Unit 4 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第一册学习笔记（译林版）

本高中英语讲义聚焦非谓语动词（动词不定式、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式）的句法功能，通过苏州园林主题短文引入感知，再以表格系统梳理三种形式作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的用法，结合实例分功能详解，辅以单句填空、语段写作等练习构建学习支架。 资料以文化场景短文激发兴趣，表格对比助学生清晰辨析三种形式功能，培养思维品质。练习从基础填空到综合语篇，提升语言运用能力，课中辅助教师分层教学，课后帮助学生巩固查漏，兼顾语言能力与学习能力发展。

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage—Overview of to-infinitives，verb-ing and verb-ed forms 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成下面的练习 ①Drawing inspiration from nature is a tradition that goes back centuries.Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the beautiful Lingering Garden of Suzhou.The main principle of its design is ② to recreate/recreating natural landscapes in miniature.First ③ established in the Ming Dynasty，the original garden ④ containing a rockery to symbolize Tiantai Mountain became famous overnight.Pine and bamboo groves were added later，along with a pond and an island.Visitors would be ⑤ astonished to find the garden ⑥ modeled closely on natural features.Visitors are also supposed ⑦ to explore it scene-by-scene.This could vary from a view of a pond and the splashing of fish，to a tree in blossom，a pagoda or a moon-shaped gate. 以上黑体部分都是动词的非谓语形式，非谓语有三种形式：现在分词，过去分词和动词不定式；非谓语可以在句中充当主语(如①)，表语(如②和⑤)，宾语(如⑦)，定语(如④)，状语(如③)，补语(如⑥)等。 非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表： 　　功能 形式　　 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动词-ed形式 √ √ √ √ 一、作主语 1．动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中作主语。不定式作主语时常常用形式主语it代替，不定式置于句末。如： Collecting stamps is my hobby.集邮是我的爱好。 It is important to detect the implied dimension of a poem.发现一首诗隐含的方面是很重要的。 2．动词-ing形式有时也用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置于句末。如： It is no good pretending to know what you do not know.不懂装懂是不好的。 It is no use reading without grasping the meaning.只读而不懂意思是没有用的。 二、作宾语 1．动词不定式作宾语 在afford，agree，arrange，choose，claim，desire，expect，fail，hope，intend，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，determine，decide等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。如： To my great disappointment，he refused to accept my invitation. 令我大失所望的是，他拒绝接受我的邀请。 The novelist decided to break with the rigid rules and advocate innovation. 这位小说家决定打破陈规，提倡创新。 2．动词-ing形式作宾语 在advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest，quit等动词后，以及在动词短语burst out，can’t stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote...to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后，常接动词-ing形式作宾语。如： He couldn’t resist showing off his new car. 他忍不住炫耀起了他的新车。 There is no doubt that I have little difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 毫无疑问，我和外国人交流没有什么困难。 3．介词后要接动词-ing形式作宾语，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等后接动词-ing 形式。注意on/upon doing sth＝as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。如： On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started. 一到车站，他就发现火车刚刚开动。 4．在like，love，begin，start等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者区别不大，常可以交换使用。如： I like to go climbing when I’m available. ＝I like going climbing when I’m available. 我有空的时候喜欢去爬山。 It started raining when I got home. ＝It started to rain when I got home. 我到家的时候开始下雨了。 5．在remember，forget，regret，try，mean等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。如： How I regretted arguing with her about the important question，which made us both unhappy. 我多么后悔和她争论那个重要的问题，那使我们俩都不高兴。 I regret to tell you that I can’t travel to Beijing together with you at the appointed time. 我很遗憾地告诉你我不能在约定的时间和你一起去北京了。 三、作表语 1．动词不定式作表语 动词不定式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式还可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下to可以省略。如： My job this evening is to look after the baby for her.我今晚的工作是替她照看婴儿。 My hope is for all members to come together. 我希望所有成员都能团结起来。 All I did was (to) give him a little push. 我只是推了他一下。 2．动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作表语 动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。如： She felt very depressed about the future. 她感到前途无望。 The book was so interesting that he almost forgot the time. 这本书太有趣了，以至于他几乎忘记了时间。 Her part-time job is teaching yoga in a school. 她的兼职工作是在一所学校教瑜伽。 四、作定语 1．动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词-ing形式作定语常表示正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。如： I have something unusual to do before going back.回去之前我有些不寻常的事要做。 The student majoring in law made a comment on the matter. 这名法律专业的学生对此事发表了评论。 Jack cleared the fallen leaves on the ground before class.上课前杰克清理了地上的落叶。 His first book published last month is based on a true story. 上个月出版的他的第一本书是根据一个真实故事写成的。 2．动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。如： His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他的第一本书将于下个月出版，这本书是根据一个真实故事写成的。 Do you see the gallery being built over there? 你看到那边正在建的美术馆了吗？ 五、作状语 1．动词不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者出乎意料的结果，表示结果时不定式前常加only。 To dig up more clues，he collected and studied a lot of information. 为了挖掘更多的线索，他收集和研究了大量的信息。 He hurried to the train station，only to find the train had left. 他匆忙赶到火车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。 2．动词-ing形式作状语 (1)一般式(doing)：表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。如： The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系) 太阳开始升起，使这座山沐浴在金色的阳光中。 (2)完成式(having done)：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如： Having participated in some similar activities，I gained a lot of experience. 我参加过一些类似的活动，获得了很多经验。 3．动词-ed形式作状语 动词-ed形式作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。having been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。如： Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系) 从山顶上看，这座城市非常漂亮。 Having been well tended for a year，my granny got better. 得到一年的精心照料，我奶奶的情况好转了。 六、作补语 1．在expect，forbid，force，order，permit，request，warn，invite等动词后，常接“名词/代词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： We can always expect him to help us whenever we are in trouble.每当我们遇到困难的时候，我们总是可以指望他帮助我们。 I sincerely invite you to participate in the activity held by our school. 我真诚地邀请你参加我们学校举办的这次活动。 2．在see，hear，notice，watch，feel等动词后，可以接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。如： I saw him cross the street and enter a shop. 我看见他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。 I saw him crossing the street. 我看见他正在过马路。 3．动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。如： I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.我惊讶地发现我的家乡发生了这么大的变化。 It’s requested that we should get the work finished by 10 o’clock. 我们被要求在10点前完成这项工作。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．When we visited my old family home in a village，memory came flooding(flood) back. 2．Seeing(see) that she was going off to sleep，I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. 3．John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished(finish)，he gladly accepted it. 4．He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them interested(interest) in his lectures. 5．We had an anxious couple of weeks waiting(wait) for the results of the experiment. 6．To ensure(ensure) the safety of gas，the government has checked the city’s gas supply system thoroughly. 7．Bill suggested holding(hold) a meeting on what to do for the carnival during the vacation. 8．Walking(walk) in the fields on a March afternoon made him feel the warmth of spring. 9．All the staff in our company are considering going(go) to the city centre for the fashion show. 10．Ideally located(locate) for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue，the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests. Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法 我还记得上个月的一次尴尬的经历。那天，睡过了头使我很焦虑。我在公寓里飞快地跑来跑去，因为对我来说，没有什么比上班迟到更可怕的了。我叫了一辆出租车，穿上一件连衣裙，把所有必要的东西都放进包里，甚至没有往里看看就合上了。然后我拿着钱包跑了出去。去上班没花太多时间，因为在每个红绿灯我都在催司机。最后，我到了办公室。令人惊讶的是，当我打开包时，我看到我的受到惊吓的猫在看着我。她似乎和我一样震惊。 I still remember 1.an embarrassing experience last month.That day,2.oversleeping made me anxious.3.Running around my apartment quickly，I thought there was nothing scarier for me than 4.being late for work.I called a taxi，put on a dress，put all the necessary things into my bag，and closed it without even 5.looking into it.Then I took my wallet，and ran out.It didn’t take much time 6.to get to work because 7.I was hurrying the driver at every traffic light.At last，I was in the office.Surprisingly，when I opened my bag，I saw my frightened cat 8.looking at me.She seemed to be just 9.as shocked as I was. 训练5　Grammar and usage—Overview of to-infinitives，verb-ing and verb-ed forms(A)　[分值：65分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) 1．The distinguished novelist spoke slowly and clearly so that he could make himself understood(understand)． 2．Earth Day，marked(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aiming(aim) to raise public awareness about environmental protection. 3．Taking(take) part in some social activities is a good choice for us students to improve ourselves. 4．You don’t have to run fast or for long to see(see) the benefit. 5．I still remember visiting(visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked(shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time. 6．I didn’t mean to eat(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help trying(try) it. 7．Citing(cite) examples from real life made his speech convincing and persuasive. 8．Many factors can result in obesity，including skipping(skip) breakfast，lack of physical activity and so on. 9．The question to be discussed(discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is very important. 10．To help(help) us learn more efficiently，the teacher suggested reading through our notes on a weekly basis. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分) 1．He hurried to the airport，only to find the plane high up in the sky. 他匆匆赶到机场，却发现飞机在高空中。 2．I regret to inform you that you didn’t pass the interview. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有通过面试。 3．It is our duty to analyse the problem and see what went wrong. 我们有责任分析问题，看看哪里出了差错。 4．I was disappointed at the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better. 我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能更好些。 5．Having so many years of experience，he has the capacity/ability to organize the Chinese painting exhibition to be held on Friday perfectly. 有这么多年的经验，他有能力完美地组织将在周五举行的中国画展。 Ⅲ.用动词的适当形式完成语段(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) On your 46th birthday，Mom gave me the letter 1.written(write) by you.In your letter，you said you were looking forward to 2.seeing(see) me fighting for my future bravely and doing well for myself and others. After 3.reading(read) this letter，I felt quite 4.shocked(shock) at your expectation of me.I also felt ashamed for not 5.having performed/performing(perform) well to meet your demand before.I still remember when I was in primary school，I failed 6.to apply(apply) myself to studying.You didn’t blame me at all.Instead，you taught me that 7.studying(study) was the most important object at the moment and encouraged me 8.to try(try) hard.Only when I read your letter did I realize that I behaved so badly at that time and you were so sad 9.to find(find) I didn’t do well for myself. I can’t help 10.expressing(express) my gratitude to you. Ⅳ.阅读理解(共4小题；每小题2.5分，共10分) It is generally supposed that the English Romantic Movement began in 1798.However，it is not a sudden outbreak but the result of long and gradual growth and development.The Romanticism is a literary movement which took place in Britain and throughout Europe between 1770 and 1848.Politically，it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France.Emotionally，it expressed an extreme claim of the self and the value of the individual experience together with the sense of the limitless and the transcendental(抽象的)．In Britain，Romantic writers of the first generation included Wordsworth and Coleridge，Blake and Burns.The second generation of British Romantics—Byron，Shelley and Keats absorbed these influences，wrote quickly，travelled widely and their life stories and letters became almost as important for Romanticism as their poetry. Romanticism does not mean one thing or one characteristic.It is，in fact，a collective term to mean certain characteristics，such as mysticism(神秘主义)，humanism，supernaturalism，love of beauty，love of nature，love of equality.The chief characteristics of romantic poetry are as the following： Subjectivity: All romantic literature is subjective.It is an expression of the inner urges of the soul of the artist.The poet gives free expression to his feelings，emotions，experiences，thoughts and ideas and does not care for rules and regulations.The emphasis is laid on inspiration and intuition(直觉)． Love of Nature: Enthusiasm for the beauties of the external world characterizes all romantic poetry.Romantic poetry carries us away from the uncomfortable atmosphere of cities into the fresh company of the outdoor world.All poets were lovers of nature and looked at the beautiful aspects of nature.To them，nature was a friend，a lover，a mother，sister and a teacher. Imagination and Emotion: The romantic poets laid emphasis on imagination and emotion.The Wordsworth’s romantic poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud deals with subjects of creative imagination，childhood memories，beauty of nature，the role of nature as a guiding spirit. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国浪漫主义文学运动以及浪漫主义诗歌的特点。 1．What can we know about the English Romantic Movement? A．It originated at the later part of 18th century. B．It emphasized the value of policies. C．It was caused by sudden growth and development. D．It was affected by the Russian revolution. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Romanticism is a literary movement which took place in Britain and throughout Europe between 1770 and 1848.”可知，英国的浪漫主义运动起源于1770年，也就是18世纪后期。故选A。 2．Which of the following clarifies Romanticism properly? A．It focuses on inspiration and reality. B．It hides the inner desires of poets. C．It is a term involving some certain features. D．It is controlled by rules and regulations. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Romanticism does not mean one thing or one characteristic.It is，in fact，a collective term to mean certain characteristics，such as...”可知，浪漫主义是一个包含某些特征的集合术语，故选C。 3．What does romantic poetry play a role in? A．Showing us another way to read novels. B．Keeping us enjoying the company of nature. C．Asking us to respect city atmosphere. D．Making us always be enthusiastic. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Romantic poetry carries us away from the uncomfortable atmosphere of cities into the fresh company of the outdoor world.”可知，浪漫主义诗歌将我们带离城市氛围，让我们享受自然的陪伴，也就是说浪漫主义诗歌在让我们享受与大自然的相处中起着重要作用。故选B。 4．How does the author explain the feature of Imagination and Emotion? A．By using a quotation. B．By using personification. C．By making a comparison. D．By giving an example. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The Wordsworth’s romantic poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud deals with subjects of creative imagination，childhood memories，beauty of nature，the role of nature as a guiding spirit.”可知，作者通过举例子来解释浪漫主义诗歌的想象和情感的特征，故选D。 Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Inspired by five national treasures in the Hunan Museum，six groups of digital artists let their imaginations run free.They used digital art to carry out dialogues across time and space,1. (pay) their respects to China’s excellent traditional culture.The exhibition made traditional cultural relics，digital art and installation(装置) art 2. (combine) together. The exhibition aimed 3. (explore) fine traditional Chinese culture carried by ancient cultural relics.It was devoted 4. better connecting with contemporary(现代的) society and people.After over a year of planning and preparation，artists from China and overseas presented a rich and rewarding exhibition 5. audiences of different ages and from multicultural backgrounds could find fun and experience 6. extraordinary cultural journey. An artist who now lives in Shanghai brought to the exhibition his understanding of the traditional Chinese landscape paintings that have been favoured by Chinese scholars and 7. (professional)．In Ring，he explored the unique aesthetic(美学的) interest and spiritual comfort he 8. (constant) found in Chinese culture through videos，projections and interactive devices. French artist Tony Brown said he 9. (affect) by local people’s passion for fine traditional Chinese art while taking part in the exhibition.In his eyes，the Hunan Museum was doing something innovative by placing ancient treasures and new digital art pieces in the same place.He believed it was a 10. (challenge) but meaningful move. 语篇解读　本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了湖南博物馆举办了一场数字艺术展，旨在通过数字化手段探索文物、传承优秀的中国传统文化。 1．答案　paying 解析　考查非谓语动词。此处应用非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语They和动词pay是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填paying。 2．答案　combined 解析　考查非谓语动词。此处是非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语“traditional cultural relics，digital art and installation(装置) art”和动词combine是被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语，故填combined。 3．答案　to explore 解析　考查非谓语动词。aim to do sth是固定搭配，意为“打算做某事，目的在于做某事”，故填to explore。 4．答案　to 解析　考查介词。be devoted to是固定搭配，意为“致力于”，故填to。 5．答案　where 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词exhibition，根据句意可知，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导定语从句，故填where。 6．答案　an 解析　考查冠词。此处泛指一次非凡的文化之旅，应用不定冠词修饰，且空后extraordinary的发音以辅音音素开头，故填an。 7．答案　professionals 解析　考查名词的数。此处名词professional作宾语，表示“专业人员”，为可数名词，前面无冠词，应用复数形式表示泛指，故填professionals。 8．答案　constantly 解析　考查副词。此处应用副词作状语，修饰动词found，故填constantly。 9．答案　was affected 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。此处在句中作谓语，描述过去发生的事应用一般过去时，且主语he和动词affect是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语是第三人称单数，故填was affected。 10．答案　challenging 解析　考查形容词。此处应用形容词challenging作定语，修饰名词move，表示“有挑战性的”，故填challenging。 训练6　Grammar and usage—Overview of to-infinitives，verb-ing and verb-ed forms(B)　[分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A I was 6 years old when my father told me we were leaving the Big Apple Circus(马戏团)．Until that point，I had spent most of my life on the circus lot，playing with the other circus kids.The circus，by its nature，is one that has a loose structure.So the early years after my leaving the circus to sit in a classroom all day felt more like a prison. But years later，I found areas that interested me.I took the skills I had learned from being onstage and applied them to broadcasting.And so when Boston’s news station WBUR offered me a job out of college，I jumped at the chance.Along the way，I found I really enjoyed the work.I became WBUR’s news reporter.The flexibility and adaptability I’d learned in the circus as a child helped me do my job naturally and easily in a stressful situation—whether it was a destructive tornado outside Boston，or the Boston Marathon bombings of 2013. But then a serious infectious disease appeared.Suddenly，for the first time in my adult life，I went for a year without doing any shows.But it became clear to me that performing was what I truly wanted.For me，the circus symbolizes who I am.And stages have always been where I’ve felt the most free.Some people get nervous before they go onstage，but by assuming(扮演) the character of Jacques ze Whipper and drawing a stupid moustache on my face，all my social anxiety disappears. Circus performances go beyond age，socioeconomic status(地位)，and even language.It’s the type of performance where you can go anywhere in the world to entertain anyone—help anyone forget their troubles for 5,10，and even 30 minutes.And most importantly，for me，it means coming home. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者离开马戏团后的人生经历和感悟。 1．How did the author feel in the early years of school? A．Curious. B．Unfree. C．Loose. D．Impatient. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段末“So the early years after my leaving the circus to sit in a classroom all day felt more like a prison.”可知，作者离开马戏团后在学校的最初几年，整天坐在教室里感觉像是在监狱里，也就是感到不自由。故选B。 2．What do we know about the author’s job at WBUR? A．He did it for his father. B．He did it against his will. C．He risked his neck doing it. D．He took to it like a duck to water. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“And so when Boston’s news station WBUR offered me a job out of college...or the Boston Marathon bombings of 2013.”可知，作者在WBUR工作时，能够在紧张的情况下自然而轻松地完成工作，由此可知，这份工作对作者而言如鱼得水，非常轻松。故选D。 3．What does the circus probably mean to the author? A．A means of living. B．A chance to go anywhere. C．A part of his identity. D．A way to forget his troubles. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“For me，the circus symbolizes who I am.”以及最后一段中“And most importantly，for me，it means coming home.”可知，对于作者而言，马戏团象征着作者的身份，已经是他身份的一部分，故选C。 4．Why does the author write the text? A．To express his love for circus performances. B．To stress the value of performing. C．To share his personal experiences in a circus. D．To discuss the problem of choosing a job. 答案　A 解析　写作意图题。根据文章第三段中“But it became clear to me...all my social anxiety disappears.”以及全文内容可知，作者写文章主要是为了表达对马戏的热爱。故选A。 B The Amazon rainforest is now alarmingly close to dying by 2030 due to climate change and forest loss，a WWF report warns. The world’s largest rainforest is now close to a “tipping point(临界点)” that could mean it changes forever，no longer benefiting humanity in dealing with climate change by soaking up greenhouse gases，the report says. Deforestation(森林砍伐) in the Amazon reached a record high this year，as illegal tree cutting increased to the highest levels in 15 years.Between 13 to 17 percent of the Amazon rainforest area has already been lost in the past 50 years.The WWF report said an area of 1.4 million square miles of the Amazon has experienced a lack of rain，a constant dry season and deforestation，which could lead it to become degraded，turning to a dry land. What’s worse，the “tipping points” could lead to irreversible(不可逆的) loss，including receiving less than 1,500 mm annual rainfall，a dry season of more than 7 months and deforestation of the area to reduce to just 20 percent of the original cover.The loss of the Amazon would further reduce the chances of alleviating(减轻) global warming as the areas’ trees take in enormous amounts of carbon dioxide. “This paper sounds an alarm bell for humanity，revealing the threats of climate change and forest loss are pushing the world’s largest rainforest at risk，” Professor Gagen，lead author of the WWF report，added.“The evidence gives a serious warning that we need to take the tipping point risk seriously and act immediately to cut emissions(排放)，saving natural resources，and，most importantly，change the indifferent attitude to forest loss which are sending people and our planet down a path to disaster.” “Only by listening to the voices of Amazonia’s peoples and by preserving nature can we bring our world back to life，” Gagen said. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。世界自然基金会的一份报告警告称，由于气候变化和森林减少，亚马孙雨林到2030年将接近死亡。 5．What does the underlined phrase “soaking up” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Absorbing. B．Adapting. C．Abandoning. D．Applying. 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“benefiting humanity in dealing with climate change by”以及后文“greenhouse gases”并结合第四段的“alleviating(减轻) global warming as the areas’ trees take in enormous amounts of carbon dioxide”可知，这片热带雨林目前能通过吸收温室气体来应对气候变化，所以推知画线短语“soaking up”意为“吸收”。故选A。 6．Why does the author give several numbers in paragraphs 3－4? A．To show why deforestation happens. B．To show how big the Amazon rainforest is. C．To explain how bad the current situation is. D．To suggest what to do to stop global warming. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“Deforestation(森林砍伐) in the Amazon reached a record high this year...which could lead it to become degraded，turning to a dry land.”以及第四段中“What’s worse...a dry season of more than 7 months and deforestation of the area to reduce to just 20 percent of the original cover.”可知，作者在第三至四段给出了几个数字是为了解释目前的情况有多糟糕。故选C。 7．According to Gagen，what is the most important factor in dealing with “the tipping point”？ A．Cutting down emissions right away. B．Saving the Amazon from deforestation. C．Preventing natural resources being wasted. D．Changing the unconcerned attitude to the problem. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The evidence gives a serious warning...most importantly，change the indifferent attitude to forest loss which are sending people and our planet down a path to disaster.”可知，根据Gagen的说法，在应对“临界点”危机时最重要的因素是改变对问题漠不关心的态度。故选D。 8．In which column of a website can you probably find the passage? A．Health. B．Environment. C．Technology. D．Entertainment. 答案　B 解析　文章出处题。通读全文尤其根据第一段内容可知，文章主要说明了世界上最大的热带雨林现在正接近一个“临界点”，这可能意味着它将永远改变，不再通过吸收温室气体来应对气候变化，由此可推知，文章可能选自网站的“环境”专栏。故选B。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，共15分) Four children in Colombia survived a plane crash.They were 1 in the jungle(丛林) for 40 days before they were finally 2 .How did the miracle of life come about? Lesly,13，was travelling with her family in a light aircraft when the engine was 3 and the aircraft crashed.All except Lesly and her three younger brothers died. After the accident，Lesly took care of her younger brothers.She 4 through the wreckage(残骸) of the plane for food with her brothers.Once having 5 it，they sought wild fruits that they 6 to be eatable.They even used hair ribbons(丝带) to help build a 7 . The rescuers’ discovery of a child’s drink bottle and a simple shelter gave searchers 8 that the children were still alive.To help the children，rescue packages were dropped to the jungle floor by the helicopter for them to get 9 ，along with 10,000 brochures telling 10 on how to survive.Speakers from a helicopter broadcast a(n) 11 message from the children’s grandmother telling them to stay 12 and wait for help. 13 ，a dog led the rescuers to the children，who seemed extremely weak from thirst，hunger and insect bites.Their aunt believed it was the wildness survival skills they learned at an early age that helped them 14 the difficult time.Lesly was highly spoken of for her courage and 15 . 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述四名哥伦比亚儿童在一架飞机坠毁后幸存下来，他们在丛林中生存了40天，最终被发现并得到救援的故事。 1．A.followed B．arranged C．cheated D．trapped 答案　D 解析　根据上文“Four children in Colombia survived a plane crash.”和句中“in the jungle(丛林) for 40 days”可推知，孩子们在空难后被困丛林40天。故选D。 2．A.defeated B．convinced C．rescued D．recognized 答案　C 解析　defeat击败；convince说服；rescue救援；recognize认出。根据下文“How did the miracle of life come about？”可知，出现了奇迹，由此可推知，孩子们最终得到了救援。故选C。 3．A.out of date B．out of action C．in operation D．in sight 答案　B 解析　out of date过时；out of action不运转；in operation在操作中；in sight在视野内。根据句中“the aircraft crashed”可推知，飞机引擎失灵，不运转了，所以坠机。故选B。 4．A.searched B．designed C．expected D．removed 答案　A 解析　search搜索；design设计；expect期望；remove去除。根据句中“the wreckage(残骸) of the plane for food”可知，莱斯利带着兄弟们寻找食物。故选A。 5．A.realized B．spotted C．consumed D．gathered 答案　C 解析　realize实现；spot发现；consume吃；gather收集。根据句中“they sought wild fruits”可推知，他们吃完了在飞机残骸中搜寻到的食物。故选C。 6．A.pretended B．confirmed C．imagined D．hesitated 答案　B 解析　pretend假装；confirm确认；imagine想象；hesitate犹豫。根据句中“wild fruits”和“eatable”可推知，他们要确认找到的野果是可以食用的。故选B。 7．A.future B．system C．bridge D．shelter 答案　D 解析　future未来；system系统；bridge桥；shelter庇护所。根据下文“The rescuers’ discovery of a child’s drink bottle and a simple shelter”可知，孩子们搭建了一个庇护所。故选D。 8．A.faith B．doubt C．luck D．regret 答案　A 解析　根据句中“that the children were still alive”可知，救援人员看到孩子们生活的痕迹时相信他们还活着。故选A。 9．A.assumptions B．promotions C．messages D．supplies 答案　D 解析　assumption假设；promotion促销；message信息；supply补给品。根据句中“rescue packages were dropped to the jungle floor”可知，扔到丛林的救援包是给孩子们的补给品。故选D。 10．A.changes B．reviews C．tips D．ads 答案　C 解析　change变化；review评论；tip建议；ad广告。根据句中“10,000 brochures”和“how to survive”可知，小册子里有关于丛林生存的建议。故选C。 11．A.ignored B．recorded C．complete D．secret 答案　B 解析　ignored被忽略的；recorded记录的；complete完全的；secret秘密的。根据句中“Speakers from a helicopter broadcast”和“message from the children’s grandmother”可推知，扬声器播放的是录好的祖母的声音。故选B。 12．A.awake B．energetic C．creative D．still 答案　D 解析　awake醒着的；energetic精力充沛的；creative有创造力的；still不动的。根据句中“wait for help”可知，祖母让孩子们不要移动，在原地等待救援。故选D。 13．A.Eventually B．Identically C．Gradually D．Curiously 答案　A 解析　eventually最终；identically相同地；gradually逐渐地；curiously好奇地。根据上文可知，孩子们被困丛林40天，所以是“最终”他们被找到。故选A。 14．A.run across B．take up C．get through D．set down 答案　C 解析　run across跑过；take up占据；get through度过；set down记下。根据句中“Their aunt believed it was the wildness survival skills they learned at an early age”可推知，姑姑认为是他们小时候学到的野外生存技能帮助他们度过了困难时期。故选C。 15．A.freedom B．wisdom C．humor D．desire 答案　B 解析　根据上文可知，13岁的莱斯利带着弟弟们寻找食物，搭建庇护所，最终在丛林中活了下来，所以她是勇敢且有智慧的。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $