主题语境提分练25 人与社会之社会进步与人类文明(一)-【百强名校168优化组合卷】2026年高考英语高三二轮复习卷

主题语境提分练二十五　人与社会之社会进步与人类文明(一) 分值:40分 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共27.5分) (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry,“food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story.It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,“if food waste were a country,it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that's hard to understand,let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him,it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don't think.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,” Curtin says. 1.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? We pay little attention to food waste. We waste food unintentionally at times. We waste more vegetables than meat. We have good reasons for wasting food. 2.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text? Moral decline. Environmental harm. Energy shortage. Worldwide starvation. 3.What does Curtin's company do? It produces kitchen equipment. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. It helps local farmers grow fruits. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 4.What does Curtin suggest people do? Buy only what is needed. Reduce food consumption. Go shopping once a week. Eat in restaurants less often. (2022·浙江1月卷) The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,which began a century earlier. “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions,”writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers:Steam,Electricity,and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein, a noted historian of technology,spins a narrative(叙述)so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland,where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”. Klein writes,“America did not invent the steam engine,but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.” Meanwhile,over the course of the 19th century,electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡)that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly,Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla,Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current(交流电),which soon became the major form of power delivery.  To frame his story,Klein creates the character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 5.What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity? It is closely linked to the steam age. It began earlier than people thought. It is a little-studied period of history. It will come to an end sooner or later. 6.What can be inferred about Ned? He was born in New York City. He wrote many interesting stories. He created an electricity company. He lived mainly in the 19th century. 7.What is the text? A biography. A book review. A short story. A science report. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷) We are the products of evolution,and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因),they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults. On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food,but to the ocean.A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.The Bajau,as these people are known,number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines.They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent times,they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters.“They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C.Jubilado,a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau. Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers,spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.” In 2015,Melissa Ilardo,then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen,heard about the Bajau.She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.“It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr.Ilardo.She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. 8.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1? Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. New knowledge of human evolution. Recent findings of human origin. Significance of food selection. 9.Where do the Bajau build their houses? In valleys. Near rivers. On the beach. Off the coast. 10.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau? They could walk on stilts all day. They had a superb way of fishing. They could stay long underwater. They lived on both land and water. 11.What can be a suitable title for the text? Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea Highlanders' Survival Skills Basic Methods of Genetic Research The World's Best Divers Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分,共12.5分) (2021·浙江1月卷) You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water.You get what you need, head to the front, and choose the line that looks fastest. You chose wrong.People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the parking lot.　1　  It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster. Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay.　2　 Any small interruption—a price check, a chatty customer—can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.  If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers.Think about the probability: 　3　 So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.  Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem.Make all customers stand in one long, snaking line—called a serpentine line—and serve each person at the front with the next available register.　4　 This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants.With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it.Instead, it will slow down everyone a little bit but speed up checkout overall.  　5　 It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower.So wherever your next wait may be: Good luck.  A.Why does this always seem to happen to you? B.So why don't most places encourage serpentine lines? C.Some of them may have stood in a queue for almost an hour. D.The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three. E.How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line? F.With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach. G.But sometimes, as on a Sunday afternoon, the system gets particularly busy. 1.　　　　　　 2.　　　　　　 3.　　　　　　 4.　　　　　　 5.　　　　　　 词汇积累 A ①派生词:mindful (mind+ful) adj.留心的,注意的 ②熟词生义:way n.方法,形式;路径(熟义)adv.远远地;大量(生义) ③合成词:jaw-dropping (jaw+dropping) adj.极度令人惊讶的,给人深刻印象的,骇人听闻的 B ①合成词:lifeblood (life+blood) n.命脉;生命线 ②派生词:electrification (electri+fi+cation) n.电气化 C 合成词:highland (high+land) n.高地,高原(地区) 七选五 ①名词动化:head n.头→v.朝着 ②派生词:chatty (chat+t+y) adj.爱闲聊的;爱说话的 难句剖析 B With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current (交流电), which soon became the major form of power delivery. 本句是主从复合句。句中using alternating current (交流电)为现在分词短语作后置定语,which引导定语从句,修饰先行词a system。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.zxxk.com 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 主题语境提分练二十五 [.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了我们日常生活中食物浪费所采取的现状及其带 来的后果，并介绍了Curtin的公司为避免食物浪费所采取的做法，呼吁人们不要浪费食物。 1.B[推理判断题。根据第一段内容可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意 间浪费食物。] 2.B[细节理解题。根据第三段可知，浪费食物的一个后果就是危害环境。] 3.D[细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen...turns it into healthy meals.可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食。] 4.A[推理判断题。根据最后一段Curtin所说的话可推断，Curtin建议人们不要买过多的食物，只购 买自己所需要的量就好。] 【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。 5,A[细节理解题。根据第二段中Klein的话"It is curious that no one has put together..revolutions'” 可知，Klein认为没有人把蒸汽革命和电力革命的历史放在一起是很奇怪的，由此可知，他认为电气时 代和蒸汽时代是密切相关的。] 6.D[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Nd在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进 步。再结合第三段和第四段的内容可知，Klein在书中描绘了18世纪末期和19世纪蒸汽和电力的 发展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在l9世纪。] 7.B[文章类型题。文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介 绍，最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了美 国蒸汽和电力革命带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是 一篇书评。] 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了人类在最近几干年里的进化，并以巴瑶人为例， 介绍了人类为了适应居住的环境身体发生的一些变化。 8.B[细节理解题。文章第一段前两句指出，我们是进化的产物，不仅仅是发生在数十亿年前的进化。 随着科学家更深入地研究我们的基因，他们发现了人类在过去几千年里进化的例子。第一段后两句 是对前两句所提观点的具体举例。所以，作者想通过第一段所举的事例告诉读者关于人类进化的一 些新知识。] 独家授权侵权必究 ©学科网书城画 品牌书店·知名教辅·正版资源 b.ZxXk.com● 您身边的互联网+教辅专家 9.D[细节理解题。根据文章第二段的"They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent times,they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters..可知，巴瑶人有住在船屋上的传统，当今时代， 他们还在沿海水域的支柱上建造房屋。由此可知，巴瑶人会把房屋建在离海岸不远的海面上。] l0.C[细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.可知，Jubilado博士感到吃惊的原因是巴瑶人可以在水下待很长时 间。] 11.A[标题归纳题。本文第一段提到近几千年来人类进化的观点，第二、三、四段讲述了巴瑶人 在居住、潜水等方面的变化，意在表明，巴瑶人为了适应海上生活，他们的身体也发生了一些变化。 选项A“为适应海上生活而改变了的身体”体现了本文大意，可选为最佳标题。] Ⅱ.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们在杂货店排队时会遇到的速度快慢的 问题以及研究人员提出的蛇形排队的方式。 1.A[上文提到你明明选了看上去最快的队伍，但是那些站在其他队伍中并且远在你之后的人都先 结账离开了，下文分析这种现象是概率问题。由此可推断此空应是提出问题“为什么这种事好像总 是发生在你身上？”以引出下文，阐明文章主题。故A项符合语境。] 2.G[上文讲超市竭力提供更多的收银员以加快结账速度，而下文讲任何一个小的干扰都会让整个 队伍变慢。由此可知，空处应与上文是转折关系。分析选项可知，G项符合语境，且与后文构成并列 或递进关系，空后一句也是对G项的具体描述。] 3.D[根据空处所在段第一句的内容及空前的"Think about the probability'可知，此空讲的是你在 三个队伍中选择的情况。D项中的"one in three'与上文中的"three lines呼应，故选D项。] 4.F[上文提到研究人员发现了一种好的排队方式，下文提到大多数银行和快餐店都采取这种方式。 由此可推断空处应讲的是这种好的排队方式的优点。故F项符合语境。 5.B[上文提到这种好的排队方式，下文提到很多商店没有足够的空间和人力实行蛇形排队法，还有 作者在文末给出的建议是"祝你好运”。由此可推断此空应是提出问题：为什么绝大多数地方并没 有实行蛇形排队法？故选B项。] 独家授权侵权必究