Unit2 Section Ⅳ (1) Past perfect passive（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（外研版）

本讲义聚焦过去完成时被动语态核心知识点，系统梳理其构成（had been done的肯定、否定及疑问式）、用法（过去某时前完成的被动动作，如by/before引导时间状语、宾语从句等场景），并通过与现在完成时被动语态的对比，构建从感知短文语境到自主归纳再到应用的学习支架。 该资料以语篇为载体融合语法教学，通过短文黑体词感知、自主发现规律培养学习能力，对比辨析两种时态被动语态提升思维品质，多样化练习（完成句子、语篇填空、阅读完形）强化语言能力。课中辅助教师系统授课，课后帮助学生巩固语法并提升语用能力，实现知识与技能的结合。

Section Ⅳ　Using language(1)—Past perfect passive 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答以下问题。 My old friend，Jerry，who ①had lived in the Mediterranean region for many years，decided to move to England after retirement.The moving plan ②had been made early before.So the moment he retired，he got it carried out.However，the moment he settled down in the city，he began to complain about the weather，for even though it was still summer，it rained continually and was often bitterly cold，which ③hadn’t been thought of before moving here.He determined that the weather here was more than he could bear and he moved back quickly.The dream he ④had had for so many years ended there. [自主发现] 以上句子中的黑体部分均使用了过去完成时，其构成是had done，表示动作发生在过去的过去；其中②和③是过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为had been done。 过去完成时的被动语态 过去完成时的被动语态所表示的动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成，且谓语动词与句子的主语存在被动关系。句中常用by，before，until，when 等词引导时间状语。 一、过去完成时的被动语态的构成 1．过去完成时的被动语态的肯定式为“主语＋had been done＋其他成分”。 The evidence had been discovered before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00之前已经找到了证据。 2．过去完成时的被动语态的否定式为“主语＋had not been done＋其他成分”。 The evidence hadn’t been discovered before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00之前还没有找到证据。 3．过去完成时的被动语态的疑问句式 (1)过去完成时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将had提到主语的前面，即“Had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分？”。 Had the evidence been discovered before 12：00 yesterday? 昨天12：00之前已经找到证据了吗？ (2)过去完成时的被动语态的特殊疑问句句式为“疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分？”。 What time had the evidence been discovered yesterday? 昨天什么时候已经找到了证据？ 二、过去完成时的被动语态的用法 1．表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。 By the time the boarder got to the golf club，the first period had been finished. 当那个寄宿生到达高尔夫俱乐部时，第一阶段已经结束了。 The hall of the airline hadn’t been cleaned before the moderator came. 主持人到来之前，航空公司的大厅还没有打扫过。 How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended? 飓风结束时有多少建筑物被摧毁了？ Had the new conclusion been discussed before the meeting? 这个新结论在开会前讨论过吗？ 2．在 told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 The boy was reminded that his politics paper had not been handed in. 这个男孩被提醒还没有交政治试卷。 The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake. 媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。 3．根据语意可以判断出两个过去的动作发生的先后，当先发生的动作表示被动时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 As the assignment had been done，he switched on the computer to confirm the bond between them. 因为任务已经完成了，他打开电脑去确认他们之间的关系。 4．在It was the first/second/...time that...句型中，that从句的主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 It was the second time that this smartphone had been stolen. 这是这部手机第二次被偷了。 5．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去的事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If I had been invited earlier，I would have gone with you. 如果我早一点受邀，我就和你一起去了。 三、过去完成时与现在完成时的被动语态的用法区别 现在完成时的被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时的被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。 This polluted river has been cleaned. 这条被污染了的河流已被净化。(表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。) He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他说这本书已被译成日语。(表示到他说话时这本书已被译成日语) Ⅰ.完成句子 1．那是第一次他受到老师的惩罚。 It was the first time that he had been punished by the teacher. 2．令我们大为宽慰的是，在消防队员到达之前，大火已经被扑灭了。 Much to our relief，the fire had been put out before the firefighters arrived. 3．他突然想起他的作业落在家里了。 It suddenly occurred to him that his homework had been left at home. 4．会议结束时宣布协议已经达成了。(it was announced that...) At the end of the meeting，it was announced that an agreement had been reached. 5．我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店，但是发生了意想不到的事情。 I had intended to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon，but something unexpected happened. Ⅱ.用所给动词的正确形式完成语段 When I woke up in the morning，I found the snow had stopped.Looking outside of the window，the snow 1.had been cleaned(clean) by my father.I closed the book that 2.had been borrowed(borrow) from local library and went downstairs for breakfast.Then my little brother came to tell me that all his homework 3.had been finished(finish) so he wanted to go to the nursing home to help the old.He said over 100 elderly people 4.had been helped(help) by the volunteers. 训练5　Using language(A)　[分值：52分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8题；每小题1.5分，共12分) 1．They had wanted(want) to help but could not get there in time. 2．The police finally recovered the masterpieces that had been stolen(steal)． 3．She had finished(finish) writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. 4．It suddenly struck him that his homework had not been handed(not，hand) in. 5．The room had been occupied(occupy) for three hours by the time it was broken into. 6．It was the first time that we had been introduced(introduce) officially at the conference. 7．I had intended(intend) to speak up at the meeting，but at last I gave up due to my shyness. 8．They became homeless again，for their house had been destroyed(destroy) in the earthquake. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5题；每小题3分，共15分) 1．这是我第一次参加越野跑。 It was the first time that I had got involved in the cross-country run. 2．当我到达电影院时，所有的电影票都卖完了。 All the film tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema. 3．我在阳光下晒了30分钟，公共汽车终于来了。 I had been exposed to sunlight for thirty minutes when a bus finally arrived. 4．到上学期末，我们已经学了3 000多个英语单词。 More than three thousand English words had been learned by us by the end of last term. 5．如果我采纳了你的建议，我就不会陷入如此尴尬的境地。 If I had taken your advice，I wouldn’t have been stuck in such an awkward situation. Ⅲ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分) Many of us were told from an early age that “you learn from your mistakes”．But is this actually true? The short answer is “yes”—failure can be a teachable moment.But learning from our mistakes is，in reality，very hard because we don’t like to fail.It doesn’t feel good，so we react to failure in impulsive and emotional ways，like giving up on a task prematurely，telling ourselves we don’t care whether we succeed，or finding fault with the task itself.This is self-protective，according to Hallgeir，a professor of psychology at the Norwegian School of Economics.Most of us want to think of ourselves as competent，he says，so when we fail “it poses a serious threat to our self-image”． Fortunately，there is research to suggest that there are some strategies to help us overcome the emotional barriers around failure.One of them is to adopt a third-person perspective.Instead of asking “Why did I fail？”，we could ask “Why did Sam fail？”，for example.Multiple studies by psychologist Ethan Kross at the University of Michigan show that adopting a third-person perspective helps to soften our negative emotional reactions，allowing us to look at failure more objectively. A second strategy involves offering advice to others who may be in the same position as us.This strategy led to better levels of motivation and academic success in the test groups—involving both adults and children—that were asked to give advice based on their own failures.Professors Eskreis-Winkler and Duckworth found that the satisfaction of helping others “forces people to engage with their experience and what they have learned”． The writer Samuel Beckett once said: “fail again，fail better”．But it now seems that we should be saying: “fail again，fail smarter”．Failure is an unavoidable part of life，but by learning to overcome the emotional barriers around it，we may find the road to success is a little easier to navigate(确定方向)． 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。失败是生活的一部分，但从中吸取教训并不总是那么容易。研究表明，有一些方法可以帮助我们更客观地看待失败，比如采用第三人称视角或向他人提供建议。 1．What does the underlined word “impulsive” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Uncontrollable. B．Optimistic. C．Impressive. D．Ambitious. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“and emotional ways，like giving up on a task prematurely，telling ourselves we don’t care whether we succeed，or...”可知impulsive与emotional是并列关系，结合之后的例子可知，这些都是不理性的、情绪化的行为，故选A。 2．Why don’t we like to fail? A．Failure can be teachable. B．Failure threatens our self-image. C．Failure is an unavoidable part of life. D．Learning from our failure is very hard. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Most of us want to think of ourselves as competent，he says，so when we fail ‘it poses a serious threat to our self-image’．”可推知，我们不喜欢失败的原因是失败威胁到我们的自我形象。故选B。 3．Which of the following will the writer agree with? A．Failure can be avoided if we learn from it. B．Giving advice to others can help us fail better. C．Only those who succeed can give advice to others. D．A third-person perspective helps us out of the bad feelings of failure. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Fortunately，there is research to suggest that there are some strategies to help us overcome the emotional barriers around failure.One of them is to adopt a third-person perspective.”可推知，作者会赞成第三人称视角可以帮助我们摆脱失败的负面情绪的说法。故选D。 4．What does the text focus on? A．Smarter ways to learn from failure. B．How to fail better when we fail again. C．Failure can let us succeed more easily. D．Why we react to failure in emotional ways. 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第三段中“Fortunately，there is research to suggest that there are some strategies to help us overcome the emotional barriers around failure.”可推知，本文主要介绍一些方法来帮助我们克服失败带来的情感障碍，更聪明地从失败中学习，故选A。 Ⅳ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分) I graduated from Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine in 1994，and 1. (work) in orthopedics(矫形外科) for 26 years by the time I took part in 2. Chinese Medical Volunteers tour in Yushu，Qinghai Province in August 2020. Then，I used Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) to treat a variety of health problems，including severe pains，blood pressure issues and knee 3. (injure)．These conditions are 4. (primary) caused by the local people’s herding practices and the tough environment 5. they live，and are also associated with some of their unhealthy living habits. TCM methods can only relieve the pain for a short time，and sometimes they are unable to address the fundamental causes.So，I suggested that Chinese Medical Volunteers perform surgeries locally 6. bring the patients to better developed regions.We successfully completed surgeries on 21 patients.One surgery had to 7. (cancel) because the patient had severe heart failure. As the head of the surgical team，I was 8. a lot of pressure because we were responsible for ensuring the safety of every patient,9. (rid) them of their pain and improving their quality of life.Another goal of our action was 10. (provide) local medical workers with hands-on training，so local villagers would still be able to access quality treatment conveniently after we left. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参加青海玉树的中国医疗志愿者之旅，为当地人解除病痛并培训当地的医务人员，以便当地人能持续方便地获得高质量的治疗。 1．答案　had worked 解析　考查动词时态。根据时间状语从句“by the time I took part in...”可知，此处用过去完成时，表示过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成的动作。 2．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。此处泛指“一次中国医疗志愿者之旅”，应用不定冠词，且Chinese的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。 3．答案　injuries 解析　考查名词复数。此处和pains及issues并列作including的宾语，应填名词形式，injury意为“(身体上的)伤”，为可数名词，应用复数形式。 4．答案　primarily 解析　考查副词。此处修饰动词caused，应用副词。 5．答案　where 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是environment，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。 6．答案　or 解析　考查连词。结合句意可知，此处前后两种方案为选择关系，表示“或者”，用连词or。 7．答案　be cancel(l)ed 解析　考查动词语态。主语surgery和动词cancel之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；have to后面用动词原形，故填be cancel(l)ed。 8．答案　under 解析　考查介词。under a lot of pressure意为“在很大压力之下”，为固定短语。 9．答案　ridding 解析　考查非谓语动词。动词rid和逻辑主语we之间是主动关系，且和空后的improving并列，应用现在分词作状语。 10．答案　to provide 解析　考查非谓语动词。句子主语是goal，其后常用动词不定式作表语，说明主语的具体内容。 训练6　Using language(B)　[分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A For the nearly 18 million high school students entering college this year，their college education will likely be the most consequential investment they make.Sadly，that investment outcome has become increasingly challenging due to the continuous rising tuition cost. Investing in college has historically provided significant benefits for many Americans，including greater career opportunities and higher earning potential.Studies have also shown that students gain in other ways，including enhanced quality of life，a deeper sense of purpose，and exposure to diverse populations. But is that still true？As Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona has advocated，“We need a system that’s inclusive，that delivers value，and that produces fair outcomes...It’s time to focus on what truly matters，delivering value and upward mobility.” That question whether higher education is equal to achieving this is under intense examination given the fact that more than half of students leave school with debt，resulting in 45 million Americans holding student loan debt totaling approximately $1.7 trillion.Besides，calculating the precise value of education is certainly challenging as it depends on many personal factors such as a student’s post-graduation choices and career earnings potential. It is crucial that our colleges equip students with the necessary skills to earn a living in the rapidly evolving economy of the future.Sadly，this is not always the case.Take Micron Technology for instance，which is building a $100 billion semiconductor production campus in New York.To meet Micron’s needs，officials are seeking to build a new workforce by pushing colleges not only to change their impractical education and training programs and produce more engineers but to also teach the necessary technical skills. To completely change the trend of declining student registration and push the benefits of a college education，we must prioritize the measurement of relevant data. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了由于不断增长的学费，高等教育的投资回报正越来越受到挑战，以及如何通过改变教育体系来提高学生的技能和就业竞争力。 1．Which is a benefit of going to college according to the text? A．Boasting a sense of pride. B．Landing an ideal job later. C．Living a life of top quality. D．Meeting different people. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Studies have also shown that students gain in other ways，including enhanced quality of life...and exposure to diverse populations.”可知，上大学的好处包括可以遇到不同的人，故选D。 2．Why is the author unsure whether higher education meets its goal? A．Career earnings potential varies with jobs. B．Many students are in debt when graduating. C．The education system is under examination. D．Students face limited choices after graduation. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“That question whether higher education is equal to achieving this is under intense examination given the fact that more than half of students leave school with debt...$ 1.7 trillion.”可知，作者不确定高等教育能否实现它的目标，原因是很多学生毕业时身负债务，故选B。 3．What can we know from the example of Micron Technology? A．The government doesn’t support the company. B．The company provides well-paid jobs for students. C．Some colleges fail to offer students necessary skills. D．The present education programs can meet its needs. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。第五段中“It is crucial that our colleges equip students with the necessary skills to earn a living in the rapidly evolving economy of the future.Sadly，this is not always the case.”提到有些大学教育并没能让学生具备必要的技能，接着下文以Micron Technology为例来证实上述观点，故选C。 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Is College Worth It? B．Ready for College? C．Why Go to College? D．To Study or to Work? 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Sadly，that investment outcome has become increasingly challenging due to the continuous rising tuition cost.”可知，本文主要讲述由于日益增长的学费，上大学的投资回报也正越来越受到挑战。故A项可作为一个合适的标题，故选A。 B On January 17，the “Chinese Bridge” Cultural Experience & Exchange Programme kicked off at Chongqing Bashu Secondary School.International students will attend Humanities，Languages，Cultures Winter Camp online during the next week.“Chinese Bridge” is a large-scale programme for international Chinese language education sponsored by the Centre for Language Education and Cooperation.Since its launching in 2002，“Chinese Bridge” has been serving as a vital platform for Chinese language learning，understanding of China，and Chinese culture experiencing and a bridge connecting Chinese and foreign young people. Aside from Chinese language courses，the Programme also opens courses on tea culture，Tai Chi，calligraphy，and illustration painting and holds lectures on Bayu culture.Chinese students and international students in Chongqing will be invited to share their studies and life in this city.As a result，they can help promote Chinese culture，assist attendees of the Programme in understanding China’s developments，build friendships with the attendees，and draw more international students to study in the country. “Chongqing is attracting foreign students to study in China，more than just sending Chinese students to study abroad.It has turned into a cultural pioneer from an inheritor(后继者). Becoming the programme host proves that Chongqing has made remarkable achievements in international cooperation and educational reform，” said Li Bin，director of International Cooperation and Exchange Division，Chongqing Municipal Education Commission. At the end of the first day of the winter camp，students shared how they felt.Hellen from Altai State University in Russia said with excitement，“I love the Chinese classical dance and instrument performances! But my favourite is the chorus，which is said to be the theme song of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.It is so beautiful，and I will learn to sing it.” Jac，a Chinese language teacher from KCE International School Cambodia，praised the adequate preparation by the Bashu Secondary School，and said it would be a fun and valuable learning experience for students. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了重庆开展的“汉语桥”文化体验交流项目。 5．What is the purpose of paragraph 1? A．To introduce the topic. B．To attract readers’ attention. C．To stress the background. D．To discover the power of the “Chinese Bridge”． 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。第一段首先介绍了“汉语桥”开幕的消息以及项目的活动内容，接着介绍了“汉语桥”的性质和作用，由此可推断，第一段的目的是介绍文章的主题——“汉语桥”文化体验交流项目。 故选A。 6．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The style of painting. B．The variety of Chinese courses. C．The content and the positive result of the courses. D．The approaches to spreading Chinese culture. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。根据第二段中“Aside from Chinese language courses...holds lectures on Bayu culture.”和“As a result，they can help promote Chinese culture...and draw more international students to study in the country.”可知，第二段主要是关于项目的课程内容和积极效果。故选C。 7．What can be learned from the last paragraph? A．Students shared their feelings on the second day of the camp. B．Jac thought the preparation by the Bashu Secondary School was good. C．Hellen said it would be a valuable learning experience for students. D．Both Hellen and Jac are teachers from Russia. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Jac，a Chinese language teacher...praised the adequate preparation by the Bashu Secondary School，and said it would be a fun and valuable learning experience for students.”可知，Jac认为巴蜀中学的准备工作很好。故选B。 8．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A．Literature. B．Travel. C．Economy. D．Education. 答案　D 解析　文章出处题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了重庆开展的“汉语桥”文化体验交流项目，与教育有关，所以本文可能出现在报纸的教育版块。故选D。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分) I have always wondered how far I could push myself.What are my 1 limits? Our bodies，of course，set 2 for each of us.Even with newer running shoes and better 3 ，there will always be limits to how fast people can 4 or how much weight they can lift.Also，although we can get ourselves in 5 shape，some of us are just genetically more suited to strength and 6 .But，more importantly，it’s a person’s 7 that determines how far he or she can go. So，how could I best test myself? John Collins was living in Hawaii when he 8 this question.One night，he was listening to a few friends argue about whether runners or swimmers were in better shape.He 9 the argument by turning it into an idea for a competition.Each 10 would swim 3.9 kilometers，bike 180 kilometers and then run 42 kilometers.The first one to 11 would be given the title Ironman! I decided to take the advice.Preparing for the Ironman race started with food.I started 12 five to seven times a day to give myself more energy as I 13 . Swimming，cycling and running began to 14 a large part of each day for me.In between，there were workouts in the gym. Finally，the day arrived.Seventeen hours after starting，I arrived at the finish line.I 15 wasn’t the first，but I had challenged myself and felt like a winner! 语篇解读　本文是夹叙夹议文。作者一直想知道自己的身体极限在哪里，于是准备参加铁人赛，虽然最后不是第一名，但挑战了自己，感觉自己像个胜利者！ 1．A.social B．intellectual C．readable D．physical 答案　D 解析　根据“Our bodies，of course，set for each of us.”可知，作者不知道自己身体的极限是什么。故选D。 2．A.goals B．examples C．limits D．records 答案　C 解析　根据“there will always be limits”可知，身体有极限。故选C。 3．A.warning B．blessing C．training D．understanding 答案　C 解析　根据“there will always be limits to how fast people can or how much weight they can lift”可知，通过更好的训练，人们能跑更快或能举起更大重量的物体，故选C。 4．A.learn B．drive C．speak D．run 答案　D 解析　根据“Even with newer running shoes”可知，即使有更新的跑鞋也无法突破跑步的速度极限。故选D。 5．A.better B．darker C．smaller D．sharper 答案　A 解析　根据“Even with newer running shoes and better ”可知，经过更好的训练可以让体形更好，故选A。 6．A.wisdom B．speed C．labor D．management 答案　B 解析　呼应上文“there will always be limits to how fast people can or how much weight they can lift”，此处指力量和速度，故选B。 7．A.mind B．patience C．choice D．background 答案　A 解析　根据文末的“but I had challenged myself and felt like a winner”可知，思想决定人们能走多远。故选A。 8．A.laughed at B．put forward C．objected to D．benefited from 答案　B 解析　根据“So，how could I best test myself？”可知，这是约翰提出的问题。故选B。 9．A.weakened B．remembered C．started D．broadened 答案　D 解析　根据“by turning it into an idea for a competition”可知，他把这场争论扩大成了一场比赛。故选D。 10．A.audience B．instructor C．discoverer D．competitor 答案　D 解析　根据“by turning it into an idea for a competition”可知，这是参赛者要完成的项目。故选D。 11．A.fail B．finish C．apply D．disappear 答案　B 解析　根据“would be given the title Ironman”可知，第一个完成这三项运动的人将被授予“铁人”称号。故选B。 12．A.drinking B．eating C．dancing D．swimming 答案　B 解析　根据“Preparing for the Ironman race started with food.”可知，作者开始多吃。故选B。 13．A.exercised B．calculated C．played D．escaped 答案　A 解析　根据“Preparing for the Ironman race started with food.”可知，作者在为铁人赛锻炼身体。故选A。 14．A.sum up B．insist on C．take up D．depend on 答案　C 解析　根据“In between，there were workouts in the gym.”可知，作者每天的大部分时间都被游泳、骑自行车、跑步占据。故选C。 15．A.certainly B．generally C．impossibly D．gratefully 答案　A 解析　根据“Seventeen hours after starting，I arrived at the finish line.”并结合常识可知，作者花了17小时完成比赛，当然不是第一名。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $