第二部分 题型一 阅读理解-【成功方案】2025年高考英语艺术生文化课总复习教师用书(Word)

该高中英语高考复习教案聚焦阅读理解核心题型，涵盖细节理解、主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜测四大考点，对应高考五项考查要求，按“题型分类-方法拆解-真题应用”逻辑架构知识点，通过考点梳理、解题秘籍指导、真题演练三步教学环节，帮助学生构建系统解题思路，突破理解难点。 教案创新融合“策略建模+真题精讲”模式，如细节题“一找二定三比对”定位训练、主旨题“主题句四窍门”归纳，培养学生思维品质与语言能力。设置2025年全国卷等真题分层演练及错误归因分析，确保高效突破高频考点，为教师提供精准复习节奏把控方案，助力学生快速提升应考能力。

题型一 阅读理解 阅读理解能力测试的主要要求 1．理解所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2．既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。 3．既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。 4．既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5．既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合我们应有的常识去理解。 根据这五项要求，阅读理解考试题型可归纳为以下几种：细节理解题；词句理解题；主题、主旨题；词义猜测题；推理判断题。 一、细节理解题解题秘籍 细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。 细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。细节理解题可以分为三类： (一)直接信息题 考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。 (二)间接信息题 相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。 (三)概括、归纳信息题 是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。 (四)正误判断题 是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。 二、主旨大意题解题秘籍 主旨大意类题目分为三类： (一)文章标题类 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括性——准确而又简短； 2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 巧用3大方法确定文章标题： 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项； 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 (二) 文章大意类 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 (三)段落大意类 方法1: 概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 三、推理判断题解题秘籍 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。 推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每套题通常会有4～6题。 推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征： 1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。 四、词义猜测题解题秘籍 猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时，考生应掌握一些猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。 1．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 2．根据同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。 3．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。 4．根据因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。 5．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。 6．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 7．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 演练(一) 一、(2025·全国Ⅰ卷) The greening of planes，trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放).As the world races to decarbonize everything，it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.Here's the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green，cheap and powerful，but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around.Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs.Much is still to be settled，but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES—Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation.One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS—Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services.New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS—Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires；others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS—Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks，but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS—Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport，but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global，and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing，” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.It's estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050.Fortunately，analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task.“We need to speed up the development of green energy，and it will all get used，” says Wipke. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 1．What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A．11.6%.　　　　　 B．45.1%. C．74.5%. D．86.1%. C　细节理解题。根据图表信息“ROAD VEHICLES”部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%＋29.4%＝74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 2．Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A．Planes. B．Trucks. C．Trains. D．Ships. C　细节理解题。根据图表信息“TRAINS—Electricity”部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires；others can be made electric in pretty simple ways.(一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 3．What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A．Limiting fuel consumption. B．Putting more effort into renewables. C．Improving energy efficiency. D．Making electricity more affordable. B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“‘We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used，’ says Wipke.(Wipke说：‘我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。’)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 二、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) English Market Towns to Visit in the UK English market towns come in many shapes and sizes.Each has a personality shaped by the goods and services produced and traded for centuries.But each town has more to do than shop. Hereford，Herefordshire Hereford has remained a lively market town since 1 189.Skirting the town square，you'll find lovely shops，eateries，and the Black and White House Museum.The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town.It's also home to an ancient library.One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there. Ludlow，Shropshire Ludlow is known as the Foodie Center of England.Butcher shops，greengrocers，bakeries，and cheese shops line the town square.Bordering the square，the Ludlow Castle is a “must explore” medieval stronghold.The three-day Ludlow Food Festival is held each September. Shrewsbury，Shropshire Getting to Shrewsbury Town Center from London is challenging but worth the anxiety.The River Severn has a significant turn through town，almost making an island of Shrewsbury Town Center.The shape creates a perfect market where goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway.Flowers are everywhere—hanging baskets，window boxes，and planters—just what you imagine in an attractive English market town. Mevagissey，Cornwall Even if you haven't been to the small fishing village Mevagissey，you've probably seen it in a movie or British TV show.The working harbor (港口) took shape in 1774.Fishermen go out to sea daily and sell their fish in harbor-side markets.Don't leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.It's delicious. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了英国值得一游的四个市场小镇及其特色和亮点。 1．Where can you find an original copy of the Magna Carta? A．In the Ludlow Castle. B．In the Foodie Center of England. C．In the Hereford Cathedral. D．In the Black and White House Museum. C　细节理解题。根据“Hereford，Herefordshire”部分中“The Hereford Cathedral is the most impressive building in town.It's also home to an ancient library.One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta is displayed there.(赫里福德大教堂是镇上最令人印象深刻的建筑。它还拥有一座古老的图书馆，《大宪章》的四份原始副本之一便陈列于此)”可知，在赫里福德大教堂可以找到《大宪章》的原始副本。故选C项。 2．What is a feature of Shrewsbury Town Center? A．It's situated near a big island. B．It's almost surrounded by water. C．It's known for its flower festival. D．It's easily accessible from London. B　细节理解题。根据“Shrewsbury，Shropshire”部分中“The River Severn has a significant turn through town，almost making an island of Shrewsbury Town Center.The shape creates a perfect market where goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway.(塞文河在流经小镇时出现一个明显的转弯，几乎将什鲁斯伯里镇中心变成一座孤岛。这种地形造就了一个绝佳的集市，在这里，人们可以借助这条河流作为运输通道来收发货物)”可知，什鲁斯伯里镇中心几乎被水包围。故选B项。 3．What does the author suggest visitors do in Mevagissey？　 A．Try the Cornish pie. B．Watch a British TV show. C．Go fishing in the sea. D．Take pictures of the harbor. A　细节理解题。根据“Mevagissey，Cornwall”部分中“Don't leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.It's delicious.(离开港口前一定要尝尝传统的康沃尔馅饼。它很美味)”可知，作者建议游客在梅瓦吉西一定要尝尝康沃尔馅饼。故选A项。 三、(2025·1月浙江首考) Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers，students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries，as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection. Who Can Borrow? Current students，teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.Interlibrary loan is not available to former students，guest borrowers or fee-card holders. How Long Does It Take? Articles are usually received within 1-2 days and books in 5-10 days.However，obtaining items that are rare，recently published or in high demand may take longer.To speed up the process，please make sure the information you submit through the ILL Request Form is accurate. Length of Loans Loan periods are established by the lending library.All due dates are noted on the label.Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.Any restrictions established by the lending library will be indicated on the label.No renewals (续借) are allowed for physical items borrowed through ILL. Notification/Delivery Options For a physical item，you will be notified by email when it arrives.Items are picked up at one of our libraries—the one you selected in the ILL Request Form.For an article or book chapter，you will be notified by email when it is available.To obtain the article or chapter，click on the link provided in the email and log into your ILL account.Once in your account，select Electronic Articles Received. Interlibrary Loan Fees Library Type Loan Cost Article/Chapter Cost Non-Profit Libraries $15 $10 For-Profit Libraries $20 $12 International Libraries $25 $15 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了图书馆间借阅服务的相关信息。 1．Who can use the ILL service? A．Former students. B．Guest borrowers. C．Retired teachers. D．Fee-card holders. C　细节理解题。根据第二段“Current students，teachers (including retired) and staff can request items through ILL.(在校学生、教师(包括退休教师)和工作人员可以通过ILL请求借阅资料。)”可知，退休老师可以使用图书馆间借阅服务。故选C。 2．What is a rule for borrowing a print book through ILL? A．Pay an extra fee for delivery. B．Renew it before the due date. C．Pick it up at the lending library. D．Return it when it is recalled. D　细节理解题。根据第四段“Borrowed items are subject to recall by the lending library.(借阅的物品可能会被借出的图书馆召回。)”可知，通过ILL借阅纸质书的规则是被借出的图书馆召回。故选D。 3．How much do you pay for two articles obtained from an international library? A．$15. B．$20. C．$24. D．$30. D　细节理解题。根据表格中“International Libraries Article/Chapter Cost $15(国际图书馆文章/章节费用 15美元)”可知，从国际图书馆获取两篇文章的费用是15×2＝30美元。故选D。 四、(2025·北京卷) Join us for TransForm，the interactive summer camp that helps you teens find your passion by participating in various activities and connecting with others. Experience TransForm TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks，hands-on workshops，and off-site experiences.However, if you are unsure what track you want，you still get to explore any workshop you want as part of our Explore Workshops.Besides，your parents will also be able to participate in workshops selected just for them to learn about cutting-edge science. Schedule of Programming 17 July Time　　　　　　　　　　Activities 14：00-15：00　　 Lead to Change Kick-off 15：00-16：30 Programme Showcase 16：30-18：00 Track Workshops 18 July Time　　　　　　　　　　Activities 9：30-11：00　 　Career Fireside Chats 13：00-14：15 Youth Panel 14：15-16：20 Track Keynotes 19 July Time　　　　　　　　　　Activities 8：00-12：00　 　Off-site Experiences 13：00-15：00 Gallery Viewing 15：15-16：45 Adult Workshops 20 July Time　　　　　　　　　　Activities 9：00-11：15　 　Explore Workshops 13：30-16：00 Keynote Speech 16：15-17：00 Celebration Programming Tracks · Agricultural Science：Introducing you to areas such as biology，urban farming，and environmental science so that you can explore the field of agriculture · Community Booster：Guiding you to develop innovative solutions for real-world challenges and create transformative progress to benefit all communities · Healthy Living：Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being，and lead healthy lifestyles · Science Lab：Leading you to explore the skills you need to succeed in life in key areas like computer science，robotics，and physics 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文，介绍了青少年互动夏令营 TransForm 的相关信息，包括活动体验、日程安排以及课程方向等内容。 1．TransForm allows the teens to ________． A．select workshops for their parents B．prepare track topics for the camp C．design programme activities D．attend hands-on sessions D　细节理解题。根据“Experience TransForm”部分“TransForm allows you to get to focus on your chosen track through subject matter talks，hands-on workshops，and off-site experiences.(TransForm 让你通过主题演讲、实践工作坊和实地体验，专注于你选择的方向)” 可知，TransForm 允许青少年参加实践课程。故选D。 2．According to the schedule，which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. B　细节理解题。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排，18 July的活动安排里有“13：00-14：15 Youth Panel (13：00-14：15青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。 3．What can the teens do in the Programming Tracks? A．Build urban communities. B．Serve as guides on a farm. C．Learn about healthy living. D．Volunteer in a science lab. C　细节理解题。根据“Programming Tracks”部分 “Healthy Living：Empowering you to make healthy decisions in such areas as nutrition and emotional well-being，and lead healthy lifestyles(健康生活：让你在营养和心理健康等方面做出健康的决定，并引领健康的生活方式)” 可知，青少年在Programming Tracks中可以学习关于健康生活的知识。故选C。 五、(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷A) HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的)plant removal，winter planting，and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. GROUPS Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form. AGE，SKILLS，WHAT TO BRING Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15. Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed. We'll be working rain or shine.Wear clothes that can get dirty.Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary. Bring a personal water bottle，sunscreen，and lunch. No experience necessary.Training and tools will be provided.Fulfills(满足)community service requirements. UPCOMING EVENTS Time Meeting Location Sunday，Jan.15 10：00 a.m.—1：00 p.m. Battery Alexander Trailhead Sunday，Jan.22 10：00 a.m.—2：30 p.m. Stinson Beach Parking Lot Sunday，Jan.29 9：30 a.m.—2：30 p.m. Coyote Ridge Trailhead 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加保护当地生态系统的栖息地恢复小组的时间地点等相关细节。 1．What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team? A．To discover mineral resources. B．To develop new wildlife parks. C．To protect the local ecosystem. D．To conduct biological research. C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge...，and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.(帮助恢复和保护从马林海岬到波利纳斯岭的马林海的自然区域。我们将探索美丽的公园场地，同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集。栖息地恢复小组的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用。)”可知，栖息地恢复小组的目的是保护当地生态系统。故选C项。 2．What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team? A．5. B．10. C．15. D．18. B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.(欢迎10岁及以上的志愿者。)”可知，参加栖息地恢复小组的最低年龄限制是10岁。故选B项。 3．What are the volunteers expected to do? A．Bring their own tools. B．Work even in bad weather. C．Wear a team uniform. D．Do at least three projects. B　细节理解题。根据文章第五段“We'll be working rain or shine.(我们将风雨无阻地工作。)”可知，身为志愿者，即使天气不好也要工作。故选B项。 六、(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner，experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks. Walk 1—The Natural World With environmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide，this walk promises to be an informative tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs. Date and Time：Saturday，1st October，at 09：00 Start Point：Scratoes Bridge Walk Duration：6 hours Walk 2—Introduction to Hillwalking Emmanuel Chappard，an experienced guide，has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips. Date and Time：Sunday，2nd October，at 09：00 Start Point：Deerpark Car Park Walk Duration：5 hours Walk 3—Moonlight Under the Stars Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone.Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch(手电筒)along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate. Date and Time：Saturday，1st October，at 18：30 Start Point：The Town Hall Walk Duration：3 hours Walk 4—Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild.Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path. Date and Time：Sunday，2nd October，at 11：45 Start Point：Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area Walk Duration：1.5 hours 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案，及其日期、起点和步行时间等相关细节。 1．Which walk takes the shortest time? A．The Natural World. B．Introduction to Hillwalking. C．Moonlight Under the Stars. D．Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest. D　细节理解题。通读全文，根据文章所给出的四种方案中的“Walk Duration(步行时间)”部分比较可知，“Walk 4—Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest(步行4——基尔布兰尼什森林摄影步行)”的步行时间是1.5小时，用时最短。故选D项。 2．What are participants in Walk 3 required to do? A．Wear proper clothes. B．Join a walking club. C．Get special permits. D．Bring a survival guide. A　细节理解题。根据文章“Walk 3—Moonlight Under the Stars(步行3——星光下的月光)”部分中的“Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.(穿着不当的人将被拒绝参加。)”可知，第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。故选A项。 3．What do the four walks have in common? A．They involve difficult climbing. B．They are for experienced walkers. C．They share the same start point. D．They are scheduled for the weekend. D　细节理解题。根据四种步行方案中的“Date and Time(日期和时间)”部分比较可知，这四种方案都被安排在周末。故选D项。 七、(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷，A) Bike Rental & Guided Tours Welcome to Amsterdam，welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike！Cycling is the most economical，sustainable and fun way to explore the city，with its beautiful canals，parks，squares and countless lights.You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam. Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations，we make sure there is always a bike available for you.We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡)，bikes with child seats，and children's bikes. Prices Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears 1 hour DC＝ 7.50 DC＝ 5.00 3 hours DC＝ 11.00 DC＝ 7.50 1 day(24 hours) DC＝ 14.75 DC＝ 9.75 Each additional day DC＝ 8.00 DC＝ 6.00 Guided City Tours The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了在阿姆斯特丹进行自行车租赁和雇佣导游的操作方式，价格等细节。 1．What is an advantage of MacBike? A．It gives children a discount. B．It offers many types of bikes. C．It organizes free cycle tours. D．It has over 2，500 rental shops. B　推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡)，bikes with child seats，and children's bikes.(我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车。)”可推知，MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。 2．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A．DC＝ 15.75. B．DC＝ 19.50. C．DC＝ 22.75. D．DC＝ 29.50. C　细节理解题。根据定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14.75＋8＝22.75欧元。故选C。 3．Where does the guided city tour start? A．The Gooyer，Windmill. B．The Skinny Bridge. C．Heineken Brewery. D．Dam Square. D　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 p.m.every day.(旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发，每天下午1点开始。)”可知，导游城市之旅从大坝广场开始。故选D。 演练(二) 一、(2025·全国Ⅰ卷) In my ninth-grade writing class last year，I met a cowboy who saved his town，a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's，and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.More than once，I found myself wondering just how my students，who'd created these people，knew their subjects so well. But things were different for their first essay，which was about the question：“Why is writing important？” Most of the essays filled less than one page，and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement.I was shocked.Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.They could have written pages on the necessity of computers，but writing，in and of itself，simply didn't strike them as important.This would have to change. As a new unit started，I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice.This time they found the exercise much more interesting.For the next two assignments，a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop，I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis.The results were staggering．The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories，10 to 20 pages each，with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However，my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June，I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing's most powerful significance—the ability to connect people，to put us in another's skin，to teach us what it means to be human. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一名写作课老师，通过教学实践逐渐认识到学生写作动力的来源以及写作真正意义的成长故事。 1．Who are the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1? A．Ninth graders. B．Students' parents. C．Modern writers. D．Fictional characters. D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“In my ninth-grade writing class last year，I met a cowboy who saved his town，a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's，and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.More than once，I found myself wondering just how my students，who'd created these people，knew their subjects so well.(去年，在我九年级的写作课上，我结识了一位拯救了自己小镇的牛仔，一位要求儿子门门功课全得A的严厉父亲，还有一位在父母拒绝其年少挚爱后心碎而逝的现代版的朱丽叶。不止一次，我暗自琢磨，这些塑造了这些人物的学生，究竟是如何如此深谙他们笔下的角色的。)”可知，这里提到的牛仔、严厉的父亲和现代版的朱丽叶都是学生在写作中创造出来的虚构人物。故选D。 2．Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay? A．They were not given enough time. B．They had a very limited vocabulary. C．They misunderstood the question. D．They had little interest in the topic. D　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“Most of the essays filled less than one page，and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement.I was shocked.Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.They could have written pages on the necessity of computers，but writing，in and of itself，simply didn't strike them as important.(大多数文章篇幅不足一页，几乎没有包含可被视为论点的句子。我感到震惊。随后我意识到问题出在题目本身。他们本可以就电脑的必要性写下数页内容，但写作本身根本没让他们觉得重要。)”可推知，学生们在写第一篇作文时表现不佳，是因为他们对写作这个话题本身不感兴趣。故选D。 3．What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean? A.Mixed.　　 　　 B．Amazing. C．Similar. D．Disturbing. B　词句猜测题。根据文章第三段中画线词下文“The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories，10 to 20 pages each，with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.(学生们选取了多样的主题，交上来的故事每篇都有10到20页长，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，也触动了我的心。)”可推知，此处指学生们写出了内容丰富、打动人心的故事，与之前的表现形成强烈对比。画线词“staggering”意为“令人惊叹的、惊人的”，与B选项“Amazing (惊人的)”语义一致。故选B。 4．What does the author's experience show? A．Teaching is learning. B．Still waters run deep. C．Knowledge is power. D．Practice makes perfect. A　推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章最后一段中“I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication.However，my students demonstrated something more important to me.When the final bell rang in June，I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing's most powerful significance—the ability to connect people，to put us in another's skin，to teach us what it means to be human.(我走进教室时坚信写作作为一种交流方式至关重要。然而，学生们向我展示了更为重要的东西。当六月的下课铃响起时，我带着一本满是留言的年鉴离开——这些留言诉说着写作最强大的意义：它能连接人与人，让我们换位思考，教会我们身为人类的真谛。)”结合全文内容可知，文章通过作者的教学经历，说明她在教导学生的同时，自己也领悟到写作的真正意义，这一过程体现了“教学相长”的理念。选项A“Teaching is learning (教学相长)”符合文中描述的作者通过教学获得的新认识。故选A。 二、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) Kathy Ho teaches high school inside Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford (LPCH).“Sometimes I don't like saying that I'm a teacher，” says Ho.“People get in their minds an idea of what teachers do，but that's not really what it is here.” “Here” is room 386，where each year，about 500 LPCH patients also become students.The hospital school is free of parents，doctors，and medical procedures.It's a place of learning.About half of Ho's students stay for a week or less；others are there for more than a year.Most of Ho's students will recover，which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. Still，in room 386，academics don't come first.Physical health and mental health are the priority.“If you're scared about something and thinking only about that，there's no way you're going to be able to learn，” Ho says.“I'm a coach，an adviser，and a comforter，and that's what it means to be a hospital teacher.” There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho's class.She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools.Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments；they express sympathy instead.“I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，” Ho says.“They think their teachers don't care about their schoolwork.” Ho recognizes the psychological benefit of helping kids keep up with their peers (同龄人) outside the hospital.“I actually think the medicine is only a small piece for some problems，” says Julie Good，director of pain management services at LPCH.“It's about problem-solving around what it means to have a full life.Those kids have dreams.School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Kathy Ho在斯坦福露西尔·帕卡德儿童医院(LPCH)担任教师的工作情况，介绍了医院学校学生的情况、她工作的特点以及医院学校对学生的益处。 1．Who does Ho teach at LPCH? A．Sick children. B．Young nurses. C．Medical students. D．Patients' parents. A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“‘Here’ is room 386，where each year，about 500 LPCH patients also become students.The hospital school is free of parents，doctors，and medical procedures.It's a place of learning.About half of Ho's students stay for a week or less；others are there for more than a year.Most of Ho's students will recover，which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care.(‘这里’指的是386 室，每年约有500名露西尔·帕卡德儿童医院(LPCH)的患者在这里成为学生。这所医院学校里没有家长、医生，也没有医疗程序。它是一个学习的地方。Ho老师的学生中，约有一半只待一周或更短时间；其他人则会待一年以上。大多数学生最终会康复，这意味着，帮助他们做好重返学校的准备正成为护理工作中日益重要的组成部分。)” 可知，Ho在露西尔·帕卡德儿童医院(LPCH)教生病的孩子。故选A。 2．What is a characteristic of Ho's job? A．Prioritizing academics. B．Encouraging innovation. C．Treating various diseases. D．Playing multiple roles. D　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“I'm a coach，an adviser，and a comforter，and that's what it means to be a hospital teacher.(我是一名教练、一名顾问和一名安慰者，这就是作为一名医院教师的意义。)”可知，Ho工作的一个特点是扮演多种角色。故选D。 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A．Offering regular lessons. B．Paying extra attention. C．Assigning no schoolwork. D．Showing no sympathy. C　词句猜测题。根据文章第四段画线词所在句“Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments；they express sympathy instead.‘I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，’ Ho says.(一些老师不给孩子们布置任何作业，而是表达同情。Ho说：‘我觉得这对孩子们是一种伤害’。)” 可推知，其中的“it”指的是不给孩子们布置作业这件事。故选C。 4．How does the hospital school benefit the students according to Good? A．It eases peer pressure. B．It helps them live in hope. C．It frees them from aches. D．It entertains them with stories. B　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Julie Good所说的“It's about problem-solving around what it means to have a full life.Those kids have dreams.School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow.(这关乎围绕 ‘何为充实人生’ 展开的问题解决。那些孩子拥有梦想，而学校能通过为他们提供学习与成长的途径，让这些梦想得以延续。)”可推知，Good认为医院学校通过让孩子保持学习和成长，帮助他们维系梦想，即帮助他们生活在希望中。故选B。 三、(2025·1月浙江首考) When I was a child I was often told what not to eat.“You don't want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood.It really messed up my relationship with food—something that took me years to overcome.Because of this，I'm careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people.I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert.But one day when I heard her saying “I think I'm too fat，” my heart sank.It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact. According to Charlotte Markey，a professor of psychology，food is one of the rare subjects where，as parents，saying less is more.“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through，but I'm not convinced that food is one of them，” she says.“It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren't necessarily healthy.” Instead，she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility，” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times，and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions.“When your child says，‘My stomach hurts，’ you can say，‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices，’” says Markey.“Let them feel like they have some control over it.” I've been trying out these strategies and I've found that when I'm less restrictive，they do make better decisions.“Feeding is a long game，” says Markey.“The food you have available makes a huge difference.Even if they don't eat it，they' re seeing it.And then all of a sudden it clicks.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者自己因童年时被灌输饮食观念而影响了与食物的关系，心理学家建议家长在饮食上少干预，作者尝试策略后发现孩子能做更好的饮食决策。 1．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph? A．She is upset by her kids' weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed. C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats. B　推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I was a child I was often told what not to eat.‘You don't want to get fat’ was on constant repeat throughout my childhood.It really messed up my relationship with food—something that took me years to overcome.(当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知什么不能吃。‘你不想变胖’这句话在我整个童年时期不断重复。这真的搞砸了我与食物的关系——这是我花了多年时间才克服的问题。)”可知，作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响，由此可推断出，作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。故选B项。 2．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of? A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally. B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times. C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes. C　推理判断题。根据第二段“According to Charlotte Markey，a professor of psychology，food is one of the rare subjects where，as parents，saying less is more.‘There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through，but I'm not convinced that food is one of them，’ she says.‘It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren't necessarily healthy.’ (根据心理学教授夏洛特·马基的说法，食物是为数不多的家长说得少反而更好的话题之一。‘在育儿方面，有很多事情值得深入讨论，但我不认为食物是其中之一，’她说。‘这只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这并不健康。’)”可知，马基不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论食物相关的话题，而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题，所以马基不会赞成。故选C项。 3．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”？ A.Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids. C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes. A　细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead，she recommends applying a well known concept among nutrition experts called the ‘Division of Responsibility，’ where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times，and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.(相反，她建议应用营养专家中一个著名的概念，即‘责任划分’，在这个概念中，家长在固定的时间为孩子提供各种主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己决定想吃什么和吃多少——即使这意味着偶尔吃的饼干比胡萝卜多。)”可知，根据“责任划分”，孩子应该自己做饮食决策。故选A项。 4．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following? A．Costly. B．Complex. C．Workable. D．Contradictory. C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I've been trying out these strategies and I've found that when I'm less restrictive，they do make better decisions.(我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我不那么严格限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决策。)”可知，孩子们确实会做出更好的决策，所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故选C项。 四、(2025·北京卷) Throughout our Junior year，my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay.Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word “fail” in red? The shadow of this mysterious (神秘的) institution steals away what success means to us. My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.It is a well-known fact，especially in my school，that Junior year is the time of packing many AP classes into the schedule.When asked why they chose so many AP classes，my friends responded：“I don't know.” They themselves don't know why they are following the crowd and longing for the pressures of academic difficulty.Therefore，they do not feel the satisfaction of being academically challenged. Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities.Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means，I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy.The feeling of success was no longer attached to what grade I received but to the pure joy of learning. Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success；after I take a step back and look at the big picture，I see them as a launching pad (平台) for my next big achievement.In the ninth grade，I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl.Not standing a chance against competitive applicants，I came out of the interview with an upset look.Nevertheless，this interview wasn't a wasted opportunity.I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself. This year，with an open mind and new knowledge in mind，I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior.I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately, success came little by little. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在高三时对大学申请和成功定义的反思，不再盲目追随他人选择大量AP课程，而是基于个人兴趣选课，并从失败的小组面试中学习，通过自我调整最终获得领导职位。 1．Throughout the Junior year，what was the author's major concern? A．Pressure from choosing AP classes. B．Performance in group interviews. C．Competition with seniors. D．Recognition by colleges. D　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Throughout our Junior year，my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced to a single 200-word essay.Will the golden word ‘success’ form in their minds when they review our achievements? Or will they see the big word ‘fail’ in red? (在整个高三期间，我和我的同学们一直担心，当大学将我们的整个人生故事浓缩成一篇200字的短文时，他们会看到什么。当他们回顾我们的成就时，脑海中会浮现出‘成功’这个金灿灿的词汇吗？还是会看到用红色标注的‘失败’这个醒目的大字？)”可知，作者在高三年级主要担心的是大学对他们的认可。故选D。 2．The author chose fewer AP classes because of ________． A．her own understanding of success B．her desire for academic challenges C．her strong urge to follow the crowd D．her dream of entering a top university A　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means，I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy.(我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”可知，作者选择较少的AP课程是因为她自己对成功的理解。故选A。 3．Which would best describe the author's first group interview? A Dignifying. B．Rewarding. C．Engaging. D．Relaxing. B　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nevertheless，this interview wasn't a wasted opportunity.I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself.(然而，这次面试并不是一次浪费的机会。我和一位高年级的申请者交谈，她回答问题的方式反映了她对自己的信心。)”以及最后一段中“This year，with an open mind and new knowledge in mind，I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior.I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately，success came little by little.(今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者认为第一次面试是有收获的，因为它让作者从中学到了东西，并影响了她后来的面试表现。故选B。 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Everyone is the maker of their own success. B．Success favours those with a golden heart. C．Success knocks at your door only once. D．A college holds the key to success. A　推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第三段中“Determined to follow my instincts (本能) on what I felt success means，I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy.(我决心追随自己对成功的直觉理解，只选择了两门我确信自己会喜欢的课程。)”以及最后一段中“This year，with an open mind and new knowledge in mind，I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior.I managed to secure a leadership position.Ultimately，success came little by little.(今年，我带着开放的心态和新的知识，再次走进集体面试的现场，告诉自己我就是那位自信满满的高年级学生。最终，我成功获得了一个领导职位。成功，就这样一点点地向我走来。)”可知，作者通过自己的经历表明，成功并非由大学或外界标准定义，而是源于自我认知与努力。“Everyone is the maker of their own success.(每个人都是自己成功的创造者。)” 符合题意。故选A。 五、(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？Yes，we all have our phones，but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed. Well，there's a kiosk(小亭)for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area，at least. “You enter the fare gates(检票口)and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story，” says Alicia Trost，the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART.“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.” It's that simple.Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.Some are classic short stories，and some are new original works. Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders.“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，” Trost says.“And as of right now，we've received about 120 submissions.The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.” Ridership on transit(交通)systems across the country has been down the past half century，so could short stories save transit? Trost thinks so. “At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says. And you'll never be without something to read. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART的未来持乐观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。 1．Why did BART start the kiosk program? A．To promote the local culture. B．To discourage phone use. C．To meet passengers' needs. D．To reduce its running costs. C　推理判断题。根据第三段“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and...‘You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.’(旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)首席通讯官Alicia Trost表示：‘你进入检票口，会看到一个亮着灯的信息亭，它告诉你可以得到一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的报道。你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事。’)”可知，BART启动信息亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求，为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间。故选C项。 2．How are the stories categorized in the kiosk? A．By popularity. B．By length. C．By theme. D．By language. B　细节理解题。根据第三段“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.(你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事)”可知，信息亭中的故事按长度分类，乘客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。 3．What has Trost been doing recently? A．Organizing a story contest. B．Doing a survey of customers. C．Choosing a print publisher. D．Conducting interviews with artists. A　细节理解题。根据第五段“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest我们想做一些事情，呼吁湾区的艺术家为比赛提交故事)”以及第六段“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.(获奖故事会进入我们的书报亭，然后你就会成为一名出版艺术家。)”可知，Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛，向湾区的艺术家征集故事，获胜作品将被放入书报亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。 4．What is Trost's opinion about BART's future? A．It will close down. B．Its profits will decline. C．It will expand nationwide. D．Its ridership will increase. D　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“‘At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，’ she says.(她说：‘归根结底，所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体验。所以我绝对认为，我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。’)”可知，Trost认为通过提升乘客体验，包括提供短篇故事阅读服务，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量将会增加。故选D项。 六、(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷B) “I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber，shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸)on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医)now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture，chiropractic(按摩疗法)and herbal medicine. Farber，a graduate of Colorado State University，started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture，an ancient Chinese practice，and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So，after studying the techniques for a couple of years，he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack，Tindale says，she was prepared to put him to sleep，but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right：Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。 1．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him? A．He's odd. B．He's strict. C．He's brave. D．He's rude. A　细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.(如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。)”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 2．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian. C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture，an ancient Chinese practice，and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments....So，after studying the techniques for a couple of years，he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 3．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians' work. C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine. D　主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition....And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，‘moves more easily and rides more comfortably’ after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，‘行动更容易，骑着更舒服’。)”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 4．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber's point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right：Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.(法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的：自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 七、(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷，B) When John Todd was a child，he loved to explore the woods around his house，observing how nature solved problems.A dirty stream，for example，often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.When he got older，John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture，medicine，and fisheries in college，John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)？Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals？With the right combination of animals and plants，he figured，maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did.He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥).First，he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other.Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.He placed them in the tanks and waited.Little by little，these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.After a few weeks，John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it！Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water. Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse—like facility that treated sewage(污水)from 1，600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。 1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone. C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor. C　细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child，he loved to explore the woods around his house，observing how nature solved problems.A dirty stream，for example，often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.When he got older，John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.(当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱。)”以及第二段“After studying agriculture，medicine，and fisheries in college，John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。 2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco-machine. D　细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks，John added the sludge.(几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去。)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.(他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水。)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。 3．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A．To review John's research plans. B．To show an application of John's idea. C．To compare John's different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John's invention. B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse—like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.(这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1 600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。 4．What is the basis for John's work? A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive. C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups. A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.(你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式。)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。 演练(三) 一、(2025·全国Ⅰ卷) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years，transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility，especially among young children.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school，so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brommelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement：How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives，they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously，a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway，Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live，and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread，the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people，among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through，but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right：it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently. C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. C　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years，transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility，especially among young children.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school，so they pack them into the car instead.(虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里。)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity. C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible. A　推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously，a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway，Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion ‘New York as a decent place to live，and not just rush through.’ (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫‘纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道’。)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective. C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks. B　推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread，the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.(尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Why the Rush? B．What's Next? C．Where to Stay? D．Who to Blame? A　主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through，but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗？)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 二、(2025·全国Ⅰ卷) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas，stuck inside volcanic rocks，filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans. Now，new research suggests that a simple，cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头)：boiling and filtering (过滤) it.In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters，researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially，this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.In the study，boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate，boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally，the research didn't include all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene，polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still，the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water，scientists found earlier this year，contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice，” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay，an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research，tells New Scientist.“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. C　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas，stuck inside volcanic rocks，filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内。)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially，this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.In the study，boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate，boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. B　推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still，the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly diffcult.Even bottled water，scientists found earlier this year，contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought.(尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“‘The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice，’ Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay，an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research，tells New Scientist. ‘We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.’ (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：‘他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。’‘我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料。’)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 三、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants，she didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened：She was flooded，shipping out 1，200 orders in June of 2020 alone.In the past year，Detrinidad sent out more than 70，000 plants.Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr.Melinda Knuth，a researcher from the University of Florida.“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says.“Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol，the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth.“This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants，don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！) doesn't make it.“Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it，but if it dies，go get another one，” Detrinidad says. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 1．How was Detrinidad's business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. D　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants，she didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened：She was flooded，shipping out 1，200 orders in June of 2020 alone.(当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1 200份订单。)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 2．What is one of Knuth's findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. D　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，’ says Knuth.‘This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults.Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.’(Knuth表示：‘身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。’)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 3．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care of it，but if it dies，go get another one，’ Detrinidad says.(Detrinidad说：‘医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。’)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home B　主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 四、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does.Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa，where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant，supermarket，and supply chain industries.From technological solutions to educational campaigns，food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we're already growing.But last month，one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way：It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March，Greenwich Village's Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED，and served items like fried skate cartilage，a juice pulp burger，and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad.Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1，000 in revenue (收入)，and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems，but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.Instead，all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs，fish collars，rejected sweet potatoes，and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and，with the help of a number of good chefs，turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment；Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.Nevertheless，it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability，and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 1．What can be inferred about the author's early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase ‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.(这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历，在那里，‘非洲还有孩子在挨饿’ 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒。)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.(每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识。)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. C　主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.Instead，all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs，fish collars，rejected sweet potatoes，and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and，with the help of a number of good chefs，turned into excellent cuisine.(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴。)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 4．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews，it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment；Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.(尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill餐厅已回归常规菜单。)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 五、(2025·1月浙江首考) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.Referred to as matrix planting，this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden，and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools，it's based on an elegantly simple principle：to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化).In a matrix garden，plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground，forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style，adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form，including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.Beautiful year-round，they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail，from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild，they are carefully planned，with cultural needs the first consideration.Led by the concept of “right plant，right place，” they match plants that enjoy the same soil，sun and weather conditions，and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced，the garden's ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens：fertilizer，dividing，regular watering.Compared to traditional garden plots，they increase carbon absorption，reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 1．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. B　词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting，this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden，and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和画线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools，it's based on an elegantly simple principle：to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植。)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以画线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开，远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。 2．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A．To control weeds in large gardens. B．To bring in foreign species of plants. C．To conserve soil and water resources. D．To develop low-maintenance parkland. D　细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地。)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。 3．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf's gardens? A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking. C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected. C　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style，adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form，including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求。)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD. B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS. A　主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting，this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden，and even some of the designing.Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools，it's based on an elegantly simple principle：to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植。)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced，the garden's ecology can develop well.Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens：fertilizer，dividing，regular watering.Compared to traditional garden plots，they increase carbon absorption，reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性。)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。 六、(2025·1月浙江首考) As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities，there's been a push to make them genderless.“People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways，” says Ashley Martin，a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.Yet as Martin has found in her work，gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects，particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study，Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male，female，and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users' feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.For example，participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing，it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.The stereotypes commonly associated with men，such as competitiveness and dominance，are more valued than those associated with women.These qualities，in turn，are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult.For instance，if an object's name was meant to sound genderless，like Miuu，participants would still assign a gender to it—they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining，however：She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies，it reduces negative stereotypes about women.Similarly，anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations，for instance. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 1．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. A　细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways，’ says Ashley Martin，a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.(斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：‘人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。’完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法。)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 2．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. B　细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study，Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male，female，and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分。)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 3．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people's mind. D　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult.For instance，if an object's name was meant to sound genderless，like Miuu，participants would still assign a gender to it—they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she’．(马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’。)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. B　主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining，however：She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes’．(然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’。)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 七、(2025·北京卷) Not too long ago，on a cold winter night，there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no.The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes.The parent argued that none of her friends' parents let them have screens after 9 o'clock.“I thought，in this family，we don't compare ourselves with other people，Dad？” the teenager replied.The parent—who was me，by the way—just got served.Since they were young，I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people.I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”． Although my daughter didn't win，she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given.In my defence，I did what we've all done before，which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances．But now is the time to set the record straight，which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do，of course，often get us into emotional trouble.But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work.The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive (成长).Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don't，or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation，for example，“If they can achieve that，so can I．” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances，or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example，“Wow，things could be much worse；I'm doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances.How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison.That's something we all have control over. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 1．How did the author feel about his daughter's argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. B　推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn't win，she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given.(虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 2．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A.Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. D　词句猜测题。根据第二段“In my defence，I did what we've all done before，which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances．But now is the time to set the record straight，which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.(为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的________。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science A　主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do，of course，often get us into emotional trouble.But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work.(当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don't，or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 演练(四) 一、(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives，we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future，and this is where AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). In_the_wrong_hands，such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码)that powers AI but，thankfully，Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic，making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which，by the close，will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design，AI is already super-smart and will become more capable，moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there，Campbell says，will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence，or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking，followed by global regulation，will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all，and if you only read one book on the subject，this is it. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 1．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. C　词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but，...，by the close，will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测画线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。 2．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C．It provides step-by-step instructions. D．It is intended for AI professionals. B　推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully，Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable....，will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测她采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。 3．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A．Observe existing regulations on it. B．Reconsider expert opinions about it. C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down. C　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence，or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.(她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险。)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking，followed by global regulation，will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.(我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败。)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 4．What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert. A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives，...is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).(考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战。)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all，and if you only read one book on the subject，this is it.(人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书。)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。 二、(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷D) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct，researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today，most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos，videos，and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area，a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru，who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change，I wanted to know：Are they usable？” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants，insects，birds，and animals，Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data，like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover，these data are biased and favor certain regions，time periods，and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot，” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data，biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 1．What do we know about the records of species collected now? A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form. C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition. B　细节理解题。根据第一段“Today，most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos，videos，and other digital records.(今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 2．What does Daru's study focus on? A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens. C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications. C　细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本)，...，I wanted to know：Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗？)”和第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that...to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，’ said Daru.(Daru说：‘我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。’)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 3．What has led to the biases according to the study? A.Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices. C　细节理解题。根据第四段“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that...to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.(这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 4．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records. C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places...to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 三、(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷，D) On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn't the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”．Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people's errors. D．The design of Galton's experiment. B　主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and come to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 2．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________． A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 3．What did the follow-up study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members. C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates. C　推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 4．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 四、(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷，D) As cities balloon with growth，access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you're lucky，there might be a pocket park near where you live，but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans，but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers，asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions，coding(编码)experiences into different categories.For example，one participant's experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions，a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions，half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife，walking along the edge of water，and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language，which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example，the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday，they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We're trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen，we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn，a senior author of the study. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A．Pocket parks are now popular. B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C．Many cities are overpopulated. D．People enjoy living close to nature. B　细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth，access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you're lucky，there might be a pocket park near where you live，but it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的。)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A．To compare different types of park-goers. B．To explain why the park attracts tourists. C．To analyze the main features of the park. D．To find patterns in the visitors' summaries. A　推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers，asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions，coding (编码) experiences into different categories.(他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别。)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions，a pattern of categories the researchers call a ‘nature language’ began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions，half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.(在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为‘自然语言’的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要。)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。 3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C．The same nature experience takes different forms. D．The nature language enhances work performance. C　推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language，which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example，the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday，they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.(命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散$