第2讲 名词性从句-核心语法 重难点专项突破 任务单 2026届高考英语一轮复习（全国通用）

高考核心语法·精练 第2讲 名词性从句2026年高考英语语法专项突破（全国通用） （语法讲义+模拟练习+真题操练） 内容提要 思维导图 表格呈现 对点练习 单题突破 综合提升 一、名词性从句基础框架表 此表格梳理名词性从句的核心定义、类型及引导词，明确 “从句功能 = 名词作用” 的核心逻辑，是理解名词性从句的基础框架。 类别 具体内容 定义 句中起名词作用的从句，功能相当于名词词组，可独立充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语，需通过引导词连接主句与从句 四大类型 1. 主语从句：作句子主语（如 “Whether he will come is uncertain”） 2. 宾语从句：作动词 / 介词的宾语（如 “I wonder what he wants”“It depends on whether we have time”） 3. 表语从句：作系动词（be/seem/look 等）的表语（如 “The problem is how to solve it”） 4. 同位语从句：对名词（fact/news/reason 等）作补充说明（如 “The news that our team won spread fast”） 引导词分类 1. 连词：that（无实义，仅连接）、if/whether（表 “是否”）、because（表原因，仅引导表语从句） 2. 连接代词：who (ever)/what (ever)/whom (ever)/whose/which (ever)（作从句主语、宾语、定语） 3. 连接副词：when/where/why/how（作从句状语，表时间、地点、原因、方式） 注意事项： 1. 名词性从句需用陈述句语序，不可用疑问句语序（错误：Do you know when will he arrive？正确：Do you know when he will arrive？）； 2. 引导词不可随意省略：that 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时不可省；if/whether 引导各类从句均不可省（错误：The fact he came is true；正确：The fact that he came is true）； 3. because 仅引导表语从句，不可引导其他类型名词性从句（错误：I don’t know because he is late；正确：I don’t know why he is late）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. __________ we will hold the annual school sports meeting next month depends on the weather condition. 【答案】Whether 【解析】考查主语从句引导词。句意：我们下个月是否举办一年一度的校运会取决于天气状况。分析句子结构，空处引导主语从句且位于句首，表 “是否”，根据 “引导主语从句（句首）需用 whether” 的规则，故填 Whether。 2. The little girl asked her mother __________ the moon travels around the earth or the sun. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：小女孩问妈妈月亮是绕着地球转还是绕着太阳转。空处引导宾语从句且与 “or not”（此处用 “or” 表选择，等同于 “or not” 逻辑）连用，表 “是否”，需用 whether，故填 whether。 3. My biggest concern is __________ we can collect enough donations for the homeless people before winter comes. 【答案】whether/how 【解析】考查表语从句引导词。句意：我最担心的是我们能否在冬天来临前为无家可归者筹集到足够的捐款（或 “我们如何在冬天来临前为无家可归者筹集到足够的捐款”）。空处引导表语从句，从句不缺主干成分，若表 “是否” 需用 whether，若表 “方式” 需用 how，二者均符合语义，故填 whether/how。 4. The news __________ our school basketball team won the provincial championship spread quickly across the campus. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句引导词。句意：我们学校篮球队赢得省冠军的消息在校园里迅速传开。空处引导同位语从句，补充说明先行词 “the news” 的内容，从句不缺成分且无实义，需用 that，故填 that。 5. He has no idea __________ his father will return from his business trip, so he keeps checking his phone for messages. 【答案】when 【解析】考查同位语从句引导词。句意：他不知道父亲出差什么时候回来，所以一直在查看手机信息。空处引导 “have no idea” 后的同位语从句，表 “时间”，且在从句中作时间状语，需用 when，故填 when。 二、if 与 whether 用法区别表 此表格聚焦 “是否” 类连词的核心差异，梳理 “只用 whether” 的 6 类场景及可互换场景，解决引导词选择难题。 适用场景 选用连词 核心规则 示例 引导主语从句（句首） whether 从句位于句首表 “是否”，只能用 whether，不可用 if Whether she comes makes no difference. 引导表语从句 whether 系动词后表 “是否”，只能用 whether The question is whether we can finish on time. 引导同位语从句 whether 修饰名词（question/doubt 等）表 “是否”，只能用 whether They raised the question whether we need a specialist. 与 or not 直接连用 whether “是否…… 还是不……” 结构中，只能用 whether，可写作 “whether or not” Can you tell me whether or not the train has left？ 后接不定式（to do） whether 从句简化为 “是否做某事”，只能用 whether，后接 to do Whether to take the job is up to you. 位于介词之后 whether 介词后表 “是否”，只能用 whether，不可用 if It depends on whether they will support us. 引导宾语从句（不与 or not 直接连） if/whether 无上述特殊场景，二者可互换 Please tell me if/whether you will go tomorrow. 注意事项： 1. “whether or not” 不可拆分，不可写作 “if or not”（错误：if or not；正确：whether or not）； 2. 即使宾语从句中隐含 “是否”，若位于介词后，仍需用 whether（错误：It depends on if they agree；正确：It depends on whether they agree）； 3. 口语中 if 引导宾语从句更简洁，但书面语（尤其考试中）优先按规则选择，避免争议。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. It is still under discussion __________ the new traffic regulation will be carried out next month. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查主语从句引导词。句意：新交通法规是否在下个月实施仍在讨论中。空处引导主语从句（it 为形式主语，从句后置），表 “是否”，根据 “引导主语从句需用 whether” 的规则，故填 whether。 2. The interviewer asked the candidate __________ she had any work experience related to the position she applied for. 【答案】if/whether 【解析】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：面试官问候选人是否有与所申请职位相关的工作经验。空处引导宾语从句，表 “是否”，且不与 “or not” 直接连用，if 和 whether 可互换，故填 if/whether。 3. The problem __________ we should take immediate action to reduce air pollution has been debated for a long time. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查表语从句引导词。句意：我们是否应该立即采取行动减少空气污染这个问题已经讨论了很久。空处引导表语从句，表 “是否”，根据 “引导表语从句需用 whether” 的规则，故填 whether。 4. They are considering __________ to postpone the meeting until next week due to the sudden storm. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查 “whether + 不定式” 结构。句意：由于突如其来的暴风雨，他们正在考虑是否将会议推迟到下周。空处后接不定式 “to postpone”，表 “是否做某事”，根据 “后接不定式需用 whether” 的规则，故填 whether。 5. The success of the project depends on __________ we can get enough financial support from the government. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查介词后的宾语从句引导词。句意：这个项目的成功取决于我们能否从政府获得足够的资金支持。空处位于介词 “on” 之后，引导宾语从句表 “是否”，根据 “介词后需用 whether” 的规则，故填 whether。 三、含感叹句的宾语从句用法表 此表格梳理由 what 和 how 引导的感叹句作宾语从句的结构，明确语序要求与名词单复数规则，聚焦 “感叹语气 + 陈述语序” 的结合难点。 引导词 结构 核心规则（修饰对象与语序） 示例 what 主句 + what + a (n) + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语 1. 修饰名词，名词前必须有形容词； 2. 可数名词单数前需加 a/an，不可数名词 / 复数名词不加； 3. 保持陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语不可倒装） She said what a lovely song it was. I know what interesting books you bought. how 主句 + how + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语 1. 修饰形容词或副词，无名词或名词前有其他限定词； 2. 不可说 “how a/an + 名词”，需转换为 “what a/an + 形容词 + 名词”； 3. 保持陈述句语序 He thought how beautiful the city was. We talked about how amazing the movie is. 注意事项： 1. 无 “how a/an” 结构：这是高频错误（错误：I know how a good book you have；正确：I know what a good book you have 或 I know how good your book is）； 2. 名词与形容词直接相连用 what：若形容词与名词无其他词隔开，必用 what（错误：I felt how happy time we had；正确：I felt what happy time we had）； 3. 不可数名词无需 a/an：what 修饰不可数名词（如 time/music）时，不可加 a/an（错误：She said what a nice music it was；正确：She said what nice music it was）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. When we visited the art museum, my friend pointed out __________ beautiful paintings the artist had created. 【答案】what 【解析】考查含感叹句的宾语从句引导词。句意：当我们参观艺术博物馆时，我的朋友指出这位艺术家创作了多么美丽的画作。空处引导宾语从句，修饰名词 “paintings”，符合 “what + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主谓” 的感叹结构，故填 what。 2. The old man often tells his grandchildren __________ hard his life was when he was young so that they can cherish the present. 【答案】how 【解析】考查含感叹句的宾语从句引导词。句意：老人经常告诉他的孙子孙女们他年轻时生活多么艰难，好让他们珍惜现在。空处引导宾语从句，修饰形容词 “hard”，符合 “how + 形容词 + 主谓” 的感叹结构，故填 how。 3. I can’t believe __________ a lovely little dog our neighbor has kept in his yard for two years. 【答案】what 【解析】考查含感叹句的宾语从句引导词。句意：我不敢相信我们邻居在院子里养了两年的小狗多么可爱。空处引导宾语从句，修饰 “a lovely little dog”（可数名词单数），符合 “what + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主谓” 的感叹结构，故填 what。 4. She shared with us __________ amazing the performance of the symphony orchestra was last night. 【答案】how 【解析】考查含感叹句的宾语从句引导词。句意：她跟我们分享了昨晚交响乐团的表演多么精彩。空处引导宾语从句，修饰形容词 “amazing”，符合 “how + 形容词 + 主谓” 的感叹结构，故填 how。 5. The tourists were all surprised at __________ beautiful scenery they had seen in the mountain village. 【答案】what 【解析】考查含感叹句的宾语从句引导词。句意：游客们都对在山村看到的美丽景色感到惊讶。空处引导宾语从句，修饰不可数名词 “scenery”，符合 “what + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主谓” 的感叹结构，故填 what。 四、that 与 what 用法区别表 此表格对比 that 和 what 的核心差异，明确 “纯连接词” 与 “连接代词” 的功能区别，解决引导词选择的高频难点。 引导词 词性 从句中功能 核心用法规则 示例 that 纯连接词 无实际意义，不充当任何成分 1. 仅起连接主句与从句的作用； 2. 引导主语从句、宾语从句（可省）、表语从句、同位语从句； 3. 不可引导从句中缺主语、宾语、表语的句子 主语从句：That he passed the exam surprised us. 宾语从句：I think (that) he is right. 同位语从句：The fact that he lied is true. what 连接代词 有实义（=the + 名词 + that），需作主语、宾语、表语或定语 1. 既起连接作用，又在从句中充当成分； 2. 可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句； 3. 从句中必须缺主语、宾语、表语或定语（需 what 补充） 主语从句：What he said made me angry.（what 作宾语） 宾语从句：I don’t know what he needs.（what 作宾语） 表语从句：He is not what he was.（what 作表语） 注意事项： 1. 从句不缺成分用 that，缺成分用 what：这是核心判断标准（错误：I don’t know that he needs；正确：I don’t know what he needs，从句缺宾语，用 what）； 2. what 不可引导同位语从句修饰抽象名词（如 fact/news）：这类名词后需用 that（错误：The news what he won is true；正确：The news that he won is true）； 3. that 不可用于 “介词 + 引导词” 结构：若位于介词后，需用 what（错误：It depends on that he agrees；正确：It depends on what he says，what 作 says 的宾语）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. __________ he managed to finish the tough task in such a short time is still a mystery to all of us. 【答案】How/That 【解析】考查主语从句引导词。句意：他如何在这么短的时间内完成这项艰巨的任务（或 “他在这么短的时间内完成了这项艰巨的任务”）对我们所有人来说仍然是个谜。若表 “方式”，从句缺状语，需用 how；若仅表 “事实”，从句不缺成分，需用 that，二者均符合语义，故填 How/That。 2. The teacher always tells us __________ is worth doing is worth doing well. 【答案】what 【解析】考查主语从句引导词。句意：老师总是告诉我们，值得做的事就值得做好。空处引导宾语从句中的主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表 “…… 的事物”，需用 what，故填 what。 3. The little boy doesn’t understand __________ his parents are so strict with him about his homework. 【答案】why 【解析】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：这个小男孩不明白为什么他的父母在作业方面对他如此严格。空处引导宾语从句，从句不缺主干成分，表 “原因”，需用 why，故填 why。 4. Our monitor’s suggestion __________ we should organize a volunteer activity to help the elderly is under discussion. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句引导词。句意：我们班长提出的我们应该组织一次志愿者活动帮助老人的建议正在讨论中。空处引导同位语从句，补充说明先行词 “suggestion” 的内容，从句不缺成分且无实义，需用 that，故填 that。 5. We need to figure out __________ caused the sudden power cut in the downtown area this morning. 【答案】what 【解析】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：我们需要弄清楚今天早上市中心突然停电是什么原因造成的。空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，表 “…… 的事物”，需用 what，故填 what。 五、同位语从句用法表 此表格梳理 “名词 + that…” 和 “名词 + wh-…” 两类同位语从句，明确适用名词、引导词规则及分割现象，聚焦 “补充说明 vs 修饰限定” 的功能差异。 从句类型 适用名词 引导词规则 特殊现象 示例 名词 + that… 型 fact, news, truth, doubt, belief, thought, problem, suggestion, order 等（表抽象概念的名词） 1. 引导词只能用 that，不可用 which； 2. that 无实义，不充当成分，不可省略； 3. 若名词是 suggestion/order 等表 “建议 / 命令” 的词，从句需用虚拟语气（should + 动原，should 可省） 分割型同位语从句：名词与从句被谓语、介词短语等隔开，避免句子头重脚轻 The news that our team won spread fast. Word came that he was admitted to Peking University.（分割型，word 与 that 从句被 came 隔开） 名词 + wh-… 型 idea（常与 no 搭配，即 “have no idea”） 1. 引导词用 who/what/when/where/why/whether 等 wh - 类词； 2. 引导词有实义，需在从句中充当成分； 3. 表 “不清楚…… 的情况”，从句用陈述句语序 仅适用于 “have no idea” 结构，其他名词后较少用 wh - 类引导词 I have no idea when he will come back. He has no idea whether the meeting was cancelled. 注意事项： 1. 不可混淆同位语从句与定语从句：同位语从句是 “补充说明名词内容”，that 不充当成分；定语从句是 “修饰名词特征”，that 需充当成分（如 “The news that he told me is true” 是定语从句，that 作 told 的宾语；“The news that he won is true” 是同位语从句，that 不充当成分）； 2. 分割型同位语从句需找准先行词：先行词常被谓语隔开，需根据语义判断（错误：He got the message yesterday that he was fired，先行词是 message，非 yesterday；正确：He got the message that he was fired yesterday）； 3. “have no idea” 后不可用 that：需用 wh - 类词或 whether，表 “不确定”（错误：I have no idea that he is here；正确：I have no idea if he is here）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. The fact __________ more and more young people are interested in traditional Chinese culture makes us very happy. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句引导词。句意：越来越多的年轻人对中国传统文化感兴趣这一事实让我们非常高兴。空处引导同位语从句，补充说明先行词 “the fact” 的内容，从句不缺成分且无实义，需用 that，故填 that。 2. Word came from the principal’s office __________ our school will hold an English speech contest next Friday. 【答案】that 【解析】考查分割型同位语从句引导词。句意：校长办公室传来消息，我们学校下周五将举办英语演讲比赛。空处引导同位语从句，补充说明先行词 “Word” 的内容，从句与先行词被 “came from the principal’s office” 隔开（分割型），从句不缺成分，需用 that，故填 that。 3. She has no idea __________ her best friend will come to her birthday party or not, so she is a little anxious. 【答案】whether 【解析】考查 “have no idea” 后的同位语从句引导词。句意：她不知道她最好的朋友是否会来参加她的生日派对，所以有点焦虑。“have no idea” 后接同位语从句表 “是否”，且与 “or not” 连用，需用 whether，故填 whether。 4. The suggestion __________ we should set up a study group to help each other with difficult subjects was welcomed by all students. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句引导词。句意：我们应该成立一个学习小组，在难题科目上互相帮助的建议受到了所有学生的欢迎。空处引导同位语从句，补充说明先行词 “the suggestion” 的内容，从句不缺成分，需用 that，故填 that。 5. I have no idea __________ the meeting will be postponed, so I’d better check the notice board again. 【答案】why/whether 【解析】考查 “have no idea” 后的同位语从句引导词。句意：我不知道会议为什么会推迟（或 “会议是否会推迟”），所以我最好再看一下布告栏。空处引导 “have no idea” 后的同位语从句，若表 “原因” 需用 why，若表 “是否” 需用 whether，二者均符合语义，故填 why/whether。 六、it 作形式主 / 宾语的名词性从句用法表 此表格梳理 it 作形式主语、形式宾语的 6 类核心结构，明确适用场景与句式要求，解决 “从句过长导致句子失衡” 的问题。 功能 具体结构 适用场景 示例 形式主语 1. It + be + 名词 + 从句 名词：honour, duty, pity, fact, shame 等，表 “某件事是……” It is a fact that the earth goes around the sun. It is a pity that you missed the concert. 2. It + be + 形容词 + 从句 形容词：natural, important, strange, vital, necessary 等，表 “做某事是…… 的” It is important that we learn English well. It is strange that he refused the invitation. 3. It + be + 过去分词 + 从句 过去分词：said, reported, announced, proved, believed 等，表 “据……” It is reported that there was an earthquake last night. It has been proved that this theory is correct. 4. It + 不及物动词 + 从句 动词：seem, appear, happen, occur 等，表 “似乎 / 碰巧……” It happened that I was out when he called. It appears that they have made a decision. 形式宾语 5. 动词 + it + 形容词 / 名词 + 从句 动词：find, think, consider, make, feel 等，表 “认为 / 发现做某事是…… 的” I find it important that we protect the environment. She made it clear that we should finish homework on time. 6. 动词短语 / 特殊动词 + it + 从句 动词短语：depend on, rely on, count on 等；特殊动词：like, hate, appreciate 等，表 “依赖 / 喜欢……” You may depend on it that he will help you. I would appreciate it if you could help me. 注意事项： 1. 形式主 / 宾语不可省略 it：若省略 it，句子结构混乱（错误：I find important that we study；正确：I find it important that we study）； 2. 形容词后接 of sb 还是 for sb：表 “人本身的品性”（kind/nice 等）用 of sb，表 “事物特征”（difficult/important 等）用 for sb（如 “It is kind of you to help me”“It is difficult for us to finish”）； 3. appreciate/hate 等动词后接从句需先加 it：不可直接接从句（错误：I appreciate if you help me；正确：I appreciate it if you help me）。 七、名词性从句中的虚拟语气用法表 此表格梳理虚拟语气在不同类型名词性从句中的规则，明确 “建议 / 要求类”“愿望类”“特定句式” 的语气差异，聚焦考试高频考点。 类型 适用场景 虚拟语气规则 示例 宾语从句 1. wish/would rather 后 - 与现在 / 将来事实相反：从句用一般过去时； - 与过去事实相反：从句用过去完成时 I wish I were a bird.（现在相反） She would rather he hadn’t said that.（过去相反） 2. 建议 / 要求 / 命令类动词后（suggest, demand, require, insist, order 等） 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 The teacher suggested that we (should) read more books. He insisted that she (should) accept the offer. 主语从句 It + be + 形容词 / 过去分词 + 从句（形容词：important/necessary 等；过去分词：suggested/required 等） 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 It is necessary that we (should) protect the environment. It was suggested that the meeting (should) be postponed. 表语 / 同位语从句 主语 / 名词是 suggestion, demand, requirement, order 等表 “建议 / 命令” 的词 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 My suggestion is that we (should) start early. We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go for a picnic. 特殊句式 It’s (high/about) time + that 从句 从句用一般过去时或 “should + 动词原形”，should 不可省略 It’s high time we went home. It’s about time you should study. 注意事项： 1. insist 表 “坚持认为” 时不用虚拟语气：仅表 “坚持要求” 时用（如 “He insisted he was right” 表 “坚持认为”，用陈述语气；“He insisted she (should) go” 表 “坚持要求”，用虚拟语气）； 2. wish 后的虚拟语气不可用 would：第一人称 I/we 可用 would，但第二、三人称需用过去时（错误：I wish you would be here；正确：I wish you were here）； 3. “It’s time + that 从句” 中 should 不可省略：这是与其他虚拟句式的区别（错误：It’s time you study；正确：It’s time you studied 或 It’s time you should study）。 八、wh-ever 类引导词用法表 此表格梳理 4 类 wh-ever 引导词的语义、功能及适用从句类型，明确 “泛指任意” 与 “特定选择” 的差异，解决引导词混淆问题。 引导词 语义 功能 适用从句类型 示例 whatever 无论什么（强调内容） 主语、宾语 主语从句、宾语从句 What he says cannot change the fact.（主语从句，作主语） She will eat whatever is available.（宾语从句，作主语） whichever 无论哪一个（强调选择） 主语、宾语、定语 主语从句、宾语从句（有特定选择范围） Whichever of you comes first will get the prize.（主语从句，作主语） You can choose whichever book you like.（宾语从句，作定语） whoever 无论谁（指人） 主语 主语从句、宾语从句 Whoever breaks the window must pay.（主语从句，作主语） The coach will select whoever is suitable.（宾语从句，作主语） whomever 无论谁（指人，宾格） 宾语 宾语从句（需作宾语） We will invite whomever you recommend.（宾语从句，作宾语） He will help whomever he meets.（宾语从句，作宾语） 注意事项： 1. whoever 与 whomever 的区分：作主语用 whoever，作宾语用 whomever（错误：Whoever you like can join；正确：Whomever you like can join，此处 like 缺宾语，用 whomever）； 2. whichever 需有选择范围：无明确范围时用 whatever（错误：Take whichever you want，无范围；正确：Take whatever you want）； 3. wh-ever 引导名词性从句时无 “让步” 含义：仅表 “泛指任意”，若表 “让步” 需引导状语从句（如 “Whatever he says, I won’t believe” 是让步状语从句，非名词性从句）。 九、名词性从句中的时态照应表 此表格梳理主句与从句的时态匹配规则，明确 “主现从任”“主过从过” 及 “真理永一现” 的核心逻辑，避免时态误用。 主句时态 从句时态规则 适用场景 示例 一般现在时 / 现在完成时 / 一般将来时 从句用任意需要的时态（根据实际语境选择） 主句表现在或将来，从句不受时态限制 I think he has finished homework.（现在完成时） I will tell you what I will do tomorrow.（一般将来时） 一般过去时 / 过去进行时 从句用相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时） 主句表过去，从句需体现 “过去的时间范畴” She said she would go to Paris.（过去将来时） He told me he was watching TV then.（过去进行时） 任意时态 从句表客观真理、自然现象、科学原理时，用一般现在时 从句内容不受时间影响，永恒成立 The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.（一般现在时） Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound.（一般现在时） 注意事项： 1. “主过从过” 需避免从句用现在时态：即使从句内容现在仍成立，若主句是过去时，从句需用过去时（错误：He said he is happy；正确：He said he was happy）； 2. 从句表 “计划 / 安排” 时，可用过去将来时：如 “would + 动原”，表 “过去打算做某事”（如 “She told me she would visit her grandma”）； 3. 客观真理需用一般现在时：即使主句是过去时，也不可改为过去时（错误：The teacher said the earth went around the sun；正确：The teacher said the earth goes around the sun）。 一、语法填空：在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1．（2025高三上·宁夏内蒙古·专题练习）That’s the postal service means to us. 【答案】what 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：这就是邮政服务对我们的意义。引导表语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，故填what。 2．（24-25高三上·江苏盐城·阶段练习）When they closed their League offices, that was a sign they cared no longer about Mr Wilson’s presence. 【答案】that 【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：当他们关闭联盟办公室时，这表明他们不再关心威尔逊先生的存在。空处引导同位语从句对sign内容进行说明，从句结构完整，句意完整，空处不缺少任何成分，只起连接作用，用that引导从句。故填that。 3．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）Ho Feng- Shan decided to give visas to applied. Consequently, he issued thousands of Shanghai visas until he ( transfer) back to China in 1940. 【答案】 whoever was transferred 【详解】考查宾语从句、时态和语态。句意：何凤山决定给任何申请的人发签证。因此，他签发了数千张上海签证，直到1940年被调回中国。第一空为宾语从句，作介词 to的宾语，在这个宾语从句中，从句缺少主语，表示“无论谁”，用连接代词whoever； 第二空根据时间状语 in 1940可知，这里要用一般过去时，句子的主语 he和 transfer之间是被动关系，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填whoever; was transferred。 4．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）The decision was made we should have some school trips this term. 【答案】that 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：已经做出决定，我们这学期应该有几次学校旅行。分析句子结构可知，这里是同位语从句，从句解释说明名词decision的具体内容。从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，所以用连接代词that。故填that。 5．（22-23高三上·河北衡水·阶段练习）Newspapers seized on the results as proof global warming wasn’t really happening. 【答案】that 【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：报纸把这些结果作为全球变暖并没有真正发生的证据。分析句子结构可知，两个句子之间需要一个连词，且跟在名词之后，对名词proof进行解释说明，故此处为同位语从句，从句中不缺少句子成分和语义。故填that。 6．（2025·江苏南京·一模）Jia once explained on her Weibo account: “The film is not related to weight loss and even has very little connection with boxing. It tells a kind person finds herself and learns to love herself.” 【答案】how 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：贾玲曾在微博上解释说：“这部电影与减肥无关，甚至与拳击也没有什么关系。它讲述了一个善良的人如何发现自己，学会爱自己。”分析句子可知，设空格处引导宾语从句，作动词“tells”的宾语。从句中主谓宾结构完整，结合句意“它讲述了一个善良的人如何找到自我并学会爱自己”，可知此处需表达“如何”，应用连接词副词“how”。故填 how。 7．（25-26高三上·上海·阶段练习）The manager decided to assign the job to __________ he believed had a strong sense of duty. 【答案】whoever 【详解】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：经理决定把这项工作交给任何他认为有强烈责任感的人。“assign the job to...”中to是介词，其后是宾语从句，“___ he believed had a strong sense of duty”中“he believed”是插入语，从句缺少主语，且表示“无论是谁”，所以用whoever引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。 故填whoever。 8．（25-26高三上·四川广元·阶段练习）I doubt he is qualified for the position he wants to apply for. 【答案】whether/if 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：我怀疑他是否有资格申请这个职位。空处引导宾语从句，从句成分完整，但需要添加“是否”句意才完整，因此用whether/if作引导词。故填whether/if。 9．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）We choose this hotel because the price is down to $ 200, half of it used to charge. 【答案】what 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：我们选择这家旅馆，因为价格降到200美元，这是过去价格的一半。空格处引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，引导词在从句中作动词charge的宾语，指代“所需的费用”，所以使用连接代词what。故填what。 10．（24-25高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）The power of AI lies exactly in is often considered as its weakness. 【答案】what 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：人工智能的力量恰恰在于通常被认为它的弱点的地方。分析句子可知，这里考查宾语从句，从句中缺主语，应用连接代词what，表“什么”。故填what。 11．（24-25高三上·黑龙江·阶段练习）The question should be employed as the manager has not been settled. 【答案】who 【详解】考查同位语动词。句意：应该雇用谁当经理的问题还没有解决。分析句子结构可知，这是一个同位语从句，用来解释说明 the question的具体内容。从句缺少主语，且指人，所以用连接代词who引导。故填who。 12．（24-25高三上·黑龙江·阶段练习） she will help the boy made me happy. 【答案】That 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：她会帮助那个男孩，这让我很高兴。分析句子结构可知，本句是一个主语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that引导，不可省略。故填That。 13．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）The teacher told her that she should be aware school life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times and that education shouldn’t (measure) only by examination results. 【答案】 that be measured 【详解】考查宾语从句和被动语态。句意：老师告诉她，她应该意识到学校生活不仅有阳光，也有艰难的时期，教育不应该只以考试成绩来衡量。分析句子可知，第一空考查宾语从句，且后面为完整句子，所以应用连词that引导该从句；第二空考查谓语动词，主语education和谓语动词measure之间为被动关系，且情态动词后应填动词原形。故填that；be measured。 14．（23-24高三上·江苏南京·阶段练习） bothers many children is that their parents aren’t fully aware of the importance of their privacy. 【答案】What 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：困扰许多孩子的是，他们的父母没有充分意识到他们隐私的重要性。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句。从句中缺少主语，表示“困扰很多孩子的事情”，所以用连接代词what引导，首字母大写。故填What。 15．（22-23高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）While making friends, we’re supposed to focus on what we have in common and set aside we disagree. 【答案】where 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：在交朋友的时候，我们应该把注意力集中在我们的共同点上，把我们的分歧放在一边。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词引导，在从句中作地点状语，根据句意，应用where引导。故填where。 Passage 1 （2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend 1 (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are 2 (treasure) of American heritage (遗产). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 3 is now northwestern Wyoming. They 4 (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. What should 5 (do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with 6 (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved 7 all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the 8 (complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the 9 (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 10 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 【答案】 1. to catch 2. treasures 3. what 4. were 5. be done 6. its 7. for 8. completion 9. largest 10. which 【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了美国国家公园的由来，即四个男人发现了一处非常美的自然风景区，决定好好保护它以供后人欣赏，并为此做出了许多努力。 1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管各级都有各种规模和类型的公园，但国家公园尤其吸引我们的注意，因为它们体积大，种类繁多。固定搭配：tend to do sth.，表示“倾向于做某事”，不定式作宾语，故填to catch。 2. 考查名词。句意：它们是美国传统的瑰宝。treasure表示“宝藏”，为可数名词，结合前文they are，应用复数形式，故填treasures。 3. 考查宾语从句。句意：1870年9月中旬，在一个凉爽、繁星点点的夜晚，四个男人在火洞河边的营火前放松，这里现在是怀俄明州的西北部。后文为介词in的宾语，is前缺主语，指物，主语用what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语，故填what。 4. 考查时态。句意：他们是一个由15人组成的探险队的一部分，他们花了近五个星期的时间来见证那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四个男人，时间为1870年，同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知，本空时态为过去式且为复数形式，故填were。 5. 考查被动语态。句意：对于这样一个美丽的地方，我们应该做些什么呢？主语what指物，与谓语动词do是被动关系，情态动词should后接be done构成被动语态，故填be done。 6. 考查代词。句意：这个地区拥有独特的、令人惊叹的自然美景，必须作为国家公园保护好，为了所有国家的人都能享受。修饰名词beauty用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。 7. 考查介词。句意同上。介词for表目的，表示“为了所有国家的人都能享受”。 故填for。 8. 考查名词。句意：他们都同意了，并发誓要在旅行结束后推广这个想法。冠词修饰名词，本空应填名词作宾语，complete名词形式为completion，不可数，故填completion。 9. 考查形容词最高级。句意：黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园，占地220万英亩，直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the，为形容词最高级标志词，结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知，用large的最高级largest作定语，故填largest。 10. 考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句，先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias，从句中作主语，指物，引导非限制性定语从句用which，故填which。 【点睛】 Passage 2 （2024·浙江·高考真题）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra 1 (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense. Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home 2 you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way 3 will make them the most money. If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s 4 they’ll promote. But that leaves the solo (单独) customers out of pocket and disappointed. Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the 5 (criticize) that they lead to waste. Consumers prefer money off individual items. However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes 6 (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day. If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets 7 (start) selling chicken or salad in packs 8 (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份). Then, when you use one section, 9 other stays fresh. Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking 10 (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 【答案】 1. to benefit 2. or 3. that/which 4. what 5. criticism 6. be offered 7. have started 8. designed 9. the 10. ones 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章对商家各式各样的促销手段进行了介绍。 1. 考查动词不定式。句意：然而，如果你是想买一件，那么多买一件来享受降价是没有意义的。根据“buying extra”和“from price reductions”可知，此处是指多买一件来享受降价，所以应用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to benefit。 2. 考查固定句式。句意：要么你买的东西太重，搬不回家，要么你买的东西还新鲜，就不能用了。either...or...意为“要么……要么……”，为固定句式，所以此处应用连词or。故填or。 3. 考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。 4. 考查名词性从句。句意：如果他们的大多数客户都乐意大量购买，那他们就会推广。在表语从句中缺少宾语，且是指事物，所以应用连接代词what。故填what。 5. 考查名词。句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。根据“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”作宾语。故填criticism。 6. 考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：然而，虽然一包香肠能便宜几美分是件好事，但如果有时能以小包装出售，那就更好了。动词offer意为“提供”，和主语构成被动关系，主语they代指前文中的sausages。在情态动词could后动词应用原形。故填be offered。 7. 考查现在完成时。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。根据“Over the last two years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have started。 8. 考查过去分词。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。动词design意为“设计”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语packs构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填designed。 9. 考查冠词。句意：然后，当你使用其中一部分时，另一部分保持新鲜。the other意为“另一个”，为固定搭配，所以此处应用定冠词the。故填the。 10. 考查代词。句意：谁知道呢，也许一些更有远见的人可能还会推出一系列“只为你”的包装尺寸，并提供特别优惠。代词one意为“一个人”，在some of后应用复数形式。故填ones。 Passage 3 （2025·河南信阳·一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jane Goodall, the world-renowned primatologist (灵长类动物学家), 1 (honor) with numerous international awards throughout her extraordinary career over six decades. Her groundbreaking research in 2 forests of Tanzania fundamentally reshaped our understanding of animal intelligence and behavior. Not only did she make the astonishing discovery 3 chimpanzees use tools-a capability previously believed to be uniquely human — but she also thoroughly documented their complex social structures and emotional lives. When first arriving in Gombe Stream National Park in 1960, the young researcher patiently earned the animals’ trust by studying their daily routines through quiet observation. Her most significant finding, 4 challenged established scientific beliefs, was that these remarkable creatures possessed distinct personalities. Despite facing considerable skepticism from the scientific community initially, she remained devoted 5 her research with firm determination, thus 6 (earn) worldwide recognition for her work. The Jane Goodall Institute, which she founded in 1977, has been 7 (remarkable) successful in promoting global conservation efforts. Goodall’s lifelong work demonstrates that 8 (meaning) environmental protection requires genuine commitment from governments, organizations, and individuals worldwide. Her approach to research, 9 (base) on observation rather than independent experimentation, changed primatology (灵长类学). Her message of hope and perseverance continues to inspire young 10 (scientist) around the world today. 【答案】 1. has been honored 2. the 3. that 4. which 5. to 6. earning 7. remarkably 8. meaningful 9. based 10. scientists 【导语】这是一篇人物传记。简・古道尔六十余年职业生涯获多项国际奖，在坦桑尼亚研究黑猩猩有重大发现，创立研究所推动环保，其理念激励全球年轻科学家。 1. 考查时态和语态。句意：世界著名灵长类动物学家简・古道尔，在其六十余年非凡的职业生涯中，荣获了无数国际奖项。此空考查谓语动词，Jane Goodall与honor之间为被动关系，且“throughout her extraordinary career over six decades”表从过去持续到现在的经历，应用现在完成时的被动语态；主语Jane Goodall为单数。故填has been honored。 2. 考查冠词。句意：她在坦桑尼亚的森林中开展的开创性研究，从根本上重塑了我们对动物智力和行为的理解。此处“forests of Tanzania”特指简・古道尔开展研究的那片森林，表特指需用定冠词the。故填the。 3. 考查同位语从句。句意：她不仅惊人地发现黑猩猩会使用工具——这一能力此前被认为是人类独有的——还详细记录了它们复杂的社会结构和情感生活。所填空引导同位语从句，解释说明discovery的具体内容，从句成分完整且语义明确，应用that引导。故填that。 4. 考查定语从句。句意：她最重大的发现——这一发现挑战了已有的科学观点——是这些非凡的生物拥有独特的个性。所填空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Her most significant finding，指物，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 5. 考查介词。句意：尽管最初面临科学界的极大质疑，但她仍以坚定的决心投身于研究，其工作也因此获得了全球认可。这里考查be devoted to，为固定搭配，意为“致力于；投身于”。故填to。 6. 考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管最初面临科学界的极大质疑，但她仍以坚定的决心投身于研究，其工作也因此获得了全球认可。此空考查非谓语，she与earn之间为主动关系，再由语境可知，应用现在分词作结果状语。故填earning。 7. 考查副词。句意：她于1977年创立的简・古道尔研究所，在推动全球环保事业方面取得了显著成功。所填空修饰形容词successful，需用形容词remarkable的副词形式remarkably，表“显著地”。故填remarkably。 8. 考查形容词。句意：古道尔毕生的工作表明，有意义的环境保护需要世界各国政府、组织和个人的真诚投入。所填空修饰名词“environmental protection”，需用名词meaning的形容词形式meaningful，表“有意义的”，符合语境。故填meaningful。 9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：她的研究方法以观察而非独立实验为基础，改变了灵长类学。此空考查非谓语，Her approach to research与base之间为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词based作后置定语。故填based。 10. 考查名词复数。句意：如今，她所传递的希望与坚持的信念，仍在激励着全球的年轻科学家。scientist，表“科学家”，是可数名词，结合“around the world”可知，这里表示很多科学家，应用复数形式scientists。故填scientists。 Passage 4 （2025·浙江·一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容 （1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The karez is a 2,000-year-old underground water system from Xinjiang, showcasing China’s brilliant ancient engineering. This smart network of wells and tunnels 1 (bring) mountain water to deserts without pumps or electricity, which helps turn dry land into green farms, proving Chinese farmers’ 2 (wise) in fighting harsh nature. The system is made up of three carefully engineered parts: vertical wells 3   (dig) for maintenance, underground tunnels built with a precise 0.1% slope, and surface canals 4 (deliver) water to farmlands. Believed to have originated during the Han Dynasty, the karez reflects early Chinese innovation. “It demonstrates 5 our ancestors solved problems creatively,” notes Dr. Li from the Turpan Museum. Today, around 400 karez systems remain in use, 6 (active) supporting 30% of Turpan’s famous grape farms. Unlike modern water systems, the karez operates in harmony 7 nature. “Relying on gravity instead of power, it’s a model of sustainability,” explains farmer Ablimit. Impressed by its efficiency, UNESCO has recognized its 8 (ecology) importance since its inclusion in the World Heritage Irrigation Structures list in 2016. More than just an engineering feat, the karez embodies Chinese philosophy. As visitor Wang Ying observes, “While ancient civilizations focused on building monuments reaching for the sky, the Chinese created underground networks designed 9 (support) life.” Still inspiring modern water management, this ancient system proves sustainable solutions can stand 10 test of time and that ancient innovations still hold valuable lessons today. 【答案】 1. brings 2. wisdom 3. dug 4. delivering 5. how 6. actively 7. with 8. ecological 9. to support 10. the 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍新疆2000年历史的坎儿井水利系统，及其工程特点、价值与意义。 1. 考查动词时态。句意：这个由水井和隧道组成的智能网络无需水泵或电力，就能将山泉水引到沙漠，帮助把旱地变成绿色农田，彰显了中国农民对抗恶劣自然环境的智慧。此处为谓语动词，描述坎儿井的客观功能，用一般现在时，主语This smart network为单数，所以谓语动词为brings。故填brings。 2. 考查名词。句意：这个由水井和隧道组成的智能网络无需水泵或电力，就能将山泉水引到沙漠，帮助把旱地变成绿色农田，彰显了中国农民对抗恶劣自然环境的智慧。此处作proving的宾语，用wise的名词形式wisdom，意为“智慧”，为不可数名词。故填wisdom。 3. 考查非谓语动词。句意：该系统由三个精心设计的部分组成：用于维护的竖井、按精确0.1%坡度修建的地下隧道，以及将水输送到农田的地表水渠。此处为非谓语动词，vertical wells与dig为被动关系，用过去分词dug作后置定语。故填dug。 4. 考查非谓语动词。句意：该系统由三个精心设计的部分组成：用于维护的竖井、按精确0.1%坡度修建的地下隧道，以及将水输送到农田的地表水渠。此处为非谓语动词，surface canals与deliver为主动关系，用现在分词delivering作后置定语，描述水渠的功能。故填delivering。 5. 考查宾语从句。句意：吐鲁番博物馆的李博士指出：“它展示了我们的祖先如何创造性地解决问题。”此处为连接词引导的宾语从句，作demonstrates的宾语。从句中缺少方式状语，表“如何”解决问题，用连接副词how。故填how。 6. 考查副词。句意：如今，约有400个坎儿井系统仍在使用，为吐鲁番30%的著名葡萄园提供积极支持。此处修饰动词supporting，用active的副词形式actively，意为“积极地”。故填actively。 7. 考查介词。句意：与现代水利系统不同，坎儿井与自然和谐共生。此处为固定搭配“in harmony with”，意为“与……和谐共处”，所以用介词with。故填with。 8. 考查形容词。句意：联合国教科文组织对其高效性印象深刻，自2016年将其列入世界灌溉工程遗产名录以来，就认可了它的生态重要性。此处修饰名词importance，用ecology的形容词形式ecological，意为“生态的”。故填ecological。 9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：游客王颖观察到：“当古代文明专注于建造高耸入云的纪念碑时，中国人却创造了旨在维系生命的地下网络。”此处为固定搭配 be designed to do，表示“被设计用来做某事”，所以此处用不定式表目的。故填to support。 10. 考查冠词。句意：这个古老的系统仍在为现代水资源管理提供启发，它证明可持续的解决方案能经受住时间的考验，且古老的创新至今仍蕴含宝贵的经验。此处为固定搭配“stand the test of time”，意为“经受时间的考验”，用定冠词the表特指。故填the。 Passage 5 （2025·贵州遵义·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Lunyu, or the Analects of Confucius, is 1 fine example of world literature and the publication of the Maltese version of the ancient Chinese book would further enhance cultural exchanges between China and Malta, says Maltese Sinologist and translator of the book Salvatore Giuffre. It is the first time that the book, which is a collection of ideas and sayings from the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC), 2 (translate) into Maltese. 3 made us moved was that Giuffre spent around two years making the anthology accessible to Maltese readers, especially to young students, by translating it. 4 (current), the Maltese version is available for local readers. The translated version is complete with an introduction to the life of Confucius, the era he lived in, his teachings and the key concepts, terms, names and figures 5 (mention) in the book. Giuffre says he added comments and explanations to make the text 6 (easy) for Maltese readers to understand. “I tried to keep my Maltese version as understandable as possible to enable a larger circle of readers to benefit 7 it,” Giuffre says. “I hope my translation will contribute to the spread of Chinese culture 8 knowledge of Chinese philosophy in Malta.” Giuffre notes that Confucius not only teaches people how to become good rulers but also how to govern a country. The Chinese initiative of building a community with a shared future clearly expresses the vision of today’s China 9 (promote) a peaceful system of good global governance. “Confucius’ idea of good governance would then be taken as a model for world harmony, 10 (cooperate) and governance,” he says. 【答案】 1. a 2. has been translated 3. What 4. Currently 5. mentioned 6. easier 7. from 8. and 9. promoting 10. cooperation 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了马耳他汉学家和译者Salvatore Giuffre将《论语》翻译成马耳他语的相关情况，强调该译本对中马文化交流的意义。 1. 考查冠词。句意：马耳他汉学家、《论语》译者萨尔瓦托雷・朱弗雷表示，《论语》是世界文学的典范之作，这部中国古籍马耳他语版本的出版，将进一步促进中马两国的文化交流。“example”是可数名词单数，此处为“一个典范”，表泛指，且“fine”是以辅音音素开头的单词，需用不定冠词“a”修饰。故填a。 2. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：这是这部收录中国古代思想家孔子（公元前 551-479 年）思想与言论的著作首次被翻译成马耳他语。此处是固定句型“It is the first time that...”，从句需用现在完成时，且“the book”与“translate”之间是被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为单数，助动词用“has”。故填has been translated。 3. 考查名词性从句。句意：让我们感动的是，朱弗雷花了大约两年时间将这部选集翻译成马耳他语，以便马耳他读者，尤其是年轻学生能够读懂。空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代“让我们感动的事情”，需用连接代词“what”引导，且句首单词首字母需大写。故填What。 4. 考查副词。句意：目前，马耳他语版本已面向当地读者推出。此处需用副词作状语修饰整个句子，“current”是形容词，其副词形式为“currently”，且句首单词首字母需大写。故填Currently。 5. 考查非谓语动词。句意：该译本还完整介绍了孔子的生平、他所处的时代、他的学说，以及书中提及的关键概念、术语、人名和人物。句中已有谓语动词“is complete”，此处为后置定语，被修饰词“the key concepts, terms, names and figures”与“mention”之间是被动关系，需用过去分词作后置定语。故填mentioned。 6. 考查形容词比较级。句意：朱弗雷表示，他添加了评论和解释，以便马耳他读者更容易理解文本内容。根据语境可知，添加评论和解释的目的是让文本“更易理解”，此处暗含与未添加前的比较，需用形容词比较级，“easy”的比较级为“easier”。故填easier。 7. 考查固定短语。句意：“我尽量让我的马耳他语版本尽可能易懂，以便让更多的读者从中受益，”朱弗雷说。“benefit from...”是固定短语，意为“从……中受益”。故填from。 8. 考查连词。句意：我希望我的翻译能为中国文化和中国哲学知识在马耳他的传播做出贡献。“ Chinese culture”与“knowledge of Chinese philosophy”是并列关系，需用连词“and”连接。故填and。 9. 考查非谓语动词。句意：中国提出的构建人类命运共同体倡议，清晰地展现了当今中国推动全球良好治理和平体系的愿景。空处为介词“of”的宾语，应用动名词形式，表示“当今中国促进和平体系的愿景”。故填promoting。 10. 考查名词。句意：他说：“这样一来，孔子的善治思想就可以成为世界和谐、合作与治理的典范。”此处与 “world harmony”和 “governance” 并列作介词宾语，需用名词形式，“cooperate”是动词，其名词形式为“cooperation”，为不可数名词。故填cooperation。 1 / 26 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $高考核心语法·精练 第2讲 名词性从句2026年高考英语语法专项突破（全国通用） （语法讲义+模拟练习+真题操练） 内容提要 思维导图 表格呈现 对点练习 单题突破 综合提升 一、名词性从句基础框架表 此表格梳理名词性从句的核心定义、类型及引导词，明确 “从句功能 = 名词作用” 的核心逻辑，是理解名词性从句的基础框架。 类别 具体内容 定义 句中起名词作用的从句，功能相当于名词词组，可独立充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语，需通过引导词连接主句与从句 四大类型 1. 主语从句：作句子主语（如 “Whether he will come is uncertain”） 2. 宾语从句：作动词 / 介词的宾语（如 “I wonder what he wants”“It depends on whether we have time”） 3. 表语从句：作系动词（be/seem/look 等）的表语（如 “The problem is how to solve it”） 4. 同位语从句：对名词（fact/news/reason 等）作补充说明（如 “The news that our team won spread fast”） 引导词分类 1. 连词：that（无实义，仅连接）、if/whether（表 “是否”）、because（表原因，仅引导表语从句） 2. 连接代词：who (ever)/what (ever)/whom (ever)/whose/which (ever)（作从句主语、宾语、定语） 3. 连接副词：when/where/why/how（作从句状语，表时间、地点、原因、方式） 注意事项： 1. 名词性从句需用陈述句语序，不可用疑问句语序（错误：Do you know when will he arrive？正确：Do you know when he will arrive？）； 2. 引导词不可随意省略：that 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时不可省；if/whether 引导各类从句均不可省（错误：The fact he came is true；正确：The fact that he came is true）； 3. because 仅引导表语从句，不可引导其他类型名词性从句（错误：I don’t know because he is late；正确：I don’t know why he is late）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. __________ we will hold the annual school sports meeting next month depends on the weather condition. 2. The little girl asked her mother __________ the moon travels around the earth or the sun. 3. My biggest concern is __________ we can collect enough donations for the homeless people before winter comes. 4. The news __________ our school basketball team won the provincial championship spread quickly across the campus. 5. He has no idea __________ his father will return from his business trip, so he keeps checking his phone for messages. 二、if 与 whether 用法区别表 此表格聚焦 “是否” 类连词的核心差异，梳理 “只用 whether” 的 6 类场景及可互换场景，解决引导词选择难题。 适用场景 选用连词 核心规则 示例 引导主语从句（句首） whether 从句位于句首表 “是否”，只能用 whether，不可用 if Whether she comes makes no difference. 引导表语从句 whether 系动词后表 “是否”，只能用 whether The question is whether we can finish on time. 引导同位语从句 whether 修饰名词（question/doubt 等）表 “是否”，只能用 whether They raised the question whether we need a specialist. 与 or not 直接连用 whether “是否…… 还是不……” 结构中，只能用 whether，可写作 “whether or not” Can you tell me whether or not the train has left？ 后接不定式（to do） whether 从句简化为 “是否做某事”，只能用 whether，后接 to do Whether to take the job is up to you. 位于介词之后 whether 介词后表 “是否”，只能用 whether，不可用 if It depends on whether they will support us. 引导宾语从句（不与 or not 直接连） if/whether 无上述特殊场景，二者可互换 Please tell me if/whether you will go tomorrow. 注意事项： 1. “whether or not” 不可拆分，不可写作 “if or not”（错误：if or not；正确：whether or not）； 2. 即使宾语从句中隐含 “是否”，若位于介词后，仍需用 whether（错误：It depends on if they agree；正确：It depends on whether they agree）； 3. 口语中 if 引导宾语从句更简洁，但书面语（尤其考试中）优先按规则选择，避免争议。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. It is still under discussion __________ the new traffic regulation will be carried out next month. 2. The interviewer asked the candidate __________ she had any work experience related to the position she applied for. 3. The problem __________ we should take immediate action to reduce air pollution has been debated for a long time. 4. They are considering __________ to postpone the meeting until next week due to the sudden storm. 5. The success of the project depends on __________ we can get enough financial support from the government. 三、含感叹句的宾语从句用法表 此表格梳理由 what 和 how 引导的感叹句作宾语从句的结构，明确语序要求与名词单复数规则，聚焦 “感叹语气 + 陈述语序” 的结合难点。 引导词 结构 核心规则（修饰对象与语序） 示例 what 主句 + what + a (n) + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语 1. 修饰名词，名词前必须有形容词； 2. 可数名词单数前需加 a/an，不可数名词 / 复数名词不加； 3. 保持陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语不可倒装） She said what a lovely song it was. I know what interesting books you bought. how 主句 + how + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语 1. 修饰形容词或副词，无名词或名词前有其他限定词； 2. 不可说 “how a/an + 名词”，需转换为 “what a/an + 形容词 + 名词”； 3. 保持陈述句语序 He thought how beautiful the city was. We talked about how amazing the movie is. 注意事项： 1. 无 “how a/an” 结构：这是高频错误（错误：I know how a good book you have；正确：I know what a good book you have 或 I know how good your book is）； 2. 名词与形容词直接相连用 what：若形容词与名词无其他词隔开，必用 what（错误：I felt how happy time we had；正确：I felt what happy time we had）； 3. 不可数名词无需 a/an：what 修饰不可数名词（如 time/music）时，不可加 a/an（错误：She said what a nice music it was；正确：She said what nice music it was）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. When we visited the art museum, my friend pointed out __________ beautiful paintings the artist had created. 2. The old man often tells his grandchildren __________ hard his life was when he was young so that they can cherish the present. 3. I can’t believe __________ a lovely little dog our neighbor has kept in his yard for two years. 4. She shared with us __________ amazing the performance of the symphony orchestra was last night. 5. The tourists were all surprised at __________ beautiful scenery they had seen in the mountain village. 四、that 与 what 用法区别表 此表格对比 that 和 what 的核心差异，明确 “纯连接词” 与 “连接代词” 的功能区别，解决引导词选择的高频难点。 引导词 词性 从句中功能 核心用法规则 示例 that 纯连接词 无实际意义，不充当任何成分 1. 仅起连接主句与从句的作用； 2. 引导主语从句、宾语从句（可省）、表语从句、同位语从句； 3. 不可引导从句中缺主语、宾语、表语的句子 主语从句：That he passed the exam surprised us. 宾语从句：I think (that) he is right. 同位语从句：The fact that he lied is true. what 连接代词 有实义（=the + 名词 + that），需作主语、宾语、表语或定语 1. 既起连接作用，又在从句中充当成分； 2. 可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句； 3. 从句中必须缺主语、宾语、表语或定语（需 what 补充） 主语从句：What he said made me angry.（what 作宾语） 宾语从句：I don’t know what he needs.（what 作宾语） 表语从句：He is not what he was.（what 作表语） 注意事项： 1. 从句不缺成分用 that，缺成分用 what：这是核心判断标准（错误：I don’t know that he needs；正确：I don’t know what he needs，从句缺宾语，用 what）； 2. what 不可引导同位语从句修饰抽象名词（如 fact/news）：这类名词后需用 that（错误：The news what he won is true；正确：The news that he won is true）； 3. that 不可用于 “介词 + 引导词” 结构：若位于介词后，需用 what（错误：It depends on that he agrees；正确：It depends on what he says，what 作 says 的宾语）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. __________ he managed to finish the tough task in such a short time is still a mystery to all of us. 2. The teacher always tells us __________ is worth doing is worth doing well. 3. The little boy doesn’t understand __________ his parents are so strict with him about his homework. 4. Our monitor’s suggestion __________ we should organize a volunteer activity to help the elderly is under discussion. 5. We need to figure out __________ caused the sudden power cut in the downtown area this morning. 五、同位语从句用法表 此表格梳理 “名词 + that…” 和 “名词 + wh-…” 两类同位语从句，明确适用名词、引导词规则及分割现象，聚焦 “补充说明 vs 修饰限定” 的功能差异。 从句类型 适用名词 引导词规则 特殊现象 示例 名词 + that… 型 fact, news, truth, doubt, belief, thought, problem, suggestion, order 等（表抽象概念的名词） 1. 引导词只能用 that，不可用 which； 2. that 无实义，不充当成分，不可省略； 3. 若名词是 suggestion/order 等表 “建议 / 命令” 的词，从句需用虚拟语气（should + 动原，should 可省） 分割型同位语从句：名词与从句被谓语、介词短语等隔开，避免句子头重脚轻 The news that our team won spread fast. Word came that he was admitted to Peking University.（分割型，word 与 that 从句被 came 隔开） 名词 + wh-… 型 idea（常与 no 搭配，即 “have no idea”） 1. 引导词用 who/what/when/where/why/whether 等 wh - 类词； 2. 引导词有实义，需在从句中充当成分； 3. 表 “不清楚…… 的情况”，从句用陈述句语序 仅适用于 “have no idea” 结构，其他名词后较少用 wh - 类引导词 I have no idea when he will come back. He has no idea whether the meeting was cancelled. 注意事项： 1. 不可混淆同位语从句与定语从句：同位语从句是 “补充说明名词内容”，that 不充当成分；定语从句是 “修饰名词特征”，that 需充当成分（如 “The news that he told me is true” 是定语从句，that 作 told 的宾语；“The news that he won is true” 是同位语从句，that 不充当成分）； 2. 分割型同位语从句需找准先行词：先行词常被谓语隔开，需根据语义判断（错误：He got the message yesterday that he was fired，先行词是 message，非 yesterday；正确：He got the message that he was fired yesterday）； 3. “have no idea” 后不可用 that：需用 wh - 类词或 whether，表 “不确定”（错误：I have no idea that he is here；正确：I have no idea if he is here）。 【对点练习】在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1. The fact __________ more and more young people are interested in traditional Chinese culture makes us very happy. 2. Word came from the principal’s office __________ our school will hold an English speech contest next Friday. 3. She has no idea __________ her best friend will come to her birthday party or not, so she is a little anxious. 4. The suggestion __________ we should set up a study group to help each other with difficult subjects was welcomed by all students. 5. I have no idea __________ the meeting will be postponed, so I’d better check the notice board again. 六、it 作形式主 / 宾语的名词性从句用法表 此表格梳理 it 作形式主语、形式宾语的 6 类核心结构，明确适用场景与句式要求，解决 “从句过长导致句子失衡” 的问题。 功能 具体结构 适用场景 示例 形式主语 1. It + be + 名词 + 从句 名词：honour, duty, pity, fact, shame 等，表 “某件事是……” It is a fact that the earth goes around the sun. It is a pity that you missed the concert. 2. It + be + 形容词 + 从句 形容词：natural, important, strange, vital, necessary 等，表 “做某事是…… 的” It is important that we learn English well. It is strange that he refused the invitation. 3. It + be + 过去分词 + 从句 过去分词：said, reported, announced, proved, believed 等，表 “据……” It is reported that there was an earthquake last night. It has been proved that this theory is correct. 4. It + 不及物动词 + 从句 动词：seem, appear, happen, occur 等，表 “似乎 / 碰巧……” It happened that I was out when he called. It appears that they have made a decision. 形式宾语 5. 动词 + it + 形容词 / 名词 + 从句 动词：find, think, consider, make, feel 等，表 “认为 / 发现做某事是…… 的” I find it important that we protect the environment. She made it clear that we should finish homework on time. 6. 动词短语 / 特殊动词 + it + 从句 动词短语：depend on, rely on, count on 等；特殊动词：like, hate, appreciate 等，表 “依赖 / 喜欢……” You may depend on it that he will help you. I would appreciate it if you could help me. 注意事项： 1. 形式主 / 宾语不可省略 it：若省略 it，句子结构混乱（错误：I find important that we study；正确：I find it important that we study）； 2. 形容词后接 of sb 还是 for sb：表 “人本身的品性”（kind/nice 等）用 of sb，表 “事物特征”（difficult/important 等）用 for sb（如 “It is kind of you to help me”“It is difficult for us to finish”）； 3. appreciate/hate 等动词后接从句需先加 it：不可直接接从句（错误：I appreciate if you help me；正确：I appreciate it if you help me）。 七、名词性从句中的虚拟语气用法表 此表格梳理虚拟语气在不同类型名词性从句中的规则，明确 “建议 / 要求类”“愿望类”“特定句式” 的语气差异，聚焦考试高频考点。 类型 适用场景 虚拟语气规则 示例 宾语从句 1. wish/would rather 后 - 与现在 / 将来事实相反：从句用一般过去时； - 与过去事实相反：从句用过去完成时 I wish I were a bird.（现在相反） She would rather he hadn’t said that.（过去相反） 2. 建议 / 要求 / 命令类动词后（suggest, demand, require, insist, order 等） 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 The teacher suggested that we (should) read more books. He insisted that she (should) accept the offer. 主语从句 It + be + 形容词 / 过去分词 + 从句（形容词：important/necessary 等；过去分词：suggested/required 等） 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 It is necessary that we (should) protect the environment. It was suggested that the meeting (should) be postponed. 表语 / 同位语从句 主语 / 名词是 suggestion, demand, requirement, order 等表 “建议 / 命令” 的词 从句用 “should + 动词原形”，should 可省略 My suggestion is that we (should) start early. We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go for a picnic. 特殊句式 It’s (high/about) time + that 从句 从句用一般过去时或 “should + 动词原形”，should 不可省略 It’s high time we went home. It’s about time you should study. 注意事项： 1. insist 表 “坚持认为” 时不用虚拟语气：仅表 “坚持要求” 时用（如 “He insisted he was right” 表 “坚持认为”，用陈述语气；“He insisted she (should) go” 表 “坚持要求”，用虚拟语气）； 2. wish 后的虚拟语气不可用 would：第一人称 I/we 可用 would，但第二、三人称需用过去时（错误：I wish you would be here；正确：I wish you were here）； 3. “It’s time + that 从句” 中 should 不可省略：这是与其他虚拟句式的区别（错误：It’s time you study；正确：It’s time you studied 或 It’s time you should study）。 八、wh-ever 类引导词用法表 此表格梳理 4 类 wh-ever 引导词的语义、功能及适用从句类型，明确 “泛指任意” 与 “特定选择” 的差异，解决引导词混淆问题。 引导词 语义 功能 适用从句类型 示例 whatever 无论什么（强调内容） 主语、宾语 主语从句、宾语从句 What he says cannot change the fact.（主语从句，作主语） She will eat whatever is available.（宾语从句，作主语） whichever 无论哪一个（强调选择） 主语、宾语、定语 主语从句、宾语从句（有特定选择范围） Whichever of you comes first will get the prize.（主语从句，作主语） You can choose whichever book you like.（宾语从句，作定语） whoever 无论谁（指人） 主语 主语从句、宾语从句 Whoever breaks the window must pay.（主语从句，作主语） The coach will select whoever is suitable.（宾语从句，作主语） whomever 无论谁（指人，宾格） 宾语 宾语从句（需作宾语） We will invite whomever you recommend.（宾语从句，作宾语） He will help whomever he meets.（宾语从句，作宾语） 注意事项： 1. whoever 与 whomever 的区分：作主语用 whoever，作宾语用 whomever（错误：Whoever you like can join；正确：Whomever you like can join，此处 like 缺宾语，用 whomever）； 2. whichever 需有选择范围：无明确范围时用 whatever（错误：Take whichever you want，无范围；正确：Take whatever you want）； 3. wh-ever 引导名词性从句时无 “让步” 含义：仅表 “泛指任意”，若表 “让步” 需引导状语从句（如 “Whatever he says, I won’t believe” 是让步状语从句，非名词性从句）。 九、名词性从句中的时态照应表 此表格梳理主句与从句的时态匹配规则，明确 “主现从任”“主过从过” 及 “真理永一现” 的核心逻辑，避免时态误用。 主句时态 从句时态规则 适用场景 示例 一般现在时 / 现在完成时 / 一般将来时 从句用任意需要的时态（根据实际语境选择） 主句表现在或将来，从句不受时态限制 I think he has finished homework.（现在完成时） I will tell you what I will do tomorrow.（一般将来时） 一般过去时 / 过去进行时 从句用相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时） 主句表过去，从句需体现 “过去的时间范畴” She said she would go to Paris.（过去将来时） He told me he was watching TV then.（过去进行时） 任意时态 从句表客观真理、自然现象、科学原理时，用一般现在时 从句内容不受时间影响，永恒成立 The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.（一般现在时） Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound.（一般现在时） 注意事项： 1. “主过从过” 需避免从句用现在时态：即使从句内容现在仍成立，若主句是过去时，从句需用过去时（错误：He said he is happy；正确：He said he was happy）； 2. 从句表 “计划 / 安排” 时，可用过去将来时：如 “would + 动原”，表 “过去打算做某事”（如 “She told me she would visit her grandma”）； 3. 客观真理需用一般现在时：即使主句是过去时，也不可改为过去时（错误：The teacher said the earth went around the sun；正确：The teacher said the earth goes around the sun）。 一、语法填空：在空格处填入一个适当的单词或用所给单词的正确形式填空 1．（2025高三上·宁夏内蒙古·专题练习）That’s the postal service means to us. 2．（24-25高三上·江苏盐城·阶段练习）When they closed their League offices, that was a sign they cared no longer about Mr Wilson’s presence. 3．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）Ho Feng- Shan decided to give visas to applied. Consequently, he issued thousands of Shanghai visas until he ( transfer) back to China in 1940. 4．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）The decision was made we should have some school trips this term. 5．（22-23高三上·河北衡水·阶段练习）Newspapers seized on the results as proof global warming wasn’t really happening. 6．（2025·江苏南京·一模）Jia once explained on her Weibo account: “The film is not related to weight loss and even has very little connection with boxing. It tells a kind person finds herself and learns to love herself.” 7．（25-26高三上·上海·阶段练习）The manager decided to assign the job to __________ he believed had a strong sense of duty. 8．（25-26高三上·四川广元·阶段练习）I doubt he is qualified for the position he wants to apply for. 9．（24-25高三上·吉林·阶段练习）We choose this hotel because the price is down to $ 200, half of it used to charge. 10．（24-25高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）The power of AI lies exactly in is often considered as its weakness. 11．（24-25高三上·黑龙江·阶段练习）The question should be employed as the manager has not been settled. 12．（24-25高三上·黑龙江·阶段练习） she will help the boy made me happy. 13．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）The teacher told her that she should be aware school life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times and that education shouldn’t (measure) only by examination results. 14．（23-24高三上·江苏南京·阶段练习） bothers many children is that their parents aren’t fully aware of the importance of their privacy. 15．（22-23高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）While making friends, we’re supposed to focus on what we have in common and set aside we disagree. Passage 1 （2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend 1 (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are 2 (treasure) of American heritage (遗产). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 3 is now northwestern Wyoming. They 4 (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. What should 5 (do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with 6 (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved 7 all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the 8 (complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the 9 (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 10 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. Passage 2 （2024·浙江·高考真题）阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra 1 (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense. Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home 2 you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way 3 will make them the most money. If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s 4 they’ll promote. But that leaves the solo (单独) customers out of pocket and disappointed. Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the 5 (criticize) that they lead to waste. Consumers prefer money off individual items. However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes 6 (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day. If your supermarket sells loose produce, then buying smaller quantities is easier. Over the last two years, some supermarkets 7 (start) selling chicken or salad in packs 8 (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份). Then, when you use one section, 9 other stays fresh. Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking 10 (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. Passage 3 （2025·河南信阳·一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jane Goodall, the world-renowned primatologist (灵长类动物学家), 1 (honor) with numerous international awards throughout her extraordinary career over six decades. Her groundbreaking research in 2 forests of Tanzania fundamentally reshaped our understanding of animal intelligence and behavior. Not only did she make the astonishing discovery 3 chimpanzees use tools-a capability previously believed to be uniquely human — but she also thoroughly documented their complex social structures and emotional lives. When first arriving in Gombe Stream National Park in 1960, the young researcher patiently earned the animals’ trust by studying their daily routines through quiet observation. Her most significant finding, 4 challenged established scientific beliefs, was that these remarkable creatures possessed distinct personalities. Despite facing considerable skepticism from the scientific community initially, she remained devoted 5 her research with firm determination, thus 6 (earn) worldwide recognition for her work. The Jane Goodall Institute, which she founded in 1977, has been 7 (remarkable) successful in promoting global conservation efforts. Goodall’s lifelong work demonstrates that 8 (meaning) environmental protection requires genuine commitment from governments, organizations, and individuals worldwide. Her approach to research, 9 (base) on observation rather than independent experimentation, changed primatology (灵长类学). Her message of hope and perseverance continues to inspire young 10 (scientist) around the world today. Passage 4 （2025·浙江·一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容 （1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The karez is a 2,000-year-old underground water system from Xinjiang, showcasing China’s brilliant ancient engineering. This smart network of wells and tunnels 1 (bring) mountain water to deserts without pumps or electricity, which helps turn dry land into green farms, proving Chinese farmers’ 2 (wise) in fighting harsh nature. The system is made up of three carefully engineered parts: vertical wells 3   (dig) for maintenance, underground tunnels built with a precise 0.1% slope, and surface canals 4 (deliver) water to farmlands. Believed to have originated during the Han Dynasty, the karez reflects early Chinese innovation. “It demonstrates 5 our ancestors solved problems creatively,” notes Dr. Li from the Turpan Museum. Today, around 400 karez systems remain in use, 6 (active) supporting 30% of Turpan’s famous grape farms. Unlike modern water systems, the karez operates in harmony 7 nature. “Relying on gravity instead of power, it’s a model of sustainability,” explains farmer Ablimit. Impressed by its efficiency, UNESCO has recognized its 8 (ecology) importance since its inclusion in the World Heritage Irrigation Structures list in 2016. More than just an engineering feat, the karez embodies Chinese philosophy. As visitor Wang Ying observes, “While ancient civilizations focused on building monuments reaching for the sky, the Chinese created underground networks designed 9 (support) life.” Still inspiring modern water management, this ancient system proves sustainable solutions can stand 10 test of time and that ancient innovations still hold valuable lessons today. Passage 5 （2025·贵州遵义·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Lunyu, or the Analects of Confucius, is 1 fine example of world literature and the publication of the Maltese version of the ancient Chinese book would further enhance cultural exchanges between China and Malta, says Maltese Sinologist and translator of the book Salvatore Giuffre. It is the first time that the book, which is a collection of ideas and sayings from the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC), 2 (translate) into Maltese. 3 made us moved was that Giuffre spent around two years making the anthology accessible to Maltese readers, especially to young students, by translating it. 4 (current), the Maltese version is available for local readers. The translated version is complete with an introduction to the life of Confucius, the era he lived in, his teachings and the key concepts, terms, names and figures 5 (mention) in the book. Giuffre says he added comments and explanations to make the text 6 (easy) for Maltese readers to understand. “I tried to keep my Maltese version as understandable as possible to enable a larger circle of readers to benefit 7 it,” Giuffre says. “I hope my translation will contribute to the spread of Chinese culture 8 knowledge of Chinese philosophy in Malta.” Giuffre notes that Confucius not only teaches people how to become good rulers but also how to govern a country. The Chinese initiative of building a community with a shared future clearly expresses the vision of today’s China 9 (promote) a peaceful system of good global governance. “Confucius’ idea of good governance would then be taken as a model for world harmony, 10 (cooperate) and governance,” he says. 16 / 16 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $