Unit 1 Back to School Welcome to the unit & Reading 导学案-2025-2026学年高中英语牛津译林版必修第一册

该高一英语B1 U1单元学案以“高中生活”为主题，围绕Welcome - Reading模块设计，目标是帮助学生掌握18个核心词汇（如potential、senior）和3个重点句型（如can’t wait to do），通过“单词解析-句型运用-综合练习”的递进式任务，构建从基础语言知识到语篇应用的完整学习路径，体现知识建构的系统性。 亮点在于“语言能力+思维品质”双维培养，通过词汇用法拓展（如challenge的动名词辨析）和句型变式训练（如表语前置倒装）提升语言能力，结合七选五、完形填空等语篇练习培养逻辑思维。资料含分层例题与拓展训练，为学生提供针对性复习支持，也为教师单元教学提供清晰的知识框架和实施路径。

年 级：高一 科 目：英语 内 容：B1 U1 Welcome - Reading 【同步知识梳理】 一、单词解析 知识点1：potential 用法解析及拓展： ① 潜力，可能性 常见搭配： have / show the potential for sth. / to do sth. 有…潜力 Achieve / fulfill / realize one’s（ full） potential. 发挥某人的（全部）潜力 例： The industry has the potential for growth. 该产业有发展潜力。 The school strives to treat pupils as individuals and to help each one to achieve their full potential. 学校力求每一个学生因材施教，帮助他们充分发挥自己的潜力。 ② adj. 潜在的，可能的 potential customer / buyer 潜在的客户/ 买家 potential benefit / problem 潜在的好处/ 问题 potential danger/ threat / risk 潜在的危险/ 威胁/ 风险 例题训练： He _______ _______ _______ _______ _______(有成为......的潜力）a world-class musician. has the potential to become 知识点2：senior junior （反义词） 用法解析及拓展: ① adj.中学的；级别(或地位)高的; 高级水平的;老年的 be senior to 比… 年长;比… 资深；比… 级别（地位）高 （be junior to 比… 年幼; 比… 资历浅；比… 级别（地位）低 ） be senior to sb by … years 比某人大…岁 senior high schools 高级中学 a senior officer/manager/lecturer, etc. 高级军官、高级经理、高级讲师等 take part in senior competitions 参加成人比赛 ② n.较…年长的人;级别(或地位)较高者;上级;上司; 高水平运动员 例： Tickets at the gate are $10, $7 for seniors. 例题训练： 1 _______________________________. 他比我年长七岁。 2 Many _________________ have been through two world wars. 许多年长的公民经历了两次世界大战。 ① He is senior to me by seven years. ②senior citizens 知识点3：challenge 用法解析及拓展: ① n. 挑战，质疑 常见搭配：face a challenge面对挑战 take on /accept a challenge 接受挑战 meet a challenge / rise to a challenge 迎接挑战 例：John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. 约翰·斯洛想面对这一挑战，并解决这一问题。 ② vt. 向…挑战；邀请…比赛；质疑，对…表示怀疑 challenge sb 向......挑战 challenge sb to sth 向某人挑战… 例：Mike challenged me to a game of chess. 迈克邀请我和他比一盘棋。 The story was completely untrue and was challenged in court. 此案情纯属捏造，已经在法庭上被揭穿。 ③challenging adj. 有挑战性的 例题训练： ①Destruction of the environment is______________________ we face. 环境的破坏是我们所面临的最严峻的挑战之一。 ②The opposition leader ____________________ call an election. 反对党领袖要求首相宣布进行大选。 ③This is a book full of profound, original, and _____________. 这是一本充满高深、新颖且富有挑战性见解的书。 1. one of the most serious challenges 2. challenged the prime minister to 3. challenging insights 知识点4：positive 用法解析及拓展: ①adj.积极乐观的; 正面的；表示赞同的;阳性的 n.优势;优点; 阳性结果(或反应) have a positive attitude to（towards）… 对…持有乐观的态度 be positive about … 对…乐观；对… 自信 on the positive side 从好的方面看 positive effects 积极的效果 例：We need to have a positive attitude even in the face of difficulties. 即使面临困难，我们仍需要保持积极的态度。 She tried to be more positive about her new job. 她力求对新工作更有信心。 On the positive side , profits have increased. 从好的方面看，利润增加了。 ② negative adj.消极的；否定的；阴性的 neutral adj. 中立的；中性的 例题训练： ①We must ______________ to deal with the problem. 我们必须采取积极步骤处理这个问题。 ②His family ___________________ him. 他的家庭对他有十分良好的影响。 ③What is the author's attitude towards sth?(常出现在阅读题，无固定答案） A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. indifferent (漠不关心的) ①take positive steps ②has a very positive influence on 知识点5：lie in 存在，在于 用法解析及拓展: 例：She told me that happiness lies in helping others to be happy.他告诉我快乐的真谛在于帮助别人获得快乐。 拓展：lie ① vi. 说谎，躺，位于（lay lain） lie to sb. 向某人说谎 ②谎言，谎话 a white lie 善意的小谎言； tell sb. a lie 对某人说谎 知识点6：acquire 用法解析及拓展: vt. 获得，得到，取得，学到 常用搭配： acquire a (good) knowledge of…得到…知识，精通… acquire a taste for…开始喜欢… 例：She had acquired a taste for European beer. 她喜欢上了欧洲啤酒 拓展：acquisition n. （土地，权利，金钱等的）获得，（知识，技能）习得，获得物 例题训练： The more time, energy and money you spend _______(acquire) relevant knowledge, the more control you have over your life. acquiring 知识点7：advance 用法解析及拓展: ① n. 进步，进展，前进，行进 常用搭配：in advance= ahead of time预先，提前 in advance of…比…先进；超前于… 例：Tourists are required to make reservations in advance to go on Holiday Lights Tour. 想参加假日彩灯的旅客需要提前预订。 Galileo’s ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived.伽利略的思想远远超过了他所处的时代。 ② vt. & vi. 发展，进步，前进，促进，提出， 例:Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved. 科学家们提出了许多关于人类为什么留眼泪的理论，但都未得到证实。 Our understanding of human genetics has advanced considerably. 我们对人类遗传学的了解有了很大进展。 ③advanced adj. 高级的，先进的，（发展）晚期的，后期的 例：This science and technology-based theme park in France uses the most advanced technology. 这个以科技为基础的法国主题公园使用了最先进的技术。 例题训练： ①_______________ has been made in the control of malaria. 在控制疟疾方面已取得新的进展。 ②Because of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels or camp sites ___________. 鉴于该地区的受欢迎度，事先预订旅馆或露营地是可取的。 ③Students are asked to prepare material________________ each weekly seminar. 要求学生为每星期一次的研讨班预先准备好材料。 ①A new advance ②in advance ③in advance of 知识点8：amazing 用法解析及拓展: ①adj.令人大为惊奇的;令人惊喜的 例：It was amazing how my mother coped with bringing up three children on less than thirty dollars a week. 让人惊叹的是我妈妈怎样以每周不到30美元的开销养大了3个孩子。 ② amazed adj. 感到惊叹的 amaze vt. 使吃惊 amazingly adv. 令人惊讶地；惊奇地 amazement n. 惊异；惊愕 where amazing happens 奇迹发生之地 an amazing achievement/discovery/success/performance 惊人的成就╱发现╱成功╱表演 be amazed at (by) 对…感到惊叹 to one’s amazement 让人感到惊叹的是 in amazement 惊讶地 例：We were amazed by the play's success. 我们惊叹该剧的成功。 In great amazement, the teacher looked at the little girl. 老师惊奇地看着那个小女孩。 【联想助记】 情感类动词 v＋ing 表示“使人感到....的” v＋ed表示“感到.....的” Eg: excite/exciting/excited disappoint/ disappointing/ disappointed move/ moving/ moved surprise/ surprising/ surprised 例题训练： ①_______________________________________我对那个令人感到惊叹的消息感到很惊叹 ②You _________________ your thoughts. 您会为自己的想法感到吃惊的。 ③She stared at him ________________. 她睁大眼睛惊讶地注视着他 ①I am amazed at the amazing news. ②will be amazed by ③in wide-eyed amazement 知识点9：confidence confident adj.自信的;有把握的 confidently adv. 自信地；安心地 confidential adj. 秘密的；机密的 self-confidence n. self-confident 用法解析及拓展： … And I have confidence in your ability to make a difference to your family. 我相信你有改变你家庭的能力。(教材P3) n.信心;信任;把握; have confidence in = have belief in 对…有信心 gain confidence 获得自信 be confident in/ of/ about 对… 有信心 例：①Confidence is the key to success. 信心是成功的关键。 ②The teacher wants the children to be confident about asking questions when they don't understand.教师要孩子们遇到不懂的问题就大胆提问 例题训练： ①The players all _______________ their manager. 队员都信赖他们的教练。 ②He ______________ when he went to college. 他上大学后增强了自信。 ③I have every reason to_____________ our victory. 我有充分的理由坚信胜利是属于我们的。 ①have confidence in ②gained confidence ③be confident of 知识点10：make a difference 起作用，有影响 用法解析及拓展： 课文原句：The possibilities are endless, and I have confidence in your ability to make a difference to your family, to your community and to your country. 可能性是无限的，我相信你们有能力对你们的家庭，你们的社区和捏们的国家产生影响。 拓展：make a/ some/ much/ no difference (to sb./ sth.) 有/一些/ 有许多/ 没有影响或作用 It makes a difference (to sb. /sth. ) +wh- 从句…(对某人/某物)关系重大，有影响 例：Small acts of kindness can make a great difference. 小善举能带来大影响。 Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work. 他在不在这里对我们的工作没有影响。 It makes much difference what you choose. 你选择的东西事关重大。 It makes no difference to me whether he goes or not. 不管他去还是不去，对我都没影响。 例题训练： 海洋空气改善了她的健康状况。The sea air_______________her health. has made a difference to 知识点11：take advantage of 利用 用法解析及拓展： 课文原句：Take advantage of your classes, learn from your teachers and classmates, and make use of our school facilities. 利用你们的课堂，向老师和同学学习，并利用好我们学校的设施。 例：I’m going to take advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle. 我打算利用这次旅行来探究一下这座城堡的历史。 拓展：advantage n. 好处，有利条件 at an advantage 有优势，处于有利地位 have an advantage over 胜过，占上风 turn sth to your advantage 使某事转化为有利条件 例：Graduates with a good command of English and computer skills tent to be at an advantage when applying for jobs. 精通英语和计算机技术的大学毕业生在求职时往往处于优势。 ② disadvantage n. 缺点，不利条件 at a disadvantage 处于劣势，处于不利地位 to one’s disadvantage / to the disadvantage of sb. 对某事不利 例题训练： We should think of what use can________ (make) of such material. be made 知识点12：equal 用法解析及拓展： ① adj. (大小，数量，价值等)相同的，相等的；平等的；（力气，勇气，能力等）相当的，能胜任的 例：Of equal importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude. 同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯，有用的技能和积极的态度。 常用搭配： be equal to sb. / sth. 与某人/ 某物相同 be equal to sth. 能胜任某事，能应付难题（任务等） I hope that he is equal to the challenge. 我希望他能应付这一挑战。 ② n. 同等的人（物） be without equal/ have no equal 无与伦比的 be the equal of sb. / sth. 比得上某人/某事 例：Our cars are the equal of those produced anywhere else in the world.我们的汽车可与世界上任何其他地方成产的汽车相媲美。 ③ vt.与…….相等；等于；比得上 例：When it comes to bragging, no one could equal him.要说吹牛，没人能比得上他。 联想词 1. equality n.相等；平等 2. equally adv. 相等的；同样的；平等的 短语拓展： be equal to (doing) sth 相等；胜任；合适 (做某事) equal rights/pay 平等的权利；同酬 on equal ˈterms (with sb) （与某人）处于平等的地位 be without equal/ have no ˈequal 无与伦比；无敌；无比 2 plus 2 equals 4 2+2=4 equal sb/ sth in (doing) in 在(做) 某事方面逼得上，敌得过某人（某物） equal the world record. 平了世界纪录 例：①There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. 这个班男女生人数相等。 ②The company has an equal opportunities policy (= gives the same chances of employment to everyone) . 这家公司的政策是人人机会均等。 例题训练： ①I hope that he proves _____________the challenge. 我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。 ②She treats the people who work for her____________. 她以平等的身份对待为她工作的人。 ③Cooperation _________ success. 合作意味着成功。 ①equal to ②as her equals ③equals 知识点13：balance 用法解析及拓展： ①. vt.同等重视；（使）保持平衡；权衡重要性 例：Carefully plan your study, set clear goals and balance your schoolwork with other activities.仔细规划你们的学习，设定明确的目标，平衡学业和其他活动。 The inexperienced rider was sitting on the bicycle trying to balance it.骑车很不熟练的那个人正坐在自行车上尽力的想保持平衡。 I asked her what I should do to lose weight , and she told me to balance my diet .我问她我要做什么来减肥，她告诉我要均衡饮食 联想词：balanced adj. 保持平衡的，均衡的 What will happen to you if you don’t eat a balanced diet? 如果没有均衡的饮食，你将会怎样？ ② n. 【U】均衡，平衡，平衡能力 【C】天平，秤 常用搭配： a sense of balance 平衡感 out of balance 失去平衡 keep / lose one’s balance 保持/失去平衡 例：Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake. 慢慢地移动，然后要确保保持平衡，并且不要让你的身体晃动。 数词生意： balance n. 账户余额，结余 例：I have a balance of about $ 50,000 in my savings account. 我的存款账户里的余额大概有五万美元。 知识点14：individual 用法解析及拓展： individually adv. 个别地，单独地 personal adj.个人的；亲自的 原文：In time you will find yourself growing into a well –round individual. 假以时日，你会发现自己成长为一个全面发展的人。(教材P3) adj. 个人的；个别的；独特的 n. 个人，个体 individual event 个人项目单项比赛个人单项 individual difference 个体差异 individual behavior 个人行为 donations from private individuals 私人捐赠 例：What can you do as an individual? 作为个人你能做些什么呢？ 知识点15：responsible adj. 有责任的，负责，可靠的 用法解析及拓展： 课文原句：Senior high school will help you learn and grow, yet you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential. 高中可以帮助你们学习和成长，但只有你们自己负责充分发挥自己的潜能。 常用搭配：be responsible for…对…负责；是…的原因；be responsible to sb. 对某人负责；（向主管或者上级）承担责任 例：Heavy rain was responsible for the shortage of vegetables. 大雨是蔬菜短缺的原因。 联想词：responsibility n. 责任，职责，负责 have responsibility for (doing) sth. 有（做）某事的责任 take responsibility for (doing) sth. 承担（做）某事的责任 短语拓展： be responsible for 为… 负责；是……的原因 responsible care 责任关怀义务关心 sense of responsibility 责任感，责任心 social responsibility 社会责任 take on responsibility 承担责任 have/ take responsibility for 对… 有责任 It is one’s responsibility to do sth 做某事是某人的责任 例：①Even where parents no longer live together, they each continue to be responsible for their children. 即使父母不再共同生活，他们也要分别对子女负责。 ②He is mentally ill and cannot be held responsible for his actions. 他有精神病，不能对自己的行为负责。 ③It is their responsibility to ensure that the rules are enforced. 他们有责任确保制度的执行 例题训练： ①Cigarette smoking _______________ about 90% of deaths from lung cancer. 因患肺癌而死亡者，约90%是吸烟所致。 ②It's impossible to hold any ______________. 不可能让任何个人承担责任。 ③I don't feel ready to __________________ . 我不愿意承担新的责任。 ①is responsible for ②individual responsible ③take on new responsibilities 知识点16：ahead adv. (时间，空间)向前，提前，预先，领先 用法解析及拓展： 课文原句：I’ve been told that schoolwork will present more of a challenge in the years ahead, and that he teachers will hold us to higher standards. 我被告知在接下里的几年中学业会更加具有挑战性，而且老师们将会使我们达到更高的水平。 常用搭配：ahead of time = in advance 提前 ahead of schedule 提前 go ahead 可以；干吧 例：Without your help, I couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time. 没有你的帮助，我不可能提前完成这项工作。 知识点17：look forward to 盼望，期待，期望 用法解析及拓展： 特别注意：look forward to中的to为介词，+ n. / pron. / ving 例：Well, we shall look forward to seeing him tomorrow. The day we had been looking forward to came at last. 我们一直期待的那一天终于到来了。 拓展：含有look的其他常用介词 look up to 仰慕，尊敬 look down upon/on 瞧不起 look out 当心 look into 调查 look through 浏览 例：It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children. 据报道，警察将尽快调查这起两个儿童失踪的案子。 Would you please look through the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistake 请帮我浏览一下这篇论文，看看有没有明显的错误，好吗？ 知识点18：independent adj. 自主的，有主见的 用法解析及拓展： 反义词：dependent adj. 依赖的，依靠的 联想词：independently adv. 独立地； independence n. 独立，自主 dependence n. 依靠，依赖 depend vi. 依靠，依赖 短语拓展： depend on/ upon 依靠，依赖，由…决定，取决于 be independent of 不依赖…的；不受…支配的 an independent inquiry/witness 独立的调查；无偏见的证人 financially independent 经济独立 The Independence Day 独立日 independence study 自主学习 School spirit: the spirit of independence, freedom of thought. 学校精神：独立之精神，自由之思想 例：①We're going independent from the university and setting up our own group. 我们将从大学独立出去，成立我们自己的集团。 ②She would like to be more financially independent. 她想要在财政上更加独立。 ③A good teacher encourages independence of thought. 好的教师鼓励独立思考。 例题训练： 你依靠海洋谋生吗？ ___________________________________________? Do you depend on the ocean for your livelihood? 二、句型运用 知识点1：can’t wait to do 原文：I can’t wait to describe you what senior high school life is like.我迫不及待的要向你描述高中生活是什么样子。(教材P2) 用法解析及拓展: 意为“迫不及待做某事” 类似的用法还有can hardly wait to do 例：They can hardly wait to see their friend , Jim. 他们急于去看他们的朋友吉姆。 can’t wait to do sth 表示 “迫不及待做某事”。表示“渴望，迫切做某事”的意义的其他表达方式： be eager to do sth; be thirsty to do sth; be dying to do sth; long to do sth; desire to do sth; be anxious to do sth; be keen to do sth. 例题训练： ①The young man always feels ___________ to acquire new knowledge and skills. 这个年轻人总是渴望获得新的知识技能 ② I ______________ my old friend. 我迫不及待的想要见到我的老朋友。 ①thirsty ② can’t wait to see 知识点2：find+宾语+宾补 原文：In time you will find yourself growing into a well –round individual. 假以时日，你会发现自己成长为一个全面发展的人。(教材P3) 【句式分析】 此处为“find +宾补+宾补结构”，其中做宾补的为现在分词。“find+宾语+宾补”这一结构中的宾语补足语可以由现在分词、过去分词、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及不定式to be等来充当。 ①When we go home , we found mother waiting for us to have dinner. （主动） ②When he came to himself, he found himself surrounded by a group of boys. （被动） ③I find him an honest man. ④When I got home, I found the door open. ⑤Did you find him in? ⑥I hope to find you in better spirits when we meet again. ⑦I find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 例题训练： ①He found himself _____________ (lie) in the hospital bed when he woke up. 当他醒来时他发现自己躺在医院的床上。 ②John found himself _____________ (cheat). by his classmates and got annoyed. John 发现自己被同学欺骗了，变得非常愤怒。 ③We found what he said ____________. 我没发现他说的是事实。 ①lying ②cheated ③ to be true 知识点3：表语前置倒装 原文：Of equal importance are good study habits. 同样重要的是学习习惯。(教材P3) 【句式分析】 这是一个完全倒装句。主语是 good study habits, are 是系动词, of equal importance 是表语。为了保持句子结构平衡或强调表语，将表语置于句首，引起倒装。表语前置有以下几种形式： ①形容词做表语前置 Present at the meeting were Professor Smith and his students. ②分词作表语前置 Gone are the days when we had to be in the mercy of weather. ③介词短语做表语前置 On the second floor is a big cinema. 例题训练： 1. ______________ today is Tom. Tom今天没开上学 2. ______________ was a wallet. 地上躺了一个钱包。 3. Attached to the envelop was _______________ . 信封上贴着一张漂亮的邮票。 1. Absent from class 2. Lying on the ground 3. a beautiful stamp 【精题精练精讲】 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.Her voice was soft but ____________ (confidence) as she pointed to the corner near the windows. 2.“That’s what’s so ____________ (amaze) about chimp gestures,” she said. 3.Paul and Jack have a lasting friendship because they were ____________ the same age. 4.It’s a great ____________ (improve) on his previous performance. 5.Anyone,whether he is an official or a bus driver,should be ____________ (equal) respected. 6.Now that you have got a job,you should learn to be ____________ (independence) of your parents. 7.They have learned how to seek for a suitable job and be ____________ (responsibility) for their job. 8.In the first 95 undergraduate women were ____________ (individual) invited into a lab to take part in a study. 9.As we haven’t mastered enough English words,sometimes we may find it ____________ (difficulty) to follow the teacher. 10.It was difficult ____________ her to make him understand her words. Ⅱ.选词填空 make a difference,make the most of,lie in,last but not least,lead to,be responsible for,rise to,look forward to 1.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it,but a new study suggests the answer may ________________________ the stomachs of some hungry worms. 2.We should ________________________ the work and keep teamwork spirit in mind. 3.We are ________________________ attending the next week’s opening ceremony of the beer festival. 4.Susan ________________________ all her spare time to practise playing the piano. 5.________________________, we should call on citizens to take the bus instead of driving a car as much as possible. 6.He was determined to ________________________ the challenges. 7.As you can imagine,getting burnt can ________________________ very serious injuries. 8.Failures hurt grown-ups and children alike,but it can ________________________ to your life once you learn to use it. Ⅲ.完成句子 1.这本词汇书对你很有好处,你可以从中学到很多知识。(of+名词) This vocabulary book ____________________________________, from which you can acquire so much knowledge. 2.年终颁奖典礼终于来临了。(倒装句) ____________________________________ the final awards ceremony at the end of the year. 3.能觉得自己擅长的东西被人接受,感觉真好。(it is+adj.+to do) ____________________________________ for what I’m good at. 4.为了迎接新年的到来,家家户户都在为团圆饭做准备。(动词不定式作状语) ____________________________________, every family is preparing for the reunion dinner. 5.你一放下包袱,你就会发现自己感觉轻松多了。(find的复合结构) The moment you let go of your burdens,you’ll ____________________________________. Ⅰ.1.confident 2.amazing 3.of 4.improvement 5.equally 6.independent 7.responsible 8.individually 9.difficult 10.for Ⅱ.1.lie in 2.be responsible for 3.looking forward to 4.made the most of 5.Last but not least 6.rise to 7.lead to 8.make a difference Ⅲ.1.is of great benefit to you 2.Then came 3.It was so good to feel accepted 4.To welcome the New Year 5.find yourself feeling so much more relaxed 【能力拓展训练】 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 He lived his whole life as a poor man. His talent____1____ (recognize) by almost no one. He suffered from a mental illness that led him ____2____ (shoot) himself in 1890. But after his____3____(dead), be achieved world fame. Today, he is regarded ____4____one of the leading artists of all time. He was Vincent van Gogh. He left school when he was just 15. By the age of 27, he ____5____(try) many jobs. Finally in 1880, he decided to begin his studies in art. Van Gogh is____6____ (fame) for his ability to put his own feelings into his paintings. His style is marked by short, broad brush work. “Instead of trying to copy exactly ____7____ I have before my eyes, I use colors more freely, in order to express ____8____ (I) more powerfully,” he wrote in a letter to his brother. Van Gogh sold only one painting during his short life. He relied heavily on the support from his brother, ____9____ art dealer who lived in Paris. But now Van Gogh’s works are sold for millions of dollars. His Portrait of Dr. Gachet sold for $82.5 million in 1990. It is one of the highest prices ever____10____(pay) for a painting. 七选五 Most people will tell you that without a cup of coffee in the morning, they cannot function. Coffee is a good drink when consumed in right amount. ____1____ Legend says that Kaldi, an Ethiopian, discovered his goats enjoy eating coffee plants. Curious, he tasted the leaves and began to dance around. A passing monk (僧侣) witnessed the scene and took some back to his fellow monks. Later that night, the monks experienced extreme inspiration. ____2____Soon Arabia was roasting coffee beans. By 1000 A. D. , Muslims were drinking coffee to stay awake. A merchant from Venice introduced coffee to Europe in 1615. By 1696, the Dutch started growing the coffee bush in Java. By 1723, coffee plants were introduced to the Americas. Today, coffee is the most popular drink in the world. Caffeine (咖啡因) is the major chemical in coffee. Caffeine poisoning can occur if more than 400 milligrams of caffeine is drunk in a short period, which is about four to five cups of coffee. ____3____So it should be avoided before bed. ____4____ Studies have shown that it helps cognitive (感知) skills in elderly women. Women who drank three cups of coffee daily scored higher on memory tests than women who drank one cup of coffee. Large amounts of coffee can cause nervousness, worries and heartburn. However, if mixed with milk, it is fine. ____5____The more you drink, the more you depend on it. For some people, just one cup of coffee a day is OK. A. Coffee also has many benefits. B. Coffee can be addictive like any drug. C. Caffeine will also cause sleep difficulty. D. The caffeine in coffee can actually help fight disease. E. However, it is considered harmful if taken in large amount. F. Drinking coffee while you have this kind of disease will make it worse. G. Whether the legend is true or not, the discovery of coffee dates back to 800 A. D. 完形填空 In August last year, my parents and I visited our relatives in Princeton Junction, New Jersey. Every day I enjoyed walking a circular way starting from their house. One evening I decided to be ____1____ and changed from my ____2____ way-I was looking forward to a longer walk, confident that I would be able to find my way back. My walk took me ____3____ the living area and into a beautiful place with an expanse of fields on both sides of the road. With the sun beginning to ____4____, it was really a wonderful sight. After about thirty minutes, I noticed that I was not ____5____ back in the direction I had come. I searched for my mobile phone to get help, but it turned out to be left at home. However, I remained ____6____. Although there weren’t any people about, there was some ____7____ and I was sure that someone would stop and point me in the right direction. As each car or truck came, I stopped and ___8___, but time after time each one passed me by. No one seemed to feel any sympathy for me. About forty minutes, I was beginning to feel ____9____. There was no one ______10______ and my family was completely in the dark as to my position. When I just gave up all hope, a black SUV ______11______ me and stopped. A mother and daughter were willing to help. I told them I was lost and gave them my address. The mother pointed to a turning a little further down the road and ______12______ me I was pretty close to home. Expressing my thanks, I started off at a fast ______13______. I had been walking for about five minutes when I heard a car drive up behind me and stop It was the mother and daughter again. They realized that they had not given me the correct direction. They offered to give me a(n) _____14_____ home, and I was so grateful for their help. During our brief conversation I sensed that the teenage daughter was going to a school party and would now arrive late. We didn’t ______15______ names but I will never forget their act of kindness. 1. A. confident B. independent C. adventurous D. tough 2. A. similar B. potential C. general D. regular 3. A. within B. round C. toward D. beyond 4. A. shine B. rise C. set D. fade 5. A. heading B. keeping C. taking D. looking 6. A. silent B. crazy C. quiet D. calm 7. A. delay B. control C. traffic D. service 8. A. cheered B. waved C. sighed D. nodded 9. A. passive B. ridiculous C. fortunate D. desperate 10. A. in place B. in turn C. in sight D. in person 11. A. surrounded B. approached C. reflected D. accompanied 12. A. supported B. responded C. corrected D. promised 13. A. stage B. track C. level D. pace 14. A. tip B. ride C. desire D. option 15. A. seek B. gather C. acquire D. exchange 【课后巩固训练】 阅读理解 A “Instagram(a social networking app) will cut out many users’ accounts on December 20. To protect your account, repost this warning #KeepMyAccountSafe.” Every few months, it happens again-a dozen of annoying posts from my kids’ friends suddenly start to appear on my Instagram news feed. According to a new study by Stanford University, most kids don’t know what news is fake. Researchers asked more than 7,800 middle school and high school students to complete 56 tasks, like distinguishing an advertisement from a real news story on a website and determining which blog in a series was most reliable. They found that students judged the credibility of blogs based not on the source of the material, but on how much detail they contained, or whether a large photo was attached. “Many people assume that because young people are fluent in social media, they can distinguish fake news, but our work shows the opposite to be true,” wrote lead study author Sam Wineburg, a professor at Stanford’s Graduate School of Education. Both Google and Facebook are now taking steps to control misleading news from making its way on their platforms, but they won’t be able to eliminate it completely. That is why it’s now more important than ever to teach our kids to think critically when it comes to believing various information sources. “In the coming months, we look forward to sharing our assessments and working with educators to create materials that will guide young people in the sea of disinformation they encounter online,” said Wineburg. 1. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage? A. By stating opinions. B. By showing findings. C. By quoting sayings. D. By citing a post. 2. According to researchers, what determines the credibility of online information? A. The source of the material. B. The popularity of the website. C. The amount of details. D. The size of relevant photos. 3. What does the underlined word “eliminate” mean in paragraph 4? A. Digest. B. Update. C. Estimate. D. Remove. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Stronger Together: The Internet Changes Our Life B. Be Careful: Kids Are Bad at Identifying Fake News C. Reliable News Has No Place on Social Media D. Educators Have a Long Way to Go to Guide the Young B For the first few months of 2021, Mars was crowded with new “visitors” from Earth. First, it was the UAE Space Agency’s Hope, followed by the Chinese Tianwen-1. The name comes from the long poem Tianwen, written by Qu Yuan, a great poet of ancient China. In Tianwen, this name conveys China’s steady effort in pursuing truth and culture of exploring the universe. The Tianwen-1 rover landing has orbiting, landing and roving (巡视) components—the first mission to include all three on its first attempt. Landing on Mars is extremely dangerous. It requires entering the atmosphere at very high speeds, then slowing down before landing. As to Tianwen-1, a heat shield (防热护罩) protected the spacecraft during the fiery (燃烧的) landing, after which the mission safely parachuted (使空降) down to the Utopia Planitia (乌托邦平原). The landing platform fired small, downward-facing rocket engines to slow down during the last few seconds. China’s Mars rover, called Zhurong after an ancient Chinese fire god, sent back images of the surface of Mars captured by a camera on its front, which functions as an “eye” to detect barriers and get around them. The Utopia Planitia, where Tianwen-1 landed, has long been believed to contain vast amounts of water ice. Zhurong will first and foremost study Martian soil and atmosphere and search for signs of water ice, which suggests the existence of life. Tianwen-1 is China’s first interplanetary (行星间的) mission. Meanwhile, China is working with Russia on a sample-return mission scheduled to launch in 2024. China is open and inclusive in the development of its space technology to build a community with a shared future for mankind. 5. Why was China’s “visitor” to Mars named Tianwen? A. To emphasize the value of exploring Mars. B. To arouse readers’ interest in reading classics. C. To illustrate the long history of writing poems. D. To show China’s constant struggle in space exploration. 6. Which of the following contributed to the safe landing on Mars? A. The heat shield on the spacecraft. B. The camera on the front of Zhurong. C. The flat landscape of the Utopia Planitia. D. The rocket engines above the landing platform. 7. What is the primary target of Zhurong on Mars? A. To build a shared future for mankind. B. To look for signs of life on the red planet. C. To push the boundaries of space exploration. D. To inform people of our achievements in space. 8. What can we learn from the text? A. China is the first country to land a rover on Mars. B. China is confident of the existence of life on Mars. C. Tianwen-1 proves joint efforts matter in space research. D. Tianwen-1 marks the start of China’s interplanetary exploration. 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 【答案】36. was recognized 37. to shoot 38. death 39. as 40. had tried 41. famous 42. what 43. myself 44. an 45. paid 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了梵高及其生平的成就。 【详解】1.考查时态和语态。句意：他的才能几乎没有被任何人认可。空白处在句中作谓语，结合“He lived his whole life as a poor man.”可知，此处的时态用一般过去时；句子主语his talent为单数第三人称，与动词recognize为动宾关系，所以此处要用被动语态。故填was recognized。 2.考查非谓语动词。句意：他患有精神疾病，导致他在1890年自杀。固定搭配：lead sb. to do sth.，意为“引导某人做某事”，所以此处填to shoot。故填to shoot。 3.考查名词。句意：但是在他死去之后，他获得了世界声誉。his为物主代词，其后要用名词。故填death。 4.考查介词。句意：今天，他被认为是有史以来最杰出的艺术家之一。固定短语be regarded as，意为“被认为……”，所以此处填as。故填as、 5.考查时态。句意：到27岁时，他尝试了许多工作。根据语境及句中时间状语by the age of 27可知，空白处的时态要用过去完成时。故填had tried。 6.考查形容词。句意：梵高的名气在于他能把自己的感情融入画中。固定短语be famous for，意为“以……而出名”，所以此处填famous。故填famous。 7.考查宾语从句连接词。句意：他在写给他哥哥的信中写道: “不是试图复制眼前的东西，我更自由地使用颜色，以更有力地表达自己。”分析可知， 7 I have before my eyes为宾语从句，在句中作动词copy的宾语。空白处在句中作宾语，结合句意，所以要用连接代词what，指代“眼前的东西”。故填what。 8.考查反身代词。句意同上。本句主语为I，动词express后的宾语同样为主语本身，所以此处要用反身代词myself。故填myself。 9.考查冠词。句意：他非常依赖他哥哥的支持，他哥哥是一个住在巴黎的艺术品商人。dealer“商人”为可数名词，art的首个音素为元音音素，所以此处要用不定冠词 an。故填an。 10.考查非谓语动词。句意：这是有史以来最高的价格之一。分析可知，10 (pay) for a painting为后置定语，修饰名词price，动词pay与price为动宾关系，所以pay要用过去分词。故填paid。 七选五 【答案】16. E 17. G 18. C 19. A 20. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了咖啡的相关知识，包括咖啡的发现、传播、咖啡主要成分对人的影响以及咖啡对人的好处等。 【16题详解】 根据上文“Most people will tell you that without a cup of coffee in the morning, they cannot function. Coffee is a good drink when consumed in right amount.(大多数人会告诉你，早上不喝一杯咖啡，他们就无法工作。喝适量的咖啡是很好的饮料)”可知，上文提到适当喝咖啡可以，推测本句与上文构成转折，指出大量喝咖啡有害。故E选项“然而，如果大量服用它被认为是有害的”符合语境，故选E。 【17题详解】 根据上文“A legend says that Kaldi, an Ethiopian, discovered his goats enjoy eating coffee plants. Curious, he tasted the leaves and began to dance around. A passing monk witnessed the scene and took some back to his fellow monks. Later that night, the monks experienced extreme inspiration.(传说埃塞俄比亚人卡迪发现他的山羊喜欢吃咖啡树。出于好奇，它尝了尝叶子，然后开始跳舞。一个路过的和尚看到了这一幕，就把一些带回去给他的和尚同伴。那天晚上晚些时候，僧侣们体验到了极端的灵感)”以及后文“Soon Arabia started roasting coffee beans. By 1000 A.D., Muslims were drinking coffee to stay awake. A merchant from Venice introduced coffee to Europe in 1615. By 1696, the Dutch started growing the coffee bush in Java. By 1723, coffee plants were introduced to the Americas. Today, coffee is the most popular drink in the world.(不久，阿拉伯人开始烘焙咖啡豆。到了公元1000年，穆斯林通过喝咖啡来保持清醒。一位威尼斯商人于1615年将咖啡引入欧洲。到1696年，荷兰人开始在爪哇种植咖啡树。到1723年，咖啡树被引入美洲。今天，咖啡是世界上最受欢迎的饮料)”可知，本句属于过渡句，开始说明咖啡发现的时间，G选项中the legend对应上文中A legend。故G选项“不管这个传说是真的还是假的，咖啡的发现可以追溯到公元800年”符合语境，故选G。 【18题详解】 根据上文“Caffeine is the major chemical in coffee. Caffeine poisoning can occur if more than 400 milligrams of caffeine is drunk in a short period, which is about four to five cups of coffee.(咖啡因是咖啡中的主要化学成分。 如果短时间内摄入超过400毫克的咖啡因（相当于4到5杯咖啡），就会发生咖啡因中毒)”以及后文“So it should be avoided before bed.(所以睡觉前应该避免)”可知，后文提到睡觉前要避免喝咖啡，可知本句是在说明原因：咖啡因也会导致睡眠困难。故C选项“咖啡因也会导致睡眠困难”符合语境，故选C。 【19题详解】 根据后文“Studies have shown that it helps cognitive skills in elderly women. Women who drank three cups of coffee daily scored higher on memory tests than women who drank one cup of coffee.(研究表明，它有助于提高老年妇女的认知能力。在记忆力测试中，每天喝三杯咖啡的女性比每天只喝一杯咖啡的女性得分更高)”可知，本段的主要内容是咖啡对人体的好处。故A选项“咖啡也有一些好处”符合语境，故选A。 【20题详解】 根据后文“The more you drink, the more you depend on it. (你喝得越多，你就越依赖它)”可知，后文提到咖啡喝得越多越有依赖性，可见咖啡容易让人上瘾。故B选项“咖啡像毒品一样容易上瘾”符合语境，故选B。 完形填空 【答案】21. C 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. D 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者迷路不能找到回家的路，好心人开车把作者送回家。他们没有交换名字，但作者永远不会忘记他们的善举。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一天晚上，我决定冒险一试，改变了我平时走的路——我期待着多走一段路，我相信自己能找到回来的路。A. confident自信的；B. independent独立的；C. adventurous冒险的；D. tough艰难的。根据“I was looking forward to a longer walk, confident that I would be able to find my way back.”可知，作者决定冒险走不同的路。故选C。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一天晚上，我决定冒险一试，改变了我平时走的路——我期待着多走一段路，我相信自己能找到回来的路。A. similar相似的；B. potential潜在的；C. general普遍的；D. regular有规律的；固定的。根据“Every day I enjoyed walking a circular way starting from their house.”可知，作者改变了自己平常所走的路。故选D。 【23题详解】 考查介词词义辨析。句意：步行把我带出了生活区，到了一个美丽的地方，路的两边是广阔的田野。A. within在……之内；B. round在……周围；C. toward朝；D. beyond超过。根据“and into a beautiful place with an expanse of fields on both sides of the road.”可知，作者步行超出了原来的生活区域。故选D。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：太阳开始下山了，这真是一幅美妙的景象。 A. shine闪耀；B. rise上升；C. set落下；D. fade褪色。根据“it was really a wonderful sight.”可猜测，这里指太阳开始下山了。故选C。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约三十分钟后，我注意到我没有朝来时的方向走回去。A. heading朝着；B. keeping保存；C. taking拿走；D. looking看。根据“in the direction I had come.”可知，作者迷路了，发现自己没有朝着来的方向回去了。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我仍然保持冷静。A. silent沉默的；B. crazy疯狂的；C. quiet安静的；D. calm镇静的。根据“Although there weren’t any people about, there was some ____7____ and I was sure that someone would stop and point me in the right direction.”可知，作者很镇静，相信有人会帮助指路。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然周围没有人，但有一些车辆，我确信会有人停下来给我指出正确的方向。A. delay拖延；B. control控制；C. traffic交通；D. service服务。根据“As each car or truck came,”可知，周围有一些交通工具来往。故选C。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：每一辆车或卡车来的时候，我都会停下来挥手，但每一辆车都一次又一次地从我身边经过。A. cheered欢呼；B. waved挥舞；C. sighed叹息；D. nodded点头。根据“but time after time each one passed me by.”和常识可知，作者挥手招呼车停下来。故选B。 【29题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大约40分钟后，我开始感到绝望。 A. passive消极的；B. ridiculous可笑的；C. fortunate幸运的；D. desperate绝望的。根据“There was no one in sight and my family was completely in the dark as to my position.”可知，作者开始绝望了。故选D。 【30题详解】 考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：眼前一个人也没有，我的家人完全不知道我的处境。 A. in place在适当的位置；B. in turn轮流；C. in sight在视力范围之内；D. in person亲自。根据“With the sun beginning to ____4____, it was really a wonderful sight.”可知，天渐渐黑了，视力范围内的人越来越少了。故选C。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：就在我完全放弃希望的时候，一辆黑色越野车向我走来，停了下来。A. surrounded环绕；B. approached靠近；C. reflected反映；D. accompanied陪伴。根据“and stopped”可知，一辆黑色越野车靠近作者并停下来。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：母亲指着不远处的一个拐弯处，向我保证我已经离家不远了。A. supported支持；B. responded回复；C. corrected改正；D. promised许诺；保证。根据“The mother pointed to a turning a little further down the road”可知，这位母亲向作者保证说，作者离家不远了。故选D。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我一边说着谢谢，一边加快步伐出发了。A. stage台阶；B. track轨道；C. level水平；D. pace步伐。天色已黑，作者肯定加快步伐刚回家。故选D。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她们提出要载我回家，我非常感激他们的帮助。 A. tip小费；B. ride搭便车；C. desire要求；D. option选择。give sb .a ride给某人搭便车。根据“and I was so grateful for their help.”可知，母女二人主动帮助作者，让作者搭她们的车。故选B。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们没有交换名字，但我永远不会忘记他们的善举。A. seek寻找；B. gather聚集；C. acquire要求；D. exchange交换。根据“but I will never forget their act of kindness.”可知，作者与母女二人没有交换名字。故选D。 阅读理解 C 【答案】8. D 9. A 10. D 11. B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，大多数孩子不知道什么新闻是假的。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究人员指出应当教我们的孩子在相信各种信息来源时进行批判性思考。 【8题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段““Instagram(a social networking app) will cut out many users’ accounts on December 20. To protect your account, repost this warning #KeepMyAccountSafe.” Every few months, it happens again-a dozen of annoying posts from my kids’ friends suddenly start to appear on my Instagram news feed.( “12月20日，社交网络应用Instagram将删除许多用户的账户。为了保护你的账户，请转发这个警告#KeepMyAccountSafe。每隔几个月，这种情况就会再次发生——孩子们的朋友们发布的十几条烦人的帖子会突然出现在我的Instagram信息流中)”可推知，作者通过引用一篇文章来引出文章的主题。故选D。 【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“They found that students judged the credibility of blogs based not on the source of the material, but on how much detail they contained, or whether a large photo was attached.(他们发现，学生们判断博客的可信度不是基于材料的来源，而是基于它们包含多少细节，或者是否附有一张大照片)”以及倒数第二段中“That is why it’s now more important than ever to teach our kids to think critically when it comes to believing various information sources.(这就是为什么现在比以往任何时候都更重要的是教我们的孩子在相信各种信息来源时进行批判性思考)”可知，研究人员认为，是材料的来源决定了网络信息的可信度。故选A。 【10题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Both Google and Facebook are now taking steps to control misleading news from making its way on their platforms, but they won’t be able to”（谷歌和Facebook现在都在采取措施控制误导性新闻在他们的平台上传播，但他们不可能完全消除这些新闻）可知，but表示转折，说明谷歌和Facebook不可能完全消除这些新闻。画线词意思为“消除”。A. Digest.消化；B. Update.更新；C. Estimate.估计；D. Remove.消除。故选D。 【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“According to a new study by Stanford University, most kids don’t know what news is fake.(根据斯坦福大学的一项新研究，大多数孩子不知道什么新闻是假的)”结合文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究人员指出应当教我们的孩子在相信各种信息来源时进行批判性思考。可知，B选项“小心：孩子们不擅长识别假新闻”最符合文章标题。故选B。 D 【答案】12. D 13. A 14. B 15. D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。2021年的头几个月，火星上挤满了来自地球的新“访客”，其有中国的“天问一号”。 “天问一号”是中国的首次星际任务，它标志着中国星际探索的开始。文章介绍了“天问一号”的着陆和任务等情况。 【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“In Tianwen, this name conveys China’s steady effort in pursuing truth and culture of exploring the universe.（在“天问”中，这个名字表达了中国在追求真理和探索宇宙文化方面的不懈努力）”可知，中国火星访客的名字之所以叫“天问”，是为了展示中国在太空探索方面的不懈努力。故选D。 【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“As to Tianwen-1, a heat shield (防热护罩) protected the spacecraft during the fiery (燃烧的) landing, after which the mission safely parachuted (使空降) down to the Utopia Planitia (乌托邦平原).（至于“天问一号”，一个热防护罩在飞船着陆期间保护着飞船，之后飞船安全降落到“乌托邦”平原上）”可知，宇宙飞船上的隔热板对在火星上的安全着陆有帮助。故选A。 【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Zhurong will first and foremost study Martian soil and atmosphere and search for signs of water ice, which suggests the existence of life.（“祝融”将首先研究火星土壤和大气，并寻找水冰的迹象，这表明火星存在生命）”可知，“祝融”在火星上的主要目标是在这颗红色星球上寻找生命的迹象。故选B。 【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Tianwen-1 is China’s first interplanetary (行星间的) mission. Meanwhile, China is working with Russia on a sample-return mission scheduled to launch in 2024. China is open and inclusive in the development of its space technology to build a community with a shared future for mankind.（“天问一号”是中国的首次星际任务。与此同时，中国正在与俄罗斯协作计划于2024年发射样本返回任务。中国在发展航天技术方面始终秉持开放包容的态度，努力构建人类命运共同体）”可推知，“天问一号”标志着中国星际探索的开始。故选D。 ( 3 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $