专题12 阅读理解一轮复习难点突破3（名师点津+名校模拟）（知识清单）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题12 阅读理解一轮复习难点突破3（名师点津+名校模拟）解析版 目录 数据推算题3篇 P2 【名师点津】 P2 【高考真题】 P2 【名校模拟】 P4 猜测词义题3篇 P7 【名师点津】 P7 【高考真题】 P9 【名校模拟】 P12 记叙文选标题3篇 P15 【名师点津】 P15 【高考真题】 P16 【名校模拟】 P17 说明文选标题3篇 P21 【名师点津】 P21 【高考真题】 P22 【名校模拟】 P23 间接信息题3篇 P27 【名师点津】 P27 【高考真题】 P27 【名校模拟】 P29 心理效应题3篇 P32 【名师点津】 P32 【高考真题】 P32 【名校模拟】 P34 数据计算题3篇 【名师点津】 一、解题小妙招 数字计算细节理解题一般会涉及时间、 年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。 数字计算细节理解题的话题有: 广告类; 故事类; 普知识类; 史地自然类;文化教育类。设问方式以when, in which year, how many/much等疑问词开头引出问题。 1.原文定位：依据题干关键词，然后寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。 2.理清关系：数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。 3．特别关注：decade十年fortnight两周double两倍score二十dozen十二off减价discount折扣。 二、零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【高考真题】 (2025全国I卷) The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 21. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 22. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 23. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 【答案】21. C 22. C 23. B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2018年不同交通方式的温室气体排放占比，以及飞机、汽车等各类交通工具的未来绿色燃料路径。 21. 细节理解题。根据图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分中“ROAD (PASSENGER) 45.1% (道路(客运)45.1%)”以及“ROAD (GOODS) 29.4% (道路(货运)29.4%)”可知，道路车辆总占比为45.1%+29.4%=74.5%，即道路车辆在2018年全球交通排放中占比74.5%。故选C项。 22. 细节理解题。根据图表信息TRAINS — Electricity部分中“Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. (一些列车已经通过轨道或电线实现了电气化；其他火车可以通过非常简单的方式实现电动化)”可知，火车相较其他交通方式更易实现绿色化。故选C项。 23. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We need to speed up the development of green energy and it will all get used,” says Wipke. (Wipke说：“我们需要加速绿色能源的开发，而且这些能源都会被利用起来。”)”可知，Wipke建议加大对可再生能源的投入，即加大对绿色能源的投入。故选B项。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·山东济南·开学考试）Freshwater is vital for all life on our planet. Yet, in many places around the globe, our management of freshwater resources is becoming unsustainable. Understanding the interconnectedness and complexity of local and regional freshwater issues is critical to living sustainably on Earth. That’s why the National Geographic Society and the Nature Conservancy have joined forces to develop a program centered around a unique remote externship (校外实习) program for young adults worldwide. The Experience Throughout the externship, you will learn about freshwater conservation careers from weekly webinars (研讨会) featuring the National Geographic Society and the Nature Conservancy experts, your own research, and informative interviews conducted with local conservation organizations. During this externship, you will also: ·Gain knowledge of freshwater conservation issues and strategies through resources and case studies provided by the two partner organizations. ·Engage with local leaders, conservationists, and community members to grasp freshwater-related challenges and their impacts on the community. ·Apply primary and secondary research methods to investigate existing conservation initiatives and identify local freshwater issues. ·Conduct landscape and gap analyses to uncover conservation gaps and propose actionable solutions. ·Develop written and visual storytelling skills to effectively communicate key issues and community-based action strategies. Qualifications We are seeking young people aged 18-25 from around the globe interested in learning about introductory conservation approaches. No prior work experience or coursework in conservation or environmental topics is required. The program values diversity in beliefs, cultures, and backgrounds. Duration and Rewards Start Date July 14th, 2025 Format Fully remote Program Options Duration Hours/week Hourly Rate Additional Rewards 4 weeks 10 $5 $20 8 weeks 10 $6 $30 Note: Those who finish all required tasks (whether for the 4-week track or the 8-week track) will be qualified for an additional reward. 1．What is the purpose of this externship program? A．To promote international cooperation. B．To provide a hands-on field experience. C．To introduce freshwater-related careers. D．To help understand freshwater challenges. 2．What might participants do during the externship? A．Raise funds for the program. B．Document global case studies. C．Put forward workable solutions. D．Engage in making local policies. 3．How much will an 8-week extern earn at most upon full completion? A．$200. B．$220. C．$510. D．$480. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个针对全球年轻人的独特的远程校外实习项目，包括实习内容、资格要求、时长和奖励等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Understanding the interconnectedness and complexity of local and regional freshwater issues is critical to living sustainably on Earth. That’s why the National Geographic Society and the Nature Conservancy have joined forces to develop a program centered around a unique remote externship (校外实习) program for young adults worldwide.(了解当地和区域淡水问题的相互关联性和复杂性对于在地球上可持续生活至关重要。这就是为什么国家地理学会和大自然保护协会联手开发了一个项目，该项目围绕着一个针对全球年轻人的独特远程校外实习项目展开)”可知，这个校外实习项目的目的是帮助全球年轻人了解淡水挑战。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据During this externship, you will also:部分中的“·Conduct landscape and gap analyses to uncover conservation gaps and propose actionable solutions.(·进行景观和差距分析，以发现保护差距并提出可行的解决方案)”可知，参与者在实习期间可能会提出可行的解决方案。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据表格中的“8 weeks；Hours/week：10；Hourly Rate：$6；Additional Rewards：$30(8周，每周小时数：10，每小时费率：6美元，额外奖励：30美元)”和最后一段“Note: Those who finish all required tasks (whether for the 4-week track or the 8-week track) will be qualified for an additional reward.(注意：完成所有必需任务的人(无论是4周课程还是8周课程)都有资格获得额外奖励)”可知，一个为期8周的实习生每周工作10小时，每小时6美元，完全完成任务后额外奖励30美元，即8×10×6+30=510美元。故选C项。 （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Guided Tour for United Nations Headquarters Visit the United Nations in the heart of New York City! Guided tours offer an engaging way to explore the United Nations Headquarters. Visit the Security Council Chamber (会议厅), the Trusteeship Council Chamber, and the Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) Chamber. Learn about how the United Nations addresses issues such as climate change, peace and security, human rights, and how you can support the Sustainable Development Goals. Due to high-level meetings of Heads of State and Government, United Nations Headquarters and Chambers may sometimes close to the public on very short notice.For entry Register Online: All visitors to United Nations Headquarters must register on the United Nations Security Website prior to arrival. Click here to register. Bring Valid (合法的) Identification: All visitors aged 16 and older must bring a valid, original, government-issued photo ID from a UN Member State or Non-Member Observer State to present at entry. Acceptable forms include passport, driver’s license and national identity card. Please note: Only original, physical IDs are accepted ( no photocopies or digital images). For security reasons, children under 5 years of age are not permitted on tour.Hours of operation Weekdays: First tour leaving at 9:30, last tour leaving at 4:45. Please plan to arrive 60 minutes before your tour. The UN Headquarters is closed on weekends and public holidays.Rates for 2025 Adult: $29.00 Student(Ages 13+): $20.00 Child (Ages 5-12): $17.00 4. What can be expected during the tour? A. A visit to four Chambers. B. Participation in several high-level meetings. C. The design for climate projects. D. A knowledge of the routine work of the UN. 5. What is a must for visitors to take the tour? A. Reaching the age of 16. B. Registering online before arrival. C. Bringing a passport copy. D. Presenting an original photograph, 6. How much should a couple with a 11-year-old pay for the tour? A. $46. B. $49. C. $75. D. $78. 【答案】4. D 5. B 6. C 【导语】这是一篇应用文，文章主要介绍纽约联合国总部的导游参观项目，包括可参观的地方、参观要求、开放时间及收费标准等信息。 4. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Learn about how the United Nations addresses issues such as climate change, peace and security, human rights, and how you can support the Sustainable Development Goals.(了解联合国如何处理气候变化、和平与安全、人权等问题，以及你如何支持可持续发展目标)”可知，游客在参观期间可以探索联合国的工作日常，了解其处理各种问题的方式等。故选D项。 5. 细节理解题。根据For entry中“Register Online: All visitors to United Nations Headquarters must register on the United Nations Security Website prior to arrival. Click here to register.(网上登记：所有前往联合国总部的访客必须在抵达前在联合国安全网站上登记。点击这里注册)”可知，访客必须在抵达前在联合国安全网站上登记。故选B项。 6. 细节理解题。根据文章结尾“Adult: $29.00(成年人：29美元)”和“Child (Ages 5-12): $17.00(孩子（5-12岁）：17美元)”可知，一对夫妇带着一个11岁的孩子需支付29×2+17=75美元，故选C项。 猜测词义题3篇 【名师点津】 猜词词义小策略 在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。 解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行: 1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句; 2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺; 3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。 猜词词义思维导图 猜词词义小技巧 1.利用释义法猜词 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 2.利用构词法猜词 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。 3.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 4.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 5.利用语境法解题 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 6.利用同义关系解题 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。 7.利用生活常识解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 代词如何猜测？ 在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到: 1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。 2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。 3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。 零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【高考真题】 (2025全国I卷) In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people, knew their subjects so well. But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important?” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn’t strike them as important. This would have to change. As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However, my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. 24. Who are the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1? A. Ninth graders. B. Students’ parents. C. Modern writers. D. Fictional characters. 25. Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay? A. They were not given enough time. B. They had a very limited vocabulary. C. They misunderstood the question. D. They had little interest in the topic. 26. What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Mixed. B. Amazing. C. Similar. D. Disturbing. 27. What does the author’s experience show? A. Teaching is learning. B. Still waters run deep. C. Knowledge is power. D. Practice makes perfect. 【答案】24. D 25. D 26. B 27. A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一名写作课老师，通过教学实践逐渐认识到学生写作动力的来源以及写作真正意义的成长故事。 24. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people, knew their subjects so well. (去年，在我九年级的写作课上，我结识了一位拯救了自己小镇的牛仔、一位要求儿子门门功课全得A的严厉父亲，还有一位现代版的朱丽叶——因父母反对她年少的爱情而心碎离世。不止一次，我暗自琢磨，这些塑造了这些人物的学生，究竟是如何如此深谙他们笔下的角色的)”可知，这里提到的牛仔、严厉的父亲和现代版的朱丽叶都是学生在写作中创造出来的虚构人物。故选D。 25.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn’t strike them as important.(大多数文章篇幅不足一页，几乎没有包含可被视为论点的句子。我感到震惊。随后我意识到问题出在题目本身。他们本可以就电脑的必要性写下数页内容，但写作本身根本没让他们觉得重要)”可推知，学生们在写第一篇作文时表现不佳，是因为他们对写作这个话题本身不感兴趣。故选D。 26.词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. (结果是staggering。学生们选取了多样的主题，交上来的故事每篇都有10到20页长，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，也触动了我的心)”可知，学生们写出了内容丰富、打动人心的故事，与之前的表现形成强烈对比。staggering意为“令人震惊的、惊人的”，与B选项“Amazing(惊人的)”语义一致。故选B。 27.推理判断题。根据最后一段“I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However, my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. (我走进教室时坚信写作作为一种交流方式至关重要。然而，学生们向我展示了更为重要的东西。当六月的下课铃响起时，我带着一本满是留言的年鉴离开——这些留言诉说着写作最强大的意义：它能连接人与人，让我们换位思考，教会我们身为人类的真谛)”结合全文内容可知，文章通过作者的教学经历，说明她在教导学生的同时，自己也领悟到写作的真正意义，这一过程体现了“教学相长”的理念。选项A“Teaching is learning(教学相长)”符合文中描述的作者通过教学获得的新认识。故选A。 (2025全国II卷) Kathy Ho teaches high school inside Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford (LPCH). “Sometimes I don’t like saying that I’m a teacher,” says Ho. “People get in their minds an idea of what teachers do, but that’s not really what it is here.” “Here” is room 386, where each year, about 500 LPCH patients also become students. The hospital school is free of parents, doctors, and medical procedures. It’s a place of learning. About half of Ho’s students stay for a week or less; others are there for more than a year. Most of Ho’s students will recover, which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. Still, in room 386, academics don’t come first. Physical health and mental health are the priority. “If you’re scared about something and thinking only about that, there’s no way you’re going to be able to learn,” Ho says. “I’m a coach, an adviser, and a comforter, and that’s what it means to be a hospital teacher.” There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” Ho recognizes the psychological benefit of helping kids keep up with their peers (同龄人) outside the hospital. “I actually think the medicine is only a small piece for some problems,” says Julie Good, director of pain management services at LPCH. “It’s about problem-solving around what it means to have a full life. Those kids have dreams. School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow.” 24. Who does Ho teach at LPCH? A. Sick children. B. Young nurses. C. Medical students. D. Patients’ parents. 25. What is a characteristic of Ho’s job? A. Prioritizing academics. B. Encouraging innovation. C. Treating various diseases. D. Playing multiple roles. 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A. Offering regular lessons. B. Paying extra attention. C. Assigning no schoolwork. D. Showing no sympathy. 27. How does the hospital school benefit the students according to Good? A. It eases peer pressure. B. It helps them live in hope. C. It frees them from aches. D. It entertains them with stories. 【答案】24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Kathy Ho在斯坦福露西尔・帕卡德儿童医院（LPCH）担任教师的工作情况，介绍了医院学校学生的情况、她工作的特点以及医院学校对学生的益处。 24. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中““Here” is room 386, where each year, about 500 LPCH patients also become students. The hospital school is free of parents, doctors, and medical procedures. It’s a place of learning. About half of Ho’s students stay for a week or less; others are there for more than a year. Most of Ho’s students will recover, which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. (“这里”指的是386 室，每年约有500名露西尔•帕卡德儿童医院（LPCH）的患者在这里成为学生。这所医院学校里没有家长、医生，也没有医疗程序。它是一个学习的地方。Ho老师的学生中，约有一半只待一周或更短时间，其他人则会待一年以上。大多数学生最终会康复，这意味着，帮助他们做好重返学校的准备正成为护理工作中日益重要的组成部分)”可知，Ho在露西尔•帕卡德儿童医院（LPCH）教生病的孩子。故选A。 25. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“I’m a coach, an adviser, and a comforter, and that’s what it means to be a hospital teacher. (我是一名教练、一名顾问和一名安慰者，这就是作为一名医院教师的意义)”可知，Ho工作的一个特点是扮演多种角色。故选D。 26.词句猜测题。根据文章第四段划线词所在句“Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. (一些老师不给孩子们布置任何作业，而是表达同情。Ho说：“我觉得这对孩子们是一种伤害”)”可推知，其中的“it”指的是不给孩子们布置作业这件事。故选C。 27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Julie Good所说的“It’s about problem-solving around what it means to have a full life. Those kids have dreams. School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow. (这关乎围绕 “何为充实人生” 展开的问题解决。那些孩子拥有梦想，而学校能通过为他们提供学习与成长的途径，让这些梦想得以延续)”可推知，Good认为医院学校通过让孩子保持学习和成长，帮助他们维系梦想，即帮助他们生活在希望中。故选B。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·山东济南·开学考试）Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime. You know you must act soon; but it’s as if something is stopping you. This ‌“freezing”, or tonic immobility in academic terms, is an adaptive defense response to stress or danger. When we freeze, our heart rate drops and our blood pressure changes. Our pupils might become wider. A flood of hormones (荷尔蒙) spread quickly, readying us for action. It can all happen within seconds. While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive — potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that’s going on? Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University.“Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says.“What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision-making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified. Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn’t slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies. But let’s say you’re not a sniper, or don’t spend your weekends as a living statue. What if you’re about to take an exam or lead a big business meeting? Those situations involving social pressure, may not be life or death, but still can cause freezing. The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation (有节奏的呼气). Instead of feeling out of control, you can master it and — sniper or not — take your best shot. 1. What happens in “freezing” according to the text? A. Awareness is lost. B. The heart pounds. C. Senses are sharper. D. The breath quickens. 2. What does the underlined word “petrified” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Confused. B. Panicked. C. Distressed. D. Occupied. 3. Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. To contrast response types. B. To illustrate freezing causes. C. To support response training. D. To criticize stressful professions. 4. How should students manage exam freezing according to the text? A. Seek professional help. B. Apply trained breathing. C. Hold breath to stay still. D. Make last-minute revisions. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在面对压力或危险时，人们会出现“冻结”反应及其作用，还说明了可以通过训练来掌控这种反应。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime. (你有没有曾经因感到压力太大，以至于有点僵住了？你的身体静止不动，你感觉不到太多，但与此同时，你的感官却在超负荷工作。)”可知，在“僵住”时，感官却在全力工作，说明感官会更加敏锐。故选C项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not (僵住就像一种紧急流动状态：警惕，而不是)”和表示转折的“not”可知，僵住时人们虽然警惕但并非吓呆了，而是保持冷静的观察状态，由此可推测“petrified”应与“watchful (警惕的)”形成对比，意为“吓呆了的；目瞪口呆的”，与B项“Panicked (惊慌失措)”意思相近。故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. (重要的是，这种反应是可以训练的。Roelofs强调了两组控制僵住的人：活雕像，即保持极度静止的街头表演者，以及在做出决定时需要绝对静止的狙击手。实验室研究证实了这一点。)”可知，提到活雕像和狙击手是为了说明僵住反应可以通过训练来控制，从而支持“这种反应可以通过训练来掌控”的观点。故选C项。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation (有节奏的呼气). (关键是通过训练来利用这种反应，特别是专注呼吸：保持缓慢、有节奏的呼气。)”可知，学生应该通过训练呼吸来应对考试时的僵住反应。故选B项。 （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Think there’s nothing more healthy than a bag of popcorn and a classic children’s animated film (动画片)? Think again, say Canadian researchers. Researchers did their research by watching 135 popular North American films from 1937 to today. The films included 45 children’s animated movies and 90 dramatic films for adults. “Rather than being the healthy form of entertainment, they are full of on-screen death and murder.” Researchers found that the parents of heroes or heroines died most often in children’s films. They were five times more likely to be killed than they were in films for adults. “There was no evidence that these results had changed over time since Snow White in 1937, when Snow White’s stepmother, the evil queen, was struck by lightning, forced off a cliff (悬崖), and crushed by a big rock,” the authors wrote. Sometimes the death happens at the very beginning of the film. About four minutes and three seconds into Finding Nemo, Nemo’s mother gets eaten by a barracuda fish. In Tarzan, the main character’s parents are killed by a leopard four minutes and eight seconds into the movie. The researchers found that two-thirds of the cartoons showed the death of an important character, compared with half of the adult dramas. Researchers watched deadly animal attacks in five films (A Bug’s Life, The Croods, How to Train Your Dragon, Finding Nemo and Tarzan); shootings in three films (Bambi, Peter Pan and Pocahontas); and deadly stabbings (刺伤) in two films (Sleeping Beauty and The Little Mermaid). “On-screen death and violence can be frightening to young children and can have strong and long-lasting effects. This might be a problem when children haven’t been prepared.” 5. What did the research find? A. On-screen violence in kids’ films. B. Dramatic plots in animated films. C. Adults’ favorite cartoon movies. D. Children’s favorites in the cinema. 6. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Heroes and heroines. B. Parents of main characters. C. Deaths in films for adults. D. Children’s animated films. 7. What message does the author want to convey by mentioning many films? A. Deadly animal attacks are the theme. B. Animated films are favored by adults. C. Various violence can occur now and then. D. Wildlife is the main role in animated films. 8. What is the best title for the text? A. Problems Explained to Kids B. Dramatic Films for Children C. Weaknesses in animated Films D. Harmful Acts in Kids’ Films 【答案】5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过大量影片的举例指出，与人们通常认为的儿童影片是健康娱乐形式的观念不同，儿童影片中存在大量死亡和暴力场景，这些场景可能对儿童产生不良影响。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Rather than being the healthy form of entertainment, they are full of on-screen death and murder.(它们不是健康的娱乐形式，而是充斥着银幕上的死亡和谋杀)”可知，儿童电影中存在暴力。故选A。 6. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Researchers found that the parents of heroes or heroines died most often in children’s films. They were five times more likely to be killed than they were in films for adults.(研究人员发现，在儿童影片中，男女主角的父母最常去世。他们被杀死的可能性是成人电影中的五倍)”可知，画线词前句和本句存在顺承关系，故They指主人公的父母。故选B。 7. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers watched deadly animal attacks in five films (A Bug’s Life, The Croods, How to Train Your Dragon, Finding Nemo and Tarzan); shootings in three films (Bambi, Peter Pan and Pocahontas); and deadly stabbings in two films (Sleeping Beauty and The Little Mermaid). (研究人员在五部电影中观察到了致命的动物攻击（《虫虫危机》、《疯狂原始人》、《驯龙高手》、《海底总动员》和《人猿泰山》）；三部电影（《小鹿斑比》、《彼得·潘》和《风中奇缘》）中的枪杀；以及在两部电影（《睡美人》和《小美人鱼》）中致命的刺杀)”可知，儿童电影中出现暴力概率很高。故选C。 8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Researchers did their research by watching 135 popular North American films from 1937 to today. The films included 45 children’s animated movies and 90 dramatic films for adults. “Rather than being the healthy form of entertainment, they are full of on-screen death and murder.”(研究人员通过观看从1937年至今的135部北美流行电影进行了研究。这些电影包括45部儿童动画电影和90部成人戏剧电影。“它们不是健康的娱乐形式，而是充斥着银幕上的死亡和谋杀。”)”可知，本文主要介绍了儿童影片中有大量死亡和谋杀场景。因此D项“儿童电影中的有害行为”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。 记叙文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 记叙文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 记叙文选标题三大方法 1. 主题句法 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。 2. 关键词法 全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的关键词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3. 逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，逐一排除，缩小范围，接近的即为正确选项。 记叙文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【高考真题】 (2023新课标II卷) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【答案】24. D 25. C 26. A 27. B 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。 24.细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。 25.推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.(她说。“他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。”虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。 26.推理判断题。根据最后一段“She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走了出去，”她说，“他们觉得成功。”)”可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。 27.主旨大意题。本文介绍了学校花园项目“Urban Sprouts”发起的目的、学生最初对它的反应、项目活动内容以及它给学生的身心健康带来的良好影响。由此推知,C项“变成蔬菜的爱好者”可以概括“Urban Sprouts”项目的作用,适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·河北·阶段练习）My mother and father emigrated from India to America in 1988. My brother and I were born soon after, making us both the first American-born members of our family. Upon coming to America, our parents worked extremely hard to make a living, and, as such, sacrifices were made to ensure a better life for all of us. Our father worked seven days a week, and our mother would work all day. I remember waving good-bye to my mother every morning as she drove off to work, and then I walked to school alone with a house key dangling (悬挂) on a chain around my neck. After school, I would come home to an empty house. When my mother finally came home, she had to clean and prepare dinner and didn’t have time to help me with my homework or play with me. Looking back, I realize that this helped shape my independence and resourcefulness, because I had to figure out how to do things on my own. But at the time, I was angry. In the mid-1990s, everyone else’s mother stayed home and went to the parent-teacher association and school field trips, and I didn’t want to be different. I also remember having only one birthday party as a boy; my parents were always too busy working. I swore that when I became a parent, I would do things differently. Since making a living was always a struggle for my parents, education was very important to them. My father believed that we could use education to make our life better. He would always say, “People can take away your house or your possessions, but they can never take away what you have learned.” I had high expectations of myself as well, so I worked all through high school and was able to put myself through college. I attended the University of California for my undergraduate studies, majoring in business management and design, and then later went to Northwestern University to get my MBA in marketing and finance. Finally, a ray of light found its way into my life. 1. What was the author’s parents’ life in America like? A. It was tough. B. It was colorful. C. It was interesting. D. It was lonely. 2. What impact did the author’s family have on his growth? A. It made him always ignore his studies. B. It made him independent and intelligent. C. It caused him to do many things differently. D. It caused him to feel disappointed with others. 3. What does the author’s experience mainly show? A. Education changes life. B. Dreams will always come true. C. Failure makes people ambitious. D. Family’s care leads to success. 4. Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A. Parents’ Hard Work B. The So-called Difference C. The Value of Education D. Our History of Struggle 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者父母1988年从印度移民美国后辛勤谋生，作者童年虽孤独不满却渐独立；父母重视教育，作者努力学习获名校学位，生活迎来转机。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Upon coming to America, our parents worked extremely hard to make a living, and, as such, sacrifices were made to ensure a better life for all of us.(来到美国后，我们的父母拼命努力谋生，为此他们做出了诸多牺牲，以确保我们所有人都能过上更好的生活)”以及第二段“Our father worked seven days a week, and our mother would work all day.(我们的父亲一周工作七天，而我们的母亲则全天工作)”可知，作者的父母在美国的生活很艰难。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Looking back, I realize that this helped shape my independence and resourcefulness, because I had to figure out how to do things on my own.(回首往事，我意识到这极大地培养了我的独立性和应变能力，因为我不得不学会自己解决问题)”可知，作者的家庭使他变得独立且聪明。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Since making a living was always a struggle for my parents, education was very important to them. My father believed that we could use education to make our life better.(由于父母一直为生计而苦苦挣扎，所以教育对他们来说非常重要。我的父亲认为，我们可以通过教育来改善我们的生活)”可知，作者的经历主要表明了教育能改变人生。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“I had high expectations of myself as well, so I worked all through high school and was able to put myself through college. I attended the University of California for my undergraduate studies, majoring in business management and design, and then later went to Northwestern University to get my MBA in marketing and finance. Finally, a ray of light found its way into my life.(我自己也对自己抱有很高的期望，所以整个高中时期我都在勤奋学习，最终得以自己支付学费完成了大学学业。我在加利福尼亚大学完成了本科学业，主修商业管理和设计专业，之后又前往西北大学攻读市场营销和金融方向的工商管理硕士学位。最后，光明终于照进了我的生活)”结合文章讲述了作者父母1988年从印度移民美国后辛勤谋生，作者童年虽孤独不满却渐独立；父母重视教育，作者努力学习获名校学位，生活迎来转机。可知，D选项“我们奋斗的历史”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （25-26高三上·江西抚州·阶段练习）When Sandra Mejia received news in 2023 that her beloved plant store, Plant Chica, had to close within 90 days, her heart sank. The store — first opened as a pop-up store in 2018 and later turned into a greenhouse in a repurposed auto body shop — had become a gathering spot for locals. Although business was slow during the winter of 2023, Mejia was always feeling positive about the store because having a physical store was her dream.“We were having a really hard time letting go of it,” said Mejia. “I felt like I was never going to find anything as special as that space.” But hope arrived unexpectedly. A community organization read about her story and reached out. Robbie Lee, from a local nonprofit organization, thought Mejia might be a good fit for what his organization was trying to build in Leimert Park. “She seemed to have some strong connection to the South L.A. community,” Lee explained. He believed Mejia’s passion matched their vision for a cultural center in Los Angeles. So, he decided to help her find a new place. After viewing several locations, Mejia discovered a suitable place. In late 2024, the new Plant Chica opened. The redesigned greenhouse, with gravel paths and a weather-resistant dome (圆屋顶), became an instant favorite. The new space is special for another reason: The open space allows Mejia to more easily facilitate the community events and cooperation she is known for. When Amorette Brooms, a fellow small business owner, faced the closure of her business, Mejia offered her free space at Plant Chica. This action turned into a sustainable model: currently, four local marketers operate their businesses rent-free within the greenhouse. “This model gives small businesses a chance to grow,” Brooms said. For Mejia, Plant Chica is more than a plant store. It's proof that when people come together, beautiful things grow. Reflecting on her journey, Mejia shared, “My son cut the ribbon at both stores. That's the lesson - when things get tough, don't give up. Find new paths forward.” 5. How did Sandra Mejia feel about the news in 2023? A. Excited about making a change. B. Depressed and completely at a loss. C. Indifferent due to slow winter sales. D. Relieved to end the struggling business. 6. What made Robbie Lee determined to help Mejia? A. Her knowledge of gardening. B. Her chance of drawing visitors. C. Her cultural ties and community spirit. D. Her experience in running businesses. 7. What is the key benefit of Mejia’s rental model according to Brooms? A. It greatly increases Plant Chica’s profits. B. It makes her store a popular check-in spot. C. It promotes competition among businesses. D. It helps small businesses to survive and grow. 8. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Plant Chica’s Rebirth: Unity and Hope B. A Greenhouse’s Architectural Transformation C. A New Running Model for Plant Chica D. Surviving Challenges: Small Businesses in Crisis 【答案】5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了2023年，梅贾的植物商店面临关闭。一个社区组织帮她找到了一个新地方；这家2024年开业的商店可以让她举办社区活动，并为小企业提供免费空间，展示团结和希望。 5. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“When Sandra Mejia received news in 2023 that her beloved plant store, Plant Chica, had to close within 90 days, her heart sank.( 2023年，当桑德拉·梅贾（Sandra Mejia）收到她心爱的植物商店Plant Chica必须在90天内关闭的消息时，她的心一沉。)”以及““We were having a really hard time letting go of it,” said Mejia. “I felt like I was never going to find anything as special as that space.”(“我们真的很难放下它，”梅贾说。“我觉得我再也找不到像那个地方那么特别的地方了。”)”可推知，桑德拉·梅贾对2023年的消息感到沮丧和完全不知所措。故选B项。 6. 细节理解题。根据第二段中““She seemed to have some strong connection to the South L.A. community,” Lee explained. He believed Mejia’s passion matched their vision for a cultural center in Los Angeles. So, he decided to help her find a new place.(“她似乎与南洛杉矶社区有着密切的联系，”李解释说。他相信梅贾的热情与他们在洛杉矶建立文化中心的愿景相吻合。所以，他决定帮她找个新地方。)”可知，“社区联结”和“契合文化中心愿景的热情”（体现社区精神）是李帮助她的核心原因。故选C项。 7. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Mejia offered her free space at Plant Chica. This action turned into a sustainable model: currently, four local marketers operate their businesses rent-free within the greenhouse. “This model gives small businesses a chance to grow,” Brooms said.(梅贾为她提供了Plant Chica的免费空间。这一行动变成了一个可持续的模式：目前，四名当地营销人员在温室内免费经营他们的业务。“这种模式给小企业一个成长的机会，”布鲁姆斯说。)”可知，根据布鲁姆斯的说法，梅贾的租赁模式的主要好处是它帮助小企业生存和发展。故选D项。 8. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了2023年，梅贾的植物商店面临关闭。一个社区组织帮她找到了一个新地方；这家2024年开业的商店可以让她举办社区活动，并为小企业提供免费空间，展示团结和希望。由此可知，这篇文章最适合的标题是“Plant Chica的重生：团结与希望”。故选A项。 说明文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 2. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【高考真题】 (2025全国II卷) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29.细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 30.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 31. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·四川成都·阶段练习）With self-driving cars gaining popularity in today’s automobile landscape, the issue of legal liability (法律责任) in the case of an accident has become more relevant. Research in human-vehicle interaction has shown even systems designed to automate driving are far from being error-proof. Besides, recent evidence points to drivers’ limited understanding of what these systems can and cannot do as a contributing factor to system misuse. A recent study tackles the issue of over-trusting drivers and the resulting system misuse from a legal viewpoint. It looks at what the manufacturers of self-driving cars should legally do to ensure that drivers understand how to use the vehicles appropriately. One solution suggested in the study involves requiring buyers to sign end-user license agreements (EULAs) , similar to the terms and conditions that require agreement when using new software products. But this is far from ideal. The agreement may not provide enough information to the driver, leading to confusion about the nature of the requests for agreement and their implications. Further, most end users don’t read EULAs. A 2017 study shows 91 percent of people agree to them without reading. Among young people, 97 percent agree without reviewing the terms. The issue is that, unlike using a smartphone app, operating a car has intrinsic and serious safety risks, whether the driver is human or software. And human drivers need to consent (准许) to take responsibility for the outcomes of the software and hardware. “Warning fatigue” and distracted driving are also causes for concern. For example, a driver, annoyed after receiving continuous warnings, could decide to just ignore the message. Or, if the message is presented while the vehicle is in motion, it could represent a distraction. Given these limitations and concerns, even if this mode of obtaining consent is to move forward, it likely won’t fully protect automakers from their legal liability, should the system malfunction or an accident occur. Driver training for self-driving vehicles can help ensure that drivers fully understand system capabilities and limitations. This needs to occur beyond the vehicle purchase. Recent evidence shows even relying on the information provided by the seller is not going to answer many questions. All of this considered, the road forward for self-driving cars is not going to be a smooth ride after all. 1. What can we learn from recent studies in human-vehicle interaction? A. Automatic driving systems are not immune to errors. B. Driverless vehicles may be misused by some people. C. Self-driving car makers aren’t aware of the legal matters. D. Drivers have limited knowledge of the automatic systems. 2. What is the problem with requiring buyers to sign EULAs? A. Drivers aren’t willing to take responsibility. B. End users find the terms complex to interpret. C. The information provided may cause confusion. D. Most users sign them without reading the terms. 3. What would drivers do when they suffer from “warning fatigue”? A. Be distracted easily by the message. B. Rest a while to avoid fatigue driving. C. Waste no time keeping the car moving. D. Take no action despite repeated warnings. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How Can We Reduce Self-Driving Risks? B. Who’s to Blame if a Self-Driving Car Crashes? C. Are Self-Driving Systems Truly Safe and Legal? D. Where Will the Human-Vehicles Interaction Lead? 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕自动驾驶汽车事故的法律责任展开，分析相关问题并探讨确保司机正确使用系统的方案。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Research in human-vehicle interaction has shown even systems designed to automate driving are far from being error-proof. (人车交互研究表明，即使是为自动驾驶设计的系统也远非无懈可击)”可知，自动驾驶系统并非不会出错。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Further, most end users don’t read EULAs. A 2017 study shows 91 percent of people agree to them without reading. Among young people, 97 percent agree without reviewing the terms. (此外，大多数终端用户不会阅读最终用户许可协议（EULAs）。2017年的一项研究显示，91%的人未阅读就同意了协议。在年轻人中，97%的人未查看条款就同意了)”可知，要求买家签署EULAs的问题在于大多数用户未阅读就签署。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第五段中““Warning fatigue” and distracted driving are also causes for concern. For example, a driver, annoyed after receiving continuous warnings, could decide to just ignore the message.(“警告疲劳”和分心驾驶也令人担忧。例如，司机在收到连续警告后感到厌烦，可能会决定无视这些信息)”可知，遭遇“警告疲劳”时，司机可能会无视反复的警告。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。文章开篇即点明“the issue of legal liability (法律责任) in the case of an accident has become more relevant (事故发生时的法律责任问题变得更加重要)”，后文围绕自动驾驶汽车事故的法律责任，分析司机对系统的认知不足、EULAs方案的缺陷、“警告疲劳”等问题，并提及司机培训的必要性。核心围绕“自动驾驶汽车出事该谁负责”展开，B选项 “Who’s to Blame if a Self-Driving Car Crashes? (如果自动驾驶汽车撞车，该怪谁？)”能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选B。 （25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习）Scientists are advancing brain-computer interface (BCI) technology with a breakthrough system that translates inner speech into audible words. Developed by US researchers, this “thought decoder (解码器)” achieved 74% accuracy in converting the imagined speech of four paralyzed volunteers into sound. Unlike earlier BCIs, which relied on brain signals from attempted speech or writing, the new device directly interprets neural patterns linked to phonemes (speech units), aiming to restore fluent communication for those with speech or motor disabilities. The system works by implanting sensors in the motor cortex (运动皮层), the brain region controlling movement, including speech. As volunteers think of words, machine learning algorithms (算法) analyze neural activity to identify phoneme patterns and reconstruct sentences. Stanford neuroscientist Benyamin Meschede-Krasa explains, “If you just have to think about speech instead of actually trying to speak, it’s potentially easier and faster.” Researchers discovered overlapping brain signals between attempted and imagined speech, but the system could distinguish them through probability calculations. For example, it recognized 125,000 words by linking frequent phoneme combinations. “These patterns are a similar but smaller version of attempted speech activity,” notes Stanford’s Frank Willett, adding, “We decoded them well enough to prove the principle, but not as well as attempted speech.” There’s still a long way to go here, and the BCI often fell far short of that 74% maximum accuracy rating. However, by utilizing upgraded implant technology and mapping more of the brain for thought cues, the researchers are confident that the system can be quickly improved over the next few years. Another issue to overcome is the potential for translating, logging, and speaking out inner monologues that are intended to be kept private — not something you want in a BCI. Safeguards like thinking of a special password start and stop decoding could be implemented here, the researchers suggest. This concept was trialed in the experiments with 98 percent accuracy. This follows other progress, such as a recent real-time thought-decoding study (personalized to one individual). “The future of BCIs is bright,” Willett says. “This gives hope that speech BCIs may one day restore communication as fluent and natural as conversational speech.” 5. How does the new BCI system differ from earlier models? A. It uses external sensors instead of implants. B. It requires physical movement to generate speech. C. It relies on brain signals from attempted writing only. D. It directly decodes neural patterns associated with inner speech. 6. What can we infer from Paragraph 3? A. Benyamin Meschede-Krasa invented the new BCI system. B. The motor cortex is only responsible for speaking movements. C. Machine learning plays a key role in linking brain signals to words. D. The new BCI needs users to silently speak words to generate neural signals. 7. What privacy concern is raised about the BCI system? A. It stores thoughts without user approval. B. It might decode unintended private thoughts. C. It cannot differentiate between multiple users. D. It requires users to share mental passwords publicly 8. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. BCIs: The Future of Medical Implants. B. Breakthrough in Decoding Imagined Speech. C. The Morals of Translating Inner Monologues. D. Overcoming Paralysis Through Brain Technology. 【答案】5. D 6. C 7. B 8. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国研究人员开发出一种“思维解码器”，能将瘫痪患者想象中的语言转化为声音，实现了74%的准确率，并讨论了其工作原理、当前局限及未来改进方向。 5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Unlike earlier BCIs, which relied on brain signals from attempted speech or writing, the new device directly interprets neural patterns linked to phonemes (speech units), aiming to restore fluent communication for those with speech or motor disabilities.(与早期依赖尝试说话或写字的脑信号的脑机接口不同，新设备直接解读与音素（语音单位）相关的神经模式，旨在为有语言或运动障碍的人恢复流利的交流。)”可知，新的脑机接口系统与早期模型的不同之处在于它直接解码与内心独白相关的神经模式。故选D。 6. 推理判断题。根据第三段“As volunteers think of words, machine learning algorithms (算法) analyze neural activity to identify phoneme patterns and reconstruct sentences.(当志愿者思考单词时，机器学习算法分析神经活动以识别音素模式并重建句子。)”可推断出，机器学习在将大脑信号与单词联系起来的过程中起着关键作用。故选C。 7. 推理判断题。根据第六段“Another issue to overcome is the potential for translating, logging, and speaking out inner monologues that are intended to be kept private — not something you want in a BCI.(另一个需要克服的问题是，翻译、记录和说出本应保密的内心独白的潜在可能性——这不是你在脑机接口中想要的。)”可知，脑机接口系统可能存在的隐私问题是它可能会解码意外的私人想法。故选B。 8. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了美国研究人员开发出一种“思维解码器”，能将瘫痪患者想象中的语言转化为声音，实现了74%的准确率，并讨论了其工作原理、当前局限及未来改进方向。由此可知，B项：Breakthrough in Decoding Imagined Speech(解码想象语言的突破)是最好的标题。故选B。 间接信息题3篇 【名师点津】 “间接信息题”的最优处理方法： 第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。 第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。 第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。 【高考真题】 (2024新课标I卷) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段练习）We all pursue an ideal weight number for health and confidence, often using childhood memories, online calculators or BMI charts. However, Dr. Yoni Freedhoff warns these methods fail to consider individual differences. Our bodies change dramatically with age due to metabolism (新陈代谢) and lifestyle. For decades, Body Mass Index (BMI) dominated weight assessments. This simple height-weight calculation sorts people from underweight to overweight. Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. Recent studies show that nearly 30% of people classified as overweight by BMI actually have healthy body fat percentages and normal metabolic profiles. Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says Dr. Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease. However, even BRI has limitations — it can’t distinguish between fat types or account for medical conditions affecting belly size, such as digestive disorders. Doctors increasingly emphasize overall health markers over specific weights. “Instead of focusing on a’magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay. For those with weight-related conditions, even 5-10% weight loss can significantly improve health. A 2023 study found patients who achieved modest weight reduction showed better health markers than those pursuing extreme weight loss. The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits. “When you eat nutritiously and stay active, your body finds its natural healthy weight,” advises Dr. Freedhoff. For some, medications or surgery may help, but the real goal is lifestyle change — not to achieve an ideal number on your scale. True health,after all, is measured not by a momentary reading on a scale, but by the daily choices that nourish both body and life. 1. Why does the author mention 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents? A. To show BMI’s limitations. B. To prove BMI’s popularity. C. To describe BMI’s main users. D. To introduce BMI’s target group. 2. What is the main advantage of BRI? A. It clarifies different kinds of fat. B. It evaluates all types of body fat. C. It measures highly risky body fat. D. It identifies harmful chemicals in fat. 3. What is Dr. Jay’s suggestion for weight assessment? A. Stopping using BMI. B. Focusing on specific weights. C. Considering multiple health signs. D. Adopting rapid weight loss approaches. 4. What does the author think of people’s pursuing an ideal weight number? A. Reasonable. B. Unhelpful. C. Dangerous. D. Practical. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出人们常用童年记忆、BMI 等方式追求理想体重，但这些方法忽视个体差异；分析 BMI（未考虑年龄、肌肉量等）和 BRI（未区分脂肪类型）的局限性，强调医生应关注整体健康指标（血压、胆固醇等），并指出健康体重源于可持续生活习惯，而非数字。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight.( 然而，纽约大学的梅勒妮·杰伊（Melanie Jay）博士指出了它的问题：BMI给出的范围与20岁的运动员和70岁的祖父母相同。它忽略了肌肉量、骨密度和健康状况，有时将健康的人视为超重。)”可知，提及“20 岁运动员与 70 岁祖父母”是为了举例说明 BMI 的局限性 —— 对不同年龄、身体状况的人使用相同标准。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says Dr. Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease.( 像身体圆度指数（BRI）这样的新指标关注的是腰围而不是体重。“腹部脂肪比整体体重更危险，”杰伊博士说。研究表明，器官周围的脂肪会产生与糖尿病和心脏病有关的有害化学物质。)”可知，BRI 的优势是“关注腰围（即内脏脂肪），而内脏脂肪比整体体重更危险”，即测量高风险脂肪。故选 C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中““Instead of focusing on a’magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay.( 杰伊博士指出：“我们不是把注意力集中在一个‘神奇的数字’上，而是检查血压、胆固醇、睡眠质量和能量水平。”)”可知，杰伊博士建议“关注血压、胆固醇等多种健康指标，而非单一体重数字”。故选 C。 4. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“However, Dr. Yoni Freedhoff warns these methods fail to consider individual differences.( 然而，Yoni Freedhoff博士警告说，这些方法没有考虑到个体差异。)”、第二段中“It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. Recent studies show that nearly 30% of people classified as overweight by BMI actually have healthy body fat percentages and normal metabolic profiles.( 它忽略了肌肉量、骨密度和健康状况，有时将健康的人视为超重。最近的研究表明，近30%被BMI分类为超重的人实际上有健康的体脂百分比和正常的代谢谱。)”及最后一段中“The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits.( 专家们一致认为，最健康的体重不是在图表上找到的，而是通过可持续的习惯找到的。)”可知，作者认为“追求理想体重数字”的方法存在缺陷，且健康体重源于习惯而非数字，故该行为“无帮助”。故选B。 （25-26高三上·浙江嘉兴·阶段练习）In 2006, as a 10-year-old living in one of Delhi’s busiest markets, I would often run downstairs to buy milk, eggs or vegetables for my mother. The shopkeepers knew me by face and often guessed my order before I even spoke. These small market runs taught me more than I realised at the time — quick mental maths, conversations with strangers, and backup plans when a shop was shut. So much unintentional learning. Over time, these routines became daily comfort. Whether it was me or my mother, we enjoyed the smiles, brief chats, and snacks along the way — small moments that quietly held our lives together. Now, things are different. With Blinkit, Zepto, and Instamart, groceries arrive in 10 minutes. While I still enjoy shopping in the market after work, my mother begins her day by comparing prices on apps and ordering everything with a few taps (点击). The grocery trips that once lifted her mood, improved her health, and helped her stay connected with the neighbourhood have disappeared. The joy of being known, of interacting, is dying. And it’s not just her. Many of us now rely more on apps and less on people. Our growing reliance on instant delivery is reducing those everyday moments of interaction. There’s the financial cost too. When you’re too tired or too busy to plan your groceries, you end up ordering in pieces — adding things you don’t need just to hit the free-delivery minimum. Of course, these apps are a gift on tough days when we’re sick or short on time. But next time you feel like opening a grocery app, try walking to your local shop instead. You might come back with more than just groceries — a smile, a quick chat, and a sense of connection. Sometimes, the cost of convenience isn’t what you pay. It’s what you miss. 5. What does the author think of early market runs? A. Adventurous. B. Valuable. C. Tiring. D. Complex. 6. How did the author’s mother change her shopping habit later? A. She turned to online shopping. B. She visited groceries with neighbours. C. She cared about discounts in stores. D. She ordered whatever lifted her mood. 7. What concerns the author about instant delivery? A. It takes away small social moments. B. It involves paying extra service fees. C. It results in poor physical condition. D. It makes people addicted to shopping. 8. What is implied in the last paragraph? A. A shared gift doubles its joy. B. Convenience comes at a cost. C. A smile is free but worth a lot. D. Rush breaks human connection. 【答案】5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过作者童年在德里市场购物的经历，强调了日常购物中的小互动对个人成长和社区联系的重要性。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“These small market runs taught me more than I realised at the time — quick mental maths, conversations with strangers, and backup plans when a shop was shut. So much unintentional learning(这些去市场的小差事教会我的东西比我当时意识到的要多——快速的心算，与陌生人的交谈，以及商店关门时的备用计划。这么多无意的学习)”可知，作者认为早期的市场购物经历对他来说是非常宝贵的，因为它教会了他很多东西。故选B项。 6. 细节理解题。根据第三段“While I still enjoy shopping in the market after work, my mother begins her day by comparing prices on apps and ordering everything with a few taps(虽然我仍然喜欢下班后在市场上购物，但我母亲的一天是从在应用程序上比较价格开始的，点击几下就可以订购所有东西。)”可知，作者的母亲后来转向了在线购物。故选A项。 7. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Our growing reliance on instant delivery is reducing those everyday moments of interaction. The joy of being known, of interacting, is dying.(我们对即时交付的日益依赖正在减少这些日常互动的时刻。被人认识和互动的乐趣正在消失。)”可知，作者担心即时配送会剥夺那些日常的小社交时刻。故选A项。 8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sometimes, the cost of convenience isn’t what you pay. It’s what you miss.(便利的成本有时不是金钱，而是你错过的东西)”可知，有时，便利的成本不是你支付的费用，而是你错过的东西。这暗示了便利是有代价的。故选B项。 心理效应题3篇 【名师点津】 “心理效应题”的最优处理方法： 第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。 第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。 第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。 第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。 【高考真题】 (2023全国乙卷) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 32. 主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 34. 推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）One day, while sitting in a busy Viennese restaurant in the 1920s, Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik noticed that the waiters could successfully remember the details of the orders for the tables that had yet to receive and pay for their food. As soon as the food was delivered and the check was closed, however, the waiters’ memories of the orders seemed to disappear from their minds. Zeigarnik conducted a series of experiments to study this phenomenon. She asked participants to complete a series of 18 to 22 simple tasks, including things like making a clay figure, constructing a puzzle, or completing a math problem. Half of the tasks were interrupted before the participants could complete them. Meanwhile, the participants were able to work on the others until they were done. Afterwards, the participants were asked to tell the experimenter about the tasks they worked on. An initial group of participants recalled interrupted tasks 90% better than the tasks they completed, and a second group of participants recalled interrupted tasks twice as well as completed tasks. Other studies have failed to copy the Zeigarnik effect, and evidence demonstrates that there are a number of factors that impact the effect. This is something Zeigarnik accounted for in the discussion of her original research. She suggested that things like the timing of an interruption, the motivation to successfully complete a task, how tired an individual is, and how difficult they believe a task is, will all impact one’s recall of an unfinished task. The Zeigarnik effect can also be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study sessions can actually improve recall. So instead of studying intensely for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will automatically cause thoughts about the information that must be remembered, which will enable the student to review and consolidate (巩固) it, leading to better recall when they take the exam. 1. What phenomenon does the author describe in paragraph 1? A. Customers delayed ordering food. B. Waiters had a bad instant memory. C. Waiters memorized unfinished orders. D. Customers only focused on efficiency. 2. What can be inferred from Zeigarnik’s experiments? A. Interrupted tasks were better remembered. B. Participants failed to finish simple tasks. C. Participants thought tasks uneasy. D. Interrupted tasks were important. 3. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Hidden principles of Zeigarnik effect. B. Elements that affect Zeigarnik effect. C. Tips that help improve memory. D. Impacts of sudden disturbance. 4. How can students apply the Zeigarnik effect? A. By making use of leisure time. B. By intensifying targeted drills. C. By keeping learning without cease. D. By valuing discontinuous learning. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了蔡格尼克效应（Zeigarnik Effect），即人们对未完成任务的记忆比已完成任务更深刻的现象，并探讨了其科学原理、影响因素及实际应用。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“One day, while sitting in a busy Viennese restaurant in the 1920s, Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik noticed that the waiters could successfully remember the details of the orders for the tables that had yet to receive and pay for their food.(20世纪20年代的一天，当坐在一家繁忙的维也纳餐馆里时，俄罗斯心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik注意到，服务员能够成功地记住那些尚未收到并支付餐费的桌子的订单细节)”可知，作者在第一段描述的现象是服务员记住了未完成的订单。故选C。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“An initial group of participants recalled interrupted tasks 90% better than the tasks they completed, and a second group of participants recalled interrupted tasks twice as well as completed tasks.(结果显示，第一组参与者对被打断任务的记忆比已完成任务的记忆好90%；第二组参与者对被打断任务的记忆则是已完成任务的两倍)”可知，从Zeigarnik的实验中可以推断出被打断的任务更容易被记住。故选A。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“She suggested that things like the timing of an interruption, the motivation to successfully complete a task, how tired an individual is, and how difficult they believe a task is, will all impact one’s recall of an unfinished task.(她指出，中断的时机、完成任务的动机、个体的疲劳程度，以及任务难度的主观认知，都会影响人们对未完成任务的记忆效果)”可知，第三段主要讲了影响Zeigarnik效应的元素。故选B。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“So instead of studying intensely for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will automatically cause thoughts about the information that must be remembered, which will enable the student to review and consolidate (巩固) it, leading to better recall when they take the exam.(因此，与其一次紧张地为考试而学习，不如安排休息时间，让学生专注于其他事情。这将自动引起对必须记住的信息的思考，这将使学生能够回顾和巩固它，从而在考试时更好地回忆)”可知，学生可以通过重视不连续学习来运用Zeigarnik效应。故选D。 （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）In eight experiments, the researchers asked adults to describe what typical children are like. After focusing on children in this way, participants later indicated higher motivation towards sympathetic values, such as helpfulness and social justice, and they reported greater compassion for the difficult situations for other adults. In a field study, the researchers found that when no children were present and all passers-by were adults on a shopping street, adult passers-by made one donation every ten minutes. But when children and adults were equally present, adult passers-by made two donations every ten minutes. These effects could not be accounted for by higher footfall (人流) during busy times. Instead, they suggested that the presence of children can make adults behave more generously and donate more often. Interestingly, these findings point to a widely applicable effect. The researchers observed that the “child salience effect” was obvious among both parents and non-parents, men and women, younger and older participants, and even among those who had relatively negative attitudes towards children. Lead researcher Dr Lukas Wolf from the Department of Psychology explains, “While previous evidence has shown that we are typically more helpful and sympathetic towards children, no research has been done to examine whether the presence of children alone encourages us to be more pro-social towards others in general. Our research addresses this gap by showing that the presence of children brings out broad pro-social motivation and donation behavior towards causes not directly related to children.” Dr Wolf says that this potential for widespread effects is important because it indicates society needs to consider new ways to involve children more directly in various aspects of life. “Our findings showing the importance of children for sympathetic behavior in society provide a glimpse of a much bigger impact,” he says. He adds, “The finding calls for more integration of children in contexts where adults make important long-term decisions, such as on climate change. Various initiatives over recent years have been established to raise the importance of youth voices, for example Children’s Parliament.” 5. The purpose of the research is to examine ________. A. who are more sympathetic — children or adults B. if being around kids makes adults more generous C. when adults have more sympathy for others D. whether adults’ behavior can motivate kids’ sympathy 6. What can be learned from the field study? A. The footfall greatly influenced the result. B. The result went against the researchers’ assumption. C. The presence of kids affected adults’ decisions. D. Adults were willing to give in public places. 7. What is special about the research? A. It made adults more friendly to children. B. It applied the “child salience effect” to the experiments. C. It found kids’ presence encouraged adults’ kindness to others. D. It involved people with relatively negative attitudes to children. 8. What will Dr Wolf probably agree with? A. Adults should set more examples for children. B. There is a need for adults to spend more time with children. C. The society should focus more on children’ growth. D. Children should have more chances to have their voices heard. 【答案】5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究通过实验与实地研究发现，儿童的存在会让成人更具同情心、行为更慷慨（如捐赠增多），且“儿童显著性效应”适用广泛。研究者指出此发现填补空白，还建议让儿童更多参与成人决策场景。 5. 细节理解题。根据第一段“After focusing on children in this way, participants later indicated higher motivation towards sympathetic values, such as helpfulness and social justice, and they reported greater compassion for the difficult situations for other adults.(在以这种方式关注儿童之后，参与者后来表示对同情价值观（如乐于助人和公平正义）有了更强的追求动力，并且他们还表示对其他成年人所面临的困境表现出了更多的同情心)”以及第五段“Our research addresses this gap by showing that the presence of children brings out broad pro-social motivation and donation behavior towards causes not directly related to children.(我们的研究填补了这一空白，研究表明，儿童的存在会激发广泛的亲社会动机，以及针对与儿童无直接关联的公益事业的捐赠行为。)”可知，这个研究的目的是观察孩子在场是否会影响成年人行善。故选B。 6. 细节理解题。根据第二段“In a field study, the researchers found that when no children were present and all passers-by were adults on a shopping street, adult passers-by made one donation every ten minutes. But when children and adults were equally present, adult passers-by made two donations every ten minutes.(在一项实地研究中，研究人员发现，在一个购物街上，如果没有儿童在场，而所有经过的都是成年人时，成年人过路者每十分钟就会进行一次捐赠。但当儿童和成年人数量相当时，成年人过路者每十分钟就会进行两次捐赠)”可知，孩子的存在会影响成年人做决定。故选C。 7. 细节理解题。根据第五段“Lead researcher Dr Lukas Wolf from the Department of Psychology explains, “While previous evidence has shown that we are typically more helpful and sympathetic towards children, no research has been done to examine whether the presence of children alone encourages us to be more pro-social towards others in general. Our research addresses this gap by showing that the presence of children brings out broad pro-social motivation and donation behavior towards causes not directly related to children.”(该研究的首席研究员卢卡斯·沃尔夫博士来自心理学系，他解释道：“虽然此前的证据表明，我们通常会对孩子更加乐于助人且富有同情心，但此前并未有研究探讨单独有孩子的环境是否能促使我们对他人产生更广泛的亲社会行为。我们的研究填补了这一空白，证明了孩子的存在会激发我们对与孩子无关的各类事业展现出广泛的亲社会动机和捐赠行为。”)”可知，这项研究的独特之处在于它发现孩子的存在能够促使成年人对他人更加友善。故选C。 8. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““Our findings showing the importance of children for sympathetic behavior in society provide a glimpse of a much bigger impact,” he says.(他表示：“我们的研究结果表明，儿童对于社会中的共情行为具有重要意义，这一发现让我们得以窥见其更为深远的影响。”)”以及最后一段“The finding calls for more integration of children in contexts where adults make important long-term decisions, such as on climate change. Various initiatives over recent years have been established to raise the importance of youth voices, for example Children’s Parliament.(这一发现表明，在那些由成年人做出重大长期决策（如在气候变化问题上）的环境中，应更多地让儿童参与其中。近年来，已经出台了一系列举措来提高青少年意见的重要性，例如“儿童议会”等)”可知，Dr Wolf认为儿童需要被给予更多的机会发声。故选D。 （24-25高三上·广东·阶段练习）The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. The reason for this unexpected outcome can be traced to the principles of game theory, particularly the prisoner’s dilemma paradox (悖论). Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. This action would create fairness in competition, ensuring that no individual company gains an edge by advertising. However, the dilemma arises when considering the potential actions of competitors. If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors. This creates a situation where each company faces the urge to advertise, fearing that their competitors may do the same and leave them at a disadvantage. In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. This strategic decision reflects the uncertainty and strategic considerations that shape business decisions, even in the face of regulations aimed at public health goals. This application of game theory provides valuable insight into the complexities of influencing human behavior through policy interventions. While well-intended efforts such as advertising bans may seem straightforward in theory, the realities of strategic decision-making and competitive dynamics often lead to unforeseen outcomes. As such, understanding the complexities of game theory can provide valuable insight for policymakers seeking to design more effective interventions and address complex societal challenges. 1. What is a direct result of the ban in the 1970s? A. Cut in tax income. B. Reduction in health risks. C. Rise in tobacco sales. D. Cooperation of companies. 2. How can all competitors benefit in the prisoner’s dilemma? A. They fully trust each other and follow the regulations. B. They act independently and pursue their own interests. C. They increase their market share at the expense of others. D. They ignore competition and focus on their own strategies. 3. Why do most tobacco companies finally choose to advertise? A. To avoid intense competition. B. To gain a competitive advantage. C. To shape better business images. D. To achieve public health goals. 4. What can be the most suitable title for the passage? A. A Good Intention Fails B. A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke C. A Ban Boosts Public Health D. A Dilemma Concerns Cigarette Campaign 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了20世纪70年代初美国禁止香烟广告的案例，指出禁令意外导致烟草销量增加。文章用博弈论的囚徒困境悖论解释原因，反映了政策干预的复杂性，提示政策制定者需深入理解博弈论。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. (尽管政府的意图是劝阻吸烟，减少相关的健康风险，但禁令导致了一个意想不到的结果：主要烟草公司的卷烟销量增加)”可知，20世纪70年代禁令的直接后果是烟草销售增加。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. (正如在囚徒困境中，合作会给双方带来最好的结果一样，如果烟草公司都不做广告，它们将共同受益。)”可知，在囚徒困境中，如果竞争对手相互信任并遵守规则，则对所有竞争对手都有利。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors..(如果一家烟草公司决定无视禁令并为其产品做广告，那么与不做广告的竞争对手相比，它将获得显著的市场份额并增加销售额)”可知，大多数烟草公司最终选择做广告是为了获得竞争优势。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. ( 20世纪70年代初，美国对香烟广告的禁令是公共卫生运动及其意外后果领域的一个引人入胜的研究案例。尽管政府的意图是劝阻吸烟，减少相关的健康风险，但禁令导致了一个意想不到的结果：主要烟草公司的卷烟销量增加。)”和第四段中“In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. (最后，大多数烟草公司决定谨慎行事，不顾禁令，投资广告，以避免在竞争格局中落后。)”以及通读全文可知，文章讲述了20世纪70年代禁令的直接后果是部分烟草公司销售增加，最终大多数烟草公司陷入“囚徒困境”，决定不顾禁令，投资广告，以避免在竞争格局中落后。香烟广告的禁令最后化为云烟。故B选项“A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke (禁令化作云烟)”是文章最佳标题。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题12 阅读理解一轮复习难点突破3（名师点津+名校模拟）原卷版 目录 数据推算题3篇 P2 【名师点津】 P2 【高考真题】 P2 【名校模拟】 P3 猜测词义题3篇 P6 【名师点津】 P6 【高考真题】 P7 【名校模拟】 P8 记叙文选标题3篇 P11 【名师点津】 P11 【高考真题】 P12 【名校模拟】 P13 说明文选标题3篇 P15 【名师点津】 P15 【高考真题】 P16 【名校模拟】 P17 间接信息题3篇 P19 【名师点津】 P19 【高考真题】 P20 【名校模拟】 P21 心理效应题3篇 P22 【名师点津】 P22 【高考真题】 P23 【名校模拟】 P24 数据计算题3篇 【名师点津】 一、解题小妙招 数字计算细节理解题一般会涉及时间、 年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。 数字计算细节理解题的话题有: 广告类; 故事类; 普知识类; 史地自然类;文化教育类。设问方式以when, in which year, how many/much等疑问词开头引出问题。 1.原文定位：依据题干关键词，然后寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。 2.理清关系：数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。 3. 特别关注：decade十年fortnight两周double两倍score二十dozen十二off减价discount折扣。 二、零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【高考真题】 (2025全国I卷) The greening of planes, trains and automobiles Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions (排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation — which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here’s the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around. Each mode of transport has its specific fuel needs. Much is still to be settled, but here are some of the solutions to get us going green. PLANES — Synthetic hydrocarbons The hardest sector to decarbonize is aviation. One long-term option for sustainable fuel for planes is to make hydrocarbons from recycled air. CARS — Batteries Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. New solid-state batteries will take a car farther on a single charge. TRAINS — Electricity Some trains are already electrified through rails or wires; others can be made electric in pretty simple ways. TRUCKS — Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks, but making green hydrogen is expensive. SHIPS — Liquid ammonia Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite (点燃) and requires an engine redesign. This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing,” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It’s estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. “We need to speed up the development of green energy, and it will all get used,” says Wipke. 21. What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018? A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%. C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%. 22. Which mode of transport can go green comparatively easily? A. Planes. B. Trucks. C. Trains. D. Ships. 23. What does Wipke suggest regarding energy transition? A. Limiting fuel consumption. B. Putting more effort into renewables. C. Improving energy efficiency. D. Making electricity more affordable. 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·山东济南·开学考试）Freshwater is vital for all life on our planet. Yet, in many places around the globe, our management of freshwater resources is becoming unsustainable. Understanding the interconnectedness and complexity of local and regional freshwater issues is critical to living sustainably on Earth. That’s why the National Geographic Society and the Nature Conservancy have joined forces to develop a program centered around a unique remote externship (校外实习) program for young adults worldwide. The Experience Throughout the externship, you will learn about freshwater conservation careers from weekly webinars (研讨会) featuring the National Geographic Society and the Nature Conservancy experts, your own research, and informative interviews conducted with local conservation organizations. During this externship, you will also: ·Gain knowledge of freshwater conservation issues and strategies through resources and case studies provided by the two partner organizations. ·Engage with local leaders, conservationists, and community members to grasp freshwater-related challenges and their impacts on the community. ·Apply primary and secondary research methods to investigate existing conservation initiatives and identify local freshwater issues. ·Conduct landscape and gap analyses to uncover conservation gaps and propose actionable solutions. ·Develop written and visual storytelling skills to effectively communicate key issues and community-based action strategies. Qualifications We are seeking young people aged 18-25 from around the globe interested in learning about introductory conservation approaches. No prior work experience or coursework in conservation or environmental topics is required. The program values diversity in beliefs, cultures, and backgrounds. Duration and Rewards Start Date July 14th, 2025 Format Fully remote Program Options Duration Hours/week Hourly Rate Additional Rewards 4 weeks 10 $5 $20 8 weeks 10 $6 $30 Note: Those who finish all required tasks (whether for the 4-week track or the 8-week track) will be qualified for an additional reward. 1. What is the purpose of this externship program? A. To promote international cooperation. B. To provide a hands-on field experience. C. To introduce freshwater-related careers. D. To help understand freshwater challenges. 2. What might participants do during the externship? A. Raise funds for the program. B. Document global case studies. C. Put forward workable solutions. D. Engage in making local policies. 3. How much will an 8-week extern earn at most upon full completion? A. $200. B. $220. C. $510. D. $480. （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Guided Tour for United Nations Headquarters Visit the United Nations in the heart of New York City! Guided tours offer an engaging way to explore the United Nations Headquarters. Visit the Security Council Chamber (会议厅), the Trusteeship Council Chamber, and the Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) Chamber. Learn about how the United Nations addresses issues such as climate change, peace and security, human rights, and how you can support the Sustainable Development Goals. Due to high-level meetings of Heads of State and Government, United Nations Headquarters and Chambers may sometimes close to the public on very short notice.For entry Register Online: All visitors to United Nations Headquarters must register on the United Nations Security Website prior to arrival. Click here to register. Bring Valid (合法的) Identification: All visitors aged 16 and older must bring a valid, original, government-issued photo ID from a UN Member State or Non-Member Observer State to present at entry. Acceptable forms include passport, driver’s license and national identity card. Please note: Only original, physical IDs are accepted ( no photocopies or digital images). For security reasons, children under 5 years of age are not permitted on tour.Hours of operation Weekdays: First tour leaving at 9:30, last tour leaving at 4:45. Please plan to arrive 60 minutes before your tour. The UN Headquarters is closed on weekends and public holidays.Rates for 2025 Adult: $29.00 Student(Ages 13+): $20.00 Child (Ages 5-12): $17.00 4. What can be expected during the tour? A. A visit to four Chambers. B. Participation in several high-level meetings. C. The design for climate projects. D. A knowledge of the routine work of the UN. 5. What is a must for visitors to take the tour? A. Reaching the age of 16. B. Registering online before arrival. C. Bringing a passport copy. D. Presenting an original photograph, 6. How much should a couple with a 11-year-old pay for the tour? A. $46. B. $49. C. $75. D. $78. 猜测词义题3篇 【名师点津】 猜词词义小策略 在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。 解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行: 1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句; 2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺; 3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。 猜词词义思维导图 猜词词义小技巧 1.利用释义法猜词 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 2.利用构词法猜词 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。 3.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 4.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 5.利用语境法解题 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 6.利用同义关系解题 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。 7.利用生活常识解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 代词如何猜测？ 在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到: 1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。 2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。 3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。 零失误小妙招 1.做题留痕，依据题干在原文圈划答题区间； 2.划掉错项，去伪存真，快速作答提升效率； 3.错题反思，专用笔记本记录错因举一反三。 【高考真题】 (2025全国I卷) In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who’d created these people, knew their subjects so well. But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important?” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis (论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn’t strike them as important. This would have to change. As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart. I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However, my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human. 24. Who are the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1? A. Ninth graders. B. Students’ parents. C. Modern writers. D. Fictional characters. 25. Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay? A. They were not given enough time. B. They had a very limited vocabulary. C. They misunderstood the question. D. They had little interest in the topic. 26. What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Mixed. B. Amazing. C. Similar. D. Disturbing. 27. What does the author’s experience show? A. Teaching is learning. B. Still waters run deep. C. Knowledge is power. D. Practice makes perfect. (2025全国II卷) Kathy Ho teaches high school inside Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford (LPCH). “Sometimes I don’t like saying that I’m a teacher,” says Ho. “People get in their minds an idea of what teachers do, but that’s not really what it is here.” “Here” is room 386, where each year, about 500 LPCH patients also become students. The hospital school is free of parents, doctors, and medical procedures. It’s a place of learning. About half of Ho’s students stay for a week or less; others are there for more than a year. Most of Ho’s students will recover, which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. Still, in room 386, academics don’t come first. Physical health and mental health are the priority. “If you’re scared about something and thinking only about that, there’s no way you’re going to be able to learn,” Ho says. “I’m a coach, an adviser, and a comforter, and that’s what it means to be a hospital teacher.” There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” Ho recognizes the psychological benefit of helping kids keep up with their peers (同龄人) outside the hospital. “I actually think the medicine is only a small piece for some problems,” says Julie Good, director of pain management services at LPCH. “It’s about problem-solving around what it means to have a full life. Those kids have dreams. School can keep those dreams alive by giving kids a way to learn and grow.” 24. Who does Ho teach at LPCH? A. Sick children. B. Young nurses. C. Medical students. D. Patients’ parents. 25. What is a characteristic of Ho’s job? A. Prioritizing academics. B. Encouraging innovation. C. Treating various diseases. D. Playing multiple roles. 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A. Offering regular lessons. B. Paying extra attention. C. Assigning no schoolwork. D. Showing no sympathy. 27. How does the hospital school benefit the students according to Good? A. It eases peer pressure. B. It helps them live in hope. C. It frees them from aches. D. It entertains them with stories. 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·山东济南·开学考试）Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime. You know you must act soon; but it’s as if something is stopping you. This ‌“freezing”, or tonic immobility in academic terms, is an adaptive defense response to stress or danger. When we freeze, our heart rate drops and our blood pressure changes. Our pupils might become wider. A flood of hormones (荷尔蒙) spread quickly, readying us for action. It can all happen within seconds. While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive — potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that’s going on? Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University.“Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says.“What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision-making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified. Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn’t slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies. But let’s say you’re not a sniper, or don’t spend your weekends as a living statue. What if you’re about to take an exam or lead a big business meeting? Those situations involving social pressure, may not be life or death, but still can cause freezing. The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation (有节奏的呼气). Instead of feeling out of control, you can master it and — sniper or not — take your best shot. 1. What happens in “freezing” according to the text? A. Awareness is lost. B. The heart pounds. C. Senses are sharper. D. The breath quickens. 2. What does the underlined word “petrified” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Confused. B. Panicked. C. Distressed. D. Occupied. 3. Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. To contrast response types. B. To illustrate freezing causes. C. To support response training. D. To criticize stressful professions. 4. How should students manage exam freezing according to the text? A. Seek professional help. B. Apply trained breathing. C. Hold breath to stay still. D. Make last-minute revisions. （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）Think there’s nothing more healthy than a bag of popcorn and a classic children’s animated film (动画片)? Think again, say Canadian researchers. Researchers did their research by watching 135 popular North American films from 1937 to today. The films included 45 children’s animated movies and 90 dramatic films for adults. “Rather than being the healthy form of entertainment, they are full of on-screen death and murder.” Researchers found that the parents of heroes or heroines died most often in children’s films. They were five times more likely to be killed than they were in films for adults. “There was no evidence that these results had changed over time since Snow White in 1937, when Snow White’s stepmother, the evil queen, was struck by lightning, forced off a cliff (悬崖), and crushed by a big rock,” the authors wrote. Sometimes the death happens at the very beginning of the film. About four minutes and three seconds into Finding Nemo, Nemo’s mother gets eaten by a barracuda fish. In Tarzan, the main character’s parents are killed by a leopard four minutes and eight seconds into the movie. The researchers found that two-thirds of the cartoons showed the death of an important character, compared with half of the adult dramas. Researchers watched deadly animal attacks in five films (A Bug’s Life, The Croods, How to Train Your Dragon, Finding Nemo and Tarzan); shootings in three films (Bambi, Peter Pan and Pocahontas); and deadly stabbings (刺伤) in two films (Sleeping Beauty and The Little Mermaid). “On-screen death and violence can be frightening to young children and can have strong and long-lasting effects. This might be a problem when children haven’t been prepared.” 5. What did the research find? A. On-screen violence in kids’ films. B. Dramatic plots in animated films. C. Adults’ favorite cartoon movies. D. Children’s favorites in the cinema. 6. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Heroes and heroines. B. Parents of main characters. C. Deaths in films for adults. D. Children’s animated films. 7. What message does the author want to convey by mentioning many films? A. Deadly animal attacks are the theme. B. Animated films are favored by adults. C. Various violence can occur now and then. D. Wildlife is the main role in animated films. 8. What is the best title for the text? A. Problems Explained to Kids B. Dramatic Films for Children C. Weaknesses in animated Films D. Harmful Acts in Kids’ Films 记叙文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 记叙文标题三大特点 1. 概括性：语言高度凝练而形式简短 2. 针对性：标题外延与文章内容相符 3. 醒目性：能够激发读者的阅读欲望 记叙文选标题三大方法 1. 主题句法 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。 2. 关键词法 全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的关键词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3. 逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，逐一排除，缩小范围，接近的即为正确选项。 记叙文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【高考真题】 (2023新课标II卷) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·河北·阶段练习）My mother and father emigrated from India to America in 1988. My brother and I were born soon after, making us both the first American-born members of our family. Upon coming to America, our parents worked extremely hard to make a living, and, as such, sacrifices were made to ensure a better life for all of us. Our father worked seven days a week, and our mother would work all day. I remember waving good-bye to my mother every morning as she drove off to work, and then I walked to school alone with a house key dangling (悬挂) on a chain around my neck. After school, I would come home to an empty house. When my mother finally came home, she had to clean and prepare dinner and didn’t have time to help me with my homework or play with me. Looking back, I realize that this helped shape my independence and resourcefulness, because I had to figure out how to do things on my own. But at the time, I was angry. In the mid-1990s, everyone else’s mother stayed home and went to the parent-teacher association and school field trips, and I didn’t want to be different. I also remember having only one birthday party as a boy; my parents were always too busy working. I swore that when I became a parent, I would do things differently. Since making a living was always a struggle for my parents, education was very important to them. My father believed that we could use education to make our life better. He would always say, “People can take away your house or your possessions, but they can never take away what you have learned.” I had high expectations of myself as well, so I worked all through high school and was able to put myself through college. I attended the University of California for my undergraduate studies, majoring in business management and design, and then later went to Northwestern University to get my MBA in marketing and finance. Finally, a ray of light found its way into my life. 1. What was the author’s parents’ life in America like? A. It was tough. B. It was colorful. C. It was interesting. D. It was lonely. 2. What impact did the author’s family have on his growth? A. It made him always ignore his studies. B. It made him independent and intelligent. C. It caused him to do many things differently. D. It caused him to feel disappointed with others. 3. What does the author’s experience mainly show? A. Education changes life. B. Dreams will always come true. C. Failure makes people ambitious. D. Family’s care leads to success. 4. Which of the following may be the best title for the text? A. Parents’ Hard Work B. The So-called Difference C. The Value of Education D. Our History of Struggle （25-26高三上·江西抚州·阶段练习）When Sandra Mejia received news in 2023 that her beloved plant store, Plant Chica, had to close within 90 days, her heart sank. The store — first opened as a pop-up store in 2018 and later turned into a greenhouse in a repurposed auto body shop — had become a gathering spot for locals. Although business was slow during the winter of 2023, Mejia was always feeling positive about the store because having a physical store was her dream.“We were having a really hard time letting go of it,” said Mejia. “I felt like I was never going to find anything as special as that space.” But hope arrived unexpectedly. A community organization read about her story and reached out. Robbie Lee, from a local nonprofit organization, thought Mejia might be a good fit for what his organization was trying to build in Leimert Park. “She seemed to have some strong connection to the South L.A. community,” Lee explained. He believed Mejia’s passion matched their vision for a cultural center in Los Angeles. So, he decided to help her find a new place. After viewing several locations, Mejia discovered a suitable place. In late 2024, the new Plant Chica opened. The redesigned greenhouse, with gravel paths and a weather-resistant dome (圆屋顶), became an instant favorite. The new space is special for another reason: The open space allows Mejia to more easily facilitate the community events and cooperation she is known for. When Amorette Brooms, a fellow small business owner, faced the closure of her business, Mejia offered her free space at Plant Chica. This action turned into a sustainable model: currently, four local marketers operate their businesses rent-free within the greenhouse. “This model gives small businesses a chance to grow,” Brooms said. For Mejia, Plant Chica is more than a plant store. It's proof that when people come together, beautiful things grow. Reflecting on her journey, Mejia shared, “My son cut the ribbon at both stores. That's the lesson - when things get tough, don't give up. Find new paths forward.” 5. How did Sandra Mejia feel about the news in 2023? A. Excited about making a change. B. Depressed and completely at a loss. C. Indifferent due to slow winter sales. D. Relieved to end the struggling business. 6. What made Robbie Lee determined to help Mejia? A. Her knowledge of gardening. B. Her chance of drawing visitors. C. Her cultural ties and community spirit. D. Her experience in running businesses. 7. What is the key benefit of Mejia’s rental model according to Brooms? A. It greatly increases Plant Chica’s profits. B. It makes her store a popular check-in spot. C. It promotes competition among businesses. D. It helps small businesses to survive and grow. 8. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Plant Chica’s Rebirth: Unity and Hope B. A Greenhouse’s Architectural Transformation C. A New Running Model for Plant Chica D. Surviving Challenges: Small Businesses in Crisis 说明文选标题题3篇 【名师点津】 说明文标题错误三大特征 1. 范围太宽泛 选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。 2. 范围太具体 选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。 3. 范围太偏颇 选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。 说明文选标题三大方法 1.主题段法 标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 2. 主题句法 解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 2. 关键词法 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 说明文选标题三大策略 1.正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法 撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 3.排除干扰法 研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 【高考真题】 (2025全国II卷) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·四川成都·阶段练习）With self-driving cars gaining popularity in today’s automobile landscape, the issue of legal liability (法律责任) in the case of an accident has become more relevant. Research in human-vehicle interaction has shown even systems designed to automate driving are far from being error-proof. Besides, recent evidence points to drivers’ limited understanding of what these systems can and cannot do as a contributing factor to system misuse. A recent study tackles the issue of over-trusting drivers and the resulting system misuse from a legal viewpoint. It looks at what the manufacturers of self-driving cars should legally do to ensure that drivers understand how to use the vehicles appropriately. One solution suggested in the study involves requiring buyers to sign end-user license agreements (EULAs) , similar to the terms and conditions that require agreement when using new software products. But this is far from ideal. The agreement may not provide enough information to the driver, leading to confusion about the nature of the requests for agreement and their implications. Further, most end users don’t read EULAs. A 2017 study shows 91 percent of people agree to them without reading. Among young people, 97 percent agree without reviewing the terms. The issue is that, unlike using a smartphone app, operating a car has intrinsic and serious safety risks, whether the driver is human or software. And human drivers need to consent (准许) to take responsibility for the outcomes of the software and hardware. “Warning fatigue” and distracted driving are also causes for concern. For example, a driver, annoyed after receiving continuous warnings, could decide to just ignore the message. Or, if the message is presented while the vehicle is in motion, it could represent a distraction. Given these limitations and concerns, even if this mode of obtaining consent is to move forward, it likely won’t fully protect automakers from their legal liability, should the system malfunction or an accident occur. Driver training for self-driving vehicles can help ensure that drivers fully understand system capabilities and limitations. This needs to occur beyond the vehicle purchase. Recent evidence shows even relying on the information provided by the seller is not going to answer many questions. All of this considered, the road forward for self-driving cars is not going to be a smooth ride after all. 1. What can we learn from recent studies in human-vehicle interaction? A. Automatic driving systems are not immune to errors. B. Driverless vehicles may be misused by some people. C. Self-driving car makers aren’t aware of the legal matters. D. Drivers have limited knowledge of the automatic systems. 2. What is the problem with requiring buyers to sign EULAs? A. Drivers aren’t willing to take responsibility. B. End users find the terms complex to interpret. C. The information provided may cause confusion. D. Most users sign them without reading the terms. 3. What would drivers do when they suffer from “warning fatigue”? A. Be distracted easily by the message. B. Rest a while to avoid fatigue driving. C. Waste no time keeping the car moving. D. Take no action despite repeated warnings. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. How Can We Reduce Self-Driving Risks? B. Who’s to Blame if a Self-Driving Car Crashes? C. Are Self-Driving Systems Truly Safe and Legal? D. Where Will the Human-Vehicles Interaction Lead? （25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习）Scientists are advancing brain-computer interface (BCI) technology with a breakthrough system that translates inner speech into audible words. Developed by US researchers, this “thought decoder (解码器)” achieved 74% accuracy in converting the imagined speech of four paralyzed volunteers into sound. Unlike earlier BCIs, which relied on brain signals from attempted speech or writing, the new device directly interprets neural patterns linked to phonemes (speech units), aiming to restore fluent communication for those with speech or motor disabilities. The system works by implanting sensors in the motor cortex (运动皮层), the brain region controlling movement, including speech. As volunteers think of words, machine learning algorithms (算法) analyze neural activity to identify phoneme patterns and reconstruct sentences. Stanford neuroscientist Benyamin Meschede-Krasa explains, “If you just have to think about speech instead of actually trying to speak, it’s potentially easier and faster.” Researchers discovered overlapping brain signals between attempted and imagined speech, but the system could distinguish them through probability calculations. For example, it recognized 125,000 words by linking frequent phoneme combinations. “These patterns are a similar but smaller version of attempted speech activity,” notes Stanford’s Frank Willett, adding, “We decoded them well enough to prove the principle, but not as well as attempted speech.” There’s still a long way to go here, and the BCI often fell far short of that 74% maximum accuracy rating. However, by utilizing upgraded implant technology and mapping more of the brain for thought cues, the researchers are confident that the system can be quickly improved over the next few years. Another issue to overcome is the potential for translating, logging, and speaking out inner monologues that are intended to be kept private — not something you want in a BCI. Safeguards like thinking of a special password start and stop decoding could be implemented here, the researchers suggest. This concept was trialed in the experiments with 98 percent accuracy. This follows other progress, such as a recent real-time thought-decoding study (personalized to one individual). “The future of BCIs is bright,” Willett says. “This gives hope that speech BCIs may one day restore communication as fluent and natural as conversational speech.” 5. How does the new BCI system differ from earlier models? A. It uses external sensors instead of implants. B. It requires physical movement to generate speech. C. It relies on brain signals from attempted writing only. D. It directly decodes neural patterns associated with inner speech. 6. What can we infer from Paragraph 3? A. Benyamin Meschede-Krasa invented the new BCI system. B. The motor cortex is only responsible for speaking movements. C. Machine learning plays a key role in linking brain signals to words. D. The new BCI needs users to silently speak words to generate neural signals. 7. What privacy concern is raised about the BCI system? A. It stores thoughts without user approval. B. It might decode unintended private thoughts. C. It cannot differentiate between multiple users. D. It requires users to share mental passwords publicly 8. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. BCIs: The Future of Medical Implants. B. Breakthrough in Decoding Imagined Speech. C. The Morals of Translating Inner Monologues. D. Overcoming Paralysis Through Brain Technology. 间接信息题3篇 【名师点津】 “间接信息题”的最优处理方法： 第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。 第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。 第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。 【高考真题】 (2024新课标I卷) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段练习）We all pursue an ideal weight number for health and confidence, often using childhood memories, online calculators or BMI charts. However, Dr. Yoni Freedhoff warns these methods fail to consider individual differences. Our bodies change dramatically with age due to metabolism (新陈代谢) and lifestyle. For decades, Body Mass Index (BMI) dominated weight assessments. This simple height-weight calculation sorts people from underweight to overweight. Yet Dr. Melanie Jay from NYU points out its problems: BMI gives the same ranges for 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents. It ignores muscle mass, bone density, and health conditions, sometimes regarding fit individuals as overweight. Recent studies show that nearly 30% of people classified as overweight by BMI actually have healthy body fat percentages and normal metabolic profiles. Newer metrics like the Body Roundness Index (BRI) focus on waist size instead of weight. “Belly fat is more dangerous than overall weight,” says Dr. Jay. Research indicates fat around organs produces harmful chemicals linked to diabetes and heart disease. However, even BRI has limitations — it can’t distinguish between fat types or account for medical conditions affecting belly size, such as digestive disorders. Doctors increasingly emphasize overall health markers over specific weights. “Instead of focusing on a’magic number,’ we examine blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇), sleep quality and energy levels,” notes Dr. Jay. For those with weight-related conditions, even 5-10% weight loss can significantly improve health. A 2023 study found patients who achieved modest weight reduction showed better health markers than those pursuing extreme weight loss. The healthiest weight, experts agree, isn’t found on charts but through sustainable habits. “When you eat nutritiously and stay active, your body finds its natural healthy weight,” advises Dr. Freedhoff. For some, medications or surgery may help, but the real goal is lifestyle change — not to achieve an ideal number on your scale. True health,after all, is measured not by a momentary reading on a scale, but by the daily choices that nourish both body and life. 1. Why does the author mention 20-year-old athletes and 70-year-old grandparents? A. To show BMI’s limitations. B. To prove BMI’s popularity. C. To describe BMI’s main users. D. To introduce BMI’s target group. 2. What is the main advantage of BRI? A. It clarifies different kinds of fat. B. It evaluates all types of body fat. C. It measures highly risky body fat. D. It identifies harmful chemicals in fat. 3. What is Dr. Jay’s suggestion for weight assessment? A. Stopping using BMI. B. Focusing on specific weights. C. Considering multiple health signs. D. Adopting rapid weight loss approaches. 4. What does the author think of people’s pursuing an ideal weight number? A. Reasonable. B. Unhelpful. C. Dangerous. D. Practical. （25-26高三上·浙江嘉兴·阶段练习）In 2006, as a 10-year-old living in one of Delhi’s busiest markets, I would often run downstairs to buy milk, eggs or vegetables for my mother. The shopkeepers knew me by face and often guessed my order before I even spoke. These small market runs taught me more than I realised at the time — quick mental maths, conversations with strangers, and backup plans when a shop was shut. So much unintentional learning. Over time, these routines became daily comfort. Whether it was me or my mother, we enjoyed the smiles, brief chats, and snacks along the way — small moments that quietly held our lives together. Now, things are different. With Blinkit, Zepto, and Instamart, groceries arrive in 10 minutes. While I still enjoy shopping in the market after work, my mother begins her day by comparing prices on apps and ordering everything with a few taps (点击). The grocery trips that once lifted her mood, improved her health, and helped her stay connected with the neighbourhood have disappeared. The joy of being known, of interacting, is dying. And it’s not just her. Many of us now rely more on apps and less on people. Our growing reliance on instant delivery is reducing those everyday moments of interaction. There’s the financial cost too. When you’re too tired or too busy to plan your groceries, you end up ordering in pieces — adding things you don’t need just to hit the free-delivery minimum. Of course, these apps are a gift on tough days when we’re sick or short on time. But next time you feel like opening a grocery app, try walking to your local shop instead. You might come back with more than just groceries — a smile, a quick chat, and a sense of connection. Sometimes, the cost of convenience isn’t what you pay. It’s what you miss. 5. What does the author think of early market runs? A. Adventurous. B. Valuable. C. Tiring. D. Complex. 6. How did the author’s mother change her shopping habit later? A. She turned to online shopping. B. She visited groceries with neighbours. C. She cared about discounts in stores. D. She ordered whatever lifted her mood. 7. What concerns the author about instant delivery? A. It takes away small social moments. B. It involves paying extra service fees. C. It results in poor physical condition. D. It makes people addicted to shopping. 8. What is implied in the last paragraph? A. A shared gift doubles its joy. B. Convenience comes at a cost. C. A smile is free but worth a lot. D. Rush breaks human connection. 心理效应题3篇 【名师点津】 “心理效应题”的最优处理方法： 第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。 第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now, But, However之后才是关键。 第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。 第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。 【高考真题】 (2023全国乙卷) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【名校模拟】 （25-26高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）One day, while sitting in a busy Viennese restaurant in the 1920s, Russian psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik noticed that the waiters could successfully remember the details of the orders for the tables that had yet to receive and pay for their food. As soon as the food was delivered and the check was closed, however, the waiters’ memories of the orders seemed to disappear from their minds. Zeigarnik conducted a series of experiments to study this phenomenon. She asked participants to complete a series of 18 to 22 simple tasks, including things like making a clay figure, constructing a puzzle, or completing a math problem. Half of the tasks were interrupted before the participants could complete them. Meanwhile, the participants were able to work on the others until they were done. Afterwards, the participants were asked to tell the experimenter about the tasks they worked on. An initial group of participants recalled interrupted tasks 90% better than the tasks they completed, and a second group of participants recalled interrupted tasks twice as well as completed tasks. Other studies have failed to copy the Zeigarnik effect, and evidence demonstrates that there are a number of factors that impact the effect. This is something Zeigarnik accounted for in the discussion of her original research. She suggested that things like the timing of an interruption, the motivation to successfully complete a task, how tired an individual is, and how difficult they believe a task is, will all impact one’s recall of an unfinished task. The Zeigarnik effect can also be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study sessions can actually improve recall. So instead of studying intensely for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will automatically cause thoughts about the information that must be remembered, which will enable the student to review and consolidate (巩固) it, leading to better recall when they take the exam. 1. What phenomenon does the author describe in paragraph 1? A. Customers delayed ordering food. B. Waiters had a bad instant memory. C. Waiters memorized unfinished orders. D. Customers only focused on efficiency. 2. What can be inferred from Zeigarnik’s experiments? A. Interrupted tasks were better remembered. B. Participants failed to finish simple tasks. C. Participants thought tasks uneasy. D. Interrupted tasks were important. 3. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Hidden principles of Zeigarnik effect. B. Elements that affect Zeigarnik effect. C. Tips that help improve memory. D. Impacts of sudden disturbance. 4. How can students apply the Zeigarnik effect? A. By making use of leisure time. B. By intensifying targeted drills. C. By keeping learning without cease. D. By valuing discontinuous learning. （25-26高三上·安徽·阶段练习）In eight experiments, the researchers asked adults to describe what typical children are like. After focusing on children in this way, participants later indicated higher motivation towards sympathetic values, such as helpfulness and social justice, and they reported greater compassion for the difficult situations for other adults. In a field study, the researchers found that when no children were present and all passers-by were adults on a shopping street, adult passers-by made one donation every ten minutes. But when children and adults were equally present, adult passers-by made two donations every ten minutes. These effects could not be accounted for by higher footfall (人流) during busy times. Instead, they suggested that the presence of children can make adults behave more generously and donate more often. Interestingly, these findings point to a widely applicable effect. The researchers observed that the “child salience effect” was obvious among both parents and non-parents, men and women, younger and older participants, and even among those who had relatively negative attitudes towards children. Lead researcher Dr Lukas Wolf from the Department of Psychology explains, “While previous evidence has shown that we are typically more helpful and sympathetic towards children, no research has been done to examine whether the presence of children alone encourages us to be more pro-social towards others in general. Our research addresses this gap by showing that the presence of children brings out broad pro-social motivation and donation behavior towards causes not directly related to children.” Dr Wolf says that this potential for widespread effects is important because it indicates society needs to consider new ways to involve children more directly in various aspects of life. “Our findings showing the importance of children for sympathetic behavior in society provide a glimpse of a much bigger impact,” he says. He adds, “The finding calls for more integration of children in contexts where adults make important long-term decisions, such as on climate change. Various initiatives over recent years have been established to raise the importance of youth voices, for example Children’s Parliament.” 5. The purpose of the research is to examine ________. A. who are more sympathetic — children or adults B. if being around kids makes adults more generous C. when adults have more sympathy for others D. whether adults’ behavior can motivate kids’ sympathy 6. What can be learned from the field study? A. The footfall greatly influenced the result. B. The result went against the researchers’ assumption. C. The presence of kids affected adults’ decisions. D. Adults were willing to give in public places. 7. What is special about the research? A. It made adults more friendly to children. B. It applied the “child salience effect” to the experiments. C. It found kids’ presence encouraged adults’ kindness to others. D. It involved people with relatively negative attitudes to children. 8. What will Dr Wolf probably agree with? A. Adults should set more examples for children. B. There is a need for adults to spend more time with children. C. The society should focus more on children’ growth. D. Children should have more chances to have their voices heard. （24-25高三上·广东·阶段练习）The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government’s intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies. The reason for this unexpected outcome can be traced to the principles of game theory, particularly the prisoner’s dilemma paradox (悖论). Just as in the prisoner’s dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. This action would create fairness in competition, ensuring that no individual company gains an edge by advertising. However, the dilemma arises when considering the potential actions of competitors. If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors. This creates a situation where each company faces the urge to advertise, fearing that their competitors may do the same and leave them at a disadvantage. In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. This strategic decision reflects the uncertainty and strategic considerations that shape business decisions, even in the face of regulations aimed at public health goals. This application of game theory provides valuable insight into the complexities of influencing human behavior through policy interventions. While well-intended efforts such as advertising bans may seem straightforward in theory, the realities of strategic decision-making and competitive dynamics often lead to unforeseen outcomes. As such, understanding the complexities of game theory can provide valuable insight for policymakers seeking to design more effective interventions and address complex societal challenges. 1. What is a direct result of the ban in the 1970s? A. Cut in tax income. B. Reduction in health risks. C. Rise in tobacco sales. D. Cooperation of companies. 2. How can all competitors benefit in the prisoner’s dilemma? A. They fully trust each other and follow the regulations. B. They act independently and pursue their own interests. C. They increase their market share at the expense of others. D. They ignore competition and focus on their own strategies. 3. Why do most tobacco companies finally choose to advertise? A. To avoid intense competition. B. To gain a competitive advantage. C. To shape better business images. D. To achieve public health goals. 4. What can be the most suitable title for the passage? A. A Good Intention Fails B. A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke C. A Ban Boosts Public Health D. A Dilemma Concerns Cigarette Campaign 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $