Unit 4 Section Ⅴ Extended reading（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高中英语选修第一册学习笔记（译林版）

本高中英语讲义以仿生学为核心知识点，通过速读（整体理解文意、梳理篇章结构）、细读（深度获取细节）、读后（语法填空、句子结构分析、重点词块默写及写作仿写）的学习支架，构建从输入到输出的完整学习脉络。 资料特色在于分层阅读设计培养思维品质，语法与写作结合提升语言能力，含图片辅助理解。例如“补句子析结构”引导分析复合句，“单句写作”仿写倒装句，课中助力教师分层教学，课后帮助学生巩固知识、查漏补缺。

Section Ⅴ　Extended reading Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the article? A．The origin of bionics. B．The application of bionics. C．The importance of bionics. D．A science called bionics crossing nature and technology. 答案　D Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Para.1：The 1.introduction to the topic→The 2.origin of bionics Para.2：The 3.process of combining nature and innovation→The 4.four stages of the process Paras.3－5：The 5.application of bionics 6.at present and 7.in the future Para.6：The 8.importance of bionics→A call for us to learn from 9.nature Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．According to paragraph 2，what’s the correct process of combining nature and innovation? a．identifying　b．deciding　c．exploring　d．observing A．d－a－b－c B．d－a－c－b C．a－d－b－c D．a－d－c－b 答案　B 2．What did scientists invent through research into the butterfly? A．Scientists uncovered tiny diamond-shaped structures. B．Scientists learned how to cancel out some colour wavelengths. C．Scientists produced a unique visual effect almost impossible to copy. D．Scientists developed the paints using butterfly’s vividly coloured wings. 答案　C 3．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to bionics? A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Positive. D．Conservative. 答案　C Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 Humans are curious by nature，and about nature.After over billions of years’ exploration，a science 1.known(know) as “bionics” was born.Lu Ban，a carpenter in ancient China，was engaged in bionics when he produced a saw by copying the shape of a leaf’s sharp 2.teeth(tooth)． Bionics is a science of taking inspiration from nature,3.which effectively combines nature and innovation to improve our lives.Over centuries，humans 4.have been inspired(inspire) to imitate nature’s forms and functions owing to our curiosity.5.Currently(current)，bionics has scientists eagerly 6.combing(comb) the natural world for original ideas to stimulate their creativity.7.Although/Though/While the process is not so simple，scientists have succeeded in studying and taking advantage of nature to develop materials and technologies.8.It is certain that our future will see many more 9.fascinating(fascinate) partnerships between the natural world and the technological one because of advancements in bionics.Therefore，nature not only provides our lives 10.with a scenic backdrop，it could also prove to be our greatest teacher. Ⅰ.补句子　析结构 1．Perfected over billions of years，nature’s forms and functions have inspired us to imitate(imitate) it and develop materials and technologies that improve our lives.(P53，Para.1) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。that引导限制性定语从句，Perfected over billions of years作状语。 汉语翻译：经过几十亿年的日臻完善，大自然的形态和功能激励我们去模仿它，开发出完善我们生活的材料和技术。 2．Finally，they need to decide whether the solution(solve) can be recreated to develop a new product or perhaps improve an existing(exist) one，and how this can be achieved.(P53，Para.2) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。whether和how都引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：最后，他们需要决定是否可以再现该解决方案，以开发新产品或有可能改进现有产品，以及如何实现这一点。 3．As capturing sunlight is the purpose of solar power plants，it is not surprising that engineers have decided to imitate the sunflower’s natural(nature) solutions.(P53，Para.3) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。as引导原因状语从句，动名词短语capturing sunlight在该从句中作主语；it为形式主语，that引导主语从句。 汉语翻译：由于太阳能发电厂的目的就是要获取阳光，所以毫不奇怪，工程师决定模仿向日葵的自然的解决方案。 4．Equally exciting are the diverse possibilities(possibility) provided by the animal kingdom.(P54，Para.4) 结构分析：此句为全部倒装句。句子的主语是the diverse possibilities，provided by the animal kingdom为过去分词短语作后置定语。 汉语翻译：同样令人兴奋的是，动物王国有着各种可能性。 5．Inspired，scientists have recreated these microstructures that can be inset(inset) into legal documents and banknotes and produce a unique visual effect almost impossible to copy(copy)．(P54，Para.4) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。that引导限制性定语从句，inspired为过去分词作状语。 汉语翻译：受到启发，科学家们再现了这些微观结构，使其可以嵌入法律文件和钞票中，产生一种几乎不可能复制的独特视觉效果。 6．When worn，these exoskeletons can greatly improve the mobility，strength(strong) and load-bearing capabilities of the wearer.(P54，Para.5) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。When worn为状语从句的省略。 汉语翻译：当人们穿戴这些外骨骼时，他们的移动性、力量和承载能力都将极大提高。 7．With such rapid advancements being made in bionics，we have come to realize(realize) how clever nature is and how much it can show us.(P54，Para.6) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。and连接了how和how much引导的两个宾语从句。With such rapid advancements being made in bionics为with的复合结构，作状语。 汉语翻译：随着仿生学的飞速发展，我们开始意识到大自然有多么聪明，它能向我们展示多少东西。 Ⅱ.研典句　学用法 have sb doing sth Currently，bionics has scientists eagerly combing the natural world for original ideas to stimulate their creativity.(P53，Para.1) 目前，仿生学促使科学家热切地在自然界中寻找有创意的想法，激发他们的创造力。 句中黑体部分为“have sb doing sth”结构，动词-ing 形式作宾语补足语，强调动作的持续进行。有时还表示“让……处于某种状态”，“have＋宾语＋宾补”的常见结构有： can’t have sb doing sth不能容忍某人做某事 have sb do sth让某人做某事 have sth done使某事被做；请人做某事；主语遭遇某事 have sth to do有某事要做(to do作定语) (1)(2020·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后让人把它们送到农民家里。 We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers’ houses. (2)我们校长不能容忍我们浪费时间。即使我们已完成作业，他也总是让我们阅读经典著作来开阔我们的视野。 Our head teacher can’t have us wasting our time.Even if we have finished our homework，he always has us read classics to broaden our horizons. (3)(应用文写作之道歉信)我非常抱歉让你等了我这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。 I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long，because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now. 课文重点词块默写 1．天生充满好奇心 be curious by nature 2．对自然充满好奇 be curious about nature 3．激励某人做某事 inspire sb to do sth 4．追溯到 date back to 5．参与；从事于；忙于 be engaged in 6．从……中获得灵感 take inspiration from 7．竭尽全力 go to great lengths 8．有……的潜力 with the potential for 9．适应人类的需求 fit in with human needs 10．反复试验trial and error 11．弥合了A和B之间的鸿沟 bridge the gap between A and B 12．被安排做某事 be arranged to do 13．与光相互作用 interact with light 14．抵消，对消 cancel out 15．被嵌入 be inset into 16．结果是，证明为 prove to be 单句写作(课文佳句仿写) 1．在桥的左边矗立着一座老房子。(全部倒装) On the left of the bridge stands an old house. 2．这所建于三十年前的房子看起来仍然很漂亮。(过去分词短语作后置定语) The house built thirty years ago still looks very beautiful. 3．由于桥梁正在建设，所有的车辆都必须选择另一条道路。(with的复合结构) With the bridge being built，all the vehicles have to choose another way. 4．建成后，大桥将于明年通车，极大地缩短两地间的距离。(状语从句的省略，have＋宾语＋宾补) When completed，the bridge will be open to traffic next year，having the distance between the two places shortened greatly. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 On the left of the bridge stands an old house.The house built thirty years ago still looks very beautiful.With the bridge being built，all the vehicles have to choose another way.When completed，the bridge will be open to traffic next year，having the distance between the two places shortened greatly. 训练5　Extended reading (满分：32.5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A (2024·无锡高三期中) Insomnia(失眠) feels like a curse for those left tossing and turning as they try to fall asleep.Such problems can be not only upsetting，but also harmful to the brain，as revealed in last issue’s article on sleep. Scientists from the US University of Washington have been using bracelets(手镯) to monitor the sleep patterns of 507 university students over a period of three years.The bracelets allowed scientists not only to monitor the sleep patterns of their subjects but also to examine their exposure to light during the day. The data revealed that the students enjoyed about the same quantity of sleep regardless of seasons.But on weeknights in the winter they went to bed 35 minutes later，and also rose again 27 minutes later，compared with weeknights in the summer. The discovery surprised the scientists.The city of Seattle，where the university is located，gets 16 hours of daylight in the summer and only 8 in the winter.They expected that long light summer evenings would keep the students up longer—but the opposite proved to be the case. According to the scientists，the explanation may be that the low quantity of daylight in winter disturbs the students’ internal clock，shifting it by some 40 minutes.They simply spent too little time outdoors during winter months. The scientists also suggest that the type of light matters very much.“Light during the day，particularly in the morning，affects your internal clock，so you get tired earlier in the evening，while light late in the day or early in the evening delays your tiredness，” explains Horacio，Professor of Biology at the University of Washington and one of the scientists behind the publication. According to him，the results are an important reminder to all of us，not just American university students，to think about light levels and our exposure.“Many of us live in cities with lots of artificial light，and at the same time our lifestyle keeps us indoors during the day，” Horacio notes.“The study demonstrates that we have to step outside—even briefly，and particularly in the morning—to be subjected to natural light.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述美国华盛顿大学的科学家们进行的一项关于睡眠的调查发现光线类型和日照时间都会影响睡眠时间，最后建议人们早上去户外享受自然光的照射。 1．What does paragraph 1 intend to tell us? A．The signs of insomnia. B．The causes of insomnia. C．The experiences of insomnia. D．The problems of insomnia. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段内容可知，第一段旨在告诉我们失眠的问题，故选D。 2．What surprised the scientists? A．Long hours of daylight in Seattle’s summer. B．The same quantity of sleep whatever the season. C．The changeable sleep patterns of the participants. D．The shorter sleeping time in winter weeknights. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段末句和第四段中“They expected that long light summer evenings would keep the students up longer”可知，科学家原以为夏天学生们会睡得更晚，但数据显示学生们在冬季的工作日晚上睡得更晚，这使科学家们大吃一惊，故选D。 3．What is the function of paragraph 6? A．To state another problem. B．To present doubt. C．To provide another explanation. D．To give evidence. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。第五段中从光照量的角度解释了研究结果，根据第六段中“The scientists also suggest that the type of light matters very much.”可知，第六段是要给出另一个解释——光照类型的影响，故选C。 4．What does Horacio advise us to do from the last paragraph? A．Have enough sleep. B．Get out early to enjoy natural light. C．Deal with light pollution. D．Stay indoor to avoid light exposure. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The study demonstrates that we have to step outside—even briefly，and particularly in the morning—to be subjected to natural light.”可知，Horacio建议我们早上去户外享受自然光的照射，故选B。 B “This is the next revolution in flying，”says Mark Henning，European managing director of AutoFlight，a Chinese firm.Mr Henning is not alone in betting that electric vertical(垂直的) take-off and landing(eVTOL) aircraft have a bright future.The idea is that，being simpler，cheaper，greener and quieter than traditional helicopters，eVTOLs will be well suited to operate short-range passenger services across large urban areas，such as flying people between airports and city centres. Now，Mr Henning is setting up an operation at Augsburg Airport in Germany to further the development of Prosperity Ⅰ，the company’s air taxi.Prosperity Ⅰ can seat three passengers and a pilot.It is a hybrid between a helicopter and a fixed-wing plane.It takes off and lands vertically，using multiple rotors(旋翼)，but these are switched off when it is in full flight.At that point a “pusher” propeller(螺旋桨)at the back takes over，to provide forward drive，and thus lift via the wings.This arrangement makes better use of the aircraft’s battery，giving Prosperity Ⅰ a range of some 250 km. A model will be test-flown in Germany in order to obtain what is known as a type certificate from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency(EASA)．This signifies the airworthiness(适航性) of a new aircraft.Although AutoFlight is also seeking certification in China，the company thinks the addition of European approval will help speed the machine’s entry into service in other markets，too.It hopes to complete the approval process by 2025. There is uncertainty about how the rules will differ from place to place.Nonetheless，enough regulatory progress has been made.In America，Joby Aviation hopes next year to become the first to obtain a type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)．In Europe，Volocopter，a German firm，hopes to provide air-taxi services for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. It is not only new firms which are getting into the business.Airbus is developing ideas for eVTOLs.So is Boeing.With so much effort and money going into this new form of air travel，some of these birds will surely be flying soon. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了飞行领域的下一次革命——电动垂直起降飞机。 5．What will eVTOLs be used to do? A．Deliver goods in airports. B．Carry passengers across cities. C．Function as charging stations. D．Replace traditional helicopters. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段末句可知，eVTOLs可用来在城市运送乘客。故选B。 6．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “hybrid” in paragraph 2? A．Mixture. B．Symbol. C．Concept. D．Application. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线单词下文“It takes off and lands vertically...provide forward drive，and thus lift via the wings.”可知，eVTOLs结合了直升机和固定翼飞机的特点，由此推断，画线单词的意思为“混合”。故选A。 7．What is AutoFlight trying to do for Prosperity Ⅰ？ A．Obtain a type certificate from the FAA. B．Have it tested across the sky of America. C．Tailor a set of rules as soon as possible. D．Get it approved by European authorities. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段首句可知，AutoFlight公司正在为Prosperity Ⅰ申请获得欧盟航空安全局(EASA)颁发的适航证，也就是希望得到欧洲当局的批准。故选D。 8．What is the suitable title for the passage? A．A Role of eVTOL in Machine Industry B．A Novel Form of Air Service in City C．A New Version of Boeing’s Evolution D．How to Win the Certificate from EASA 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，文章介绍了飞行领域的下一次革命——电动垂直起降飞机，它将非常适合在大城市地区执行短途客运服务。所以B项“城市航空服务的新形式”作文章标题最为合适。故选B。 Ⅱ.七选五(共5题；每小题2.5分，共12.5分) How to Stop Life Getting You Down We don’t like to talk about our struggles，choosing instead to put on a brave face. 1 There are many means possible to prevent ourselves from being knocked down. Try out a new hobby.Hobbies don’t just fill time，but they also help to give you a sense of purpose and something to be proud of.Try out a new sport，learn to dance or perhaps join a music club. 2 Reach out.If you’re struggling or feeling down，always remember that you don’t need to be on your own. 3 You’ll also find that online conferences and social media sites can provide opportunities to connect and ask for help. 4 A new view，focusing on tiny surprises in our life，can help you to feel more positive.Start to appreciate the beauty of a flower，a favourite piece of music or a simple sunny day.Go out for dinner and make efforts to truly enjoy the flavour of your meal or lie back on your bed，surrounded by total silence，and simply focus on how it feels to breathe and to relax. Do things for others. 5 You’ll feel more positive knowing that you’re contributing to a better world，whether helping just one person or a larger group.Try doing a few random acts of kindness to brighten up your day，pay for someone’s dinner at a restaurant or send a nice letter to someone that you know or someone that’s made a difference to your life. A．Try to appreciate the little things. B．They may do wonders for your mood. C．Try not to worry about what people think of you. D．Friends will be happy to help and provide support. E．Do not be bothered by things affecting your mood. F．Few things build self-confidence quite like doing a favor. G．So，when things start to get you down，how can you pick yourself back up? 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章就当遇到困难与挫折时，如何让自己不被打倒提出了一些建议。 1．答案　G 解析　根据上文中我们选择以勇敢的面孔去面对困难，以及空格后面提到有多种可能的方式方法不让自己被压倒，可知G项“So，when things start to get you down，how can you pick yourself back up？”符合语境，起到承上启下的作用。故选G。 2．答案　B 解析　上文列举了几种新的爱好，B项承接上文，讲述了兴趣给人带来的好处，选项中的They指代前面的爱好。故选B。 3．答案　D 解析　本段主题句是“Reach out.”，空前提到你不必只依靠自己，D项承接上文，说明朋友们乐意提供支持和帮助，符合语境。故选D。 4．答案　A 解析　设空处为本段主旨句。根据下文“A new view，focusing on tiny surprises in our life，can help you to feel more positive.”及后面的例子可知，本段的建议是欣赏生活中的小事。A项符合段意，可以作为本段主旨句。故选A。 5．答案　F 解析　空格后说明了帮助他人会使你感觉更积极，F项“很少有事能像帮助他人一样增强自信”符合语境，且选项中的doing a favor呼应主旨句“Doing things for others.”故选F。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $