. Very few kinds are highly recyclable(塑料比金属轻得多，并且能容易地被制成不同形状。但是塑料可能需要数百年才能自行分解。很少种类是高度可回收的)”可知，塑料的缺点是通常不高度可回收。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The team reports that the material can be broken down in parts at the molecular(分子的) level.(这个团队报道这种材料能在分子层面被部分分解)”可知，关于PDK，它能在分子层面被分解是正确的。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Plastic(塑料) remains one of the most-used materials for making many things we use in our everyday lives. Things made of plastic can be very strong and last a long time. They also do well in extreme heat and cold. Plastic is also much lighter than metal and can easily be formed into different shapes. But plastic can take hundreds of years to break down on their own. Very few kinds are highly recyclable(塑料仍然是我们日常生活中使用的许多物品中最常用的材料之一。由塑料制成的东西可以非常坚固并且使用很长时间。它们在极端的高温和低温下也表现良好。塑料比金属轻得多，而且很容易形成不同的形状。但是塑料可能需要数百年的时间才能自行分解。很少有种类是可以高度回收的)”以及最后一段““Most plastics were never made to be recycled,” lead researcher Peter Christensen said in a statement. “But we have discovered a new way to assemble plastics that takes recycling into consideration from a molecular perspective.”(“大多数塑料从未被设计成可回收的，”首席研究员彼得·克里斯滕森在一份声明中说。“但我们发现了一种新的组装塑料的方法，这种方法从分子角度考虑了回收问题。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了一种新创造的材料PDK，包括它的特性等内容。可推理出这篇文章的目的是介绍一种新创造的材料。故选B项。 Passage 1 （2024高二上·辽宁·学业考试）Learning how to cook can be a fun process, especially food-making adventure with good friends at college. For Huo Zhiyi, this year’s Dragon Boat Festival was surely one to remember. Instead of having a holiday dinner at a restaurant, the 21-year-old junior student and her classmates from Shenyang Agricultural University cooked for themselves in a shared kitchen. This new shared kitchen, which covers 340 square meters on the second floor of the university’s First Dining Hall, including a 22-square-meter cooking area, opened early last month. Students can use cookware and appliances (electric equipment) such as pans, ovens, and freezers, and various stuffs, like cooking oil, salt, and sugar, for free-all provided by the university. All they have to prepare is the basic ingredients (食材), such as meat and fresh vegetables. “The three-day holiday was too short for us to return to our hometowns, so we decided to spend the festival together on campus. We all felt bored of the dining halls and take-out food. The newly opened shared kitchen has given us a space to cook for ourselves.” The shared kitchen has quickly gained popularity with students and it is hard to find an available stove, especially during meal times. “We had to book it a week in advance,” Huo said. The six young students worked for nearly three hours in the kitchen to cook eight dishes. “It was not as easy as we thought,” she said. The time spent in cooking has helped them communicate and cooperate more. “Compared with unhealthy take-out food, most college students desire hometown-style dishes or their favorite specialties, but it’s hard to find them in campus dining halls,” said Yi Guangcheng, director of the First Dining Hall. “The shared kitchen can help make their wishes come true. Meanwhile, it provides an opportunity to develop friendship and enrich social life. Delicious food is always a good bridge of communication,” he said. In addition to providing more convenience for the students, the shared kitchen also focuses on education, according to Ge Pengyue, director of the university’s food center. “It is a creative feature of the university in quality education. We hope students can learn the basic life skill of cooking before they step out into society.” 1．What’s the writing purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To offer an example. B．To introduce a topic. C．To make a comparison. D．To present an argument. 2．What does a student need to prepare before cooking in the shared kitchen? A．Pans. B．Salt. C．Ovens. D．Beef. 3．Which statement may Huo Zhiyi disagree with? A．Some students were bored of take-out food. B．The holiday was too short for her to return home. C．Cooking turned out to be easy for her and her friends. D．The shared kitchen was well-received among students. 4．Which benefit of the shared kitchen is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Enriching social life. B．Developing friendship. C．Increasing the sales of take-out food. D．Learning the basic life skill of cooking. 5．What’s the author’s attitude towards the shared kitchen? A．Unclear. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了沈阳农业大学在食堂二楼开设的烹饪厨房，能丰富学生的校园生活，并为以后的基本生活技能打好基础。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Learning how to cook can be a fun process, especially food-making adventure with good friends at college.(学习烹饪可以是一个有趣的过程，尤其是在大学里与好朋友一起烹饪。)”可知，文章首段提出了学习烹饪可以是一个有趣的过程，且后文描述了沈阳农业大学的Huo Zhiyi和同学在共享厨房做饭的经历，故第一段是为了引出文章话题，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“All they have to prepare is the basic ingredients (食材), such as meat and fresh vegetables.(他们只准备基本食材例如肉和新鲜的蔬菜。)”可知，学生只需要准备肉和蔬菜等食材，故需要准备牛肉，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段““It was not as easy as we thought,” she said.(她说：“这并是我们想象中那么简单。”)”可知，Huo Zhiyi认为，做饭并不是他们想象中那么简单，故C项陈述错误，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Meanwhile, it provides an opportunity to develop friendship and enrich social life.(与此同时，它提供了培养友谊和丰富社交生活的机会。)”以及文章最后一段“We hope students can learn the basic life skill of cooking before they step out into society.(我们希望学生能在他们踏入社会之前学会基本生活技能。)”可知，共享厨房可以帮助培养友谊、丰富社交生活和学会生活基本技能，不包括增加外卖的销量，故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The time spent in cooking has helped them communicate and cooperate more.(花在烹饪上的时间能帮助他们交流和合作得更多。)”可知，作者认为共享厨房能帮助学生促进交流和合作，故对其态度是积极的，故选B。 Passage 2 （2025高二·天津河东·学业考试）Eleven of the world's languages have at least one hundred million native speakers. The biggest are Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hindi. Next come Portuguese, Bengali，Russian, Japanese, French and German. The United Nations says these eleven languages are the mother tongues of half the world's population. Bud Lane works with linguist (语言学家) Gregory Anderson to record words for a talking dictionary. But the world has close to seven thousand languages. Linguists predict that quite a lot of these may be at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. That would mean another language dies every two weeks. Members of the Siletz Indian tribe in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language. Their language, they say, "is as old as time itself". But today very few people can speak it fluently. In fact, you can count the number of fluent speakers on one hand. Bud Lane is one of them. Several National Geographic Fellows helped him record fourteen thousand words and phrases in his native tongue. More than ten thousand entries (词条)can be found in the Siletz Online Talking Dictionary, first launched (推出) in 2007. Smartphone apps, YouTube videos and Facebook pages have all become digital tools for language activists and experts. In Canada's far north, the Inuit people are struggling to preserve their native language，Inuktitut. Part of the effort involves Microsoft. The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut. Microsoft has also worked with language activists in New Zealand, Spain and Wales to translate its software into Maori, Basque, Catalan and Welsh. In Oregon, Bud Lane says technology alone cannot save endangered languages. He points to one sign of progress: young members of the tribe are now texting each other in tribal language. 1．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．The efforts to protect threatened languages. B．The mother tongues of half the world's population. C．The disappearance of some tribal languages. D．A talking dictionary to save endangered languages. 2．Which of the following languages is Bud Lane's tribal language? A．Inuktitut. B．Siletz. C．Maori. D．Bengali. 3．About how many languages may disappear on average in a year? A．6. B．12. C．24. D．70. 4．Where could we hear Siletz at any time? A．On the air. B．On TV. C．On the tape. D．On the Internet. 5．How did Microsoft help to save the endangered languages? A．By teaching them on their company. B．By recording them in a talking dictionary. C．By using them in its software. D．By giving money to the researchers. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了世界上很多语言面临消失的风险，以及人们为保护这些濒危语言所做出的努力。 1．主旨大意题。章首先指出世界上有许多语言面临消失的风险。根据第二段“Linguists predict that quite a lot of these may be at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. That would mean another language dies every two weeks.(语言学家预测，到本世纪末，其中相当多的语言可能面临消失的风险。这意味着每两周就会有另一种语言消失)接着详细介绍了各方为保护濒危语言所采取的行动。例如，第二段“Bud Lane works with linguist(语言学家)Gregory Anderson to record words for a talking dictionary.(巴德・莱恩与语言学家格雷戈里・安德森合作，为一本有声词典记录单词)”这表明巴德・莱恩通过为有声词典记录单词来保护语言。根据第三段“Members of the Siletz Indian tribe in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language... Bud Lane is one of them. Several National Geographic Fellows helped him record fourteen thousand words and phrases in his native tongue.(俄勒冈州西北部的西莱茨印第安部落成员以他们的语言为荣…… 巴德・莱恩就是其中之一。几位国家地理学会会员帮助他用母语记录了一万四千个单词和短语)”体现了西莱茨印第安部落为保护本族语言所做的工作。根据第四段“In Canada's far north, the Inuit people are struggling to preserve their native language，Inuktitut. Part of the effort involves Microsoft. The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut.(在加拿大遥远的北部，因纽特人正在努力保护他们的母语因纽特语。其中一部分努力涉及微软公司。该公司正在将其 Windows 操作系统和办公软件中的术语翻译成因纽特语)”展示了因纽特人和微软公司为保护因纽特语所付出的努力。综合全文内容，短文主要关于人们为保护濒危语言所做出的努力。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Members of the Siletz Indian tribe in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language... Bud Lane is one of them.(俄勒冈州西北部的西莱茨印第安部落成员以他们的语言为荣…… Bud Lane就是其中之一)” 可知，Bud Lane 所在部落语言是Siletz。故选B。 3．细节理解题题。根据第二段“That would mean another language dies every two weeks.(这意味着每两周就有一种语言消失)”可知，一年大约有 52 周，52÷2 = 26，接近 24，所以平均一年大约有 24 种语言消失。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“More than ten thousand entries can be found in the Siletz Online Talking Dictionary, first launched in 2007.(2007 年首次推出的西莱茨在线有声词典中有一万多个词条)” 可知，在网上可以随时听到 Siletz 语言。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段“The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut. Microsoft has also worked with language activists in New Zealand, Spain and Wales to translate its software into Maori, Basque, Catalan and Welsh.(该公司正在将其 Windows 操作系统和 Office 软件中的术语翻译成因纽特语。微软还与新西兰、西班牙和威尔士的语言活动家合作，将其软件翻译成毛利语、巴斯克语、加泰罗尼亚语和威尔士语)” 可知，微软通过在软件中使用濒危语言来帮助拯救它们。故选C。 Passage 3 （2025·上海杨浦·学业考试）The placebo effect is a well-known example of the brain’s power over the body, allowing people who are poorly or in pain to improve if they are led to believe they are being treated. The opposite, however, is also possible: patients who believe that procedures will cause them to suffer ill effects can make themselves worse. The roots of this anti-placebo, or nocebo, effect are difficult to identify. But in a paper in Health Psychology Review, researchers in Australia have pooled the available evidence and ranked the contributing factors. Misinformation on social media seems to come near the top. In fact, what psychologists call social learning — the drawing of inferences from the views of others — was found to be as powerful as lived experience, and more influential than information given by a doctor. This is a problem, says Cosette Saunders, a psychologist at the University of Sydney and lead author of the study. Social learning may not be able to spread infection or cause new disease, but it can drive harmful side-effects. And managing these side-effects costs health systems around the world billions of dollars. Take cancer treatment. In recent years, new drugs have emerged to control the side-effects experienced by people receiving chemotherapy. But Dr Saunders says that vomiting and nausea have not come down in cancer patients by as much as expected. Social learning may be responsible. “They’ll say, their mother-in-law had chemo twenty years ago and she was vomiting every single day,” Dr Saunders says. “Those kinds of long-held beliefs are influencing them now, even though the medical landscape has changed.” Though the impact of the placebo effect has been recognised for centuries, work on the nocebo effect is much newer. Only in the past two decades have many scientists been convinced of its real-world impact, helped by studies that demonstrate how a negative attitude can lead to physical symptoms such as increased heart rate and physiological arousal. The conclusions of the Australian analysis are clear about the power of social learning. But, says Dr Saunders, it is hard to know how much of these effects are down to social-media use as opposed to, say, chatting with friends at the pub. Dr Saunders’ lab is one of many now trying to find ways to minimise the damage. One possibility is to balance warnings of nasty side-effects with positive proof from patients who had no problems. If she finds something that works, she’ll pass it on. 1．What can we learn about social learning from the passage? A．It causes the health systems to fail. B．It affects patients less than doctors’ advice. C．It is as impactful as people’s lived experience. D．It occurs when misinformation spreads on social media. 2．Cancer treatment is mentioned in Para. 4 to show ______. A．vomiting and nausea are common negative outcomes B．the nocebo effect can lead to harmful results C．new drugs are ineffective in controlling the side effects D．the medical industry has undergone great changes 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．The impact of the nocebo effect is long-established. B．The nocebo effect is more powerful than the placebo effect. C．Labs have found ways to ease the damage of social learning. D．Social learning may affect people negatively via informal interactions. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The key contributor to the nocebo effect. B．The function of doctors’ advice in healthcare. C．The clue to the nocebo effect in medical research. D．The role of social media in spreading misinformation. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要探讨了反安慰剂效应（nocebo effect）的关键影响因素。文章指出，社会学习（尤其是社交媒体上的错误信息和人际交流中的观点传递）是反安慰剂效应的主要根源，它会导致患者产生负面预期，进而加剧症状，甚至给医疗系统带来巨大负担。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In fact, what psychologists call social learning — the drawing of inferences from the views of others — was found to be as powerful as lived experience, and more influential than information given by a doctor.(事实上，心理学家所称的“社会学习”——即从他人观点中推断信息的过程——被发现与亲身经历具有同等效力，且比医生提供的信息更具影响力)”可知，社会学习的影响力与个人亲身经历相当。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“In recent years, new drugs have emerged to control the side-effects experienced by people receiving chemotherapy. But Dr Saunders says that vomiting and nausea have not come down in cancer patients by as much as expected. Social learning may be responsible. “They’ll say, their mother-in-law had chemo twenty years ago and she was vomiting every single day,” Dr Saunders says. “Those kinds of long-held beliefs are influencing them now, even though the medical landscape has changed.”(近年来，控制化疗患者副作用的新药不断涌现。但桑德斯博士指出，癌症患者的呕吐和恶心症状降幅并未达到预期。社会学习可能要对此负责。“他们会说，他们二十年前做化疗的岳母每天都呕吐，”桑德斯博士说。“尽管医疗环境已经发生了变化，但这种长期存在的观念现在仍在影响着他们。”)”可知，尽管医疗环境已经发生了变化，但长期存在的信念现在仍在影响着他们，可推理出提到癌症治疗是为了说明反安慰剂效应可能导致有害的结果。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The conclusions of the Australian analysis are clear about the power of social learning. But, says Dr Saunders, it is hard to know how much of these effects are down to social-media use as opposed to, say, chatting with friends at the pub.(澳大利亚的分析结论已明确社会学习的影响力。但桑德斯博士说，很难确定这些影响有多少是由社交媒体使用导致的，而不是比如在酒吧里和朋友聊天等其他因素)”可知，社会学习可能通过非正式互动（如和朋友聊天）对人产生负面影响。选项D“社会学习可能通过非正式互动对人产生负面影响”正确。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The placebo effect is a well-known example of the brain’s power over the body, allowing people who are poorly or in pain to improve if they are led to believe they are being treated. The opposite, however, is also possible: patients who believe that procedures will cause them to suffer ill effects can make themselves worse(安慰剂效应是大脑对身体影响力的一个重要例证，它能让那些身体欠佳或处于痛苦中的人们在相信自己正在接受治疗时，状况有所改善。然而，相反的情况也可能发生：如果患者认为某些治疗程序会给他们带来不良影响，那么他们的状况可能会变得更糟)”、第四段中“Social learning may be responsible. “They’ll say, their mother-in-law had chemo twenty years ago and she was vomiting every single day,” Dr Saunders says. “Those kinds of long-held beliefs are influencing them now, even though the medical landscape has changed.”(社会学习可能要对此负责。“他们会说，他们二十年前做化疗的岳母每天都呕吐，”桑德斯博士说。“尽管医疗环境已经发生了变化，但这种长期存在的观念现在仍在影响着他们。”)”以及最后一段中“But, says Dr Saunders, it is hard to know how much of these effects are down to social-media use as opposed to, say, chatting with friends at the pub(但桑德斯博士说，很难确定这些影响有多少是由社交媒体使用导致的，而不是比如在酒吧里和朋友聊天等其他因素)”及全文内容可知，文章主要探讨了反安慰剂效应的根源，特别是社会学习在其中的作用。通过分析癌症治疗的例子，文章揭示了社会学习如何通过负面信息影响患者的健康状况，并探讨了如何减轻这种负面影响的方法。因此，文章的主要讲的是反安慰剂效应的关键因素。故选A项。 3 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 题号 难度 知识点 1 适中 动物,说明文 2 适中 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 3 适中 科普知识 ,说明文,航空航天 4 适中 历史知识,说明文,建筑 5 适中 人与动植物,说明文 6 适中 交通方式,发明与创造 ,说明文 7 适中 发明与创造 ,环境保护,说明文 8 较难 学校生活,说明文 9 较难 语言与文化 ,说明文 10 较难 科普知识 ,社会问题与社会现象,说明文 Passage 1 （2025·广东·学业考试）Do you know why different animals or insects (昆虫) have their special colors? Colors are used mainly for protecting themselves. Some birds like eating locusts (蝗虫), but they cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts change their colors together with the change of the colors of crops (庄稼). When crops are green, locusts look green. But when the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. Some other insects with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves in the day and appear only at night. If you study the animal life, you find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves. Bears, lions and other animals cannot be easily seen by hunters (猎人), This is because they have the colors much like the trees. A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid (液体) when it faces danger. While the liquid is around, its enemies (敌人) can’t find it. And it runs away at once. So it has lived for millions of years though it is not strong at all. 1．Why do different animals or insects have their special colors? A．Because they want to protect themselves. B．Because they want to attract enemies C．Because they like changing colors. D．Because they like different colors. 2．When crops are green, locusts look A．red B．brown C．green D．black 3．What do insects with different colors from plants do to protect themselves? A．They appear in the day and hide at night. B．They hide in the day and appear at night. C．They hide themselves day and night. D．They move quietly. 4．Why has the fish lived for millions of years? A．Because it is strong. B．Because it has the same color as the sea. C．Because it can change its color when in danger. D．Because it can send out a kind of liquid and run away when in danger. 5．What can we learn from the passage? A．Some birds can easily catch locusts B．When the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color. C．Bears and lions can be easily seen by hunters. D．While the black liquid is around, enemies can find the fish Passage 2 （2025高二上·湖南·学业考试）Wake up early enough and depending on where you live, you’ll likely hear a pleasant group of birds singing their tiny hearts out. This is natural behavior for birds. According to the Woodland Trust, this early singing is known as the dawn chorus (黎明合唱), and it can start as early as 4 a.m. and last for several hours. Birds do it to attract mates (配偶) and warn other birds to stay away from their area. One idea about why birds choose the early hours to communicate these important messages is that the low visibility (能见度) makes it hard for them to do other activities. To keep their activity level low, they choose to sing instead. Another idea argues that birds use the morning songs to project an image of strength. By singing, they’re letting other birds know they survived the night — no certainty in nature — and would make for an excellent mate. Like a good recording studio, the early morning hours also allow birds to send a clear song thanks to the cooler, drier air. Because birds have unique sounds, the clearness helps them be more easily identified by birds within listening distance. There used to be a common idea that birds sang so much in the mornings because the sounds could travel greater distances due to less noise, but it was disproven by researchers at the University of Western Ontario. They played recordings of sparrows — small brown and grey birds — at dawn and midday. The songs didn’t travel farther, but they were more consistent (持续的). 1．Why do birds sing during low visibility in the early morning? A．Because they cannot see enemies clearly. B．Because they cannot do other activities easily. C．Because they need to practice singing. D．Because they want to confuse other birds. 2．How does the cool morning air benefit bird songs? A．It makes songs louder. B．It makes songs spread more quickly. C．It helps songs sound clearer. D．It attracts more insects for food. 3．What was the original explanation for birds singing more in the morning? A．To attract mates and show their home area. B．To communicate with other animals. C．To make sounds travel farther. D．To be more energetic at dawn. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The discovery of a new species of sparrow and its singing habits. B．Why birds sing more at dawn and possible explanations. C．The negative effects of human noise on bird communication. D．The role of temperature in determining the quality of bird songs. Passage 3 （2025高二·陕西·学业考试）Is there intelligent life on other planets besides Earth? For years, scientists weren’t sure. Today, this is changing. Scientists believe intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. They also think we will soon contact these beings. Why do they think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the universe is about 12 billion years old. This is too long for only one planet in the whole universe to develop intelligent life. The second reason is size—there are at least 100 billion galaxies. And our galaxy has at least 100 billion stars. Some planets that circle these stars might be similar to Earth. In the past, it was difficult to search for signs of intelligent life in the universe. But now, advanced telescopes (望远镜) allow scientists to identify many more small planets in other solar systems. If these planets are similar to Earth, they might have intelligent life. Have beings from outer space already visited Earth? Probably not. The distance between planets is too great. Despite this, scientists think intelligent beings might eventually contact us using other methods, but now we may not have the right tools to receive their messages. However, this is changing. Scientists believe we will make contact with other life forms in our universe within the next 20 years. 1．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To discuss how life probably started on Earth. B．To tell when the universe possibly came into being. C．To describe what life on other planets might look like. D．To explain why we may find intelligent life outside of Earth. 2．Which statement would scientists agree with? A．Intelligent life only exits on one planet. B．Intelligent beings will never contact us. C．Advanced telescopes help to discover more planets. D．There are at least 100 billion planets in our galaxy. 3．What do the underlined words “life forms” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Messages. B．Beings. C．Planets. D．Stars. 4．What’s scientists’ attitude towards finding intelligent life in the future? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Uncertain. D．Doubtful. Passage 4 （2025高二·湖南·学业考试）The castle (城堡) was the home of a king or nobleman (贵族). Most of the castles we think of today were built in Europe. They were built from about 1,000 AD to about 1,500 AD, during a period known as the Middle Ages. Castles played an important role after the fall of the Roman Empire. When a king gave land to nobles, the nobles promised in return to serve the king and provide him with soldiers. Nobles built castles on the lands given to them. But some nobles simply claimed land as their own and built a castle on it. That was asking for trouble. There were many power struggles between nobles and kings, and among the nobles themselves. Many stone castles were surrounded by a wide ditch called a moat (护城河). Some moats were filled with water, but many were not. The only way into the castle was across a wooden drawbridge over the moat. If enemies attacked, the defenders raised the bridge. Then they lowered a heavy iron-and-wood barrier called a portcullis to block the entrance to the castle. A well-built castle was a pretty safe place to be. Attackers had a hard time getting in. But they still had some options. They could go over the walls using ladders. They could break through the walls or doors. Or they could dig under the walls and try to get part of the wall to fall down. If none of those things worked, they could just camp outside until the defenders ran out of food. Attackers sometimes brought large machines called siege engines with them to break through castle doors or walls. This was a heavy wooden beam with a metal cap. In the early 1500s, cannons (大炮) entered wide use in warfare. Cannonballs could dig into the base of stone walls and weaken them. The walls then fell under their own weight. As a result, castles were no longer needed. 1．The underlined word “That” in Para. 2 refers to the fact that ________. A．the nobles claimed land as their own and built a castle on it B．the nobles promised to serve the king in return C．the nobles provided the king with soldiers D．the nobles simply lived on their own 2．What would happen to the wooden drawbridge when enemies attacked? A．It would be destroyed. B．It would be lowered. C．It would be blocked. D．It would be raised. 3．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about? A．Attacking a castle. B．Visiting a castle. C．A pretty safe place. D．Weakness of a castle. 4．What can we learn from the text? A．Kings in ancient Europe were more generous. B．Some castles were built to attract more visitors. C．Warfare must be common during the Middle Ages. D．Drawbridges were used to break through castle doors. Passage 5 （2025·江苏·学业考试）So, how do pets have such a great positive effect on both our physical and mental health? It’s likely that there are a number of factors at play. First, pets offer company. Research shows that being alone can have a hugely harmful effect on our physical and mental health, with studies linking it to heart disease, anxiety, depression and so on. It also appears that pets promote (促进) social connections. Studies have shown that walking out with a dog result in much more conversations with passing strangers than walking alone. But, it’s not just dogs that can increase our social connections. A 1975 study gave a group of elderly individuals either a plant or a bird to look after over a period of three years. They found that those caring for a bird had built up a significantly bigger community of friends and visitors than those with a plant. Pet ownership can also come with increased exercise, which may help to explain some of the heart and mental health benefits. And it may explain why dogs, who need to be taken out regularly for walks, appear to be more beneficial for heart health than other pets. Although the exact mechanism (机制) of health promotion is still-unknown, one thing is clear: pets are great for our health and well worth bringing into our homes if we’ re looking to make new friends, add a spring to our step and perhaps even days to our life. 1．What will happen when you walk out with a dog? A．The dog will attack other animals. B．The dog will get excited outside home. C．Strangers will walk past you at a safe distance D．There will be more chances of talking with strangers 2．Why does the writer mention “a 1975 study” in Paragraph 3? A．To support an idea. B．To tell a story. C．To present a fact. D．To make a guess. 3．What will the writer probably recommend? A．Study the mechanism of health promotion. B．Grow some plants at home. C．Keep a pet at home. D．Do more exercise 4．How many positive effects of pets does the passage show? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. Passage 6 （2024高二上·陕西·学业考试）Concept cars(概念车) are model cars created by car makers to show new ideas and designs. With concept cars, the future looks so beautiful. Even though most of us can’t afford such unbelievable cars, we still like their beautiful design and, if they were built, we would love to see them on the streets. Car makers create innovative designs for their future goals. However, most concept cars may never go into production. They serve as a source of inspiration and creativity for future models. Cool concept cars are often displayed at shows in order to receive suggestions from customers. Then, the designers can improve future plans and technologies. In recent times, cars are often practical, safe, and affordable. As the suburbs have grown, many people have to spend more time on their way to work. This change has made cars become more important. However, some people have argued that cars in recent years have also become overly boring. The futuristic designs of the 1970s have become a thing of the past, and popular standard models are often short of imagination. However, there is a wide range of concept cars that have been produced. They are running to a better future. 1．What do we know about concept cars from Paragraph 1? A．They are cheap enough for everyone to afford. B．They are model cars to show new ideas and designs. C．Their design never looks beautiful. D．They have already been seen everywhere. 2．Why are cool concept cars often displayed at shows? A．To receive suggestions from customers. B．To sell more concept cars for money. C．To replace normal cars in daily life. D．To attract children for education. 3．What do some people argue about cars in recent years? A．They are not practical. B．They are too expensive. C．They are not safe enough. D．They are overly boring. 4．According to the text, what is the future of concept cars? A．It is terrible. B．It is dark. C．It is bright. D．It is hopeless. Passage 7 （2023高二上·山东·学业考试）Plastic (塑料) remains one of the most-used materials for making many things we use in our everyday lives. Things made of plastic can be very strong and last a long time. They also do well in extreme heat and cold. Plastic is also much lighter than metal and can easily be formed into different shapes. But plastic can take hundreds of years to break down on their own. Very few kinds are highly recyclable (可回收的). But a team of researchers working at the U. S. Department of Energy says it has created a kind of plastic that could lead to products that are 100 percent recyclable. The researchers say the new material is called PDK. The team reports that the material can be broken down in parts at the molecular (分子的) level. It can then be built up again to form plastics of different shapes, colors and more.The researchers say this process can be repeated over and over again — without the plastic material losing any performance or quality. “Most plastics were never made to be recycled,” lead researcher Peter Christensen said in a statement. “But we have discovered a new way to assemble plastics that takes recycling into consideration from a molecular perspective.” 1．What is the disadvantage of plastic? A．It is very strong. B．It can't last long. C．It is heavier than metal. D．It is often not highly recyclable. 2．Which of the following is TRUE about PDK? A．It can be broken down at the molecular level. B．It will lose some quality when reused. C．It can be used to produced metal. D．It is the name of Peter’s lab. 3．What is the purpose of this text? A．To discover a new way to reuse plastic. B．To introduce a newly created material. C．To explain why plastic is widely used. D．To show how strong plastic is. Passage 1 （2024高二上·辽宁·学业考试）Learning how to cook can be a fun process, especially food-making adventure with good friends at college. For Huo Zhiyi, this year’s Dragon Boat Festival was surely one to remember. Instead of having a holiday dinner at a restaurant, the 21-year-old junior student and her classmates from Shenyang Agricultural University cooked for themselves in a shared kitchen. This new shared kitchen, which covers 340 square meters on the second floor of the university’s First Dining Hall, including a 22-square-meter cooking area, opened early last month. Students can use cookware and appliances (electric equipment) such as pans, ovens, and freezers, and various stuffs, like cooking oil, salt, and sugar, for free-all provided by the university. All they have to prepare is the basic ingredients (食材), such as meat and fresh vegetables. “The three-day holiday was too short for us to return to our hometowns, so we decided to spend the festival together on campus. We all felt bored of the dining halls and take-out food. The newly opened shared kitchen has given us a space to cook for ourselves.” The shared kitchen has quickly gained popularity with students and it is hard to find an available stove, especially during meal times. “We had to book it a week in advance,” Huo said. The six young students worked for nearly three hours in the kitchen to cook eight dishes. “It was not as easy as we thought,” she said. The time spent in cooking has helped them communicate and cooperate more. “Compared with unhealthy take-out food, most college students desire hometown-style dishes or their favorite specialties, but it’s hard to find them in campus dining halls,” said Yi Guangcheng, director of the First Dining Hall. “The shared kitchen can help make their wishes come true. Meanwhile, it provides an opportunity to develop friendship and enrich social life. Delicious food is always a good bridge of communication,” he said. In addition to providing more convenience for the students, the shared kitchen also focuses on education, according to Ge Pengyue, director of the university’s food center. “It is a creative feature of the university in quality education. We hope students can learn the basic life skill of cooking before they step out into society.” 1．What’s the writing purpose of Paragraph 1? A．To offer an example. B．To introduce a topic. C．To make a comparison. D．To present an argument. 2．What does a student need to prepare before cooking in the shared kitchen? A．Pans. B．Salt. C．Ovens. D．Beef. 3．Which statement may Huo Zhiyi disagree with? A．Some students were bored of take-out food. B．The holiday was too short for her to return home. C．Cooking turned out to be easy for her and her friends. D．The shared kitchen was well-received among students. 4．Which benefit of the shared kitchen is NOT mentioned in the passage? A．Enriching social life. B．Developing friendship. C．Increasing the sales of take-out food. D．Learning the basic life skill of cooking. 5．What’s the author’s attitude towards the shared kitchen? A．Unclear. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Indifferent. Passage 2 （2025高二·天津河东·学业考试）Eleven of the world's languages have at least one hundred million native speakers. The biggest are Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Arabic and Hindi. Next come Portuguese, Bengali，Russian, Japanese, French and German. The United Nations says these eleven languages are the mother tongues of half the world's population. Bud Lane works with linguist (语言学家) Gregory Anderson to record words for a talking dictionary. But the world has close to seven thousand languages. Linguists predict that quite a lot of these may be at risk of disappearing by the end of this century. That would mean another language dies every two weeks. Members of the Siletz Indian tribe in the northwestern state of Oregon take pride in their language. Their language, they say, "is as old as time itself". But today very few people can speak it fluently. In fact, you can count the number of fluent speakers on one hand. Bud Lane is one of them. Several National Geographic Fellows helped him record fourteen thousand words and phrases in his native tongue. More than ten thousand entries (词条)can be found in the Siletz Online Talking Dictionary, first launched (推出) in 2007. Smartphone apps, YouTube videos and Facebook pages have all become digital tools for language activists and experts. In Canada's far north, the Inuit people are struggling to preserve their native language，Inuktitut. Part of the effort involves Microsoft. The company is translating terms in its Windows operating system and Office software into Inuktitut. Microsoft has also worked with language activists in New Zealand, Spain and Wales to translate its software into Maori, Basque, Catalan and Welsh. In Oregon, Bud Lane says technology alone cannot save endangered languages. He points to one sign of progress: young members of the tribe are now texting each other in tribal language. 1．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．The efforts to protect threatened languages. B．The mother tongues of half the world's population. C．The disappearance of some tribal languages. D．A talking dictionary to save endangered languages. 2．Which of the following languages is Bud Lane's tribal language? A．Inuktitut. B．Siletz. C．Maori. D．Bengali. 3．About how many languages may disappear on average in a year? A．6. B．12. C．24. D．70. 4．Where could we hear Siletz at any time? A．On the air. B．On TV. C．On the tape. D．On the Internet. 5．How did Microsoft help to save the endangered languages? A．By teaching them on their company. B．By recording them in a talking dictionary. C．By using them in its software. D．By giving money to the researchers. Passage 3 （2025·上海杨浦·学业考试）The placebo effect is a well-known example of the brain’s power over the body, allowing people who are poorly or in pain to improve if they are led to believe they are being treated. The opposite, however, is also possible: patients who believe that procedures will cause them to suffer ill effects can make themselves worse. The roots of this anti-placebo, or nocebo, effect are difficult to identify. But in a paper in Health Psychology Review, researchers in Australia have pooled the available evidence and ranked the contributing factors. Misinformation on social media seems to come near the top. In fact, what psychologists call social learning — the drawing of inferences from the views of others — was found to be as powerful as lived experience, and more influential than information given by a doctor. This is a problem, says Cosette Saunders, a psychologist at the University of Sydney and lead author of the study. Social learning may not be able to spread infection or cause new disease, but it can drive harmful side-effects. And managing these side-effects costs health systems around the world billions of dollars. Take cancer treatment. In recent years, new drugs have emerged to control the side-effects experienced by people receiving chemotherapy. But Dr Saunders says that vomiting and nausea have not come down in cancer patients by as much as expected. Social learning may be responsible. “They’ll say, their mother-in-law had chemo twenty years ago and she was vomiting every single day,” Dr Saunders says. “Those kinds of long-held beliefs are influencing them now, even though the medical landscape has changed.” Though the impact of the placebo effect has been recognised for centuries, work on the nocebo effect is much newer. Only in the past two decades have many scientists been convinced of its real-world impact, helped by studies that demonstrate how a negative attitude can lead to physical symptoms such as increased heart rate and physiological arousal. The conclusions of the Australian analysis are clear about the power of social learning. But, says Dr Saunders, it is hard to know how much of these effects are down to social-media use as opposed to, say, chatting with friends at the pub. Dr Saunders’ lab is one of many now trying to find ways to minimise the damage. One possibility is to balance warnings of nasty side-effects with positive proof from patients who had no problems. If she finds something that works, she’ll pass it on. 1．What can we learn about social learning from the passage? A．It causes the health systems to fail. B．It affects patients less than doctors’ advice. C．It is as impactful as people’s lived experience. D．It occurs when misinformation spreads on social media. 2．Cancer treatment is mentioned in Para. 4 to show ______. A．vomiting and nausea are common negative outcomes B．the nocebo effect can lead to harmful results C．new drugs are ineffective in controlling the side effects D．the medical industry has undergone great changes 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．The impact of the nocebo effect is long-established. B．The nocebo effect is more powerful than the placebo effect. C．Labs have found ways to ease the damage of social learning. D．Social learning may affect people negatively via informal interactions. 4．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The key contributor to the nocebo effect. B．The function of doctors’ advice in healthcare. C．The clue to the nocebo effect in medical research. D．The role of social media in spreading misinformation. 3 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $