专题03 冠词，代词和介词（知识梳理+高频考点精讲+进阶分级练）（讲义，江苏专用）英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题03 冠词,代词和介词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 考点一 不定冠词的用法 a＋辅音音素；an＋元音音素 In a university，a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing. 在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个一只眼的人拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。 表示“一个”，与数词one相同 Rome was not built in a day.罗马非一日建成。 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 表示某个不确定的人和物，相当于a certain、some，常意为“某一个，一个叫……的人” In a sense, both were right. 在某种意义上，两者都对。 A Mr. White is asking for you on the phone. 一个叫怀特的人打电话找你。 表示“相同”，相当于the same They are nearly of a height. 他们几乎一样高。 Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。 表示“每一”，相当于per, 用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前 800 dollars a ton, three times a day, four yuan a dozen, 90 miles an hour, twice a week, 60 pounds a kilometer 用于固定词组中 a waste of浪费……；all of a sudden突然地；as a rule通常。 It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。 a＋most 表示“很，非常” We spent a most agreeable day together. 我们一起度过了非常愉快的一天。 “a(n)＋名词”作表语，表职业 Grey is a surgeon. 格雷是一名外科医生。 She became a(＝turned) violinist after she grew up. 长大后，她成了一名小提琴家。 用于某些物质名词前，表示“一种/一份/一阵/一场/一番”等意思 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough days.在那些艰苦的日子里，能够买得起一杯饮料是一种安慰。 用于首次提到的单数可数名词前 There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。 I'm going to buy a computer.我要买一台电脑。 用于quite、rather、many、half、what、such之后 He is quite a serious person.他是个相当严肃的人。 Many a mother tries to act out their unrealized dreams through their daughters. 许多母亲试图通过女儿实现她们未能实现的梦想。 She lives just half a mile away.她就住在半英里之外。 What a shame they can't come. 他们不能来了，真是遗憾。 It is such an amazing legend！多令人惊讶的传奇！ 用于“so/as/too/how/however＋形容词”之后 He is so capable a leader that we all support him. 他是一位很有能力的领导，我们都支持他。 How loving and gracious a mother she is! 她是个多和蔼可亲的妈妈！ However hot a day it is, he won't take off his hat. 不管天气多热，他都不摘下帽子。 用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人和物 a success成功的人或事； a shame 带来耻辱的人或事； a pity 可惜或遗憾的事； a must 必需、必备的事； a good education 良好的教育； a great help 巨大的帮助； an honour 一种荣幸； a pleasure 一种乐趣 用在可数名词前泛指一类人或物 A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be equally respected.任何人，无论是官员还是公交车司机，都应该得到同等的尊重。 具有动作意义的名词在与have，take，make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。 take a look看一看；have a try试一试。 You had better go to the factory and have a look. 你最好到厂里去看一看。 考点二 定冠词的用法 用于表示整个属类的单数可数名词前，表示一类事物 The whale is a mammal. 鲸鱼是一种哺乳动物。 The heart pumps blood around the body. 心脏把血液输送到全身。 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 Do you know who invented the telephone? 你知道是谁发明了电话吗？ 表示说话双方都了解的、上文提到过的人和事，或者是在表示特定的人和事物前 Don't worry if you can't come to the party. I'll save some cake for you. 你要是来不了派对，也别担心。我会给你留些蛋糕的。 Lily has a pet dog. The dog is lovely. 莉莉有只宠物狗。这条狗很可爱。 用于表示西洋乐器、文娱场所前 play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute, the drum) go to the theater (the concert, the cinema, the party) ★用汉语拼音表示的乐器前不用冠词：play erhu, play pipa 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the young, the living, the evil, the wounded, the lost 用在复数的姓氏前表示一家人或夫妇二人 The Whites settled down in Canada last year. 去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。 用于序数词、形容词和副词最高级前，在形容词和副词特定的比较级前 He'd always be the first to offer to help.他总是第一个主动提出帮忙。 It's the most marvellous piece of music.这是最美妙的一篇乐章。 ★Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two？你知道这两个故事哪个更有趣吗？ 用于国家、党派、机构、公共建筑物、报纸、杂志、朝代、江河湖海、山川群岛的名词前 the United Kingdom, the Communist Party of China, the United Nations, the WTO, the Summer Palace, The New York Times, the Tang Dynasty, the Yangtze River, the Red Sea, the Taiwan Straits, the Sahara Desert 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented by the Chinese 2，000 years ago.指南针是两千年以前中国人发明的。 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1870s　19世纪70年代 用于表示计量的名词前 by the yard (the pound, the kilo, the ton) ★by volume (按体积), by weight (按重量) 用于表示方位、方向的名词前 in the east (the west, the north, the south) keep to the right, turn to the left, in the middle 用于抓、打人体某个部位的名词前，常见的此类动词有take、catch、hold、seize、pull、hit、pat、lead、strike等等。常用的介词有in、on、by等等 take (catch, seize) sb. by the arm (the hair, the hand) pat (hit, strike) sb. in the face (the eye, the stomach) lead sb. by the nose 用于某些固定的短语中 at the age of, at the foot of, by the end of, in the day, tell the truth, at the beginning of, at the top of, by the way, at the same time, in the end, on the contrary, to the point, the other day, on the radio 考点三 零冠词的用法 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指 Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. 偏远地区非常需要教师。 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。 Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.＂这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前 A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。 no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。 There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.天下没有免费的午餐。 【易混提示】 1. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。 He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。 2.不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。 但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 3. 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。 考点四 代词的分类 人称 代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you(你们), they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you(你们), them 物主 代词 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one, some/any, each/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either 相互代词 each other, one another 考点五 几组不定代词的用法区别 some和any some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议、请求等 Would you like some more coffee？ some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示“某个”，any表示“任何一个” Go, and say some person from New York desires to see her. Any colour will do. some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 He offered some useful advice. Do you have any suggestions? I'm not making any promises. each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上；而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 Each (of us) has our own car.＝We each have our own car. Every student is capable of passing the exam./Every one of us is capable of passing the exam. none和no none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数形式；代替可数名词，谓语单复数形式皆可；no等于not any，作定语 —How much bread is there in the kitchen? —None. None of the passengers was/were injured. She has no money coming in and no funds. other、the other和another other泛指“另外的，别的”，常与其他词连用，如：every other week、the other day、no other way; the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others He has doctor's appointment just about every__other week. He crashed into a car coming the__other way. He raised one arm and then the__other. Can you stay behind after the__others have gone and help me clear up？ another指“又一个，另一个”，无特定所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事” He gave the bell another press. A number of features discriminate this species from others(＝other species). either和 neither either指“两者(中任何一方)都”；neither指“两者(中任何一方)都不” You can park on either side of the road. Neither of us has ever skied. 考点六 one, the one, that, it 代词 用法 所替代的名词的单复数 one 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示泛指 必须是可数名词单数 表示复数时用ones the one 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示特指 必须是可数名词单数 表示复数用the ones that 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示特指，其后常跟介词短语作后置定语 可数名词单数/不可数名词 表示复数时用those it 替代上文出现的“同一”事物 可数名词单数/不可数名词 表示复数用they 考点七 it的常考用法 形式 常用句型 it作形式主语 ①It+be+ adj. + (for sb./of sb.) to do sth. ②It+be+ n. + (for sb./sth.) to do sth. ③It takes/took sb. +一段时间+to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间。 ④It is useless/no use/no good doing sth. 做某事没用。 ⑤It is a pity/shame that... 真可惜 …… ⑥It is no wonder that... 难怪 …… ⑦It is obvious/clear/evident that... 显然 …… ⑧It is said/reported/believed that...据说/据报道/人们相信 …… it作形式主语 相关短语和句型 ①Make it成功,做到 ②Take it easy.别紧张。 ③Don’t mention it.不客气。 ④as sb. puts it 正如某人所说 ⑤believe it or not 信不信由你 ⑥take it for granted that...认为 ……是理所当然的 ⑦When it comes to...当涉及/谈及 …… (to为介词) ⑧ It is/was...that/who...强调句型 考点八 介词 表示方位的介词 across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。 through指从立体的事物中间穿过。 to指到某处, 去某处。 under在……下面, 无接触面。 in在……里面。 into到……里面。 over在……正上方无接触面；on在……上面有接触面。 around在/向……周围。 beneath在……下面有接触面。 beside在……旁边。 out of在……外面。 from从……。 beyond 在/向……较远的一边, 超出。 表示时间的介词 on指在具体的某一天。 in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前, 或者指上/下午或晚上。 at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。 in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前, 表示“多久之后”。 before在……之前。 until直到……时候。 during在……期间。 for表示延续一段时间。 over表示“在……期间”, 表延续。 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 by, on, over, with, in 表示原因的介词 for表示原因, 后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。 at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后, 后面加名词(词组)。 with用在表示情绪的名词之前。 because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句, 加名词(短语)/名词性从句。 表示支持、反对的介词 For, against 其他常用介词 besides, except, but, without, beyond, about 考点九 介词短语 介词和动词搭配 call for需要；要求　　　　　　　 pass by经过 pay for为……付款 figure out弄清楚 apply for申请 dream of梦想 search for寻找，搜索 refer to提及；参考 begin with以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成 play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑 care about关心；介意 focus on集中于 feel like想要 charge...for...索费 hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换…… rely on依靠 go back to追溯到 介词与名词构成的搭配 ①at开头的介词短语 at a loss不知所措　　　 at the cost of以……的代价 at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of冒……的危险 at war处于战争状态 at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时 ②on开头的介词短语 on exhibition/show在展出　 on account of因为 on fire着火 on average平均；一般地 on sale出售，打折 on behalf of代表 on no account/condition决不 on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加 on holiday/vacation在度假 ③by开头的介词短语 by accident偶然地　　　 by hand手工 by mistake错误地 by chance偶然 by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧 by nature天生地 ④in开头的介词短语 in cash用现金付款　　　 in charge of掌管…… in depth在深度上 in return作为回报 in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危 in height在高度上 in spite of尽管 in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换 in favor of支持，赞成 in no time立刻 in case of万一；如果；假使 in no way决不 in support of为支持…… in place of代替 in honour of为向……表示敬意 in possession of拥有，占有 in memory of为了纪念…… in addition to另外 in the middle of在……中间 ⑤of+n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit有益处的　　　　 of significance有意义的 of help有帮助的 of use有用的 of importance重要的 of value有价值的 ⑥out of+n.表示状态 out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障 out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见 out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能 out of date过期 out of work失业 ⑦under+n.表示被动 under attack遭到袭击　　 under treatment在治疗中 under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中 ⑧with+n.表示方式 with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地 with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地 with ease轻而易举地 ⑨beyond+n.表示“超出……，难以……” beyond compare无与伦比 beyond description难以描述 beyond reach够不到 beyond expression/words难以表达 介词和形容词,过去分词搭配 (1)be＋adj.＋about be anxious about 忧虑 be curious about 对……好奇 (2)be＋adj.＋at be angry at 对……生气 be good at 擅长 (3)be＋adj.＋in be absorbed in 专注于 be dressed in 穿着 be engaged in 忙于 (4)be＋adj.＋for be eager for 渴望 be famous for 以……著名 be fit for 适合， 胜任 (5)be＋adj.＋from be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于 (6)be＋adj.＋to be close to 接近 be equal to 等于 be familiar to 对……来说熟悉 (7)be＋adj.＋of be aware of 意识到 be fond of 喜欢 (8)be＋adj.＋with be busy with 忙于be familiar with 对……熟悉be patient with 对……有耐心 考点一：不定冠词 例1. Our team tried hard and as ________ result, we won the game. 例2. Mom often tells me ________ apple a day keeps the doctor away. A. a B. an C. 不填 D. the 例3. Nowadays the Internet plays ________ very important role in our daily life. A. a B. an C. the D. \ 1. - May I have ________ look at the new skirt you bought yesterday? - Of course. A. a B. an C. the D. / 2. I am going to make________ special house for my pet pig this weekend. A. an B. a C. the 3. Amy only had egg and some milk for breakfast today. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 4. Li Hua has ________ good knowledge of many foreign languages, and one of them is English which is ________ language spoken by many people in the world. A. the; a B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the 5. Han Hong is ________ kind singer and she does a lot to help the poor. A. a B. an C. the D. / 考点二：定冠词 例1. I was ________ only girl in a rugby club of 250 boys. 例2. Inner Mongolia is one of ________ most beautiful places in ________ China. A. the; the B. a; / C. a; the D. the; / 例3. —What do you think of ________ Christmas party? —It was great. A. a B. the C. 不填 D. an 1. After finishing her homework, Sherry played ________ piano for half an hour. A. 不填 B. an C. a D. the 2. China’s Chang’e4 landed on the far side of ________ moon successfully. A. the B. a C. an D. 不填 3. — Who is ________ girl in red? —She is Mr. Smith's daughter. A. an B. the C. a D. 不填 4. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists and Tu Youyou was among ________ first researchers chosen. 5. With the exam around ________ corner, we’re burning the midnight oil to prepare for it. 考点三：零冠词 例1. Keep in ________ mind that people may have different opinions as to what the artist is like, so they should feel free to discuss. A. the B. an C. a D. / 例2. If you want to get anywhere in ________ chess, you have to study the various openings. A. an B. the C. / D. a 例3. At ________ night, we can see the splendid Journey of Lights Parade. A. a B. the C. an D. / 1. The two cultures have a lot in ________ common. A. a B. / C. the D. an 2. She often plays ________ chess on weekends. A. an B. a C. the D. / 3. ________ Time/time is money. A. The B. An C. / D. A 4. Philip Beadle is a teacher, speaker, and ________ educational adviser in the UK. A. a B. an C. the D. / 5. —What were you doing at 2 o'clock yesterday afternoon? —I was playing ________ football. A. a B. the C. an D. / 考点四：代词分类 例1. —Can ________ drive? —Yes, I can. I usually drive to work. A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself 例2. He soon recovered(恢复) ________(he) and stopped crying. 例3. On their arrival, they found Luo’s parents eagerly waiting for ________(they). 1. He amazed ________ all with his kindness and his beautiful, gentle, caring spirit. A. our B. we C. us D. ours 2. Mr. Wang is over there. Why not go and say hello to ________? A. he B. him C. it D. its 3. —Whose camera is this? Is it ________? —No, it’s not mine. It’s ________. A. you; him B. yours; him C. yours; his D. you; his 4. Jack wanted to learn to play the piano by________ after a live concert. A. him B. his C. he D. himself 5. The lonely boy often plays football with ________. A. he B. his C. him D. himself 考点五：不定代词 例1. There are two trees in my backyard. One is a Chinese date tree. ________ is also a Chinese date tree. A. The other B. Other C. Another 例2. There are some tall trees on ________ side of the street. So you will feel cool. A. both B. all C. neither D. either 例3. —Can I come today or tomorrow? —________ is OK. I’m busy today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Each D. None 1. My uncle promised to buy a nice gift for my birthday, ________ beyond my imagination. A. which B. that C. something D. the one 2. Beijing is really a wonderful city and we’ve decided to stay for _________ week. A. any B. other C. another D. some 3. I have done most of the housework. Would you please finish ________? A. the other B. the others C. the rest D. another 4. The two sisters were so busy last night that ________ of them had time to look after the baby. A. either B. neither C. any D. none 5. I invited Tom, Jack and Lucy to dinner, but ________ of them came. A. none B. either C. neither D. both 考点六：指示代词 例1. Dad told us the price here was much lower than ________ in London. A. it B. that C. this D. one 例2. The goods ________ on the Internet are cheaper than ________ we buy in shops. A. being bought; that B. bought; those C. bought; that D. be bought; those 例3. The machines made in our factory are as good as ________ made in Japan. A. that B. ones C. them D. those 1. — Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________. A. it B. that C. one D. this 2. I really want to go to a place for the summer vacation, especially ________ with beautiful scenery and unique culture. A. that B. this C. one D. it 3. To help us better understand literary works, our teacher compared the writing style of Mark Twain with ________ of Lin Yutang. A. those B. that C. ones D. One 4. In the era of artificial intelligence, the capabilities of modern robots are far more advanced than ________ of the first-generation industrial machines. A. that B. ones C. one D. those 5. — Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________. A. it B. that C. this D. one 考点七：it的用法 例1. Communicating through a screen makes ________ more difficult for children to concentrate. 例2. ________ is my duty to do something for students in poor areas. 例3. I thought ________ strange that my teacher could not show me love. 1. — Mum, where is my football? Have you seen ________? — Football? Oh, it’s in my car. A. one B. them C. it D. any 2. ________ was difficult for them to take time off to celebrate the festival. A. It B. That C. This D. What 3. ________ is really easy to get lost among the twisting and turning Hutongs near the Palace Museum in Beijing. A. It B. That C. This D. What 4. ________ is generally agreed that no one can learn all the knowledge all his life. A. What B. As C. Which D. It 考点八：介词和介词短语 例1. Xu Yi was learning English ________ an exchange student in the UK. 例2. Why not go and borrow some money ________ her? 例3. There is no better way to see what you are capable ________. 1. I also play computer games from time ________ time and I even play tennis on my television screen in my living room! 2. He froze in ________(amaze) at the poetic landscape. 3. When the game ended our coach hit Paul ________ the shoulder, saying, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!” 4. For more than 50 years, he has devoted his life ________ rice production. 5. The novel is made up ________ ten stories. 训练 一、单项选择 1. We thought ________ necessary to invite Professor Smith to give us a lecture on how to learn English. A. that B. it C. this D. him 2. People felt ________ impossible for man to fly into outer space some years ago. A. that B. what C. it D. this 3. I’d appreciate ________ if you would like to teach me how to use this computer. A. that B. this C. you D. it 4. The machines made in our factory are as good as ________ made in Japan. A. that B. ones C. them D. those 5. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ________ of them came. A. neither B. either C. none D. both 6. He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, ________ that had the best color. A. 不填 B. ones C. this D. the ones 7. The street is beautiful, for there are trees on ________. A. neither side B. either side C. both side D. all sides 8. The Yangtze River, China’s longest, has been affected by a severe drought, ________ the lowest level of rainfall this year since 1961. A. with B. for C. beyond D. besides 9. ________ the cost, the project will take a lot of time as well . A. Other than B. Except for C. In addition D. Apart from 10. When asked about their opinion about the schoolmaster ,many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ________ younger men. A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of 二、单句语法填空 1. ________ is important to protect our environment. 2. I hope to have ________ happier, more fruitful and satisfying life in my new school. 3. He is in ________ possession of that beautiful garden and the shop is in ________ possession of his brother. 4. By ________ nature, you are an adventurer, full of amazement and curiosity about ________ world bigger than life itself. 5. Emily felt completely at ________ loss when ________ word came that her son finally left home. 一、阅读理解 A Imagine picking up a nice juicy apple — but instead of biting into it, you keep the seeds and throw the rest away. That’s what chocolate producers have traditionally done with the cocoa fruit — used the beans and threw away the rest. Traditional chocolate production, using only the beans, involves leaving the rest of the cocoa fruit — the size of a pumpkin and full of nutritious value — to rot in the fields. But now food scientists in Switzerland have come up with a way to make chocolate using the entire cocoa fruit and without using sugar. The chocolate, developed by scientist Kim Mishra and his team, includes the cocoa fruit, the juice, and the shell. The key to the new chocolate lies in the very sweet juice, which tastes a bit like pineapple. This juice, which is 14% sugar, is made to form a highly concentrated syrup(高浓度糖浆). Roger Wehrli, director of the association of Swiss chocolate producers, sees the new chocolate as “very promising... If you use the whole cocoa fruit, you can get better prices. So it’s economically interesting for the farmers.” Food production involves letting out significant greenhouse gas, so reducing food waste could also help to deal with climate change. Chocolate, may not by itself be a huge factor, but it could be a start. In Switzerland, some of the bigger producers are starting to use the cocoa fruit as well as the beans, but none, so far, has taken the step of not using extra sugar completely. “We have to find brave chocolate producers who want to test the market,” says Mr. Mishra. 1. Which of the following is the new way of dealing with cocoa? A. Only using the seeds. B. Only using the leaves. C. Using the entire plant. D. Using the entire fruit. 2. Where does the sugar of the new chocolate comes from? A. apple B. pineapple C. the juice D. the shell 3. In the opinion of Roger, who will be most satisfied with the new chocolate? A. the farmers B. the scientists C. the producers D. the buyers 4. In which aspect will the new chocolate lead the way in food production? A. Getting better price. B. Protecting the environment. C. Testing the market. D. Adding some extra sugar. B (2024-2025学年安徽师范大学附属中学高中自主招生考试英语)Jim was a young man in his early twenties who was studying to be a carpenter. He was a good worker, honest and worthy of trust, so his boss was pleased with him. As he was such a likable man and easy to deal with, he was popular with his workmates, too. They also made fun of him a great deal but he never got angry with them and would only laugh. But Jim’s one great shortcoming(缺点) was that he could never tell a lie, no matter how hard he tried, not even a little one. In fact, he was so honest and shy that he would blush even when he was telling the truth. He used to stand in front of the mirror and practise lying while looking himself in the eyes at the same time. But as soon as he saw his face starting to go red he had to look away. One morning, however, he didn’t feel like going to work because he had been to a party the night before and it hadn’t ended till the early hours of the morning. And so far the first time in his life he decided to take the day off. He rang his boss, pretending to be a woman. “I’m afraid Jim can’t come to work today. He isn’t feeling very well.” Poor Jim was thankful that his boss couldn’t see him just at that moment because his hands were trembling(发抖) and his face was bright red. “Thank you for letting me know,” said Mr. Woods, his boss, and then just as he was about to hang up, he said, “just a moment, madam, who’s speaking.” “Oh!” he stammered(口吃的说), and going all out for making a voice like a woman, he cried in a voice: “This is my mother speaking!” 5. What do we know about Jim? A. He trusted people easily. B. He got along well with people. C. He was only popular with his boss. D. He liked to make fun of his workmates. 6. What does the underlined word “blush” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Stammer. B. Look away C. Go red. D. Feel cold 7. Why did Jim try to practise lying? A. To avoid being laughed at by his workmates. B. To overcome his shortcoming. C. To get his boss pleased with him. D. To get ready for getting a day off. 8. At the end of the story we can learn that ________. A. Jim successfully told a lie. B. Jim’s mother told a lie. C. Jim’s boss could tell that Jim lied D. Jim had a woman in his house C In a breakthrough that could revolutionize energy transmission and computing, scientists announced the development of the world’s first room-temperature superconductor. This achievement promises to eliminate electrical resistance entirely, making power grids(电网) 100% efficient and enabling quantum (量子) computers to operate at scale. Superconductivity, the ability to conduct electricity with zero resistance, was first observed in 1911. However, all known superconductors required extremely low temperatures or high pressures to function, limiting their practical use. The new material, a compound of hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon, achieves superconductivity at a mild 21℃ and ambient(环境的) pressure, an achievement once thought impossible. The implications are profound. For energy systems, room-temperature superconductors could drastically reduce global energy waste. Currently, up to 10% of electricity is lost as heat during transmission. With superconductors, this loss would disappear, lowering energy demand and carbon emissions. In computing, the material could solve a major bottleneck in quantum computing: decoherence(退相干). Quantum bits lose their state rapidly at room temperature, but superconductors could stabilize them, leading to much faster quantum computers. The research team spent five years experimenting with different compositions. They used a high-pressure diamond anvil cell to synthesize(合成) the compound, then gradually reduced the pressure. To their surprise, the material maintained its superconducting capabilities at normal atmospheric pressure. “This changes everything,” said lead researcher Dr. Elena Rodriguez. “Superconductivity can now be integrated into everyday technology.” Despite the excitement, challenges remain. The new material is currently only produced in small, fragile samples, and scaling up production will require further innovation. Additionally, the compound contains highly reactive hydrogen, posing stability challenges. Researchers are working on modifying the material’s structure to address these issues, aiming to commercialize it within a decade. As the scientific community builds on this discovery, the world watches closely. A room-temperature superconductor is not just a scientific achievement — it is a gateway to a more efficient, sustainable future. 9. What is the main advantage of the new superconductor? A. It can operate in normal conditions. B. It is made of more common elements. C. It is the first superconductor ever discovered. D. It can conduct electricity with zero resistance. 10. How can the new superconductor benefit the environment? A. By reducing the need for quantum computers. B. By making fossil fuel power plants out of date. C. By reducing energy waste and carbon emissions. D. By enabling more efficient recycling of materials. 11. What was a key step in the research? A. Using a new approach to create the compound. B. Replacing hydrogen with a more stable element. C. Cooling the material at extremely low temperatures. D. Developing a cost-efficient type of quantum computer. 12. What does the author imply about the future of the technology? A. The scientific community is divided on its practical value. B. There are still obstacles to overcome before it is widely used. C. It will soon make quantum computing accessible to everyone. D. It will replace all existing energy transmission systems immediately. D It seems like such a simple, straightforward idea:  plant trees — a lot of trees — all over the world, and watch the planet’s temperature fall. Planting trees is definitely a good way to improve air quality, promote biodiversity and absorb harmful carbon dioxide emissions from the air. However, if it’s done in the wrong way it could have a negative effect on our environment. Unfortunately, that might be the case when it comes to carbon-offset(碳补偿) planting — a popular method for some companies to offset their carbon footprint. A new study published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution found that carbon-offset tree plantations may decimate healthy ecosystems. “It is crucial to shift from the narrow focus on carbon and adopt a more holistic(全面的) perspective if we aim to effectively conserve and restore natural ecosystems,” said lead author Jesus Aguirre-Guitierrez, a researcher at the University of Oxford. Forests are one of our best lines of defence against climate change and restoring them is crucial, but this can’t be a substitute for reducing carbon emissions directly. A newly-planted tree can take as many as 20 years to capture the amount of CO2 that a carbon-offset scheme promises. We would have to plant and protect a massive number of trees for decades to offset even a small part of global emissions. Even then, there is always the risk that these efforts will be wiped out by droughts, wildfires, tree diseases and deforestation. Ecosystems are incredibly biodiverse, containing different tree and plant species, but carbon-offset planting typically involves just a few tree species. Planting these trees in an ecosystem while financially beneficial damages biodiversity and ultimately harms the very areas that they were supposed to help. Yet some fossil-fuel companies rely on carbon-offset planting in order to reach “net zero carbon emission”. It’s such an easy way to look like they’re doing their part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In reality, the best thing that they can do is work towards preserving current ecosystems and reducing their actual carbon footprint directly. 13. What is the main concern raised in the passage about carbon-offset tree plantations? A. They may not effectively reduce global warming. B. They could harm local ecosystems and biodiversity. C. They are too expensive to implement on a large scale. D. They require too much time to have a noticeable impact. 14. According to Jesus Aguirre-Guitierrez, what is crucial for protecting natural ecosystems? A. Focusing only on carbon reduction. B. Adopting a holistic attitude. C. Planting a large number of trees quickly. D. Relying on fossil fuels for energy. 15. What is a key limitation of newly-planted trees in carbon-offset schemes? A. They take a long time to capture significant amounts of CO2. B. They are susceptible to droughts and wildfires. C. They are only effective in certain types of ecosystems. D. They are often planted in areas with high biodiversity. 16. Which of the following statements about carbon-offset planting is TRUE? A. It typically involves planting a wide variety of tree species. B. It is always beneficial to ecosystems, regardless of where the trees are planted. C. Some companies use it as a way to appear environmentally responsible. D. It results in significant carbon capture compared to the emissions of fossil-fuel companies. E Schools across the world are trying to come up with creative solutions to keep students active. Some are replacing conventional classroom chairs with exercise balls or standing desks. At Ward Elementary School in Winston, North Carolina students have adopted an innovative program that entails(需要) riding bikes while reading. Scott Ertl came up with the idea while he was exercising and reading at the gym. Believing it would be a fun way to convince students to become more active, he placed one bike in the corner of his classroom and encouraged them to use it during independent reading sessions. It was so popular that Ertl decided to add more bikes and offer the Read and Ride program to the entire school. Today Ward Elementary School has a special exercise room filled with bikes that can be used by students while completing their daily reading assignments. Besides making reading more fun, the program also helps students exercise at a comfortable pace without the pressure that comes with regular sports-related activities. It is also a perfect way to release pent-up energy during days when the weather is not conducive to outdoor activities.    Most importantly, however, are the program’s academic benefits. A year after Read and Ride was introduced at Ward Elementary School, students actively involved in the program demonstrated an astounding 83% reading proficiency(能力). Those who had not taken advantage of the exercise bikes tested at a much lower, 41%. Though the improvement in academic achievement cannot all be attributed to(归因于) programs like Read and Ride, experts believe they are a significant contributor. That’s because studies have shown that physical activity stimulates brain cells and helps prepare it for learning. As word of the difference made by this easy-to-execute exercise program spreads, don’t be surprised to find schools across the country adopt “Read and Ride” for their students. 17. What does Scott Ertl do according to the passage? A. An expert. B. A coach C. A bike maker. D. A teacher. 18. Which of the following is the most important benefit of “Read and Ride”? A. Contributing to improving students’ reading ability. B. Helping students build up their bodies. C. Having students’ riding ability improved. D. Making students interested in reading. 19. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Ward Elementary School hasn’t adopted the Read and Ride program. B. Schools all over the USA will adopt “Read and Ride” soon. C. Students in Ward Elementary School created the Read and Ride program. D. The improvement of students’ reading ability completely results from “the Read and Ride program”. 20. The author’s attitude towards the Read and Ride program may be described as ________. A. disapproving B. negative C. positive D. doubtful 二、完形填空 In a small Oregon town, Sarah lives with her three children. Every Wednesday, she pushes her old shopping cart to Hank’s grocery. The price tags feel like serious 21 , forcing her to calculate if she can afford milk and bread. That day, when the checkout screen flashed $47.85, she frantically(慌乱地) searched her canvas jacket pockets—she had left her 22 at home. “It’s alright,” Maggie the cashier said 23 , “We can hold these for you.” A rustle of 24 traveled through the line. Embarrassed, Sarah met gentle blue-grey eyes. A man in a flannel(法兰绒) shirt quietly 25 his card: “Please, allow me.” As he bent down for a can that had rolled away, Sarah noticed wood dust on his 26 cuff (袖口)—a working man, not wealthy himself. That gift of $47.85 planted a 27 in Sarah’s heart. The following Sunday, she showed up at the Warm Light Food Bank—and there he was, moving potatoes. He was one of the 28 who started the project. From that day on, Sarah volunteered weekly, 29 donated clothes. Her daughter drew sunflowers on food boxes, and her twin boys learned to 30 canned goods. Three years later, on Thanksgiving morning, Sarah stood at the food bank, 31 meal boxes to two hundred families. She watched her once-shy twins confidently 32 new volunteers how to use the scanner. Morning light filtered through icicles(冰锥) , scattering rainbows in the steam-filled room. That initial kindness ignited a cycle of 33 through seasons—as Sarah often told her children: “Every 34 of kindness we catch is worth nurturing into a 35 that illuminates(照亮) others.” 21. A. teachers B. judges C. examiners D. coaches 22. A. receipt B. wallet C. bag D. cart 23. A. loudly B. proudly C. coldly D. softly 24. A. excitement B. worry C. impatience D. silence 25. A. held back B. held up C. pull back D. pull away 26. A. faded B. clean C. colorful D. expensive 27. A. seed B. idea C. hope D. doubt 28. A. visitors B. workers C. founders D. managers 29. A. selling B. organizing C. designing D. wearing 30. A. cook B. taste C. buy D. sort 31. A. collecting B. distributing C. making D. storing 32. A. ordering B. warning C. teaching D. asking 33. A. growth B. motivation C. innovation D. generosity 34. A. spark B. amount C. piece D. degree 35. A. shadow B. fire C. light D. dream 三、语法填空 Why make things simple when they can be complicated, then 36 (short)? French officialdom is abuzz with preparations for the PFUE, which the MEAE and SGAE are organising for the PR in 2022. Lost? Spare a thought for the outsider 37 must daily navigate the French passion for acronyms and initialisms. All countries use them, but France has a particular penchant. The 38 (late) PFUE refers to the French Presidency of the European Union, which starts 39 January 2022. No matter. The abbreviation is already everywhere, and, as the opening sentence says, officials from the foreign ministry and a secretariat in the prime minister’s office are preparing this occasion 40 the president. The 41 (prefer) of the French for abbreviations is so ingrained 42 they scarcely notice it. Britain may have its NHS, or America NASA. What is behind this zeal? Some date it to the 43 (organise) of the modern state in the late 19th century, when bodies such as unions (CGT) or the political movements that later joined together as the SFIO, the precursor to the Socialist Party (PS), emerged, and with them the complex names that deserved shortening. Perhaps it is also the result of the state’s tendency to bureaucratic complication; an acronym can 44 (simple) rather than confuse. So the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (the national railway) becomes the less indigestible SNCF. The fact that practitioners of such an elegant language infect it with such abominations has not gone unnoticed. The Académie Française, 45 polices such matters, recommends that when it comes to acronyms “moderation is a good thing and abuse dangerous.” Curiously, one of the few spheres in which the French leave pro li x descriptions alone is food. No CDC for confit de canard, nor BDV for blanquette de veau. Organisational or bureaucratic life, it seems, is to be tolerated and shortened. Gastronomy can take its time. 四、应用文写作 假定你是李华，你作为交换生在英国 Cambridge学习，在图书馆意外丢失书包，写一份寻物启事，以找回自己的书包。要点如下： 1. 丢失地点与时间； 2. 书包颜色与装的东西。 注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 冠词,代词和介词 ( 目录 学考要求速览 必备知识梳理 高频考点精讲 进阶分级练 ) 考点一 不定冠词的用法 a＋辅音音素；an＋元音音素 In a university，a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing. 在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个一只眼的人拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。 表示“一个”，与数词one相同 Rome was not built in a day.罗马非一日建成。 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 表示某个不确定的人和物，相当于a certain、some，常意为“某一个，一个叫……的人” In a sense, both were right. 在某种意义上，两者都对。 A Mr. White is asking for you on the phone. 一个叫怀特的人打电话找你。 表示“相同”，相当于the same They are nearly of a height. 他们几乎一样高。 Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。 表示“每一”，相当于per, 用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前 800 dollars a ton, three times a day, four yuan a dozen, 90 miles an hour, twice a week, 60 pounds a kilometer 用于固定词组中 a waste of浪费……；all of a sudden突然地；as a rule通常。 It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。 a＋most 表示“很，非常” We spent a most agreeable day together. 我们一起度过了非常愉快的一天。 “a(n)＋名词”作表语，表职业 Grey is a surgeon. 格雷是一名外科医生。 She became a(＝turned) violinist after she grew up. 长大后，她成了一名小提琴家。 用于某些物质名词前，表示“一种/一份/一阵/一场/一番”等意思 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough days.在那些艰苦的日子里，能够买得起一杯饮料是一种安慰。 用于首次提到的单数可数名词前 There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。 I'm going to buy a computer.我要买一台电脑。 用于quite、rather、many、half、what、such之后 He is quite a serious person.他是个相当严肃的人。 Many a mother tries to act out their unrealized dreams through their daughters. 许多母亲试图通过女儿实现她们未能实现的梦想。 She lives just half a mile away.她就住在半英里之外。 What a shame they can't come. 他们不能来了，真是遗憾。 It is such an amazing legend！多令人惊讶的传奇！ 用于“so/as/too/how/however＋形容词”之后 He is so capable a leader that we all support him. 他是一位很有能力的领导，我们都支持他。 How loving and gracious a mother she is! 她是个多和蔼可亲的妈妈！ However hot a day it is, he won't take off his hat. 不管天气多热，他都不摘下帽子。 用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人和物 a success成功的人或事； a shame 带来耻辱的人或事； a pity 可惜或遗憾的事； a must 必需、必备的事； a good education 良好的教育； a great help 巨大的帮助； an honour 一种荣幸； a pleasure 一种乐趣 用在可数名词前泛指一类人或物 A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be equally respected.任何人，无论是官员还是公交车司机，都应该得到同等的尊重。 具有动作意义的名词在与have，take，make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。 take a look看一看；have a try试一试。 You had better go to the factory and have a look. 你最好到厂里去看一看。 考点二 定冠词的用法 用于表示整个属类的单数可数名词前，表示一类事物 The whale is a mammal. 鲸鱼是一种哺乳动物。 The heart pumps blood around the body. 心脏把血液输送到全身。 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 Do you know who invented the telephone? 你知道是谁发明了电话吗？ 表示说话双方都了解的、上文提到过的人和事，或者是在表示特定的人和事物前 Don't worry if you can't come to the party. I'll save some cake for you. 你要是来不了派对，也别担心。我会给你留些蛋糕的。 Lily has a pet dog. The dog is lovely. 莉莉有只宠物狗。这条狗很可爱。 用于表示西洋乐器、文娱场所前 play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the flute, the drum) go to the theater (the concert, the cinema, the party) ★用汉语拼音表示的乐器前不用冠词：play erhu, play pipa 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the young, the living, the evil, the wounded, the lost 用在复数的姓氏前表示一家人或夫妇二人 The Whites settled down in Canada last year. 去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。 用于序数词、形容词和副词最高级前，在形容词和副词特定的比较级前 He'd always be the first to offer to help.他总是第一个主动提出帮忙。 It's the most marvellous piece of music.这是最美妙的一篇乐章。 ★Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two？你知道这两个故事哪个更有趣吗？ 用于国家、党派、机构、公共建筑物、报纸、杂志、朝代、江河湖海、山川群岛的名词前 the United Kingdom, the Communist Party of China, the United Nations, the WTO, the Summer Palace, The New York Times, the Tang Dynasty, the Yangtze River, the Red Sea, the Taiwan Straits, the Sahara Desert 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented by the Chinese 2，000 years ago.指南针是两千年以前中国人发明的。 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1870s　19世纪70年代 用于表示计量的名词前 by the yard (the pound, the kilo, the ton) ★by volume (按体积), by weight (按重量) 用于表示方位、方向的名词前 in the east (the west, the north, the south) keep to the right, turn to the left, in the middle 用于抓、打人体某个部位的名词前，常见的此类动词有take、catch、hold、seize、pull、hit、pat、lead、strike等等。常用的介词有in、on、by等等 take (catch, seize) sb. by the arm (the hair, the hand) pat (hit, strike) sb. in the face (the eye, the stomach) lead sb. by the nose 用于某些固定的短语中 at the age of, at the foot of, by the end of, in the day, tell the truth, at the beginning of, at the top of, by the way, at the same time, in the end, on the contrary, to the point, the other day, on the radio 考点三 零冠词的用法 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指 Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. 偏远地区非常需要教师。 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。 Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.＂这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前 A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。 no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。 There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.天下没有免费的午餐。 【易混提示】 1. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。 He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。 2.不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。 但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 3. 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。 考点四 代词的分类 人称 代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you(你们), they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you(你们), them 物主 代词 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one, some/any, each/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either 相互代词 each other, one another 考点五 几组不定代词的用法区别 some和any some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议、请求等 Would you like some more coffee？ some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示“某个”，any表示“任何一个” Go, and say some person from New York desires to see her. Any colour will do. some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 He offered some useful advice. Do you have any suggestions? I'm not making any promises. each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上；而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 Each (of us) has our own car.＝We each have our own car. Every student is capable of passing the exam./Every one of us is capable of passing the exam. none和no none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数形式；代替可数名词，谓语单复数形式皆可；no等于not any，作定语 —How much bread is there in the kitchen? —None. None of the passengers was/were injured. She has no money coming in and no funds. other、the other和another other泛指“另外的，别的”，常与其他词连用，如：every other week、the other day、no other way; the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others He has doctor's appointment just about every__other week. He crashed into a car coming the__other way. He raised one arm and then the__other. Can you stay behind after the__others have gone and help me clear up？ another指“又一个，另一个”，无特定所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事” He gave the bell another press. A number of features discriminate this species from others(＝other species). either和 neither either指“两者(中任何一方)都”；neither指“两者(中任何一方)都不” You can park on either side of the road. Neither of us has ever skied. 考点六 one, the one, that, it 代词 用法 所替代的名词的单复数 one 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示泛指 必须是可数名词单数 表示复数时用ones the one 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示特指 必须是可数名词单数 表示复数用the ones that 替代上文出现的“同类”人或事物的一个，表示特指，其后常跟介词短语作后置定语 可数名词单数/不可数名词 表示复数时用those it 替代上文出现的“同一”事物 可数名词单数/不可数名词 表示复数用they 考点七 it的常考用法 形式 常用句型 it作形式主语 ①It+be+ adj. + (for sb./of sb.) to do sth. ②It+be+ n. + (for sb./sth.) to do sth. ③It takes/took sb. +一段时间+to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间。 ④It is useless/no use/no good doing sth. 做某事没用。 ⑤It is a pity/shame that... 真可惜 …… ⑥It is no wonder that... 难怪 …… ⑦It is obvious/clear/evident that... 显然 …… ⑧It is said/reported/believed that...据说/据报道/人们相信 …… it作形式主语 相关短语和句型 ①Make it成功,做到 ②Take it easy.别紧张。 ③Don’t mention it.不客气。 ④as sb. puts it 正如某人所说 ⑤believe it or not 信不信由你 ⑥take it for granted that...认为 ……是理所当然的 ⑦When it comes to...当涉及/谈及 …… (to为介词) ⑧ It is/was...that/who...强调句型 考点八 介词 表示方位的介词 across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。 through指从立体的事物中间穿过。 to指到某处, 去某处。 under在……下面, 无接触面。 in在……里面。 into到……里面。 over在……正上方无接触面；on在……上面有接触面。 around在/向……周围。 beneath在……下面有接触面。 beside在……旁边。 out of在……外面。 from从……。 beyond 在/向……较远的一边, 超出。 表示时间的介词 on指在具体的某一天。 in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前, 或者指上/下午或晚上。 at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。 in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前, 表示“多久之后”。 before在……之前。 until直到……时候。 during在……期间。 for表示延续一段时间。 over表示“在……期间”, 表延续。 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 by, on, over, with, in 表示原因的介词 for表示原因, 后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。 at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后, 后面加名词(词组)。 with用在表示情绪的名词之前。 because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句, 加名词(短语)/名词性从句。 表示支持、反对的介词 For, against 其他常用介词 besides, except, but, without, beyond, about 考点九 介词短语 介词和动词搭配 call for需要；要求　　　　　　　 pass by经过 pay for为……付款 figure out弄清楚 apply for申请 dream of梦想 search for寻找，搜索 refer to提及；参考 begin with以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成 play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑 care about关心；介意 focus on集中于 feel like想要 charge...for...索费 hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换…… rely on依靠 go back to追溯到 介词与名词构成的搭配 ①at开头的介词短语 at a loss不知所措　　　 at the cost of以……的代价 at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of冒……的危险 at war处于战争状态 at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时 ②on开头的介词短语 on exhibition/show在展出　 on account of因为 on fire着火 on average平均；一般地 on sale出售，打折 on behalf of代表 on no account/condition决不 on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加 on holiday/vacation在度假 ③by开头的介词短语 by accident偶然地　　　 by hand手工 by mistake错误地 by chance偶然 by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧 by nature天生地 ④in开头的介词短语 in cash用现金付款　　　 in charge of掌管…… in depth在深度上 in return作为回报 in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危 in height在高度上 in spite of尽管 in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换 in favor of支持，赞成 in no time立刻 in case of万一；如果；假使 in no way决不 in support of为支持…… in place of代替 in honour of为向……表示敬意 in possession of拥有，占有 in memory of为了纪念…… in addition to另外 in the middle of在……中间 ⑤of+n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit有益处的　　　　 of significance有意义的 of help有帮助的 of use有用的 of importance重要的 of value有价值的 ⑥out of+n.表示状态 out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障 out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见 out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能 out of date过期 out of work失业 ⑦under+n.表示被动 under attack遭到袭击　　 under treatment在治疗中 under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中 ⑧with+n.表示方式 with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地 with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地 with ease轻而易举地 ⑨beyond+n.表示“超出……，难以……” beyond compare无与伦比 beyond description难以描述 beyond reach够不到 beyond expression/words难以表达 介词和形容词,过去分词搭配 (1)be＋adj.＋about be anxious about 忧虑 be curious about 对……好奇 (2)be＋adj.＋at be angry at 对……生气 be good at 擅长 (3)be＋adj.＋in be absorbed in 专注于 be dressed in 穿着 be engaged in 忙于 (4)be＋adj.＋for be eager for 渴望 be famous for 以……著名 be fit for 适合， 胜任 (5)be＋adj.＋from be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于 (6)be＋adj.＋to be close to 接近 be equal to 等于 be familiar to 对……来说熟悉 (7)be＋adj.＋of be aware of 意识到 be fond of 喜欢 (8)be＋adj.＋with be busy with 忙于be familiar with 对……熟悉be patient with 对……有耐心 考点一：不定冠词 例1. Our team tried hard and as ________ result, we won the game. 【答案】a 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：我们队很努力，结果赢得了比赛。由“we won the game”可知，空格处所在短语意为“结果”，是as a result，故填a。 例2. Mom often tells me ________ apple a day keeps the doctor away. A. a B. an C. 不填 D. the 【答案】B 【详解】考查冠词。句意：妈妈经常告诉我一天一个苹果，医生远离我。根据句意可知，此处泛指“一个苹果”应用不定冠词限定apple，apple以元音音素开头，应用an。故选B项。 例3. Nowadays the Internet plays ________ very important role in our daily life. A. a B. an C. the D. \ 【答案】A 【详解】考查冠词。句意：当今互联网在我们的日常生活中起着非常重要的作用。play a/an...role in为固定搭配，意为“在……起重要作用”，very发音是以辅音音素开头，应用a，故选A。 1. - May I have ________ look at the new skirt you bought yesterday? - Of course. A. a B. an C. the D. / 【答案】A 【详解】考查冠词。句意：——我可以看看你昨天买的新裙子吗?——当然。固定短语：have a look at看一看。故选A。 2. I am going to make________ special house for my pet pig this weekend. A. an B. a C. the 【答案】B 【详解】考查冠词。句意：这个周末我要为我的宠物猪做一个特别的房子。此处指“一个特别的房子”，所以用不定冠词，且special是以辅音音素开头的词，前面用a表示“一”。故选B。 3. Amy only had egg and some milk for breakfast today. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 【答案】B 【详解】考查冠词的用法。句意：艾米今天早餐吃了一个鸡蛋，喝了一些牛奶。“ egg”在此处表示一个鸡蛋，所以应用不定冠词。且egg的发音以元音音素开头，所以应用an。故选B项。 4. Li Hua has ________ good knowledge of many foreign languages, and one of them is English which is ________ language spoken by many people in the world. A. the; a B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the 【答案】C 【详解】考查冠词。句意：李华精通许多外语，其中之一是英语，这是世界上许多人说的一种语言。“have a good knowledge of”是固定短语，意为“精通”，因此第一空是a；结合句意“这是世界上许多人说的一种语言”是泛指，故应用不定冠词修饰language。故选C。 5. Han Hong is ________ kind singer and she does a lot to help the poor. A. a B. an C. the D. / 【答案】A 【详解】考查冠词。句意：韩红是一个热心的歌手，她做了很多事情来帮助穷人。结合句意可知，可数名词单数表泛指要用a/an，kind以辅音音素开头，要用a，故选择A项。 考点二：定冠词 例1. I was ________ only girl in a rugby club of 250 boys. 【答案】the 【详解】考查冠词及固定搭配。句意：我是一个英式橄榄球俱乐部250个男孩里唯一的女孩。短语the only意为“绝无仅有的、独一无二的”，此处表示“250个男生中唯一的一个女生”，表特指，需用定冠词the。故填the。 例2. Inner Mongolia is one of ________ most beautiful places in ________ China. A. the; the B. a; / C. a; the D. the; / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：内蒙古是中国最美丽的地方之一。one of + the +形容词最高级+复数名词，表示“最……之一”；in China“在中国”，专有名词China前不用定冠词。故选D。 例3. —What do you think of ________ Christmas party? —It was great. A. a B. the C. 不填 D. an 【答案】B 【详解】考查冠词。句意：——你觉得圣诞晚会怎么样？——很棒。此处特指双方都知道的圣诞晚会，应用定冠词the；a和an用于泛指，故排除A、D选项；party为可数名词，前面需要有冠词，不能不填，故排除C选项；故选B。 1. After finishing her homework, Sherry played ________ piano for half an hour. A. 不填 B. an C. a D. the 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：在完成作业以后，Sherry弹奏了半小时钢琴。乐器前需加定冠词the。故选D。 2. China’s Chang’e4 landed on the far side of ________ moon successfully. A. the B. a C. an D. 不填 【答案】A 【详解】考查冠词。句意：中国的嫦娥四号成功地降落在月球的另一边。分析可知，月球是独一无二的，表示特指，应该用定冠词the，故选A。 3. — Who is ________ girl in red? —She is Mr. Smith's daughter. A. an B. the C. a D. 不填 【答案】B 【详解】考查冠词。句意：——那个穿红衣服的女孩是谁？——她是史密斯先生的女儿。A. an一个(泛指)；B. the这/那(特指)；C. a一个(泛指)；D. 不填。根据后置定语in red可知此处是特指“穿红衣服的那个女孩”，故应用定冠词，故选B项。 4. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists and Tu Youyou was among ________ first researchers chosen. 【答案】the 【详解】考查定冠词。句意：1967年，中国政府组建了一支科学家团队，屠呦呦是首批被选中的研究人员之一。句中“first(第一的)”是序数词，序数词前通常需加定冠词the，表示“顺序中的第几个”；“the first researchers”，意为“首批研究人员”，符合语境。故填the。 5. With the exam around ________ corner, we’re burning the midnight oil to prepare for it. 【答案】the 【详解】考查冠词和固定短语。句意：随着考试的临近，我们正在开夜车准备考试。around the corner是一个固定短语，表示“即将来临，在附近”。故填the。 考点三：零冠词 例1. Keep in ________ mind that people may have different opinions as to what the artist is like, so they should feel free to discuss. A. the B. an C. a D. / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：请记住，人们可能对这位艺术家是什么样的有不同的看法，所以他们应该自由讨论。固定短语keep in mind，意为“记住”，其中mind前不用冠词修饰。故选D。 例2. If you want to get anywhere in ________ chess, you have to study the various openings. A. an B. the C. / D. a 【答案】C 【详解】考查零冠词。句意：如果你想在象棋中取得某些成就，你必须学习各种开局。此处表示“在国际象棋中”，棋类之前通常不加任何冠词。故选C。 例3. At ________ night, we can see the splendid Journey of Lights Parade. A. a B. the C. an D. / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：在夜晚，我们可以看到辉煌的光之旅游行。at night意为“在夜晚”，为固定搭配。故选D。 1. The two cultures have a lot in ________ common. A. a B. / C. the D. an 【答案】B 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：这两种文化有很多共同之处。结合句意“有共同之处”可知短语为have sth. in common，故选B。 2. She often plays ________ chess on weekends. A. an B. a C. the D. / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：她经常周末下国际象棋。根据空白处下文“chess(国际象棋)”可知，表示棋类的名词前不加冠词。故选D。 3. ________ Time/time is money. A. The B. An C. / D. A 【答案】C 【详解】考查冠词。句意：时间就是金钱。分析句子可知，“Time”为不可数名词，前面不用冠词修饰，此句为谚语，“Time”和“money”格式一致，都不用冠词修饰。故选C项。 4. Philip Beadle is a teacher, speaker, and ________ educational adviser in the UK. A. a B. an C. the D. / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：菲利普·比德尔(Philip Beadle)是英国的一名教师、演说家和教育顾问。根据句意，and连接的teacher, speaker, educational adviser指代同一个人，and后省略冠词，故选D。 5. —What were you doing at 2 o'clock yesterday afternoon? —I was playing ________ football. A. a B. the C. an D. / 【答案】D 【详解】考查冠词。句意：——昨天下午两点你在干什么？——我在踢足球。play football踢足球，一般球类前不加冠词。故选D项。 考点四：代词分类 例1. —Can ________ drive? —Yes, I can. I usually drive to work. A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself 【答案】A 【详解】考查代词。句意：——你可以开车吗？——是的，我能。我通常开车去上班。由答语中的“I can”可知，问句是问“你可以开车吗”，“你”是you，故选A。 例2. He soon recovered(恢复) ________(he) and stopped crying. 【答案】himself 【详解】考查反身代词。句意：他很快恢复了过来，不再哭了。提示词代词he作宾语，和句子主语He指同一对象，用反身代词himself作宾语；recover oneself意为“恢复正常；镇定下来”。故填himself。 例3. On their arrival, they found Luo’s parents eagerly waiting for ________(they). 【答案】them 【详解】考查代词。句意：当他们到达时，他们发现罗的父母急切地等着他们。空处作waiting for的宾语，应用they的宾格形式them。故填them。 1. He amazed ________ all with his kindness and his beautiful, gentle, caring spirit. A. our B. we C. us D. ours 【答案】C 【详解】考查人称代词宾格。句意：他的善良和他美丽、温柔、体贴的精神使我们都感到惊讶。根据谓语动词“amazed”可知，后接宾语，our为形容词性物主代词；we作主语；us为宾格形式，作宾语；ours为名词性物主代词，相当于一个名词，故选C。 2. Mr. Wang is over there. Why not go and say hello to ________? A. he B. him C. it D. its 【答案】B 【详解】考查代词。句意：王先生在那里，为什么不过去和他打个招呼？A. he他，主格；B. him 他，宾格；C. it它；D. its它的。此处指代王先生，且作介词to的宾语，应用宾格him。故选B。 3. —Whose camera is this? Is it ________? —No, it’s not mine. It’s ________. A. you; him B. yours; him C. yours; his D. you; his 【答案】C 【详解】考查物主代词。句意：——这是谁的相机？是你的吗？——不，不是我的。这是他的。由“Whose camera is this”可知，第一空意为“你的”，用名词性物主代词yours；由“No, it’s not mine”可知，第二空意为“他的”，用名词性物主代词his。故选C。 4. Jack wanted to learn to play the piano by________ after a live concert. A. him B. his C. he D. himself 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词。句意：在一场直播音乐会后，杰克想自学弹钢琴。A. him他(宾格)；B. his他的；C. 他(主格)；D. himself他自己。分析句子结构可知，此处应为代词作宾语，句子主语与介词by后的宾语为同一人，所以应用反身代词。故选D项。 5. The lonely boy often plays football with ________. A. he B. his C. him D. himself 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：这个孤独的小男孩经常自己玩。A.he他；B.his他的；C.him他；D.himself他自己。根据“ lonely ”可知，孤独的小男孩经常自己玩。所以with后接反身代词。故选D项。 考点五：不定代词 例1. There are two trees in my backyard. One is a Chinese date tree. ________ is also a Chinese date tree. A. The other B. Other C. Another 【答案】A 【详解】考查代词。句意：我家后院有两棵树。一棵是中国枣树。另一棵也是中国枣树。A.The other另一个；  B.Other其他的人(或物)； C.Another再一个。分析句子可知，这里考查one...the other表“(指两者中的)一个...另一个”，为固定用法。故选A项。 例2. There are some tall trees on ________ side of the street. So you will feel cool. A. both B. all C. neither D. either 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词。句意：在街道两边有一些高大树木。所以你会觉得很凉爽。A.both两者都；B.all所有(三者及以上)；C. neither两者都不；either两者中的任意一个。根据常识可知，街道有两个边，根据“So you will feel cool.”可知为肯定含义，且side为单数形式，应用either修饰。故选D项。 例3. —Can I come today or tomorrow? —________ is OK. I’m busy today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Each D. None 【答案】B 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：——我可以今天来还是明天来?——都不行。我今天和明天都很忙。A. Either两者中任一个；B. Neither两者都不；C. Each每一个；D. None没有一个(三者及以上)。根据“I’m busy today and tomorrow.”可知，今天和明天哪一天都不行。故选B。 1. My uncle promised to buy a nice gift for my birthday, ________ beyond my imagination. A. which B. that C. something D. the one 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：我叔叔承诺我生日给我买一个好看的礼物，超乎我的想象的东西。"____beyond my imagination" 是 a nice gift 的同位语，补充说明礼物是某种超乎想象的东西。后面句子中没有动词构成不了句子，所以which和that不能选。the one 指代与 gift 是同一个东西的礼物，意思成了“出乎想象的那个礼物”，与上文的 promised to buy 不符。something表示“某个东西”符合语境。故选C。 2. Beijing is really a wonderful city and we’ve decided to stay for _________ week. A. any B. other C. another D. some 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：北京真是一个很棒的城市，我们已经决定再呆一个星期。A. any任何；B. other别的东西；C. another再一，又一；D. some某些，若干。此处表示“要再呆一个星期”，表示“又一，再一”。故选C。 3. I have done most of the housework. Would you please finish ________? A. the other B. the others C. the rest D. another 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词。句意：我已经做完了大部分的家务。你们谁愿意完成剩下的？A.the other另一个；B.the others其他人；C.the rest剩余的；剩下的；D.another另一个。根据I have done most of the housework，可推断此处表示“剩下的家务”，the rest(剩下的)可以代替可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。homework是不可是名词。故选C项。 4. The two sisters were so busy last night that ________ of them had time to look after the baby. A. either B. neither C. any D. none 【答案】B 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：两姐妹昨晚太忙了，两个人都没有时间照顾孩子。A. either两者之一；B. neither两者都不；C. any 任何；D. none一个也没有，指三者或三者以上的人或事物。根据前半句The two sisters were so busy可知，两个人都没时间照顾孩子，neither表示“两者都不”，故选B项。 5. I invited Tom, Jack and Lucy to dinner, but ________ of them came. A. none B. either C. neither D. both 【答案】A 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：我邀请了汤姆、杰克和露西来吃饭，但他们都没来。A. none一个也没有，指三者或三者以上的人或事物；B. either两者之一；C. neither两者都不；D. both两者都。根据文中的Tom, Jack and Lucy可知，此处指他们三个都没来。故选A。 考点六：指示代词 例1. Dad told us the price here was much lower than ________ in London. A. it B. that C. this D. one 【答案】B 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：爸爸告诉我们这里的价格比伦敦低得多。A. it它；B. that那；C. this这；D. one一个。结合语意，这里的价格比伦敦的价格低得多，空处指代不可数名词price，同名异物，应用that进行指代。故选B项。 例2. The goods ________ on the Internet are cheaper than ________ we buy in shops. A. being bought; that B. bought; those C. bought; that D. be bought; those 【答案】B 【详解】考查非谓语动词和代词。句意：在网上买的东西比我们在商店买的东西便宜。第一空是非谓语动词做后置定语，修饰名词goods，且名词goods和动词buy二者之间是被动关系，应用过去分词bought做后置定语。第二空处比较对象与前文一致，都是goods，为了避免重复，用代词指代，that代指前面的单数名词，those代指前面的复数名词，此处商店买的商品和网上买的商品是同类异物，且the goods是复数名词，因此用those指代。故选B。 例3. The machines made in our factory are as good as ________ made in Japan. A. that B. ones C. them D. those 【答案】D 【详解】考查指示代词。句意：在我们工厂生产的机器和在日本生产的机器一样好。此处代替machines，应该用 those。 1. — Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________. A. it B. that C. one D. this 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：——哦，天哪！我们只有15分钟的时间到达车站。——太糟糕了，当你想打车的时候，附近却没有出租车。A. it同一具体事物(特指)；B. that同类事物中的特定一个(特指，常对比)；C. one同类事物中的一个(泛指)；D. this近处/即将提及的特定事物。本句中 “需要出租车”是泛指“任意一辆”，应用“one”。故选C。 2. I really want to go to a place for the summer vacation, especially ________ with beautiful scenery and unique culture. A. that B. this C. one D. it 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：我真的想去一个地方过暑假，尤其是一个有美丽风景和独特文化的地方。句中“especially ________ with beautiful scenery and unique culture”是对前文“a place”的补充说明，需要一个代词指代“a place”(泛指一个地方)。选项A“that”通常指代前文提到的同类事物中特指的单数可数名词或不可数名词，此处是泛指，不符合；选项B“this”指近处的事物，表特指，不符合语境；选项C“one”用于泛指前文提到的同类事物中的一个，相当于“a+单数可数名词”，符合“泛指一个有美景和独特文化的地方”的语义；选项D“it”指代前文提到的同一事物，而此处是泛指另一个符合条件的地方，并非同一个，排除。故选C项。 3. To help us better understand literary works, our teacher compared the writing style of Mark Twain with ________ of Lin Yutang. A. those B. that C. ones D. One 【答案】B 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：为了帮助我们更好地理解文学作品，我们的老师比较了马克·吐温和林语堂的写作风格。A. those那些；B. that(特指)那；C. ones一个(泛指)(复数)；D. One一个(泛指)(单数)。根据句子可知，比较了马克·吐温和林语堂的写作风格，空格处应用“that”代指“the writing style”，表特指，“those”和“ones”代指复数，不符合语境，“One”表示泛指，不符合语境。故选B项。 4. In the era of artificial intelligence, the capabilities of modern robots are far more advanced than ________ of the first-generation industrial machines. A. that B. ones C. one D. those 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：在人工智能时代，现代机器人的能力远比第一代工业机器的能力先进得多。A. that通常指代前面提到的可数名词单数或不可数名词；B. ones指代前面提到的可数名词复数，一般表示泛指；C. one指代前面提到的可数名词单数，也是泛指；D. those指代前面提到的可数名词复数，常用来指代同类事物中特指的另一些。在本题中，需要指代前面的复数可数名词“capabilities”，且是特指第一代工业机器的能力，所以用those。故选D项。 5. — Oh, dear! We only have 15 minutes to get to the station. — So terrible! There isn’t any taxi around when you want ________. A. it B. that C. this D. one 【答案】D 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：——哦，天哪！我们只有15分钟的时间到车站。——太糟糕了！当你想叫出租车的时候，周围一辆都没有。A. it它(可指代上文提到的同一事物，也可指代婴儿、不明身份的人或时间、天气、距离等)；B. that那个(指代上文提到的单数可数名词或不可数名词，也可指代前面提到的整个句子内容，还可用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的可数名词单数或不可数名词)；C. this这个(指代较近的人或事物)；D. one一个( 泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个，是同类不同物)。此处指想要叫一辆出租车，属于泛指同类事物中的一个，应用one。故选D。 考点七：it的用法 例1. Communicating through a screen makes ________ more difficult for children to concentrate. 【答案】it 【详解】考查it作形式宾语。句意：通过屏幕交流会让儿童更难集中注意力。此处需填入形式宾语 it，指代后文的真实宾语to concentrate，构成结构：make + it + adj. + to do sth.。故填it。 例2. ________ is my duty to do something for students in poor areas. 【答案】It 【详解】考查代词。句意：为贫困地区的学生做点事是我的责任。it is one’s duty to do sth.做某事是某人的责任，it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。根据句意，故填It。 例3. I thought ________ strange that my teacher could not show me love. 【答案】it 【详解】考查形式宾语。句意：我觉得奇怪的是，我的老师不能向我表达爱意。分析句子可知，空格处应填入it作形式宾语，that my teacher could not show me love作真正的宾语，形容词strange作宾语补足语。故填it。 1. — Mum, where is my football? Have you seen ________? — Football? Oh, it’s in my car. A. one B. them C. it D. any 【答案】C 【详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：——妈妈，我的足球在哪里？你看到过它吗？——足球吗？哦，它在我的车里。A. one一个；B. them它们；C. it它；D. any任一。分析句子可知，设空处使用代词作宾语，指代前文的football，为可数名词的单数形式，且表示同一物体，应用代词it进行指代。故选C。 2. ________ was difficult for them to take time off to celebrate the festival. A. It B. That C. This D. What 【答案】A 【详解】考查代词it。句意：他们很难抽出时间来庆祝这个节日。设空处为形式主语，代替后面的不定式，应用it，句首单词首字母大写，故选A。 3. ________ is really easy to get lost among the twisting and turning Hutongs near the Palace Museum in Beijing. A. It B. That C. This D. What 【答案】A 【详解】考查形式主语。句意：在北京故宫博物院附近蜿蜒曲折的胡同里很容易迷路。it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语。故选A项。 4. ________ is generally agreed that no one can learn all the knowledge all his life. A. What B. As C. Which D. It 【答案】D 【详解】考查It作形式主语。句意：人们普遍认为，没有人可以一辈子学到所有的知识。分析句子可知，that后接主语从句，是本句真正的主语，所以空处需填形式主语It。故选D项。 考点八：介词和介词短语 例1. Xu Yi was learning English ________ an exchange student in the UK. 【答案】as 【详解】考查介词。句意：徐逸作为交换生在英国学习英语。表示“作为”应用介词as，后跟名词作宾语。故填as。 例2. Why not go and borrow some money ________ her? 【答案】from 【详解】考查介词。句意：为什么不去向她借些钱呢? borrow sth. from sb.是固定搭配，意为“向某人借某物”，符合语境。故填from。 例3. There is no better way to see what you are capable ________. 【答案】of 【详解】考查介词。句意：没有比这更好的方式来展示你的能力了。be capable of为固定短语，意思为：能够……。故填of。 1. I also play computer games from time ________ time and I even play tennis on my television screen in my living room! 【答案】to 【详解】考查介词。句意：我还时不时地玩电脑游戏，甚至在客厅的电视屏幕上打网球!此处是固定搭配：from time to time意为“不时地”。故填to。 2. He froze in ________(amaze) at the poetic landscape. 【答案】amazement 【详解】考查名词。句意：他被这诗意的景色惊呆了。in amazement为固定搭配，意为“惊讶地”。故填amazement。 3. When the game ended our coach hit Paul ________ the shoulder, saying, “you’ve just earned your place on the team, big guy!” 【答案】on 【详解】考查介词。句意：比赛结束时，我们的教练打了保罗的肩膀，说：“你刚刚赢得了球队的位置，大个子！”分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查介词on，表示“打在某人身上硬的部位”。故填on。 4. For more than 50 years, he has devoted his life ________ rice production. 【答案】to 【详解】考查介词。句意：50多年来，他一直致力于水稻产量。devote...to...“致力于”为固定短语。故填to。 5. The novel is made up ________ ten stories. 【答案】of 【详解】考查介词。句意：这篇小说由10个故事构成。根据句意可知，此处意为“由……构成”，表达为be made up of，故填of。 训练 一、单项选择 1. We thought ________ necessary to invite Professor Smith to give us a lecture on how to learn English. A. that B. it C. this D. him 【答案】B 【详解】考查形式宾语。句意：我们认为，邀请史密斯教授来给我们就怎样学英语做讲座，很必要。分析句子可知，句子用了“think+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，从句子结构看，to invite Professor Smith to give us a lecture on how to learn English 是真正的宾语，前面应该用it作形式宾语。故选B。 2. People felt ________ impossible for man to fly into outer space some years ago. A. that B. what C. it D. this 【答案】C 【详解】考查it作形式宾语。句意：几年前，人们觉得人类不可能飞入外层空间。A. that那个，常指代前面的名词；B. what什么；C. it指代前面的同类同物；D. this这个。felt后缺少形式宾语，其真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式to fly into outer space some years ago。英语中常用it作形式宾语来代替后面的动词不定式。故选C。 3. I’d appreciate ________ if you would like to teach me how to use this computer. A. that B. this C. you D. it 【答案】D 【详解】考查it做形式宾语。句意：如果你能教我如何使用这台电脑，我将不胜感激。此处it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的从句。固定句式：I would appreciate it if...，“如果.......，我将不胜感激”。故选D项。 4. The machines made in our factory are as good as ________ made in Japan. A. that B. ones C. them D. those 【答案】D 【详解】考查指示代词。句意：在我们工厂生产的机器和在日本生产的机器一样好。此处代替machines，应该用 those。 5. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ________ of them came. A. neither B. either C. none D. both 【答案】A 【详解】考查代词。句意：我邀请了乔和琳达来吃饭，但他们两个都没来。根据but可判断出两人都没有来。none用于三者或三者以上；both 表示两人都来了；either表示两者之中任何一个，都与提供的情景矛盾。故选A。 6. He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, ________ that had the best color. A. 不填 B. ones C. this D. the ones 【答案】D 【详解】不定代词one是泛指，相当于a/an + 名词，ones相当于复数，特指时需要加the，句意：他建议农民选择最好的种子，有最好颜色的种子。横线后面为定语从句，应是特指，所以用the ones，ones指seed-heads，故选D。 7. The street is beautiful, for there are trees on ________. A. neither side B. either side C. both side D. all sides 【答案】B 【详解】试题分析：考查单词辨析。因为street只有两边。neither指的是都不，既然说街道漂亮，这个就和题意不符。either是任何一边，街道很漂亮任何一边都种着树。all指的是三者以上，街道只有两边，也不对。C项意思上对，但是未加s。故选B。 8. The Yangtze River, China’s longest, has been affected by a severe drought, ________ the lowest level of rainfall this year since 1961. A. with B. for C. beyond D. besides 【答案】A 【详解】词义辨析题。A. with 具有; B. for 为; C. beyond 超出; D. besides 此外。长江中国的最长河受到了严重干旱的影响，降水量跌至1961年以来的最低点。 根据语意选A 9. ________ the cost, the project will take a lot of time as well . A. Other than B. Except for C. In addition D. Apart from 【答案】D 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：除了费用，这个计划也花费很多时间。Other than除了=except；Except for(局部)排除在外；In addition除了，(应该加to接宾语)，Apart from兼有(除了……还有/没有)，根据句意，除了费用还有时间，故用apart from符合题意，故选D。 10. When asked about their opinion about the schoolmaster ,many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ________ younger men. A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of 【答案】C 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：当被问及对校长的看法时，许多老师宁愿看到他站在一边，支持较年轻的人。A. in terms of就……而言，从……而论；B. in need of 需要；C. ​in favor of支持，拥护；D. in praise of称赞，表扬。根据句意分析,C项符合题意。故选C项。 二、单句语法填空 1. ________ is important to protect our environment. 【答案】It 【详解】考查it作形式主语。句意：保护我们的环境很重要。It is important to do sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事很重要”，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式，因此空格处是It。故填It。 2. I hope to have ________ happier, more fruitful and satisfying life in my new school. 【答案】a 【详解】考查冠词。句意：我希望在我的新学校有一个更快乐，更有成果和满足感的生活。分析句子可知，设空处缺少冠词，是泛指，表示“一个……的生活”，应使用不定冠词，后面的happier开头发音是辅音，故填a。 3. He is in ________ possession of that beautiful garden and the shop is in ________ possession of his brother. 【答案】/; the 【详解】考查冠词。句意：那个漂亮的花园归他所有，商店归他哥哥所有。sb be in possession of sth某人拥有某物。sth be in the possession of sb某物为某人所拥有。故填/；the。 4. By ________ nature, you are an adventurer, full of amazement and curiosity about ________ world bigger than life itself. 【答案】/; a 【详解】考查冠词。句意：你天生就是个冒险家，对生活本身大的世界充满了惊奇和好奇。by nature“天生地”，是固定短语。world, earth, sun, moon等独一无二的名词被形容词修饰后，前面应用不定冠词来限定。故填/；a。 5. Emily felt completely at ________ loss when ________ word came that her son finally left home. 【答案】a; / 【详解】考查冠词。句意：当艾米丽听到儿子终于离家的消息时，她完全不知所措。at a loss是固定短语，意为“不知所措”，因此第一空是a；word意为“消息”，是不可数名词，前面不加冠词。故填①a；②/。 一、阅读理解 A Imagine picking up a nice juicy apple — but instead of biting into it, you keep the seeds and throw the rest away. That’s what chocolate producers have traditionally done with the cocoa fruit — used the beans and threw away the rest. Traditional chocolate production, using only the beans, involves leaving the rest of the cocoa fruit — the size of a pumpkin and full of nutritious value — to rot in the fields. But now food scientists in Switzerland have come up with a way to make chocolate using the entire cocoa fruit and without using sugar. The chocolate, developed by scientist Kim Mishra and his team, includes the cocoa fruit, the juice, and the shell. The key to the new chocolate lies in the very sweet juice, which tastes a bit like pineapple. This juice, which is 14% sugar, is made to form a highly concentrated syrup(高浓度糖浆). Roger Wehrli, director of the association of Swiss chocolate producers, sees the new chocolate as “very promising... If you use the whole cocoa fruit, you can get better prices. So it’s economically interesting for the farmers.” Food production involves letting out significant greenhouse gas, so reducing food waste could also help to deal with climate change. Chocolate, may not by itself be a huge factor, but it could be a start. In Switzerland, some of the bigger producers are starting to use the cocoa fruit as well as the beans, but none, so far, has taken the step of not using extra sugar completely. “We have to find brave chocolate producers who want to test the market,” says Mr. Mishra. 1. Which of the following is the new way of dealing with cocoa? A. Only using the seeds. B. Only using the leaves. C. Using the entire plant. D. Using the entire fruit. 2. Where does the sugar of the new chocolate comes from? A. apple B. pineapple C. the juice D. the shell 3. In the opinion of Roger, who will be most satisfied with the new chocolate? A. the farmers B. the scientists C. the producers D. the buyers 4. In which aspect will the new chocolate lead the way in food production? A. Getting better price. B. Protecting the environment. C. Testing the market. D. Adding some extra sugar. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家开发出一种利用整个可可果制作且不加糖的巧克力。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But now food scientists in Switzerland have come up with a way to make chocolate using the entire cocoa fruit and without using sugar. (但现在，瑞士的食品科学家想出了一种方法，可以用整个可可果制作巧克力，而且不加糖)”可知，处理可可的新方法是使用整个果实。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The key to the new chocolate lies in the very sweet juice, which tastes a bit like pineapple. This juice, which is 14% sugar, is made to form a highly concentrated syrup (高浓度糖浆). (这种新巧克力的关键在于这种非常甜的果汁，尝起来有点像菠萝。这种含糖量为14%的果汁被制成高浓度糖浆)”可知，新巧克力的糖分来自可可果的果汁。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Roger Wehrli, director of the association of Swiss chocolate producers, sees the new chocolate as “very promising... If you use the whole cocoa fruit, you can get better prices. So it’s economically interesting for the farmers.” (瑞士巧克力生产商协会主任罗杰·韦尔利认为这种新巧克力“很有前途……如果你使用整个可可果，你可以得到更好的价格。所以这对农民来说在经济上很有吸引力。”)”可知，罗杰认为，农民会对新巧克力最满意。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据第六段“Food production involves letting out significant greenhouse gas, so reducing food waste could also help to deal with climate change. Chocolate, may not by itself be a huge factor, but it could be a start. (食品生产会释放大量温室气体，因此减少食物浪费也有助于应对气候变化。巧克力本身可能不是一个重要因素，但它可能是一个开始)”可知，新巧克力在保护环境方面将引领食品生产。故选B。 B (2024-2025学年安徽师范大学附属中学高中自主招生考试英语)Jim was a young man in his early twenties who was studying to be a carpenter. He was a good worker, honest and worthy of trust, so his boss was pleased with him. As he was such a likable man and easy to deal with, he was popular with his workmates, too. They also made fun of him a great deal but he never got angry with them and would only laugh. But Jim’s one great shortcoming(缺点) was that he could never tell a lie, no matter how hard he tried, not even a little one. In fact, he was so honest and shy that he would blush even when he was telling the truth. He used to stand in front of the mirror and practise lying while looking himself in the eyes at the same time. But as soon as he saw his face starting to go red he had to look away. One morning, however, he didn’t feel like going to work because he had been to a party the night before and it hadn’t ended till the early hours of the morning. And so far the first time in his life he decided to take the day off. He rang his boss, pretending to be a woman. “I’m afraid Jim can’t come to work today. He isn’t feeling very well.” Poor Jim was thankful that his boss couldn’t see him just at that moment because his hands were trembling(发抖) and his face was bright red. “Thank you for letting me know,” said Mr. Woods, his boss, and then just as he was about to hang up, he said, “just a moment, madam, who’s speaking.” “Oh!” he stammered(口吃的说), and going all out for making a voice like a woman, he cried in a voice: “This is my mother speaking!” 5. What do we know about Jim? A. He trusted people easily. B. He got along well with people. C. He was only popular with his boss. D. He liked to make fun of his workmates. 6. What does the underlined word “blush” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Stammer. B. Look away C. Go red. D. Feel cold 7. Why did Jim try to practise lying? A. To avoid being laughed at by his workmates. B. To overcome his shortcoming. C. To get his boss pleased with him. D. To get ready for getting a day off. 8. At the end of the story we can learn that ________. A. Jim successfully told a lie. B. Jim’s mother told a lie. C. Jim’s boss could tell that Jim lied D. Jim had a woman in his house 【答案】5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了Jim是一个诚实到不会说谎的年轻人，但有一天他因为前一天晚上参加派对到很晚，决定第一次请假，于是他假装成女人给老板打电话请假，结果被老板识破的故事。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“As he was such a likable man and easy to deal with, he was popular with his workmates, too.(因为他是一个如此讨人喜欢且容易相处的人，所以他在同事中也很受欢迎。)”可知，Jim和人相处得很好。故选B。 6. 词句猜测题。根据下文“He used to stand in front of the mirror and practise lying while looking himself in the eyes at the same time. But as soon as he saw his face starting to go red he had to look away.(他过去常常站在镜子前，一边盯着自己的眼睛，一边练习说谎。但只要看到自己的脸开始变红，他就不得不把目光移开。)”可知，他是如此诚实和害羞，以至于即使他说的是实话，他也会脸红，由此可知，blush意为“脸红”。故选C。 7. 细节理解题。根据第三段“One morning, however, he didn’t feel like going to work because he had been to a party the night before and it hadn’t ended till the early hours of the morning. And so far the first time in his life he decided to take the day off. He rang his boss, pretending to be a woman.(然而，一天早上，他不想去上班，因为他前一天晚上去参加了一个派对，派对一直持续到凌晨。这是他人生中第一次决定请假一天。他打电话给老板，假装是个女人。)”可知，Jim试着练习说谎是为了准备请假一天。故选D。 8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Thank you for letting me know,” said Mr. Woods, his boss, and then just as he was about to hang up, he said, “just a moment, madam, who’s speaking.”“Oh!” he stammered, and going all out for making a voice like a woman, he cried in a voice: “This is my mother speaking!”(“谢谢你告诉我，”他的老板伍兹先生说，然后就在他正要挂断电话的时候，他说：“请稍等，夫人，请问是谁在说话？”“哦！”他结结巴巴地说，然后竭力用女人的声音喊道：“这是我妈妈在说话！”)”可知，Jim在撒谎时被老板识破了。故选C。 C In a breakthrough that could revolutionize energy transmission and computing, scientists announced the development of the world’s first room-temperature superconductor. This achievement promises to eliminate electrical resistance entirely, making power grids(电网) 100% efficient and enabling quantum (量子) computers to operate at scale. Superconductivity, the ability to conduct electricity with zero resistance, was first observed in 1911. However, all known superconductors required extremely low temperatures or high pressures to function, limiting their practical use. The new material, a compound of hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon, achieves superconductivity at a mild 21℃ and ambient(环境的) pressure, an achievement once thought impossible. The implications are profound. For energy systems, room-temperature superconductors could drastically reduce global energy waste. Currently, up to 10% of electricity is lost as heat during transmission. With superconductors, this loss would disappear, lowering energy demand and carbon emissions. In computing, the material could solve a major bottleneck in quantum computing: decoherence(退相干). Quantum bits lose their state rapidly at room temperature, but superconductors could stabilize them, leading to much faster quantum computers. The research team spent five years experimenting with different compositions. They used a high-pressure diamond anvil cell to synthesize(合成) the compound, then gradually reduced the pressure. To their surprise, the material maintained its superconducting capabilities at normal atmospheric pressure. “This changes everything,” said lead researcher Dr. Elena Rodriguez. “Superconductivity can now be integrated into everyday technology.” Despite the excitement, challenges remain. The new material is currently only produced in small, fragile samples, and scaling up production will require further innovation. Additionally, the compound contains highly reactive hydrogen, posing stability challenges. Researchers are working on modifying the material’s structure to address these issues, aiming to commercialize it within a decade. As the scientific community builds on this discovery, the world watches closely. A room-temperature superconductor is not just a scientific achievement — it is a gateway to a more efficient, sustainable future. 9. What is the main advantage of the new superconductor? A. It can operate in normal conditions. B. It is made of more common elements. C. It is the first superconductor ever discovered. D. It can conduct electricity with zero resistance. 10. How can the new superconductor benefit the environment? A. By reducing the need for quantum computers. B. By making fossil fuel power plants out of date. C. By reducing energy waste and carbon emissions. D. By enabling more efficient recycling of materials. 11. What was a key step in the research? A. Using a new approach to create the compound. B. Replacing hydrogen with a more stable element. C. Cooling the material at extremely low temperatures. D. Developing a cost-efficient type of quantum computer. 12. What does the author imply about the future of the technology? A. The scientific community is divided on its practical value. B. There are still obstacles to overcome before it is widely used. C. It will soon make quantum computing accessible to everyone. D. It will replace all existing energy transmission systems immediately. 【答案】9. A 10. C 11. A 12. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界首款室温超导体的研发突破，阐述其与传统超导体的区别、在能源传输和计算领域的重大意义、研发关键步骤，同时指出其商业化面临的挑战及未来前景。 9. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The new material, a compound of hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon, achieves superconductivity at a mild 21℃ and ambient pressure, an achievement once thought impossible.(这种由氢、硫和碳组成的新材料在温和的21摄氏度和环境压力下就能实现超导性，这一成就曾被认为是不可能的)”可知，新超导体的主要优势是能在正常条件下工作。故选A。 10. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“For energy systems, room-temperature superconductors could drastically reduce global energy waste. Currently, up to 10% of electricity is lost as heat during transmission. With superconductors, this loss would disappear, lowering energy demand and carbon emissions.(对于能源系统来说，室温超导体可以大大减少全球能源浪费。目前，高达10%的电力在传输过程中以热量的形式损失掉。有了超导体，这种损失就会消失，从而降低能源需求和碳排放)”可知，新超导体通过减少能源浪费和碳排放对环境有益。故选C。 11. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The research team spent five years experimenting with different compositions. They used a high-pressure diamond anvil cell to synthesize the compound, then gradually reduced the pressure.(研究团队花了五年时间试验不同的成分。他们使用高压金刚石对顶砧合成这种化合物，然后逐渐降低压力)”可知，研究的关键步骤是采用了新的化合物合成方法。故选A。 12. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Despite the excitement, challenges remain. The new material is currently only produced in small, fragile samples, and scaling up production will require further innovation. Additionally, the compound contains highly reactive hydrogen, posing stability challenges.(尽管令人兴奋，但挑战依然存在。这种新材料目前只能生产出小而脆弱的样品，扩大生产规模还需要进一步的创新。此外，该化合物含有高活性氢，存在稳定性挑战)”可推知，作者暗示这项技术在广泛应用前仍有障碍需要克服。故选B。 D It seems like such a simple, straightforward idea:  plant trees — a lot of trees — all over the world, and watch the planet’s temperature fall. Planting trees is definitely a good way to improve air quality, promote biodiversity and absorb harmful carbon dioxide emissions from the air. However, if it’s done in the wrong way it could have a negative effect on our environment. Unfortunately, that might be the case when it comes to carbon-offset(碳补偿) planting — a popular method for some companies to offset their carbon footprint. A new study published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution found that carbon-offset tree plantations may decimate healthy ecosystems. “It is crucial to shift from the narrow focus on carbon and adopt a more holistic(全面的) perspective if we aim to effectively conserve and restore natural ecosystems,” said lead author Jesus Aguirre-Guitierrez, a researcher at the University of Oxford. Forests are one of our best lines of defence against climate change and restoring them is crucial, but this can’t be a substitute for reducing carbon emissions directly. A newly-planted tree can take as many as 20 years to capture the amount of CO2 that a carbon-offset scheme promises. We would have to plant and protect a massive number of trees for decades to offset even a small part of global emissions. Even then, there is always the risk that these efforts will be wiped out by droughts, wildfires, tree diseases and deforestation. Ecosystems are incredibly biodiverse, containing different tree and plant species, but carbon-offset planting typically involves just a few tree species. Planting these trees in an ecosystem while financially beneficial damages biodiversity and ultimately harms the very areas that they were supposed to help. Yet some fossil-fuel companies rely on carbon-offset planting in order to reach “net zero carbon emission”. It’s such an easy way to look like they’re doing their part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In reality, the best thing that they can do is work towards preserving current ecosystems and reducing their actual carbon footprint directly. 13. What is the main concern raised in the passage about carbon-offset tree plantations? A. They may not effectively reduce global warming. B. They could harm local ecosystems and biodiversity. C. They are too expensive to implement on a large scale. D. They require too much time to have a noticeable impact. 14. According to Jesus Aguirre-Guitierrez, what is crucial for protecting natural ecosystems? A. Focusing only on carbon reduction. B. Adopting a holistic attitude. C. Planting a large number of trees quickly. D. Relying on fossil fuels for energy. 15. What is a key limitation of newly-planted trees in carbon-offset schemes? A. They take a long time to capture significant amounts of CO2. B. They are susceptible to droughts and wildfires. C. They are only effective in certain types of ecosystems. D. They are often planted in areas with high biodiversity. 16. Which of the following statements about carbon-offset planting is TRUE? A. It typically involves planting a wide variety of tree species. B. It is always beneficial to ecosystems, regardless of where the trees are planted. C. Some companies use it as a way to appear environmentally responsible. D. It results in significant carbon capture compared to the emissions of fossil-fuel companies. 【答案】13. B 14. B 15. A 16. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了碳补偿植树计划可能破坏生态系统的风险，强调应采取更全面的环境保护策略。 13. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution found that carbon-offset tree plantations may decimate healthy ecosystems.(发表在《生态学与进化趋势》上的一项新研究发现，碳补偿林可能会摧毁健康的生态系统)”以及第三段中“Planting these trees in an ecosystem while financially beneficial damages biodiversity and ultimately harms the very areas that they were supposed to help.(在生态系统中种植这些树木虽然在经济上有利，但却会破坏生物多样性，并最终损害它们本应帮助的区域)”可知，文章提及的主要担忧是这类植树活动可能损害当地生态系统和生物多样性。故选B。 14. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“It is crucial to shift from the narrow focus on carbon and adopt a more holistic (全面的) perspective if we aim to effectively conserve and restore natural ecosystems(如果我们旨在有效保护和恢复自然生态系统，至关重要的是要从对碳的狭隘关注转向更全面的视角)”可知，他认为采取全面的态度至关重要。故选B。 15. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“A newly-planted tree can take as many as 20 years to capture the amount of CO2 that a carbon-offset scheme promises.(一棵新种植的树可能需要长达20年的时间才能吸收碳补偿计划所承诺的二氧化碳量)”可知，新种树木的关键局限是需要很长时间才能吸收大量二氧化碳。故选A。 16. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Yet some fossil-fuel companies rely on carbon-offset planting in order to reach “net zero carbon emission”. It’s such an easy way to look like they’re doing their part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.(然而，一些化石燃料公司依赖碳补偿植树来实现“净零碳排放”。这是一种看起来像是在为减少温室气体排放尽自己一份力的简单方法)”可知，一些公司利用这种方式来显得自己有环保责任感。故选C。 E Schools across the world are trying to come up with creative solutions to keep students active. Some are replacing conventional classroom chairs with exercise balls or standing desks. At Ward Elementary School in Winston, North Carolina students have adopted an innovative program that entails(需要) riding bikes while reading. Scott Ertl came up with the idea while he was exercising and reading at the gym. Believing it would be a fun way to convince students to become more active, he placed one bike in the corner of his classroom and encouraged them to use it during independent reading sessions. It was so popular that Ertl decided to add more bikes and offer the Read and Ride program to the entire school. Today Ward Elementary School has a special exercise room filled with bikes that can be used by students while completing their daily reading assignments. Besides making reading more fun, the program also helps students exercise at a comfortable pace without the pressure that comes with regular sports-related activities. It is also a perfect way to release pent-up energy during days when the weather is not conducive to outdoor activities.    Most importantly, however, are the program’s academic benefits. A year after Read and Ride was introduced at Ward Elementary School, students actively involved in the program demonstrated an astounding 83% reading proficiency(能力). Those who had not taken advantage of the exercise bikes tested at a much lower, 41%. Though the improvement in academic achievement cannot all be attributed to(归因于) programs like Read and Ride, experts believe they are a significant contributor. That’s because studies have shown that physical activity stimulates brain cells and helps prepare it for learning. As word of the difference made by this easy-to-execute exercise program spreads, don’t be surprised to find schools across the country adopt “Read and Ride” for their students. 17. What does Scott Ertl do according to the passage? A. An expert. B. A coach C. A bike maker. D. A teacher. 18. Which of the following is the most important benefit of “Read and Ride”? A. Contributing to improving students’ reading ability. B. Helping students build up their bodies. C. Having students’ riding ability improved. D. Making students interested in reading. 19. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Ward Elementary School hasn’t adopted the Read and Ride program. B. Schools all over the USA will adopt “Read and Ride” soon. C. Students in Ward Elementary School created the Read and Ride program. D. The improvement of students’ reading ability completely results from “the Read and Ride program”. 20. The author’s attitude towards the Read and Ride program may be described as ________. A. disapproving B. negative C. positive D. doubtful 【答案】17. D 18. A 19. B 20. C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述美国沃德小学推行“阅读骑行”项目，介绍其起源、实施方式，并说明该项目在提升学生活跃度、阅读能力上的积极效果。 17. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Scott Ertl came up with the idea while he was exercising and reading at the gym. Believing it would be a fun way to convince students to become more active, he placed one bike in the corner of his classroom and encouraged them to use it during independent reading sessions.(该想法由Scott Ertl提出。当时他正在健身房一边锻炼一边阅读，认为这会是个有趣的办法，能让学生更主动地动起来。于是，他在自己教室的角落放了一辆自行车，鼓励学生在自主阅读时间使用。)”可知，Scott Ertl拥有教室，并且鼓励自己的学生在自主阅读时使用自行车。因此，他应该是一名教师。故选D。 18. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Most importantly, however, are the program’s academic benefits. A year after Read and Ride was introduced at Ward Elementary School, students actively involved in the program demonstrated an astounding 83% reading proficiency(能力). Those who had not taken advantage of the exercise bikes tested at a much lower, 41%.(然而，该项目最重要的价值在于其学术效益。“阅读骑行”项目在沃德小学推行一年后，积极参与项目的学生展现出了惊人的阅读能力——熟练度高达83%。而那些未使用健身自行车的学生，阅读熟练度则低得多，仅为41%。)”可知，阅读骑行项目最核心的益处是助力提高学生的阅读能力。故选A。 19. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“That’s because studies have shown that physical activity stimulates brain cells and helps prepare it for learning. As word of the difference made by this easy-to-execute exercise program spreads, don’t be surprised to find schools across the country adopt “Read and Ride” for their students.(这是因为有研究表明，体育活动能刺激脑细胞，为学习做好准备。随着这项简单易实施的运动项目所带来的改变逐渐为人所知，看到全国各地的学校都为学生采用“阅读骑行”项目，也就不足为奇了。)”可知，该项目反响较好。由此可推测，美国各地学校可能很快会采用该项目。故选B。 20. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Most importantly, however, are the program’s academic benefits. A year after Read and Ride was introduced at Ward Elementary School, students actively involved in the program demonstrated an astounding 83% reading proficiency(能力). Those who had not taken advantage of the exercise bikes tested at a much lower, 41%.(然而，该项目最重要的价值在于其学术效益。“阅读骑行”项目在沃德小学推行一年后，积极参与项目的学生展现出了惊人的阅读能力——熟练度高达83%。而那些未使用健身自行车的学生，阅读熟练度则低得多，仅为41%。)”以及最后一段“As word of the difference made by this easy-to-execute exercise program spreads, don’t be surprised to find schools across the country adopt “Read and Ride” for their students.(随着这项简单易实施的运动项目所带来的改变逐渐为人所知，看到全国各地的学校都为学生采用“阅读骑行”项目，也就不足为奇了。)”可知，作者对该项目的态度是认可和支持的，即积极的。故选C。 二、完形填空 In a small Oregon town, Sarah lives with her three children. Every Wednesday, she pushes her old shopping cart to Hank’s grocery. The price tags feel like serious 21 , forcing her to calculate if she can afford milk and bread. That day, when the checkout screen flashed $47.85, she frantically(慌乱地) searched her canvas jacket pockets—she had left her 22 at home. “It’s alright,” Maggie the cashier said 23 , “We can hold these for you.” A rustle of 24 traveled through the line. Embarrassed, Sarah met gentle blue-grey eyes. A man in a flannel(法兰绒) shirt quietly 25 his card: “Please, allow me.” As he bent down for a can that had rolled away, Sarah noticed wood dust on his 26 cuff (袖口)—a working man, not wealthy himself. That gift of $47.85 planted a 27 in Sarah’s heart. The following Sunday, she showed up at the Warm Light Food Bank—and there he was, moving potatoes. He was one of the 28 who started the project. From that day on, Sarah volunteered weekly, 29 donated clothes. Her daughter drew sunflowers on food boxes, and her twin boys learned to 30 canned goods. Three years later, on Thanksgiving morning, Sarah stood at the food bank, 31 meal boxes to two hundred families. She watched her once-shy twins confidently 32 new volunteers how to use the scanner. Morning light filtered through icicles(冰锥) , scattering rainbows in the steam-filled room. That initial kindness ignited a cycle of 33 through seasons—as Sarah often told her children: “Every 34 of kindness we catch is worth nurturing into a 35 that illuminates(照亮) others.” 21. A. teachers B. judges C. examiners D. coaches 22. A. receipt B. wallet C. bag D. cart 23. A. loudly B. proudly C. coldly D. softly 24. A. excitement B. worry C. impatience D. silence 25. A. held back B. held up C. pull back D. pull away 26. A. faded B. clean C. colorful D. expensive 27. A. seed B. idea C. hope D. doubt 28. A. visitors B. workers C. founders D. managers 29. A. selling B. organizing C. designing D. wearing 30. A. cook B. taste C. buy D. sort 31. A. collecting B. distributing C. making D. storing 32. A. ordering B. warning C. teaching D. asking 33. A. growth B. motivation C. innovation D. generosity 34. A. spark B. amount C. piece D. degree 35. A. shadow B. fire C. light D. dream 【答案】 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述Sarah受陌生人善意帮助后，加入公益并传递温暖的故事。 21. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：价签感觉就像严厉的检验者，迫使她计算是否买得起牛奶和面包。A. teachers教师；B. judges法官；C. examiners考官，检验者；D. coaches教练。根据后文“forcing her to calculate if she can afford milk and bread”可知，价格标签考验她的购买力。故选C。 22. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那天，当结账屏幕显示47.85美元时，她慌乱地翻找自己的帆布夹克口袋——她把钱包忘在家里了。A. receipt收据；B. wallet钱包；C. bag包；D. cart购物车。根据前文“when the checkout screen flashed $47.85, she frantically (慌乱地) searched her canvas jacket pockets”可知，她需要付钱却没带装钱的钱包。故选B。 23. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：收银员Maggie轻声说：“没关系，我们可以帮你留着这些东西。”A. loudly大声地；B. proudly骄傲地；C. coldly冷淡地；D. softly轻声地。根据前文““It’s alright,” Maggie the cashier said”可知，Maggie在轻声安慰Sarah。故选D。 24. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：队伍中传来一阵不耐烦的骚动。A. excitement兴奋；B. worry担忧；C. impatience不耐烦；D. silence安静。根据前文“traveled through the line”以及常识可知，在排队结账时遇到耽搁，后面排队的人最可能产生的情绪是不耐烦。故选C。 25. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：一个穿法兰绒衬衫的男人悄悄出示他的卡说：“请让我来付吧。”A. held back抑制；B. held up举起，出示；C. pull back撤回；D. pull away离开。根据后文“his card: “Please, allow me.””可知，男人要出示卡片付款。故选B。 26. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当他弯腰去捡一个滚掉的罐头时，Sarah注意到他褪色的袖口上有木屑——他是个工人，本身并不富裕。A. faded褪色的；B. clean干净的；C. colorful彩色的；D. expensive昂贵的。根据后文“a working man, not wealthy himself”可知，他的衣服是褪色的，符合普通工人衣着的特征。故选A。 27. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这47.85美元的善意礼物在Sarah心里种下了一颗种子。A. seed种子；B. idea想法；C. hope希望；D. doubt怀疑。根据后文“From that day on, Sarah volunteered weekly”可知，善意像种子一样生根发芽，Sarah加入了公益。故选A。 28. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是发起这个项目的创始人之一。A. visitors访客；B. workers工人；C. founders创始人，发起人；D. managers经理。根据后文“who started the project”可知，他是项目的发起者。故选C。 29. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：从那天起，Sarah每周都来做志愿者，整理捐赠的衣服。A. selling卖；B. organizing整理，组织；C. designing设计；D. wearing穿。根据前文“Sarah volunteered weekly”和后文“donated clothes”可知，志愿者需整理捐赠品。故选B。 30. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：她的女儿在食品盒上画向日葵，她的双胞胎儿子学着整理罐头食品。A. cook烹饪；B. taste品尝；C. buy买；D. sort分类。根据后文“canned goods”，儿子们在帮忙分类罐头。故选D。 31. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：三年后的感恩节早晨，Sarah站在食品银行，给200个家庭分发餐盒。A. collecting收集；B. distributing分发；C. making制作；D. storing储存。根据后文“meal boxes to two hundred families”可知，她在分发餐盒。故选B。 32. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：她看着曾经害羞的双胞胎自信地教新志愿者如何使用扫描仪。A. ordering命令；B. warning警告；C. teaching教，传授；D. asking问。根据后文“new volunteers how to use the scanner”可知，双胞胎在传授方法。故选C。 33. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最初的善意引发了跨越季节的慷慨循环——就像Sarah经常对孩子们说的：“我们收获的每一份善意的火花，都值得培养成照亮他人的光。”A. growth成长；B. motivation动机；C. innovation创新；D. generosity慷慨。根据前文“volunteered ”和“donated clothes”可知，Sarah的志愿者经历，是善意引发了慷慨助人的循环。故选D。 34. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最初的善意引发了跨越季节的慷慨循环——就像Sarah经常对孩子们说的：“我们收获的每一份善意的火花，都值得培养成照亮他人的光。”A. spark火花；B. amount数量；C. piece片，块；D. degree程度。根据前文“That initial kindness”和后文“that illuminates (照亮) others.”可知，最初的善意像火花。故选A。 35. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最初的善意引发了跨越季节的慷慨循环——就像Sarah经常对孩子们说的：“我们收获的每一份善意的火花，都值得培养成照亮他人的光。”A. shadow影子；B. fire火；C. light光；D. dream梦想，理想。根据后文“that illuminates (照亮) others.”可知，能照亮他人的事物是光。故选C。 三、语法填空 Why make things simple when they can be complicated, then 36 (short)? French officialdom is abuzz with preparations for the PFUE, which the MEAE and SGAE are organising for the PR in 2022. Lost? Spare a thought for the outsider 37 must daily navigate the French passion for acronyms and initialisms. All countries use them, but France has a particular penchant. The 38 (late) PFUE refers to the French Presidency of the European Union, which starts 39 January 2022. No matter. The abbreviation is already everywhere, and, as the opening sentence says, officials from the foreign ministry and a secretariat in the prime minister’s office are preparing this occasion 40 the president. The 41 (prefer) of the French for abbreviations is so ingrained 42 they scarcely notice it. Britain may have its NHS, or America NASA. What is behind this zeal? Some date it to the 43 (organise) of the modern state in the late 19th century, when bodies such as unions (CGT) or the political movements that later joined together as the SFIO, the precursor to the Socialist Party (PS), emerged, and with them the complex names that deserved shortening. Perhaps it is also the result of the state’s tendency to bureaucratic complication; an acronym can 44 (simple) rather than confuse. So the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (the national railway) becomes the less indigestible SNCF. The fact that practitioners of such an elegant language infect it with such abominations has not gone unnoticed. The Académie Française, 45 polices such matters, recommends that when it comes to acronyms “moderation is a good thing and abuse dangerous.” Curiously, one of the few spheres in which the French leave pro li x descriptions alone is food. No CDC for confit de canard, nor BDV for blanquette de veau. Organisational or bureaucratic life, it seems, is to be tolerated and shortened. Gastronomy can take its time. 【答案】 36. shortened 37. who/that 38. latest 39. in 40. for 41. preference 42. that 43. organisation/organization 44. simplify 45. Which 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了法国对缩写词的喜爱及其背后原因与相关建议 。 36. 考查非谓语动词。 句意：当东西可以是复杂的，为何要使其简单化，然后被缩写呢？空处在句中作宾语补足语，short形容词“短的”，此处指“缩短”，应先变成动词形式shorten，shorten与宾语things之间为被动关系，应用过去分词的形式。故填shortened。 37. 考查定语从句。句意：迷失了吗？想想那些每天都要在法国人对缩写词和首字母缩略词的狂热中摸索的外来者吧。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the outsider，指人，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词who/that引导。故填who/that。 38. 考查形容词。句意：最新的PFUE指的是法国担任欧盟轮值主席国，该职位于2022年1月开始。空处应用形容词作定语，修饰PFUE，此处表达“最新的”，应用形容词latest。故填latest。 39. 考查介词。 句意：最新的PFUE指的是法国担任欧盟轮值主席国，该职位于2022年1月开始。在月份前应用介词in。故填in。 40. 考查介词。 句意：正如开头所说，缩写词已经无处不在，外交部的官员和总理办公室的一个秘书处正在为总统准备这次活动。prepare...for...“为……准备……”为固定搭配。故填for。 41. 考查名词。 句意：法国人对缩写词的偏好是如此根深蒂固，以至于他们几乎注意不到。根据空前定冠词The以及空后of可知，空处应用名词作主语，prefer的名词形式为preference“偏好，偏爱”，为不可数名词。故填preference。 42. 考查结果状语从句。 句意：法国人对缩写词的偏好是如此根深蒂固，以至于他们几乎注意不到。so...that...“如此……以至于……”，空处应用that引导结果状语从句。故填that。 43. 考查名词。 句意：有些人将其追溯到19世纪后期现代国家的组织构建，当时像工会(CGT)或后来联合成为社会党(PS)前身的法国社会党(SFIO)这样的政治运动出现了，随之而来的是那些值得缩短的复杂名称。空处应用名词作介词to的宾语，由下文的“unions (CGT) or the political movements that later joined together as the SFIO, the precursor to the Socialist Party (PS)”可知，此处应用名词organisation/organization表示“组织构建”。故填organisation/organization。 44. 考查动词。 句意：也许这也是国家官僚主义复杂化的结果；缩写词可以简化，而不是混淆。情态动词can后应用动词原形，与confuse并列，simple的动词形式为simplify“简化，使简单”。故填simplify。 45. 考查定语从句。 句意：法国学术院负责监管此类事务，它建议在使用缩写词时“适度是好事，滥用是危险的”。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The Académie Française，指物，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 四、应用文写作 假定你是李华，你作为交换生在英国 Cambridge学习，在图书馆意外丢失书包，写一份寻物启事，以找回自己的书包。要点如下： 1. 丢失地点与时间； 2. 书包颜色与装的东西。 注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Lost I’m Li Hua, an exchange student from Class One, Grade Three. To my great regret, I lost a blue handbag, which contains the keys to my bedroom and my bike, my ID card, pens as well as some cash in a small black wallet in the school library yesterday. These things are of great significance to me, because some of them can’t be obtained here in England. I would be extremely grateful if anyone who finds it will return it to me as soon as possible! Come to my classroom or give me a call. My number is 66688868.Thank you very much! 【导语】本文为应用文。你作为交换生在英国 Cambridge学习，在图书馆意外丢失书包，写一份寻物启事，以找回自己的书包。要点包括书包丢失地点与时间以及书包颜色与装的东西。 【详解】本文为提纲作文。本文主要分为三个部分。第一部分主要叙述写启事的原因，即在图书馆意外丢失书包。第二部分叙述丢失书包的具体情况，如时间地点以及书包颜色与装的东西。最后一部分提供联系的方式，如电话，并表示感谢。 【点睛】本文要点完整，结构合理，语言简洁明了。文中运用一些较高级的词汇如to one’s great regret; as well as ; of great significance ; be extremely grateful; return sth to sb; as soon as possible。文中的句式相对灵活，如非限制性定语从句I lost a blue handbag, which contains the keys to my bedroom and my bike,...和限制性定语从句anyone who finds it will return it to me as soon as possible!；原因状语从句 These things are of great significance to me, because some of them can’t be obtained here in England.和I would be extremely grateful if anyone who finds it will return it to me as soon as possible；以及祈使句Come to my classroom or give me a call。整个文章一气呵成，是一篇不错的文章。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $