专题1 阅读理解 题组2 科普研究类-【区块练】2021-2025年五年高考真题分类汇编英语

色学科网书城国 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.zxxk.com 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 题组二科普研究类 Passage 1 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文指出了微塑料污染的普遍性，并介绍了中国研究人员的新 发现：煮沸并过滤自来水可去除水中的微塑料（效果取决于水的硬度）。 1.C推理判断题。第一段中作者通过列举微塑料在深海、喜马拉雅山脉、火山岩石、海鸟胃里 和南极洲下的雪中的存在，来呈现微塑料污染问题。因此，作者是通过举例子的方式来呈现问题的。 C项“通过举例子”。故选C。 2.A细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics.(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来 捕获塑料微粒)”可知，水的硬度决定了捕获水中微塑料的效果。下文补充说明将含有300毫克碳酸 钙的硬质水hard water)煮沸可使微塑料含量降低近90%，但将碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本煮沸仅 使微塑料含量降低了25%。因此，水的硬度是影响捕获微塑料效果的关键因素。A项“水的硬度”。 故选A。 3.B推理判断题。根据第四段“Still,,the findings show a potential path forward...a task that's becoming increasingly difficult...contains 10 to 1.000 times more microplastics than originally thought." 可知，减少微塑料接触这项任务正变得愈发艰巨，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比最初认为的高出 10至1000倍。因此，作者试图通过提到瓶装水来强调微塑料问题的严重性。B项“微塑料问题的严 重性”。故选B。 4.D推理判断题。最后一段中提到“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics”(我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，使其能够去除微塑料)，这表明 Gauchotte-.Lindsay的建议与研究结果的潜在应用有关。A项“新研究方法的选择”：B项“未来研 究的可能方向”：C项“更多研究者参与的需要”：D项“研究结果的潜在应用”。故选D。 Passage 2 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过Sonja Detrinidad室内盆栽植物网店的成功案例，引 出绿植对人们情绪和思维影响的相关研究，最后建议人们以耐心和学习的态度对待植物养护。 l.D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants.she didn't have high hopes for it But the opposite happened:She was flooded,shipping out 1. 200 orders in June of2020 alone.”可知，Detrinidad起初对生意并不抱有很高的期望，但结果相反，订 单量非常大。由此可知，Detrinidad的生意出乎意料地顺利，故选D。 2.D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30%decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces'”可知，这种生产力提升同样适用于成年人的工作环境。研究表明，在植物茂盛的办公场 所中，员工的病假率下降了30%。由此可知，植物能提升工作效率，故选D。 独家授权侵权必究 色学科网书城国 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 3.C推理判断题。题目问“Detrinidad试图通过提及医生和律师来解释什么？”。根据最后一 "Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant”可知，作者通过提及医生和律师需要“练习”说明养护植物也需要反复尝试和 学习。因此，Detrinidad谈及医生和律师是为了解释反复努力的重要性。C项“反复努力的重要性”。 故选C。 4B文章主旨题。综观全文可知，文章从一个网店的室内盆栽植物销售火爆说起，介绍绿植对 人们情绪和思维影响的相关研究，倡导栽培室内盆栽植物的健康生活。B项“植物改善你的情绪”。 故选B。 Passage 3 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文围绕技术产品的性别化现象展开，描述了产品性别化的好 处和坏处，引发人们对此现象的思考。 l.A细节理解题。根据题千中的“making new technologies genderless'”可将答案定位在第一段。 根据“People are stereotyping(形成刻板印象)their gendered objects in very traditional ways'”可知，人们 正在以非常传统的方式对他们的有性别特征的物品形成刻板印象；由“Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this”可知，将性别从人们的印象中完全清除似乎是解决 这个问题的一种简单方法。综上可知“making new technologies genderless”是“Removing gender from the picture altogether"的一种方法，故让新技术去性别化是“为了减少人们的刻板印象”，A项正确。B 项“为了满足公众需求”：C项“为了降低生产成本”：D项“为了鼓励竞争”。故选A 2.B推理判断题。根据第二段的“In her study,Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,female,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as'Miuu'." 可知，在Martin的研究中，她要求参与者评估他们对男性、女性和无性别的数字语音助手和名为“Miuu” 的自动驾驶汽车的依恋程度。由此可推知，参与者可能被要求响应一项调查，故选B。 3.D推理判断题。根据题千中的“is it difficult to create genderless objects'”可将答案定位在第四 段。第四段首句说Martin的研究发现创造一个去性别化的物体是困难的，接着举例进行具体阐述， 如果一个物体的名字听起来没有性别，参与者仍然会给它分配性别。由此可推知，性别观念在人们心 中根深蒂固。A项“它们不能大批量生产”：B项“给它们命名是一项具有挑战性的任务”：C项 “人们认为它们不可靠”。故选D。 4B段落主旨题。第三、四段讲产品性别化可能强化关于权力和身份的过时或有害的观念，且 创造一个去性别化的物体是困难的。最后一段首句however进行转折，表明Martin看到了一丝希望， 她相信拟人化“提供了一个改变刻板印象的机会”，然后讲拟人化的产品可以被创造出来，以承担与 刻板印象不一致的角色，如一个帮助护理的男性机器人或一个帮助计算的女性机器人。由此可知，最 后一段讲产品性别化在一定程度上可以帮助改变人们的刻板印象，即产品性别化的好处。A项“去性 别化产品的特征”：C项“拟人化的意思”；D项“对男人和女人的刻板印象”。故选B。 独家授权权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 Passage 4 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。文章探究了 生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。 l.B细节理解题。根据第一段的“Today,most records of biodiversity are.videos,and other digital records.”可知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他的数字记录形式存在。选项 中的“electronic form”是对原文中的“videos,.and other digital records”的同义转换。故选B。 2.C细节理解题。根据第二段的“and since we are increasingly using observational data.Are they usable？”可知，Dau及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化作出回应的，他想知道这 些观察数据是否可用。再根据第三段的内容可知，Dau及其团队使用一个全球数据集，测试这些数 据在多大程度上展示了实际的全球生物多样性模式。由此可知，Dau的研究关注观察数据。A项“濒 危物种”：B项“实物标本”；C项“观察数据”：D项“手机应用程序”。故选C。 3.C推理判断题。根据第四段的“We were particularly interested..instead of the grass right next to t”可知，研究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方方面面特别感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能 只拍开花植物而不拍它旁边的青草。由此可知，采样方式的不当会导致数据偏差，A项“数据分析中 的错误”：B项“上传的图片质量差”：D项“数据收集设备不可靠”。故选C。 4.D细节理解题。根据第七段的“Biodiversity apps can use...to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image..”可知，生物多样性应用程序可以使用Daru他们的研究结果来让 用户知道哪些地区是采样过量的地区，并且引导他们去对采样不是很好的地方或者物种进行采样。为 了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序也鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片。结合第五段的 “the people who get..citizen scientists'”可知，这里的用户指代的是公民科学家。A项“检查特定区域的 数据”；B项“雇用专家去检查记录”：C项“确认用户身份”：D项“给公民科学家一些指导”。 故选D。 Passage 5 【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章通过20世纪60年代一项针对孩子的棉花糖实验引出作 者观点一身处网络时代，我们每天都受到大量信息的诱惑，要学会做有选择的信息消费者。 l.D细节理解题。根据第一段对Mischel的棉花糖实验的介绍中的“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,.they would be given a second treat..”可知，孩子们如果等待 15分钟再吃糖，就会得到第二份奖励，故选D。 2.C细节理解题。根据题千中“mismatch”这一关键词将答案定位在第三段的最后一句话“But as we've reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart...we shouldn't eat..”由此句可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻 易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，因此这两者之间是不匹配的，A项“热 独家授权侵权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 量匮乏的世界和我们的好胃口”：B项“糖分的缺乏和我们的营养需求”；C项“充足的食物供应 和我们一成不变的大脑”：D项“诱人的食物和我们为保持健康所做的努力”。故选C。 3.B推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Therefore.we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental 'junk food'in order to manage our time most effectively.”可知，作者建议我们要谨慎地对待信息消费，抵制那些对我们的精神健康有害的信 息诱惑，以达到高效管理时间的目的。因此可推断出，作者建议读者要做有选择的信息消费者，A项 “欣然接受新信息”；C项“使用多样化的信息源”；D项“保护信息环境”。故选B。 4D文章主旨大意题。本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，从最初针对幼儿园孩子的测试引入，说明棉 花糖对孩子的影响，再类比到成人身上，阐述了在充斥着各类信息的信息大环境下，我们成年人也应 该要学会抵制不良信息带来的诱惑，做一个有选择的信息消费者，因此文章重点介绍了成人面临的“棉 花糖实验”，故选D。 Passage 6 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。本文通过介绍一个击败以色列前国家辩论冠军的软件程序 Project Debater以及它无法理解意义的缺陷，说明了社会互动才是理解意义的关键所在。 l.B推理判断题。通读第一段内容可知，文章第一段提到以色列前国家辩论冠军Noa Ovadia是 为了说明Project Debater在辩论方面比人类出色，故B项“为了展示Project Debater的聪明”为正确 选项。 2.C词义猜测题。根据画线词的前一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.”可知，wrinkles指代errors,故C项正确。 3.B细节理解题。根据第二段段尾的“There's never a stage at which the system knows what it''s talking about'”以及第三段段首的“What Hammond is referring to.the most intelligent of machines”可知， 根据Hammond的说法，Project Debater做不到的是理解意义，故B项“理解意义”正确。 4A推理判断题。最后一段聚焦“意义的产生”，指出意义是通过社会互动生成的，而非计算。 赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的大脑中，而且也存在于外部，存在于社会中，存在于社会记忆、社 会习俗和社会关系中。这也将人类和机器区分开来，无论Project Debater看起来多么令人震惊，从苏 格拉底和孔子开始的传统不会因为人工智能而结束。故A项“社会互动是理解符号的关键”可通过 最后一段得知。 Passage 7 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。 l.D推理判断题。根据第二段的“Think of a rubber band.In the beginning,it is flexible,but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,'says Dr.Ben Levine,a heart specialist at the University of Texas.That's what happens to the heart.(‘想想襐皮筋。一开始，它是灵活 的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，’德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·菜文博士 独家授权权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。 2.C推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise-balance training and weight training-three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有 氧运动一平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)” 可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。 3.A细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years,the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后， 第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的“We took these50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to30-or35-year-old hearts,’says Levine.(莱文说：‘我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回 30或35岁的心脏。’)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。 4.C推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产 生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 Passage 8 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”， 计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 l.A推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors,journalists,the public and,worst of all,themselves about their work's potential.If researchers can't keep their promises,excitement might give way to doubt,disappointment and anger,Johnson warns.(随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、 公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让 位于怀疑、失望和愤怒)”根据最后一段“But I trust Taylor,just as I trust Johnson.(但我相信泰勒，就像 我相信约翰逊一样)”可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，赞同的； B.unconcerned不关心的：C.doubtful怀疑的：D.excited激动的。故选A。 2.C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company,he says,is closer than any other firm‘by a very large margin()'to building a 'useful'quantum computer,one that 'solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.'He adds,'People will naturally discount my opinions,but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.'(. 这家公司比其他任何公司都‘在很大程度上’接近于制造出‘有用的’量子计算机，它‘解决了一 个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题’。他补充说：‘人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我 独家授权侵权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法’)”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对 PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 3.A词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,Johnson suggests,perhaps because 'quantum'stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.(但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别prone被炒作，可能是因为‘量 子’代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。)”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为“‘量子’代 表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于…的”。A.Open 开放的：易受损害的：B.Cool.酷的：C.Useful.有用的：D.Resistant..有抵抗力的。故选A。 4.D主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now,big tech companies have invested in quantum computing,as have many smaller ones.According to Business Weekly,quantum machines could help us 'cure cancer,and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.This is the sort of hype (炒作)that annoys Johnson.’(现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据 《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们‘治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。 这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。’)”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition 'by a wide margin'.as Taylor claims?I don't know.I'm certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.(PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样‘以巨大的 优势’领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我 信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。)”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功 吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的 最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 Passage 9 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了如今在世界上一半的语言 中发现了新的语音。 l.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语 音，如‘f”和‘v’,在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Dami n Blasi 领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。)可知Dami n Blasi的研究重点是在语言 的演变上。故选D。 2.C细节理解题。根据第三段（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇 齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出 这样的声音。)可知，因为古代成年人的下额结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。 3,A主旨大意题。根据第五段（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发 音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采 集者的语言中仍然没有发现。)可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。 独家授权权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 故选A。 4.C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution( 从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进 化等复杂相互作用的产物)”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。 Passage 10 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全 可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。 l.A细节理解题。根据第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查 高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道 和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。 2.C词义猜测题。根据下文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance.including sending maintenance staff,often at night. to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为 200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在maintenance 上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure检查和维修铁路基础设施”，所以画线词和C 项nspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。 3A细节理解题。题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句 "With their ability to see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反 应)”可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故选A。 4.D主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段和后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应 用于铁路线路成为可能；第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全： 第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还将为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述无人机将 如何改变铁路的未来，所以D适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 11 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 l.B细节理解题。根据第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们 在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”和“the birds were given five differently shaped 'keys'to 独家授权侵权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 choose from.Inserting the correct‘key'would let out the nut(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的‘钥 匙’供它们选择。插入正确的‘钥匙’会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹅是通过使用工具从 盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。 2.C细节理解题。根据第二段“In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)” 可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。 3.D推理判断题。根据最后一段“The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹅是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触 觉来选择它们的形状。)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。 4.D主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Coffin's cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. 凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似。)”可推知，本文主要 介绍会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D“Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)” 符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。 Passage 12 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。美国凭借其技术崛起，而长期以来这种技术的基础一直是电力。 通过提供远程通信和能源，电力创造了现代世界。电气时代仅仅是一个世纪前开始的蒸汽时代的第二 个阶段。Maury Klein在他的书中描述了有关电气和蒸汽的变革。 l.A理解具体信息。根据第二段中Klein的话“It is curious that no one has put together..revolutions'”可知，Klein认为没有人把蒸汽革命和电力革命的历史联系在一起是很奇怪的， 由此可知，他认为电气时代和蒸汽时代是密切相关的，故选A。 2.D推断。根据题千中的Ned可将解题信息定位至最后一段。根据“Klein creates the character of Ned...electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime”可知，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和 电力革命给美国带来的进步。再结合第三段和第四段的内容可知，KIin在书中描绘了l8世纪末期和 19世纪蒸汽和电力的发展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在l9世纪。 3.B理解文章类型。文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行 了介绍，最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证 了美国蒸汽和电力革命带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文 是一篇书评。 Passage 13 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，保持身体健康的中年女性晚年患失智症的 可能性能够降低将近90%。 独家授权卧权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.2ZxXk.c0m● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 l.A理解具体信息。根据第一段首句“The benefits of regular exercise.the ever--growing list'”可 知，定期锻炼的好处在不断增加，故选A。 2.B理解具体信息。根据题千中的bicycle exercise'”可将解题信息定位至第三段，该段的“191 women with an average age of50.measure their peak(最大值的)cardiovascular capacity”表明，研究者 们要求女士们完成骑自行车测试是为了评估她们的心血管容量。 3.B推断。根据第五段首句“These women were then tested...the following four decades”和下文中 44 of the women developed dementia"Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia"25 percent of the women.with low fitness'”等内容可知，研究者们在进行了长达40年的跟踪测试后得到了 研究数据。由此可推断，该研究的数据收集过程很长。 4.C理解文章主旨要义。阅读全文，尤其是根据第一段中的“New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit..a decade later than less sporty women'”可知，文章主要介绍 了一项新的研究，该研究表明保持身体健康的中年女性晚年患失智症的可能性能够降低将近90%。 故C项能概括文章大意，作标题最佳。 Passage 14 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。 l.D细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities(研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个 人的积极品质。故选D。 2.B推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients,while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.(医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子 可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是 举例子来阐明下文的观点一情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B。 3.A推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful...The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers( 传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴 趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认 为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A。 4.B推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our hope that in coming decades,advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives.(我们希望这种关注将激 发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如 何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B。 独家授权权必究 色学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com○ 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 ◆独家授权便收必究。 科普研究类 Passage 1 (2025·全国一卷) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas，stuck inside volcanic rocks，filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans. Now，new research suggests that a simple，cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头)：boiling and filtering(过滤)it.In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters，researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially，this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.In the study，boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate，boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally，the research didn't include all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene，polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still，the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water，scientists found earlier this year，contains 10 to 1 ，000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice，” Caroline Gauchotte­Lindsay，an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research，tells New Scientist.“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A.By quoting an expert. B.By defining a concept. C.By giving examples. D.By providing statistics. 2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A.The hardness of water. B.The length of cooling time. C.The frequency of filtering. D.The type of plastic in water. 3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A.The importance of plastic recycling. B.The severity of the microplastic problem. C.The danger in overusing pure water. D.The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4.What is Gauchotte­Lindsay's suggestion about? A.Choice of new research methods. B.Possible direction for further study. C.Need to involve more researchers. D.Potential application of the findings. Passage 2 (2025·全国二卷) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants，she didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened：She was flooded，shipping out 1，200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year，Detrinidad sent out more than 70，000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr.Melinda Knuth，a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant­rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，”she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.”Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol，the stress hormone(激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant­rich workplaces.” If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants，don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！) doesn't make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it，but if it dies，go get another one，” Detrinidad says. 1.How was Detrinidad's business when it started? A.It faced tough competition. B.It suffered a great loss. C.It got lots of financial support. D.It went surprisingly well. 2.What is one of Knuth's findings about plants? A.They appeal more to students. B.They purify the environment. C.They raise the cortisol level. D.They enhance productivity. 3.What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A.The necessity of social skills. B.The meaning of sustainability. C.The importance of repeated efforts. D.The value of professional opinions. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Time to Replace Houseplants B.Plants Boost Your Mood C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants D.Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 3 (2025·浙江卷1月) As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities，there's been a push to make them genderless.“People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways，” says Ashley Martin，a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.Yet as Martin has found in her work，gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects，particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study，Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male，female，and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self­driving car known as “Miuu”. It was found that gender increased users' feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.For example，participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing，it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.The stereotypes commonly associated with men，such as competitiveness and dominance，are more valued than those associated with women.These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult.For instance，if an object's name was meant to sound genderless，like Miuu，participants would still assign a gender to it—they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she”. Martin sees a silver lining，however：She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化)“provides an opportunity to change stereotypes”.When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies，it reduces negative stereotypes about women.Similarly，anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype­inconsistent roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations，for instance. 1.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A.To reduce stereotypes. B.To meet public demand. C.To cut production costs. D.To encourage competition. 2.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A.Design a product. B.Respond to a survey. C.Work as assistants. D.Take a language test. 3.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A.They cannot be mass­produced. B.Naming them is a challenging task. C.People assume they are unreliable. D.Gender is rooted in people's mind. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A.The quality of genderless products. B.The upside of gendering a product. C.The meaning of anthropomorphism. D.The stereotypes of men and women. Passage 4 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct，researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today，most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos，videos，and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area，a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，”said Barnabas Daru，who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change，I wanted to know：Are they usable？” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants，insects，birds，and animals，Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data，like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，”said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation­only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover，these data are biased and favor certain regions，time periods，and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye­catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot，”Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well­sampled.To improve the quality of observational data，biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 1.What do we know about the records of species collected now? A.They are becoming outdated. B.They are mostly in electronic form. C.They are limited in number. D.They are used for public exhibition. 2.What does Daru's study focus on? A.Threatened species. B.Physical specimens. C.Observational data. D.Mobile applications. 3.What has led to the biases according to the study? A.Mistakes in data analysis. B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C.Improper way of sampling. D.Unreliable data collection devices. 4.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? A.Review data from certain areas. B.Hire experts to check the records. C.Confirm the identity of the users. D.Give guidance to citizen scientists. Passage 5 (2024·浙江卷1月) The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow­up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie­poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information­poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test? A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 2.According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between ________. A.the calorie­poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 3.What does the author suggest readers do? A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Eat Less，Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later，the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown­ups Passage 6 (2023·浙江卷1月) A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate.Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion. Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.” What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols.But for humans, meaning is everything.When we communicate, we communicate meaning.What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean. Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads.The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations.It is this that distinguishes humans from machines.And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. 1.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph? A.To explain the use of a software program. B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater. C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater. D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition. 2.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Arguments. B.Doubts. C.Errors. D.Differences. 3.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond? A.Create rules. B.Comprehend meaning. C.Talk fluently. D.Identify difficult words. 4.What can we learn from the last paragraph? A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols. B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed. C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters. D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future. Passage 7 (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken，” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high­intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50­year­old hearts and turned the clock back to 30­or 35­year­old hearts，” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility，” Levine says. “We put healthy 70­year­olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 1.What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A.The right way of exercising. B.The causes of a heart attack. C.The difficulty of keeping fit. D.The aging process of the heart. 2.In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A.The diet plan. B.The professional background. C.The exercise type. D.The previous physical condition. 3.What does Levine's research find? A.Middle­aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B.High­intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C.It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D.The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 4.What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A.Making use of the findings. B.Interviewing the study participants. C.Conducting further research. D.Clarifying the purpose of the study. Passage 8 (2022·北京卷) Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately.A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans.I've also had exchanges with two quantum­computing experts.One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest.The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity.Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones.According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction”. This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson.He worries that researchers are making promises they can't keep.“What's new，” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work's potential.If researchers can't keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns.Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement.But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it.He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co­founded in 2016.Taylor shares Johnson's concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”， as Taylor claims? I don't know.I'm certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 1.Regarding Johnson's concerns, the author feels ________. A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited 2.What leads to Taylor's optimism about quantum computing? A.His dominance in physics. B.The competition in the field. C.His confidence in PyQuantum. D.The investment of tech companies. 3.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A.Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B.Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C.Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D.Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? Passage 9 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Human speech contains more than 2，000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground­breaking, five­year study shows that diet­related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”and “v”， were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构)，making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter­gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damin Blasi's research focus on? A.Its variety. B.Its distribution. C.Its quantity. D.Its development. 2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily. C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Supporting evidence for the research results. B.Potential application of the research findings. C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. 4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A.It is key to effective communication. B.It contributes much to cultural diversity. C.It is a complex and dynamic system. D.It drives the evolution of human beings. Passage 10 (2022·全国乙卷) Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？That is the very likely future of applying today's“eyes in the sky”technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high­tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and on­time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts. By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher­value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co­pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast­moving trains would be able to react in time. 1.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes. C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas. 2.What does“maintenance”underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones. C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure. 3.What function is expected of the rail drones? A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically. C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation. 4.Which is the most suitable title for the text? A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways Passage 11 (2022·全国甲卷) Goffin's cockatoos，a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape­recognition abilities to a human two­year­old.Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans，babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age，but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的) shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”.In the experiment，Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job，in most cases，by visual recognition alone.Where trial­and­error was used，the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space，similar to two­year­old babies. The next step，according to the researchers，is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索)，or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A.By following instructions. B.By using a tool. C.By turning the box around. D.By removing the lid. 2.Which task can human one­year­olds most likely complete according to the text? A.Using a key to unlock a door. B.Telling parrots from other birds. C.Putting a ball into a round hole. D.Grouping toys of different shapes. 3.What does the follow­up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A.How far they are able to see. B.How they track moving objects. C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal­Readers D.Cockatoos: Skilful Shape­Sorters Passage 12 (2022·浙江卷1月) The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity. By providing long­distance communication and energy, electricity created the modern world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier. “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，” writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity，and the Men, Who Invented Modern America.Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative (叙述) so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world” Klein writes, “America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.” Meanwhile, over the course of the 19th century，electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulb (白炽灯泡) that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current (交流电), which soon became the major form of power delivery. To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 1.What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity? A.It is closely linked to the steam age. B.It began earlier than people thought. C.It is a little­studied period of history. D.It will come to an end sooner or later. 2.What can be inferred about Ned? A.He was born in New York City. B.He wrote many interesting stories. C.He created an electricity company. D.He lived mainly in the 19th century. 3.What is the text? A.A biography. B.A book review. C.A short story. D.A science report. Passage 13 (2022·浙江卷1月) The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever­growing list. New research found that middle­aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life－and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said：“These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular (心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher, while 92 women were in the medium fitness category. A total of 59 were of low fitness level, with a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their tests stopped because of health problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. “However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association，” said Hörder. “More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.”She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 1.What is on the ever­growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A.Positive effects of doing exercise. B.Exercises suitable for the middle­aged. C.Experimental studies on dementia. D.Advantages of sporty women over men. 2.Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A.To predict their maximum heart rate. B.To assess their cardiovascular capacity. C.To change their habit of working out. D.To detect their potential health problems. 3.What do we know about Dr Hörder's study? A.It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B.Data collection was a lengthy process. C.Some participants withdrew from it. D.The results were far from satisfactory. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B.Middle­Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness Passage 14 (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷) Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence.Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills”.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill­based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers，educators and others interested in promoting social well­being.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re­evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A.It can be measured by an IQ test. B.It helps to exercise a person's mind. C.It includes a set of emotional skills. D.It refers to a person's positive qualities. 2.Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A.To explain a rule. B.To clarify a concept. C.To present a fact. D.To make a prediction. 3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A.Its appeal to the public. B.Expectations for future studies. C.Its practical application. D.Scientists with new perspectives. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $