Unit 5 The human brain（话题阅读精练）英语牛津上海版九年级上册

Unit 5 The human brain （话题阅读精练） 模块 语篇主题 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 时文阅读 人体最复杂器官 —— 大脑 阅读理解 说明文 200 介绍大脑的重量、构成、功能，澄清 “人类仅用 10% 大脑” 误区，阐述神经可塑性及大脑锻炼的重要性。 实战演练 大脑智力与学习、成长性思维 阅读理解（A） 300 类比肌肉锻炼说明大脑智力可通过学习提升，介绍 “成长性思维” 概念及教师培养该思维的方法。 鸟类大脑大小影响因素 阅读理解（B） 300 研究 1176 种鸟类，分析孵化状态、蛋数量、觅食方式等对鸟类大脑大小的影响，提及亲代抚育的作用。 金钱捐赠与幸福感 阅读理解（C） 300 通过瑞士志愿者实验，证明将钱花在他人身上比花在自己身上更能带来幸福感，给出日常捐赠建议。 大脑记忆研究（Brad Williams 与 A.J.） 完形填空 300 介绍对记忆力超群的 Brad Williams 和 A.J. 的研究，探讨其记忆能力特点及科学家的不同看法。 性格的定义、来源与类型 任务型阅读 300 解释性格的含义，说明大脑中 “思维” 部分对性格的作用，介绍科学家通过行为和测试划分内向、外向性格。 记忆力提升方法 短文填空（A） 300 从健康生活方式（饮食、锻炼）、记忆技巧（分拆法）、定期复习三方面，说明提升记忆力的途径。 科技天才 Leo 的 “永生” 梦想与健康计划 短文填空（B） 记叙文 300 讲述 1950 年出生的科技天才 Leo，为实现 “永生” 梦想，通过严格饮食、锻炼等保持健康，甚至计划冷冻身体。 时文阅读 The Most Complex Organ in the Body Your brain is the control center of your body. It weighs about 1.4 kilograms and is made up of billions of neurons. Even when you’re asleep, your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning. This amazing organ controls everything from your heartbeat to your ability to solve math problems. Scientists once believed that humans only use 10% of their brains, but this is a myth. In reality, every part of the brain has a specific function. For example, the cerebrum is responsible for thinking and creativity, while the cerebellum helps with balance and coordination. The brainstem controls involuntary actions like breathing and digestion. One fascinating fact is that the brain can change and grow throughout your life. This ability, called neuroplasticity, allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries. So, the more you challenge your brain with activities like reading or playing music, the stronger it becomes! 【翻译】 身体中最复杂的器官 大脑是人体的控制中心，重约 1.4 千克，由数十亿个神经元组成。即使在你睡觉时，大脑仍在处理记忆并巩固学习成果。这个神奇的器官控制着从心跳到解决数学问题的一切活动。 科学家曾认为人类只使用了大脑的 10%，但这是一个误区。实际上，大脑的每个部分都有特定功能。例如，大脑负责思考和创造力，而小脑帮助维持平衡和协调。脑干则控制呼吸和消化等无意识行为。 一个有趣的事实是，大脑在人的一生中都可以改变和生长。这种能力被称为神经可塑性，它使你能够学习新技能并从损伤中恢复。因此，你用阅读或演奏音乐等活动挑战大脑越多，它就会变得越强大！ 【长难句分析】 1.Even when you’re asleep, your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning. 翻译：即使在你睡觉时，大脑仍在处理记忆并巩固学习成果。 分析： 句子结构：主从复合句，由 “Even when” 引导让步状语从句，主句为 “your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning”。 重点语法：“continue to do sth.” 表示 “继续做某事”，“consolidate” 意为 “巩固”，强调大脑在休息时仍在工作。 2.Scientists once believed that humans only use 10% of their brains, but this is a myth. 翻译：科学家曾认为人类只使用了大脑的 10%，但这是一个误区。 分析： 句子结构：并列复合句，由 “but” 连接两个分句。前一分句包含 “that” 引导的宾语从句。 重点词汇：“myth” 意为 “错误观念”，说明该观点不科学；“once” 表示 “曾经”，强调过去的认知。 3.This ability, called neuroplasticity, allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries. 翻译：这种能力被称为神经可塑性，它使你能够学习新技能并从损伤中恢复。 分析： 句子结构：主句为 “This ability allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries”，“called neuroplasticity” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，解释 “ability” 的名称。 重点语法：被动语态 “called” 表示 “被称为”，突出术语的专业性。 【重难词汇梳理】 英文单词 汉语翻译 词性 发音 control 控制 v. /kənˈtroʊl/ process 处理 v. /ˈprɑːses/ consolidate 巩固 v. /kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt/ specific 特定的 adj. /spəˈsɪfɪk/ coordination 协调 n. /koʊˌɔːrdɪˈneɪʃn/ involuntary 无意识的 adj. /ɪnˈvɑːləntri/ fascinating 迷人的 adj. /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ challenge 挑战 v. /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ recover 恢复 v. /rɪˈkʌvər/ injuries 损伤 n. /ˈɪndʒəriz/ myth 错误观念 n. /mɪθ/ neuron 神经元 n. /ˈnʊrɑːn/ cerebrum 大脑 n. /sɪˈriːbrəm/ cerebellum 小脑 n. /ˌserɪˈbeləm/ neuroplasticity 神经可塑性 n. /ˌnʊroʊplæˈstɪsəti/ 实战演练 一、阅读理解 A When we describe our brains, we often compare them to computers or communication networks. But some scientists now tell us a better way to think about it: the brain works like a muscle (肌肉) that gets stronger when you exercise it! A research shows IQ isn’t fixed at birth. Like building muscles through exercise, you can strengthen your brain by learning. Students with a “growth mindset” (成长性思维) believe intelligence grows with effort. They enjoy challenges because they see mistakes as learning chances and feedback (反馈) as helpful advice, not failures. This mindset helps them keep going, even when learning is hard work. Teachers can help students build a growth mindset by praising students’ perseverance, not just results. For example, say things like “You kept trying! Great job!” when students try hard. Also, teachers can give challenging tasks and explain: “Hard work strengthens your brain!” In short, pushing our brains through learning and effort makes them stronger. Like athletes (运动员) building physical strength, we can train our brains to create a smarter future. What do you think of the ideas? Do you think those ideas are reasonable? 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．What do students with a “growth mindset” probably do? A．Avoid challenges to prevent mistakes. B．Believe learning makes them smarter. C．Think feedback is useless for learning. D．Give up easily when tasks are difficult. 2．How can teachers help students develop a growth mindset? ①By praising only high scores. ②By praising perseverance. ③By giving challenging tasks. ④By comparing students' intelligence levels. A．①② B．③④ C．①④ D．②③ 3．What does the underlined word “perseverance” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Natural talent. B．Continuous (持续的) effort. C．Good memory. D．Quick thinking. 4．What’s the structure of the text? A．①/②/③④ B．①/②③④ C．①/②③/④ D．①②/③④ 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Computers work better than human brains. B．Intelligence can grow through learning like muscles. C．Physical exercise is more important than mental training. D．Teachers should focus only on students' final achievements. B Brains are useful, but they need time and energy to grow. So why do some animals have bigger brains but others have smaller ones? We looked at 1,176 bird types to see how things influence the brain size. We found information from handbooks and scientific studies about 1,176 bird types and we wrote down the brain size of these birds. Then we also looked at egg size, the growth of baby birds, how much parental care they get, where they live and what they eat, and whether they live in groups or not. We used a model to see if these factors (因素) will influence the brain size of the birds we looked at. We found that being more helpless at hatching (孵化) has the biggest positive effect on the brain size. However, the number of eggs has the biggest negative effect. It leads to the smallest brain size. Tree feeding (feeding birds in trees) can also increase the brain size. Feeding time and egg size both have positive effect on the brain size. Their effects are smaller than that of tree feeding but larger than not moving to other places. Most of the factors, like feeding babies, egg size and caring for babies, have something to do with parental care. ______. Brains can do great things! We think parental care allowed larger brains to slowly evolve over thousands of years. And not just among birds! This could also explain why human brains are so big! 1．According to the passage, where did the information about bird types come from? A．Surveys with bird experts. B．Handbooks and scientific research. C．Scientific magazines and reports. D．Online articles and bird watching videos. 2．Which can best describe the result in Paragraph 3? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following can be put in “______” in Paragraph 3? A．We found tree feeding could increase the brain size of birds. B．We found that parental care had a large effect on the brain size of birds. C．We found the place where birds were fed had the largest effect on their brain size. D．We found birds that lay more eggs have larger brains because of enough food. 4．What does the underlined word “evolve” in the last paragraph mean? A．Hurt. B．Invent. C．Control. D．Develop. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Types of Brain Size of Birds B．A Serious Study of Birds’ Behaviors C．Factors Influencing Birds’ Brain Size D．The Role of Nature for Birds’ Brain Size C ①Money can’t buy you happiness. Well, what if it could? Not by making it or spending it, but by giving it away. ②In an experiment (实验) in Switzerland, researchers gave each of the 50 volunteers £20 every week for four weeks. Half of the volunteers were asked to spend the money on themselves and make a note of how they spent the money. But the researchers asked the other half to spend the money on another person. ③After that, all 50 volunteers did the same task in a lab. They were asked to think of a person who they would like to give money to. Then they had to decide how much money, from £3 to £20, they wanted to give away. While the volunteers thought about this, the researchers studied their brain activity using an MRI machine. ④The results showed two things. First, the 25 volunteers who gave their money away during the four weeks were more generous (慷慨的) and chose to give more money away in the lab task. Second, those same people were much happier than the people who once spent the money on themselves. ⑤In the experiment, the volunteers were asked to give money away. But would you like to do this in your daily life? Can you really make yourself happy by giving? The answer is yes, but remember to start small. You can start by giving £1 to a homeless person. Gradually, you can try to change your habits so that you can save money to give away. For example, stop buying lunch every day and take a packed lunch to work or school. You can then save some money and give it to people in need. ⑥Learning to give money away is all about changing the way you behave. It’s about living with less and being more generous. And this will make you happy. 1．What was the difference between the two groups of volunteers in the experiment? A．One group received £20, while the other got nothing. B．One group wrote diaries, the other didn’t record anything. C．One group kept the money, the other returned it to researchers. D．One group spent money on themselves, the other on people in need. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．Being a volunteer. B．Changing your habits. C．Giving money away. D．Doing the experiment. 3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．20 volunteers took part in the research. B．The experiment took place in Singapore. C．To study volunteers’ brain activity, the researchers used an MRI machine. D．Learning to give money away is not about changing the way we behave. 4．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? A．B． C． D． 5．What is the best title for this passage? A．Giving Money to Others Brings Happiness. B．The Best Ways to Spend Your Money. C．Why We Should Never Give Away Money. D．How Scientists Study Human Brains. 二、完形填空 You can think of a memory, as a photograph. Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But it 1 useless photographs. Some people have always been able to recall (回想起) the smallest details about their lives. The experts are now studying Brad Williams and a woman named A．J. The two share the same talent. The goal of the study is to gain a deeper 2 of memory and how it works. Dr. James found 51-year-old Williams’ memory to be 3 perfect. He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like. Dr. James had seen this level of ability before. In 2006, he studied a woman named A．J. She too was able to recall tiny details from her life. These details 4 notes she had written in journals decades earlier. However, they view the ability differently. Williams enjoys having his memory tested. A．J however, said her memories often flood her mind in an unpleasant way. “Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden,” A．J wrote. “I run my entire life through my head every day and makes me 5 !!!” Now, doctors are testing Williams and A．J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others. Williams and A．J. both perform well. But they perform best on topics that interest them. This fact causes doubt among some scientists. They suggest that Williams and A．J. are not so special 6 . Some scientists say that people with truly special memories should be able to remember all kinds of information, not just what interests them. Dr. James hopes that his study will provide answers for both those who doubt and those who surprise at what Williams and A．J. are able to do. “The human brain is the most important machinery in the known universe,” he said. “My aim is to decrease the mystery of this surprising machinery.” 1．A．gives up B．gets rid of C．picks up D．keeps off 2．A．confidence B．entrance C．speed D．understanding 3．A．rarely B．exactly C．nearly D．mainly 4．A．created B．recorded C．added D．matched 5．A．crazy B．excited C．flexible D．pale 6．A．after all B．at present C．in the end D．at a time 三、任务型阅读 请认真阅读下面短文，并根据短文内容回答问题。 What is personality? Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. It makes them different from others. Each person’s personality is made up of different personality characters such as kindness or shyness. These characters decide how people behave in different situations. For example, if someone shy is served the wrong meal in a restaurant, he probably won’t say anything. On the other hand, someone outgoing will probably complain and get the meal he ordered. Where does your personality come from? The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. However, humans aren’t robots! We have personalities. The human brain has a special part giving us personality and allowing us to think for ourselves, unlike a computer. This part of the brain is called the mind. Personality types Clearly scientists cannot study the mind by looking inside someone’s brain! All they would see is blood and grey matter. To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests like this one: 1. Do you think you’re pretty or good-looking? 2. Would you rather read a book or go to a party? 3. Do you have a large group of friends or just one or two close friends? 4. Do you mind talking in public or does it scare you? 5. Are you messy or neat? 6. Do you plan your work well or do you do things at the last minute? Scientists believe that answers to these types of questions tell us something about a person’s personality characters. After asking thousands of people thousands of questions, they’ve found that some personality characters seem to go together. This has led scientists to believe that there’re certain personality types. For example, shy people are often quiet. They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people. 1．What is personality? 2．Why is the human brain like a computer? 3．How do scientists study human behavior? 4．How many personality types are mentioned in this passage? 5．What decides your personality?（请自拟一句话作答） 四、短文填空 A 根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整，每空限填一词。 Can memory be i 1 ? Most people hope to have a better memory that helps them succeed in study, work and life. Luckily, t 2 of studies in the past 50 years have already given us a clear answer. A healthy lifestyle keeps your brain young and memory sharp. First of all, it is necessary to have a healthy diet. Doing exercise is also one of the most helpful m 3 which can keep your brain alive. That is because exercise provides much oxygen(氧气) for the brain. The h 4 your lifestyle is, the better your memory will become. But do not expect a r 5   change—it takes a long time to make a difference. Memory skills help you remember things better. Chunking(分拆) is a way of remembering a piece of i 6 by cutting it into smaller ones. For example, to memorize a telephone number 2127983630, you can d 7 it into three groups: first 212, then 798, and lastly 3630. What’s more, only a regular review can make the memory last long. That is why students are a 8 to go over what they have learnt after one day and then after three days, and then use it as much as p 9 . Human brains are like persons w 10 need exercise to become stronger. If you make a few lifestyle changes and try some memory skills, you can certainly improve your memory. B Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给) Meet Leo, a tech genius born in 1950. As a boy in Chicago, Leo loved inventing things. By his 20s, he created smart machines that could read books aloud—a big help for people with disabilities. But Leo’s biggest dream wasn’t just inventing, he wanted to live f 1 . Leo believes tiny robots, called “nanobots”, will one day swim inside our bodies and fix sick cells like tiny doctors. B 2 he thinks computers will soon think like human brains. But to see this future, Leo must stay healthy until 2050. How? Through s 3 daily plans. Every morning, Leo drinks 10 glasses of water—no coffee or soda. “Water washes away bad stuff,” he says. His breakfast? V 4 , brown rice, and tofu. He avoids sugar completely. Once at a birthday party, he even refused cake! Leo exercises daily, sleeps 8 hours, and meditates (冥想) to r 5 stress. He also takes 150 vitamin pills each day. Friends joke that his pill box looks like a candy jar! To track his health, Leo takes “age tests”. At 40, his body was like a 38-year-old’s. At 62, it tested as 45. “If I age slowly,” he laughs, “I’ll reach 2050!” But what if he dies earlier? Leo has a spare plan: f 6 his body with a company called Future Life. They’ll keep him frozen until technology can bring him back to life. Many scientists call Leo’s ideas crazy. Yet he remains hopeful. “If my body fails, my mind could live on in a computer,” he says. “Death is just a problem waiting for a s 7 .” So, will Leo Kane never die? Maybe not. But his story reminds us: sometimes, dreaming big is the first step to changing the world. 2 / 16 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 The human brain （话题阅读精练） 模块 语篇主题 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 时文阅读 人体最复杂器官 —— 大脑 阅读理解 说明文 200 介绍大脑的重量、构成、功能，澄清 “人类仅用 10% 大脑” 误区，阐述神经可塑性及大脑锻炼的重要性。 实战演练 大脑智力与学习、成长性思维 阅读理解（A） 300 类比肌肉锻炼说明大脑智力可通过学习提升，介绍 “成长性思维” 概念及教师培养该思维的方法。 鸟类大脑大小影响因素 阅读理解（B） 300 研究 1176 种鸟类，分析孵化状态、蛋数量、觅食方式等对鸟类大脑大小的影响，提及亲代抚育的作用。 金钱捐赠与幸福感 阅读理解（C） 300 通过瑞士志愿者实验，证明将钱花在他人身上比花在自己身上更能带来幸福感，给出日常捐赠建议。 大脑记忆研究（Brad Williams 与 A.J.） 完形填空 300 介绍对记忆力超群的 Brad Williams 和 A.J. 的研究，探讨其记忆能力特点及科学家的不同看法。 性格的定义、来源与类型 任务型阅读 300 解释性格的含义，说明大脑中 “思维” 部分对性格的作用，介绍科学家通过行为和测试划分内向、外向性格。 记忆力提升方法 短文填空（A） 300 从健康生活方式（饮食、锻炼）、记忆技巧（分拆法）、定期复习三方面，说明提升记忆力的途径。 科技天才 Leo 的 “永生” 梦想与健康计划 短文填空（B） 记叙文 300 讲述 1950 年出生的科技天才 Leo，为实现 “永生” 梦想，通过严格饮食、锻炼等保持健康，甚至计划冷冻身体。 时文阅读 The Most Complex Organ in the Body Your brain is the control center of your body. It weighs about 1.4 kilograms and is made up of billions of neurons. Even when you’re asleep, your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning. This amazing organ controls everything from your heartbeat to your ability to solve math problems. Scientists once believed that humans only use 10% of their brains, but this is a myth. In reality, every part of the brain has a specific function. For example, the cerebrum is responsible for thinking and creativity, while the cerebellum helps with balance and coordination. The brainstem controls involuntary actions like breathing and digestion. One fascinating fact is that the brain can change and grow throughout your life. This ability, called neuroplasticity, allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries. So, the more you challenge your brain with activities like reading or playing music, the stronger it becomes! 【翻译】 身体中最复杂的器官 大脑是人体的控制中心，重约 1.4 千克，由数十亿个神经元组成。即使在你睡觉时，大脑仍在处理记忆并巩固学习成果。这个神奇的器官控制着从心跳到解决数学问题的一切活动。 科学家曾认为人类只使用了大脑的 10%，但这是一个误区。实际上，大脑的每个部分都有特定功能。例如，大脑负责思考和创造力，而小脑帮助维持平衡和协调。脑干则控制呼吸和消化等无意识行为。 一个有趣的事实是，大脑在人的一生中都可以改变和生长。这种能力被称为神经可塑性，它使你能够学习新技能并从损伤中恢复。因此，你用阅读或演奏音乐等活动挑战大脑越多，它就会变得越强大！ 【长难句分析】 1.Even when you’re asleep, your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning. 翻译：即使在你睡觉时，大脑仍在处理记忆并巩固学习成果。 分析： 句子结构：主从复合句，由 “Even when” 引导让步状语从句，主句为 “your brain continues to process memories and consolidate learning”。 重点语法：“continue to do sth.” 表示 “继续做某事”，“consolidate” 意为 “巩固”，强调大脑在休息时仍在工作。 2.Scientists once believed that humans only use 10% of their brains, but this is a myth. 翻译：科学家曾认为人类只使用了大脑的 10%，但这是一个误区。 分析： 句子结构：并列复合句，由 “but” 连接两个分句。前一分句包含 “that” 引导的宾语从句。 重点词汇：“myth” 意为 “错误观念”，说明该观点不科学；“once” 表示 “曾经”，强调过去的认知。 3.This ability, called neuroplasticity, allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries. 翻译：这种能力被称为神经可塑性，它使你能够学习新技能并从损伤中恢复。 分析： 句子结构：主句为 “This ability allows you to learn new skills and recover from injuries”，“called neuroplasticity” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，解释 “ability” 的名称。 重点语法：被动语态 “called” 表示 “被称为”，突出术语的专业性。 【重难词汇梳理】 英文单词 汉语翻译 词性 发音 control 控制 v. /kənˈtroʊl/ process 处理 v. /ˈprɑːses/ consolidate 巩固 v. /kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt/ specific 特定的 adj. /spəˈsɪfɪk/ coordination 协调 n. /koʊˌɔːrdɪˈneɪʃn/ involuntary 无意识的 adj. /ɪnˈvɑːləntri/ fascinating 迷人的 adj. /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ challenge 挑战 v. /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ recover 恢复 v. /rɪˈkʌvər/ injuries 损伤 n. /ˈɪndʒəriz/ myth 错误观念 n. /mɪθ/ neuron 神经元 n. /ˈnʊrɑːn/ cerebrum 大脑 n. /sɪˈriːbrəm/ cerebellum 小脑 n. /ˌserɪˈbeləm/ neuroplasticity 神经可塑性 n. /ˌnʊroʊplæˈstɪsəti/ 实战演练 一、阅读理解 A When we describe our brains, we often compare them to computers or communication networks. But some scientists now tell us a better way to think about it: the brain works like a muscle (肌肉) that gets stronger when you exercise it! A research shows IQ isn’t fixed at birth. Like building muscles through exercise, you can strengthen your brain by learning. Students with a “growth mindset” (成长性思维) believe intelligence grows with effort. They enjoy challenges because they see mistakes as learning chances and feedback (反馈) as helpful advice, not failures. This mindset helps them keep going, even when learning is hard work. Teachers can help students build a growth mindset by praising students’ perseverance, not just results. For example, say things like “You kept trying! Great job!” when students try hard. Also, teachers can give challenging tasks and explain: “Hard work strengthens your brain!” In short, pushing our brains through learning and effort makes them stronger. Like athletes (运动员) building physical strength, we can train our brains to create a smarter future. What do you think of the ideas? Do you think those ideas are reasonable? 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．What do students with a “growth mindset” probably do? A．Avoid challenges to prevent mistakes. B．Believe learning makes them smarter. C．Think feedback is useless for learning. D．Give up easily when tasks are difficult. 2．How can teachers help students develop a growth mindset? ①By praising only high scores. ②By praising perseverance. ③By giving challenging tasks. ④By comparing students' intelligence levels. A．①② B．③④ C．①④ D．②③ 3．What does the underlined word “perseverance” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Natural talent. B．Continuous (持续的) effort. C．Good memory. D．Quick thinking. 4．What’s the structure of the text? A．①/②/③④ B．①/②③④ C．①/②③/④ D．①②/③④ 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Computers work better than human brains. B．Intelligence can grow through learning like muscles. C．Physical exercise is more important than mental training. D．Teachers should focus only on students' final achievements. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文通过类比肌肉锻炼说明大脑智力可以通过学习得到提升，介绍了"成长性思维"的概念及其培养方式，强调努力和持续学习对智力发展的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据“Students with a ‘growth mindset’ (成长性思维) believe intelligence grows with effort. They enjoy challenges because they see mistakes as learning chances and feedback (反馈) as helpful advice, not failures.”可知，拥有“成长性思维”的学生认为智力通过努力增长，他们愿意接受挑战并将错误视为学习机会。故推测出拥有“成长性思维”的学生相信学习会使他们更聪明。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“Teachers can help students build a growth mindset by praising students’ perseverance, not just results...Also, teachers can give challenging tasks and explain:”可知，教师应通过表扬毅力和布置挑战性任务来发展成长性思维。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“For example, say things like “You kept trying! Great job!” when students try hard.”可知，当学生努力尝试时，可以鼓励他们“继续加油！做得好！”，故划线单词“perseverance”意为“持续的努力”。故选B。 4．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段引出观点：大脑像肌肉一样工作，在运动时会变得更强壮。第二、三段分别阐述成长性思维和教师的作用，第四段总结。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。本文通过类比肌肉锻炼说明大脑智力可以通过学习得到提升，介绍了"成长性思维"的概念及其培养方式，强调努力和持续学习对智力发展的重要性。故选B。 B Brains are useful, but they need time and energy to grow. So why do some animals have bigger brains but others have smaller ones? We looked at 1,176 bird types to see how things influence the brain size. We found information from handbooks and scientific studies about 1,176 bird types and we wrote down the brain size of these birds. Then we also looked at egg size, the growth of baby birds, how much parental care they get, where they live and what they eat, and whether they live in groups or not. We used a model to see if these factors (因素) will influence the brain size of the birds we looked at. We found that being more helpless at hatching (孵化) has the biggest positive effect on the brain size. However, the number of eggs has the biggest negative effect. It leads to the smallest brain size. Tree feeding (feeding birds in trees) can also increase the brain size. Feeding time and egg size both have positive effect on the brain size. Their effects are smaller than that of tree feeding but larger than not moving to other places. Most of the factors, like feeding babies, egg size and caring for babies, have something to do with parental care. ______. Brains can do great things! We think parental care allowed larger brains to slowly evolve over thousands of years. And not just among birds! This could also explain why human brains are so big! 1．According to the passage, where did the information about bird types come from? A．Surveys with bird experts. B．Handbooks and scientific research. C．Scientific magazines and reports. D．Online articles and bird watching videos. 2．Which can best describe the result in Paragraph 3? A． B． C． D． 3．Which of the following can be put in “______” in Paragraph 3? A．We found tree feeding could increase the brain size of birds. B．We found that parental care had a large effect on the brain size of birds. C．We found the place where birds were fed had the largest effect on their brain size. D．We found birds that lay more eggs have larger brains because of enough food. 4．What does the underlined word “evolve” in the last paragraph mean? A．Hurt. B．Invent. C．Control. D．Develop. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Types of Brain Size of Birds B．A Serious Study of Birds’ Behaviors C．Factors Influencing Birds’ Brain Size D．The Role of Nature for Birds’ Brain Size 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究人员通过对1176种鸟类研究，探寻影响鸟类大脑大小的因素，发现孵化时越无助、树栖觅食等对大脑大小有正向影响，蛋的数量有负向影响，且多数因素与亲代抚育有关，还提及亲代抚育或许能解释大脑进化 。 1．细节理解题。根据“We found information from handbooks and scientific studies about 1,171 bird types”可知，关于鸟类类型的信息来自手册和科学研究。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“We found that being more helpless at hatching has the biggest positive effect on the brain size. However, the number of eggs has the biggest negative effect.”可知，孵化时越无助对大脑大小有最大的正向影响，蛋的数量有最大的负向影响。A选项图表符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“Most of the factors, like feeding babies, egg size and caring for babies, have something to do with parental care.”可知，大多数因素都与亲代抚育有关，所以这里应是表明亲代抚育对鸟类大脑大小有很大影响。故选B。 4． 词义猜测题。根据“Brains can do great things! We think parental care allowed larger brains to slowly evolve over thousands of years.”可知，大脑能做很多了不起的事，亲代抚育使得更大的大脑在数千年间慢慢发展。“evolve”意思是“发展”，与“Develop”同义。故选D。 5．最佳标题题。文章主要讲述研究人员通过对1176种鸟类的研究，探寻影响鸟类大脑大小的因素，如孵化时的无助程度、蛋的数量、亲代抚育等。“Factors Influencing Birds’ Brain Size”（影响鸟类大脑大小的因素 ）符合文章主旨。故选C。 C ①Money can’t buy you happiness. Well, what if it could? Not by making it or spending it, but by giving it away. ②In an experiment (实验) in Switzerland, researchers gave each of the 50 volunteers £20 every week for four weeks. Half of the volunteers were asked to spend the money on themselves and make a note of how they spent the money. But the researchers asked the other half to spend the money on another person. ③After that, all 50 volunteers did the same task in a lab. They were asked to think of a person who they would like to give money to. Then they had to decide how much money, from £3 to £20, they wanted to give away. While the volunteers thought about this, the researchers studied their brain activity using an MRI machine. ④The results showed two things. First, the 25 volunteers who gave their money away during the four weeks were more generous (慷慨的) and chose to give more money away in the lab task. Second, those same people were much happier than the people who once spent the money on themselves. ⑤In the experiment, the volunteers were asked to give money away. But would you like to do this in your daily life? Can you really make yourself happy by giving? The answer is yes, but remember to start small. You can start by giving £1 to a homeless person. Gradually, you can try to change your habits so that you can save money to give away. For example, stop buying lunch every day and take a packed lunch to work or school. You can then save some money and give it to people in need. ⑥Learning to give money away is all about changing the way you behave. It’s about living with less and being more generous. And this will make you happy. 1．What was the difference between the two groups of volunteers in the experiment? A．One group received £20, while the other got nothing. B．One group wrote diaries, the other didn’t record anything. C．One group kept the money, the other returned it to researchers. D．One group spent money on themselves, the other on people in need. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．Being a volunteer. B．Changing your habits. C．Giving money away. D．Doing the experiment. 3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．20 volunteers took part in the research. B．The experiment took place in Singapore. C．To study volunteers’ brain activity, the researchers used an MRI machine. D．Learning to give money away is not about changing the way we behave. 4．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? A．B． C． D． 5．What is the best title for this passage? A．Giving Money to Others Brings Happiness. B．The Best Ways to Spend Your Money. C．Why We Should Never Give Away Money. D．How Scientists Study Human Brains. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．A 【导语】本文介绍了通过实验发现把钱花在别人身上比花在自己身上更能带来快乐的研究结果。 1．细节理解题。根据“Half of the volunteers were asked to spend the money on themselves…asked the other half to spend the money on another person”可知两组志愿者的区别是一组把钱花在自己身上，另一组把钱花在别人身上，故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第五段上下文“the volunteers were asked to give money away”和“Can you really make yourself happy by giving”可知“this”指的是“把钱给别人”的行为，故选C。 3．细节判断题。根据“the researchers studied their brain activity using an MRI machine”可知研究人员使用MRI机器研究志愿者的大脑活动，故选C。 4．篇章结构题。文章结构为：①引出主题→②③④分别是实验设计、实验过程和实验结果→⑤⑥现实应用及总结，故选B。 5．最佳标题题。全文围绕“把钱给别人能带来快乐”展开，A项“给他人金钱带来快乐”最契合主旨。故选A。 二、完形填空 You can think of a memory, as a photograph. Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But it 1 useless photographs. Some people have always been able to recall (回想起) the smallest details about their lives. The experts are now studying Brad Williams and a woman named A．J. The two share the same talent. The goal of the study is to gain a deeper 2 of memory and how it works. Dr. James found 51-year-old Williams’ memory to be 3 perfect. He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like. Dr. James had seen this level of ability before. In 2006, he studied a woman named A．J. She too was able to recall tiny details from her life. These details 4 notes she had written in journals decades earlier. However, they view the ability differently. Williams enjoys having his memory tested. A．J however, said her memories often flood her mind in an unpleasant way. “Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden,” A．J wrote. “I run my entire life through my head every day and makes me 5 !!!” Now, doctors are testing Williams and A．J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others. Williams and A．J. both perform well. But they perform best on topics that interest them. This fact causes doubt among some scientists. They suggest that Williams and A．J. are not so special 6 . Some scientists say that people with truly special memories should be able to remember all kinds of information, not just what interests them. Dr. James hopes that his study will provide answers for both those who doubt and those who surprise at what Williams and A．J. are able to do. “The human brain is the most important machinery in the known universe,” he said. “My aim is to decrease the mystery of this surprising machinery.” 1．A．gives up B．gets rid of C．picks up D．keeps off 2．A．confidence B．entrance C．speed D．understanding 3．A．rarely B．exactly C．nearly D．mainly 4．A．created B．recorded C．added D．matched 5．A．crazy B．excited C．flexible D．pale 6．A．after all B．at present C．in the end D．at a time 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．A 6．C 【分析】本文主要介绍了一项关于大脑储存记忆的研究。 1．句意：但是大脑丢弃没用的照片。 gives up放弃；gets rid of摆脱、丢弃；picks up挑选；keeps off不接近。根据“Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But…”可知，前后表达的意思相反，前一句表达大脑储存有用的照片，由此推断空格所在句表达大脑“丢弃”没有用的照片。故选B。 2．句意：这项研究的目标是加深对记忆及其工作原理的理解。 confidence自信；entrance入口；speed速度；understanding理解。根据“The goal of the study is to gain a deeper … of memory and how it works.”可推断，此处表达加深“理解”。故选D。 3．句意：詹姆斯博士发现51岁的威廉姆斯的记忆力罕见地完美。 rarely罕见；exactly确切地；nearly几乎；mainly主要地。根据“He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like.”可知，威廉姆斯的记忆力非常好，由此推断詹姆斯博士认为威廉姆斯的记忆力很“罕见”。故选A。 4．句意：这些细节与她几十年前在期刊上写的笔记相符。 created创造；recorded记录；added增加；matched符合、匹配。根据“She too was able to recall tiny details from her life.”可推断，她回想的事情与她写的日记内容“匹配”。故选D。 5．句意：我每天都要在脑海里把我的一生过一遍，这让我发疯。 crazy疯狂的；excited兴奋的；flexible灵活的；pale灰白的、暗淡的。根据“Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden”可知，记忆好对A.J.来说是负担，所以她要表达每天记起那么多事，让她“疯狂、抓狂”。故选A。 6．句意：最终他们认为威廉姆斯和A.J.并不是那么特别。 after all毕竟；at present目前；in the end最后；at a time每次。根据“Now, doctors are testing Williams and A.J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others…”可知，医生们对威廉姆斯和A.J.再次进行了测试，由此推断此处表达的是他们的“最终”结论。故选C。 三、任务型阅读 请认真阅读下面短文，并根据短文内容回答问题。 What is personality? Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. It makes them different from others. Each person’s personality is made up of different personality characters such as kindness or shyness. These characters decide how people behave in different situations. For example, if someone shy is served the wrong meal in a restaurant, he probably won’t say anything. On the other hand, someone outgoing will probably complain and get the meal he ordered. Where does your personality come from? The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. However, humans aren’t robots! We have personalities. The human brain has a special part giving us personality and allowing us to think for ourselves, unlike a computer. This part of the brain is called the mind. Personality types Clearly scientists cannot study the mind by looking inside someone’s brain! All they would see is blood and grey matter. To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests like this one: 1. Do you think you’re pretty or good-looking? 2. Would you rather read a book or go to a party? 3. Do you have a large group of friends or just one or two close friends? 4. Do you mind talking in public or does it scare you? 5. Are you messy or neat? 6. Do you plan your work well or do you do things at the last minute? Scientists believe that answers to these types of questions tell us something about a person’s personality characters. After asking thousands of people thousands of questions, they’ve found that some personality characters seem to go together. This has led scientists to believe that there’re certain personality types. For example, shy people are often quiet. They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people. 1．What is personality? 2．Why is the human brain like a computer? 3．How do scientists study human behavior? 4．How many personality types are mentioned in this passage? 5．What decides your personality?（请自拟一句话作答） 【答案】1．Personality/It is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. 2．Because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. 3．It includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests. 4．Two./2. 5．The mind decides one’s personality.（言之成理即可） 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人的性格。 1．根据原文“Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives.”可知，性格是通过人们的生活表现出来的感情、思想和行为的模式。故填Personality/It is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. 2．根据原文“The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot”可知，人脑就像一台电脑，因为它控制着人体，就像电脑控制着机器人一样。故填Because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. 3．根据原文“To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests …”可知，科学家通过观察和组织性格测试来研究人类的行为。故填It includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests. 4．根据原文“They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people”可知，文中提到了内向和外向两种性格。故填Two./2. 5．本小题无标准答案，学生言之成理即可。故参考答案为：The mind decides one’s personality. 四、短文填空 A 根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整，每空限填一词。 Can memory be i 1 ? Most people hope to have a better memory that helps them succeed in study, work and life. Luckily, t 2 of studies in the past 50 years have already given us a clear answer. A healthy lifestyle keeps your brain young and memory sharp. First of all, it is necessary to have a healthy diet. Doing exercise is also one of the most helpful m 3 which can keep your brain alive. That is because exercise provides much oxygen(氧气) for the brain. The h 4 your lifestyle is, the better your memory will become. But do not expect a r 5   change—it takes a long time to make a difference. Memory skills help you remember things better. Chunking(分拆) is a way of remembering a piece of i 6 by cutting it into smaller ones. For example, to memorize a telephone number 2127983630, you can d 7 it into three groups: first 212, then 798, and lastly 3630. What’s more, only a regular review can make the memory last long. That is why students are a 8 to go over what they have learnt after one day and then after three days, and then use it as much as p 9 . Human brains are like persons w 10 need exercise to become stronger. If you make a few lifestyle changes and try some memory skills, you can certainly improve your memory. 【答案】 1．(i)mproved 2．(t)housands 3．(m)ethods 4．(h)ealthier 5．(r)apid 6．(i)nformation 7．(d)ivide 8．(a)dvised 9．(p)ossible 10．(w)ho 【导语】本文告诉我们通过一些方法我们是可以提高我们的记忆力的。 1．句意：记忆力可以提高吗？根据“Most people hope to have a better memory that helps them succeed in study, work and life.”以及首字母提示可知，是问记忆力可以提高吗？be动词后加动词的过去分词，表被动。故填(i)mproved。 2．句意：幸运的是，在过去的50年里，成千上万的研究已经给了我们一个明确的答案。根据“of studies”以及首字母提示可知，是成千上万的研究，thousands of“成千上万的”。故填(t)housands。 3．句意：锻炼也是保持大脑活力的最有效方法之一。根据“Doing exercise is also one of the most helpful...which can keep your brain alive.”以及首字母提示可知，是最有效方法之一，one of+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数“最……之一”。故填(m)ethods。 4．句意：你的生活方式越健康，你的记忆力就会越好。根据“The...your lifestyle is, the better your memory will become.”以及首字母提示可知，你的生活方式越健康，你的记忆力就会越好。the+比较级，the+比较级“越……越……”，所以横线上应填healthy的比较级。故填(h)ealthier。 5．句意：但是不要期望迅速的改变——需要很长时间才能有所改变。根据“it takes a long time to make a difference.”以及首字母提示可知，不要期望迅速的改变。故填(r)apid。 6．句意：分拆是一种通过将信息切成小块来记忆信息的方法。根据“remembering a piece of...”和“For example, to memorize a telephone number 2127983630”以及首字母提示可知，是一条信息，information是不可数名词。故填(i)nformation。 7．句意：例如，要记住一个电话号码2127983630，您可以将其分为三组：首先是212，然后是798，最后是3630。根据“...into three groups”以及首字母提示可知，是将电话号码分为三组，can情态动词后加动词原形。故填(d)ivide。 8．句意：这就是为什么建议学生在一天之后，然后在三天之后复习他们所学的知识，然后尽可能多地使用它。根据“only a regular review can make the memory last long”以及首字母提示可知，学生们被建议及时复习，be动词are后加动词的过去分词，表被动。故填(a)dvised。 9．句意：这就是为什么建议学生在一天之后，然后在三天之后复习他们所学的知识，然后尽可能多地使用它。根据“use it as much as...”以及首字母提示可知，是尽可能多地。故填(p)ossible。 10．句意：人类的大脑就像需要锻炼才能变得更强壮的人一样。根据“Human brains are like persons...”以及首字母提示可知，这是一个定语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代persons。故填(w)ho。 B Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words. (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给) Meet Leo, a tech genius born in 1950. As a boy in Chicago, Leo loved inventing things. By his 20s, he created smart machines that could read books aloud—a big help for people with disabilities. But Leo’s biggest dream wasn’t just inventing, he wanted to live f 1 . Leo believes tiny robots, called “nanobots”, will one day swim inside our bodies and fix sick cells like tiny doctors. B 2 he thinks computers will soon think like human brains. But to see this future, Leo must stay healthy until 2050. How? Through s 3 daily plans. Every morning, Leo drinks 10 glasses of water—no coffee or soda. “Water washes away bad stuff,” he says. His breakfast? V 4 , brown rice, and tofu. He avoids sugar completely. Once at a birthday party, he even refused cake! Leo exercises daily, sleeps 8 hours, and meditates (冥想) to r 5 stress. He also takes 150 vitamin pills each day. Friends joke that his pill box looks like a candy jar! To track his health, Leo takes “age tests”. At 40, his body was like a 38-year-old’s. At 62, it tested as 45. “If I age slowly,” he laughs, “I’ll reach 2050!” But what if he dies earlier? Leo has a spare plan: f 6 his body with a company called Future Life. They’ll keep him frozen until technology can bring him back to life. Many scientists call Leo’s ideas crazy. Yet he remains hopeful. “If my body fails, my mind could live on in a computer,” he says. “Death is just a problem waiting for a s 7 .” So, will Leo Kane never die? Maybe not. But his story reminds us: sometimes, dreaming big is the first step to changing the world. 【答案】1．(f)orever 2．(B)esides 3．(s)trict 4．(V)egetables 5．(r)educe 6．(f)reeze 7．(s)olution 【导语】本文介绍了科技天才Leo Kane，他自幼热爱发明，梦想实现永生。为达成目标，他遵循严格健康计划，甚至考虑死后冷冻身体以待未来复活。尽管许多科学家认为其想法疯狂，但他仍满怀希望，坚信梦想能改变世界。 1．句意：但Leo最大的梦想不仅仅是发明，他还想长生不老。根据“he wanted to live”及首字母可知，他想要长生不老，forever“永远”符合。故填(f)orever。 2．句意：而且他认为计算机很快就会像人脑一样思考。根据“Leo believes tiny robots...he thinks computers will soon think like human brains”及首字母可知，此处是补充说明，认为计算机也会像人脑一样思考，besides“而且”符合。故填(B)esides。 3．句意：通过严格的日常计划。根据“Every morning, Leo drinks 10 glasses of water...He avoids sugar completely.”及首字母可知，他的日常计划很严格，strict“严格的”符合。故填(s)trict。 4．句意：蔬菜，糙米和豆腐。根据“and tofu”及首字母可知，此处是描述他的早餐，是蔬菜，vegetable“蔬菜”符合，此处用复数表示泛指。故填(V)egetables。 5．句意：Leo每天锻炼，睡8个小时，冥想以减轻压力。根据“meditates (冥想) to...stress”及首字母可知，冥想是为了减轻压力，动词不定式符号to后跟动词原形，reduce“减少”符合。故填(r)educe。 6．句意：Leo有一个备用计划：与一家名为Future Life的公司签订协议，在他死后冷冻他的身体。根据“his body with a company called Future Life”及首字母可知，是与公司签订协议，在他死后冷冻他的身体，freeze“冷冻”符合，此处用动词原形。故填(f)reeze。 7．句意：死亡只是一个等待解决的问题。根据“If my body fails, my mind could live on in a computer”及首字母可知，他认为死亡只是一个等待解决的问题，solution“解决方案”符合，a后跟名词单数。故填(s)olution。 2 / 16 1 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $