综合训练 04 阅读理解+阅读表达+语法填空（北京专用） 2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

综合训练04 阅读理解+阅读表达+语法填空 课时 题型 字数 话题预测 命题亮点 （一） 一、阅读理解 492+200 科学研究中的主观选择 第28、30题考查观点推理与研究意义 398+176 自由意志的哲学与神经科学探讨 第31、33题考查概念理解与态度判断 二、阅读表达 265 情绪管理对生产力的影响 第43题开放性强 三、语法填空 52 研究员艾玛・卡特博士的研究工作 从句 84 储物柜争议 非谓语 92 狗识别声音 时态 （二） 一、阅读理解 524+140 蜜蜂与人类艺术识别对比 第31、33题考查类比推理与词义猜测 379+158 哲学与科学、艺术的关系 第32、34题考查观点理解与推理 二、阅读表达 299 YOLO理念与年轻人未来规划 第43题考查哲理理解 三、语法填空 110 独处意义 非谓语 110 教育幽默 从句 68 AI系统介绍 比较级 （三） 一、阅读理解 479+196 符号逻辑的价值与课程必要性 第29、31题考查词义猜测与观点推断 517+153 伦理体系的冲突与宽容限度 第31、34题 二、阅读表达 369 指责行为的心理与生物学解释 第42、43题 三、语法填空 65 文化习俗 时态 111 海南旅游 定语从句 99 动物救助 非谓语 （一） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers — in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published last month in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. “I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order.” says University of Bern metascientist Ian Hussey. Elliot Gould, a Ph.D．student at the University of Melbourne, was skeptical that ecology has its house in better order. Ecologists deal with complex systems that contain a huge amount of natural variability and have to make many decisions about what kind of statistical analyses to run. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Gould recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The first question asked how the growth of blue tit chicks is influenced by competition with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range of answers: Five found no relationship between brood size and chick size, five found mixed results, and 64 found that chicks grew more slowly if they had more siblings, but with different levels of certainty and effect sizes. The second question is whether the amount of grass cover affected the success and survival of the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams who analyzed this data set did not agree at all: Eighteen concluded that more grass cover hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it improved survival, and 31 found the grass had no effect. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. In some cases, there is established best practice to guide analysts — but other choices are more arbitrary. Gould says researchers have to decide which variables to control for and how to deal with missing data, adding that those different choices can kind of multiply. It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. 28．What does Ian Hussey really mean by his words in Paragraph 2? A．The houses in the University of Bern are in better order. B．The scientists’ decisions in the fields of ecology are in better order. C．The studies in ecology have the same effects as those in behavioral sciences. D．The research on psychology and behavioral sciences are unfortunate hubris. 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．Researchers’ individual choices in scientific studies matter a lot. B．Gould thinks the effects of researchers’ different choices are limited. C．The “many analyst” projects can help ecologists make good conclusions. D．The growth of blue tit chicks is slower when having more siblings in the nest 30．What will the author most probably write after the last paragraph of the article? A．To present the findings of the project that Balazs Aczel is running. B．To explain why the results of “many-analyst” studies are not very severe. C．To introduce the serious effects due to subjective researcher choices. D．To inspire the researchers in the entire field to tackle the analysis problem. 【答案】28．B 29．A 30．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学研究中由于科学家的主观选择导致数据分析结果差异巨大的现象，并通过具体案例展示了这种现象在生态学研究中的影响。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order. (这篇论文是一系列“许多分析师”项目中最新的一篇，这些项目研究了科学家在数据分析过程中的决定如何导致结果的变化，也是第一篇研究生态影响的论文。过去的工作主要集中在心理学和其他行为科学上。我真的很高兴看到这项研究。我注意到在其他领域有一种不幸的傲慢自信，他们说，嗯，我们的领域秩序更好)”可知，看到研究生态学影响的论文后，Ian Hussey注意到心理学和行为科学研究存在一种不幸的傲慢自信，而生态学领域中，科学家的决策秩序更好。故选B项。 29．推理判断题。根据第五段“The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. (这些发现与之前许多分析师研究的结果相匹配，表明了研究人员在科学项目中的主观选择起着重要作用)”可知，研究人员在科学研究中的个人选择很重要。故选A项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. (但他说，类似的发现出现在一系列领域，包括神经科学和经济学，并表明“我们正面临一个非常严重的问题”。但并非所有研究人员都认为这些发现如此令人担忧)”可知，接下来作者可能会承接上文，解释为什么许多分析师研究的结果并不是非常严重。故选B。 Passage 02 In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 31．Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A．Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B．Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C．Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D．Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 32．What can we learn from the passage? A．The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B．Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C．Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D．Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 33．As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B．Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C．Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D．Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 【答案】31．D 32．D 33．C 34．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议。 31．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework.(相容论者认为，自由意志可以与决定论共存，只要我们的行为是出于我们自己的欲望和动机。例如，出于热情而选择音乐事业，在这个框架下就被视为一种自由的选择)”可知，兼容论者认为只要我们的行为是自身欲望和动机的结果，自由意志就可以与决定论共存。D选项“Jerry根据折扣在共享单车公司之间转换”符合相容论者的观点，即行为是基于个人欲望和动机的自由选择。故选D。 32．推理判断题。根据第三段“Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity.(神经科学在解码大脑方面取得了显著进展，揭示出许多行为在发生之前都会有神经活动)”和第四段的“Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made.(有些人认为，在做出有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能并非该行为的原因，而是仍为自由做出的决定所做的准备过程的一部分)”可知，神经科学表明很多行为先有神经活动，但有些人认为有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能不是行为的原因，而是自由做出决定的准备过程的一部分。这说明神经科学家对于人类行为的原因存在不同的观点。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too.(如果自由意志是一种幻觉，那么它就会挑战我们关于道德责任的基本观念。我们赞扬或责备他人的行为，是因为我们相信他们本可以做出不同的选择。如果他们从未真正拥有自由选择其他行为的能力，我们又如何能让个人对自己的行为负责呢？没有自由意志，我们社会的基本道德框架将会崩塌，陷入混乱与冷漠。只有当你也认为自由意志是幻觉时，它才真正是幻觉)”可知，作者认为如果自由意志是幻觉，会挑战我们的道德责任观念，没有自由意志社会的道德框架会崩溃，最后说 “自由意志只有在你也是幻觉时才是幻觉”，暗示作者认为自由意志是存在的，态度是积极的。故选C。 34．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept.(在哲学与神经科学相交汇的领域，几乎没有哪个问题能像自由意志这一概念那样，既深深吸引着人类，又让人类感到困惑。乍一看，我们拥有做出非预定选择的能力这一想法似乎是直觉上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一个由哲学论点和科学发现交织而成的复杂网络，这些论点和发现挑战了这一看似简单的概念)”可知，文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议，包括相容论者与不相容论者的观点、神经科学对自由意志的挑战以及科学证据的不确定性等。C选项“对自由意志复杂性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选C。 2、 阅读表达 In today’s fast-paced, achievement-oriented society, productivity is often associated with time management. We often think that to be productive, we need to master time-management techniques. But have you ever noticed that when you’re emotionally worn out, you struggle to stay organized or motivated? Or when you’re overwhelmed, tasks like answering emails or doing laundry pile up? Unresolved emotions, such as fears of disappointing others or missing out on opportunities, often drive people to over-commit. Even with a well-organized calendar, you may find yourself squeezing in extra tasks, only to feel overwhelmed and rushed, which can lead to anxiety or even depression. The problem is not your time-management skills, but emotional overload. True productivity isn’t about doing more in less time; it’s about managing your energy, emotions, and well-being over the long term. Research shows that employees who practice emotional regulation experience 20-30% higher productivity than those who rely only on time management. The good news is that emotional management isn’t about grand gestures — it grows in small, intentional shifts. Start by pausing before agreeing to new commitments. When someone asks you to take on an additional task, don’t immediately agree. Ask for some time to consider it and review your other obligations. Besides, separate your work outcomes from your self-worth. By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will focus on learning rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. To get out of a seemingly cruel cycle, it takes patience and sensibility within yourself. Change is hard, but every step, no matter how small, is a step toward reclaiming your well-being. 40．What often make people over-commit? 41．What is true productivity about? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will concentrate on managing emotions rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. 43．Besides what is mentioned in the passage, what else can you do to better manage your emotions? (In about 40 words) 【答案】40．Unresolved emotions, such as fears of disappointing others or missing out on opportunities. 41．It’s about managing your energy, emotions, and well-being over the long term. 42．By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will concentrate on managing emotions rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. You will concentrate on learning rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. 43．To better manage emotions, one can practice mindfulness meditation to stay present, engage in physical exercise to release stress, and seek support from friends or professionals when needed. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在当今快节奏、以成就为导向的社会中，人们常常将生产力与时间管理联系在一起，但实际上，情绪管理对于生产力同样重要。 40．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Unresolved emotions, such as fears of disappointing others or missing out on opportunities,often drive people to over-commit.(未解决的情绪，比如担心让别人失望或错过机会，往往会驱使人们过度承诺)”可知，未解决的情绪，比如害怕让别人失望或错过机会，往往会驱使人们过度承诺。故答案为Unresolved emotions, such as fears of disappointing others or missing out on opportunities. 41．考查细节理解。根据第三段“True productivity isn’t about doing more in less time; it’s about managing your energy, emotions, and well-being over the long term.(真正的生产力不是用更少的时间做更多的事；这是关于长期管理你的精力、情绪和幸福。)”可知，真正的生产力是关于长期管理你的精力、情绪和幸福，故答案为It’s about managing your energy, emotions, and well-being over the long term. 42．考查细节理解。根据第四段“By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will focus on learning rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes.(通过从完美主义的心态转变为成长导向的心态，你将专注于学习，而不仅仅是取得完美的结果。)”可知，通过从完美主义心态转变为以成长为导向的心态，你将专注于学习，给出句子中managing emotions表示“管理情绪”，表述错误。正确的说法是“通过从完美主义的心态转变为成长导向的心态，你将专注于学习，而不仅仅是取得完美的结果”。故答案为By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will concentrate on managing emotions rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. You will concentrate on learning rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. 43．开放题目，答案不唯一，合理即可。在我看来，为了更好地管理情绪，人们可以练习正念冥想来保持当下，进行体育锻炼来释放压力，并在需要时寻求朋友或专业人士的支持。故答案为To better manage emotions, one can practice mindfulness meditation to stay present, engage in physical exercise to release stress, and seek support from friends or professionals when needed. 3、 语法填空 Passage 01 Dr. Emma Carter, a researcher in educational psychology, consistently goes 18 conventional research boundaries. 19 (specialize) in adolescent motivation, she has designed innovative programs to support students’ emotional resilience. Her latest project explores 20 schools and families can collaborate to nurture teenagers’ self-regulation skills, earning recognition from both academic and educational circles. 【答案】18．beyond 19．Specializing 20．how 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了教育心理学研究员艾玛・卡特博士的研究工作。 18．考查介词。句意：教育心理学研究者艾玛・卡特博士不断突破传统的研究界限。go beyond表示“超出，突破”为固定短语，符合语境。故填beyond。 19．考查非谓语动词。句意：她专攻青少年动机研究，设计了创新项目来支持学生的情绪恢复能力。句中已有谓语动词has designed，空处需填非谓语动词作状语，she和specialize为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Specializing。 20．考查宾语从句。句意：她的最新项目探索了学校和家庭如何合作培养青少年的自我调节能力，获得了学术界和教育界的认可。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，表示“探索学校和家庭如何合作”，需用连接副词how引导该从句。故填how。 Passage 02 Lockers have long been a school tradition, but are they still necessary? Some students argue lockers relieve their heavy backpack burdens. They also serve as valuable social spaces 18 friendships form. However, more students are using laptops and online content to study and work on assignments, making lockers 19 (necessary). So, if schools remove lockers, most of which are very old, more space 20 (create) in the hallways. They can use it to display artwork or other creative projects, which will bring students together. 【答案】18．where 19．unnecessary 20．will be created 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了学校储物柜的必要性及其可能的替代用途。 18．考查定语从句。句意：它们也作为宝贵的社交空间，友谊在这里形成。设空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是spaces，从句中缺少地点状语，表示“在储物柜这个社交空间中形成友谊”，应用关系副词when引导。故填where 19．考查形容词。句意：然而，更多学生使用笔记本电脑和在线内容学习，使储物柜变得不必要。根据上下文逻辑，科技手段的普及使储物柜的功能被弱化，应用necessary的反义词unnecessary“不必要的”，作宾语补足语。故填unnecessary。 20．考查动词语态。句意：如果学校拆除老旧储物柜，走廊里将创造更多空间。if引导条件状语从句，主句描述未来结果， 且space与create为被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be created Passage 03 Researchers have discovered that dogs can identify the voices of different members of their human family. The research team tested 31 pet dogs. Three human caretakers of each dog 15 (ask) to record their voices. Then they sat quietly in front of the dog while the recording played. The dogs usually approached — or at least spent more time looking at — the person 16 voice they heard. Experts hope to study whether other mammals have this skill, so they can better understand 17 different species learn to communicate with each other. 【答案】15．were asked 16．whose 17．how 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究发现狗能识别主人声音及后续研究期望。 15．考查动词时态和语态。句意：每只狗的三位人类照顾者被要求录制他们的声音。结合前文的tested可知，此处表示过去发生的动作，且动词ask与主语Three human caretakers之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were。故填were asked。 16．考查定语从句。句意：这些狗通常会靠近——或者至少花更多时间看着——它们听到声音的那个人。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the person，且关系词在从句中作定语，修饰voice，应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 17．考查宾语从句。句意：专家们希望研究其他哺乳动物是否也有这种技能，以便他们能更好地理解不同物种是如何学会相互交流的。空格处引导宾语从句，且从句中缺少方式状语，表示“如何”，应用连接副词how。故填how。 （二） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. To be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated. Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums. Creative writers could identify their fellow writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty good idea who’d brought which poem or clay pot. It’s clear what the bees were doing: picking up and categorizing complex visual patterns in the pairs of images. But recognizing differences across mediums is altogether different. Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should “out” us in another. But still I wonder: Just what about these techniques and preoccupations did the trick? The researchers did their best to keep subject matter from ruling the day by instructing, for instance, artists who happened to be surfers not to bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what of less obvious subject matter — like Western landscapes? And what of the obsessions that come into our work unawares? A correlational study like this one will not answer these questions. Perhaps my biggest question has to do with people who don’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — or at least would claim so-on a personal style. Are their creations also a reflection of their worldview? It seems likely that, at least to some extent, bad art is all alike, while only good art is good in its own way. 31．Why does the author mention bees? A．To present an example. B．To put forward a theory. C．To draw out a comparison. D．To highlight a research finding. 32．Why does the author think humans still have the edge? A．Because we can transfer our experiences. B．Because we can discriminate styles. C．Because we can categorize patterns. D．Because we can learn from trials. 33．What does the underlined word “out” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose. 34．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Will Bees Beat Humans? B．How Will You View a View? C．Why Good Art Works Wonders? D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway? 【答案】31．C 32．A 33．D 34．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了蜜蜂识别画作与人类艺术鉴赏能力的对比及思考。 31．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side.(然而，令人不安的是，尽管我精心培养了对艺术的鉴赏力，但我却有可能被一种昆虫超越。在最近的一项研究中，蜜蜂——它们的大脑只有草籽大小——被展示了毕加索和莫奈的画作，并排摆放在一起)”可知，作者提到蜜蜂是为了与人类进行艺术鉴赏能力的对比。故选C。 32．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated.(去年，由Liane Gabora领导的一个研究小组发现，艺术专业的学生完全有能力分辨出哪幅画背后是哪位知名艺术家。创意写作专业的学生同样擅长发现海明威或狄更斯的小片段——我只能假设蜜蜂还没有表现出这种技能)”以及第五段“Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums.(然而，更令人印象深刻的是，学生们能够识别出彼此尚未见过的作品样本，包括完全不同媒介的作品)”可知，作者认为人类仍然有优势是因为人类能够转移经验，识别不同艺术家的风格和跨媒介的作品。其中，A选项“因为我们可以转移我们的经验”最全面地概括了这一点。故选A。 33．词句猜测题。根据第六段中“Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should ‘out’ us in another.(Gabora认为，无论我们是写诗还是建造雕塑，我们都是用同样的思维去做的：这种思维方式以同样的方式组织信息，受到同样的经验塑造，渴望表达同样的想法。自然而然地，我们在一个领域的技术和关注点应该会在另一个领域‘out’我们)”可知，此处out意为“暴露，揭示”，即我们在一个领域的技术和关注点会揭示我们在另一个领域的身份或特点。D选项“Expose(暴露)”与此意思相符。故选D。 34．主旨大意题。文章通过讲述蜜蜂和人类在艺术方面的能力，重点强调了人类在艺术创作中独特的思维方式、经历等因素会体现在作品中，让作品具有独特的风格，就像海明威的作品具有海明威独特的风格一样。D选项“What Makes Hemingway Hemingway?(是什么让海明威成为海明威？)”，可以引申为是什么让艺术家的作品具有独特风格，符合文章主旨。故选D。 Passage 02 Earth is a bright spot of value in the universe, partly because it contains human beings who, driven by curiosity and a non-instrumental desire to address hard questions, engage in philosophy. Philosophical inquiry makes the entire planet better than it would otherwise be. Is science better and more significant than philosophy, more central to the specialness of Earth? Of course, science can extend our lifespans and empower us to transform the environment. But the longevity and power of one species aren’t what make Earth special. Consider instead, the greatest achievements of science: the Copernican/ Galilean/ Newtonian revolution, Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Einstein’s theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, breakthroughs in genetics and brain science. These transformed our understanding of the universe and our place within it. The distinctive value of human science lies in its philosophical strength— its power to guide us toward the broadest and most foundational questions about ourselves and the universe. Art is the same: at its best, it goes beyond decoration and amusement, confronting us with the puzzles of human existence. In their most ambitious forms, the arts and sciences merge into philosophy, expressing our philosophical urges. A metaphor: as the circle of light expands, so too does the ring of darkness around it. Philosophy lives in that ring of darkness. Within the circle of light lies what is straightforwardly knowable through common sense, mainstream science or other established methods. In the penumbra (半影) are matters of guesses or ideas. There’s no sharp line between light and dark, and no sharp beginning or end to the penumbra. As the light grows, the penumbral ring expands to match. There will always be darkness beyond, and philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental structure of the world. Generations of philosophers will die without getting satisfactory answers to their most searching questions. Billions of years ago, stars exploded, forming planets, and life emerged. Some beings developed the ability to wonder about their place in the universe, their values, and their capacity for reflection. When we philosophize, we become a means by which the universe, after billions of years, momentarily thinks about itself in doubt and amazement. Nothing is more naturally valuable or worthy of respect and wonder. 31．What does the author intend to do by mentioning the brightness of Earth? A．Make an assumption. B．Present an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Raise a question. 32．What does the phrase “merge into” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Change to. B．Replace with. C．Stand for. D．Combine into. 33．What can be inferred about philosophy from the metaphor of penumbra? A．It will decline as knowledge advances. B．It will continue due to expanding unknowns. C．It aims to distinguish between light and dark. D．It remains separate from established methods. 34．The author believes that _____. A．the pursuit of endless questions is significant B．human beings are a highly emotional species C．science is the primary source of philosophical ideas D．the physical characteristics of Earth make it exceptional 【答案】31．B 32．D 33．B 34．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对比哲学与科学、艺术的关系，强调了哲学在人类理解和探索世界中的重要性。 31．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Earth is a bright spot of value in the universe, partly because it contains human beings who, driven by curiosity and a non-instrumental desire to address hard questions, engage in philosophy. Philosophical inquiry makes the entire planet better than it would otherwise be.(地球是宇宙中一个有价值的亮点，部分原因是它孕育了人类，人类出于好奇心和一种非功利性的解答难题的渴望，投身于哲学。哲学探究使整个星球变得比它本来的样子更好。)”可知，作者提到地球的明亮是为了提出论点，作者认为，人类对哲学的探索使地球变得更有价值。故选B项。 32．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文的“In their most ambitious forms(以其最宏大的形式)”和下文的“expressing our philosophical urges(表达我们的哲学欲望)”可知，艺术和科学要以其形式表达我们的哲学欲望，肯定是要融入到哲学中去，所以划线短语merge into的意义为“并入；合并”，与combine into意义一致。故选D项。 33．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As the light grows, the penumbral ring expands to match. There will always be darkness beyond, and philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental structure of the world.(随着光线的增加，半影环也随之扩大。前方总会有黑暗，哲学的追问会追逐黑暗。我们永远不会完成了解世界基本结构的工程。)”可知，随着知识的增长，未知的领域也在扩大，哲学将继续探索这些未知。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据全文内容，特别是倒数第二段中的“There will always be darkness beyond, and philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental structure of the world. Generations of philosophers will die without getting satisfactory answers to their most searching questions.(前方总会有黑暗，哲学的追问会追逐黑暗。我们永远不会完成了解世界基本结构的工程。一代又一代的哲学家对他们最深奥的问题，没有得到满意的答案，就死去了。)”和最后一段中的“When we philosophize, we become a means by which the universe, after billions of years, momentarily thinks about itself in doubt and amazement. Nothing is more naturally valuable or worthy of respect and wonder.(当我们进行哲学思考时，我们成为了一种手段，使得宇宙在经历了数十亿年后，能够在瞬间带着怀疑和惊叹去思考自身。没有什么比这更自然地具有价值，更值得尊重和惊叹的了。)”可知，作者认为追求无尽的问题本身是重要的。故选A项。 二、阅读表达 “You Only Live Once” (YOLO), a concept made popular in contemporary society through social media, conveys the desire to make the most of the present situation and cast aside all worries about the future. This mindset is considered to be the characteristic of today’s youth. However, do young people truly embody the YOLO mentality, or are they too concerned about planning their future to enjoy the present? Some young people do tend to be overly absorbed in future planning and miss out on the present, largely influenced by societal attitudes advocating the merits of working towards a life plan and future goal. In Asian societies, young people plan their futures carefully to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives. This often means getting good education and jobs. So, many take extra classes, losing free time and hobbies. Their excessive (过度的) focus on academics, which neglects their personal nature, brings mental stress and stops them from following their passions. Another factor driving young people to excessively plan for the future is the increasing number of world challenges. Natural disasters, conflicts, wars, and pandemics are increasing, making the job market unstable. Young people are now more pressured to consider their future in this changing world. As a result, they don’t enjoy their youth as they should. Research conducted by University College London shows over half of 16-25-year-olds are worried about their future, with 53% believing job prospects are worsening. Nevertheless, it’s encouraging to see that more young people are stepping off the beaten path and embracing the YOLO philosophy. The future is uncertain, and it’s natural for young people to feel anxious. However, living in the moment and enjoying each experience is crucial. After all, isn’t life more about the journey than the destination? 40．What mindset does YOLO convey? 41．What are the two main factors that cause some young people to focus more on future planning? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. In order to find their passions in life, young people in Asia plan their futures carefully. 43．How do you understand the sentence “Life is more about the journey than the destination.” in the passage? (In about 40 words) 【答案】40．It conveys the desire to make the most of the present situation and cast aside all worries about the future. 41．The two main reasons are societal attitudes (advocating the merits of working towards a life plan and future goal/that advocate working towards a life plan and future goal) and the increasing number of world challenges. 42．In order to find their passions in life, young people in Asia plan their futures carefully. In Asia, young people plan their futures carefully to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives. 43．It emphasizes that life’s value lies not in achieving fixed goals but in the ‌experiences, growth, and connections‌ forged along the way. Hence, experiences and feelings during life’s journey are more valuable, so we should cherish and enjoy the present. 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是“YOLO”理念所传达的心态，探讨年轻人是否真正践行这一理念，分析导致部分年轻人过度关注未来规划的因素，并鼓励年轻人享受当下。 40．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的““You Only Live Once” (YOLO), a concept made popular in contemporary society through social media, conveys the desire to make the most of the present situation and cast aside all worries about the future.(“及时行乐”（YOLO），一个通过社交媒体在当代社会流行起来的概念，传达了充分利用当下情况并抛开对未来所有担忧的愿望。)”可知，“YOLO”传达的是充分利用当下、抛开对未来所有担忧的愿望。故答案为：It conveys the desire to make the most of the present situation and cast aside all worries about the future. 41．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Some young people do tend to be overly absorbed in future planning and miss out on the present, largely influenced by societal attitudes advocating the merits of working towards a life plan and future goal.(一些年轻人确实倾向于过度专注于未来规划而错过当下，这在很大程度上受到倡导朝着人生计划和未来目标努力的社会态度的影响。)”和第三段中的“Another factor driving young people to excessively plan for the future is the increasing number of world challenges.(促使年轻人过度规划未来的另一个因素是世界挑战的不断增加。)”可知，两个主要因素分别是倡导为人生计划和未来目标努力的社会态度，以及不断增多的世界挑战。故答案为：The two main reasons are societal attitudes (advocating the merits of working towards a life plan and future goal/that advocate working towards a life plan and future goal) and the increasing number of world challenges. 42．考查推理判断。依据文章第二段中的“In Asian societies, young people plan their futures carefully to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives.(在亚洲社会，年轻人仔细规划他们的未来，以确保后半生的经济安全。)”可知，亚洲年轻人仔细规划未来是为保障后半辈子经济安全，并非为寻找生活热情，所以In order to find their passions in life错误，应改为In order to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives。故答案为：In order to find their passions in life, young people in Asia plan their futures carefully. In Asia, young people plan their futures carefully to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives. 43．考查开放性试题。结合文章鼓励年轻人活在当下的主旨，“人生更多的是旅程，而不是目的地”这句话强调，生命的价值不在于实现固定的目标，而在于一路上积累的经验、成长和联系；因此，人生旅途中的经历和感受更有价值，所以我们应该珍惜和享受当下。故答案为：It emphasizes that life’s value lies not in achieving fixed goals but in the ‌experiences, growth, and connections‌ forged along the way. Hence, experiences and feelings during life’s journey are more valuable, so we should cherish and enjoy the present. 三、语法填空 Passage 01 By the end of each day, we all long for a little personal space and quiet time. Alone time can vary greatly from person to person. For some, it is 15 (simple) about being physically away from people, while for others, it is the ability 16 (disconnect) when alone. To figure out whether alone time energizes or consumes you, you’d better dedicate a full day just to yourself and observe 17 it affects your emotions. If you feel refreshed after taking time to yourself, you can set aside more alone time into your schedule. However, if you feel frustrated when alone, you need to lean into social connections more frequently. 【答案】15．simply 16．to disconnect 17．how 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了独处时间的个人差异，以及如何通过自我观察来确定独处是让自己恢复精力还是消耗精力。 15．考查副词。句意：对一些人来说，这只是身体上远离他人，而对另一些人来说，这是独处时断开连接的能力。此处需要用副词simply修饰介词短语about being physically away from people，表示“仅仅，只是”的意思，故填simply。 16．考查非谓语动词。句意：对一些人来说，这只是身体上远离他人，而对另一些人来说，这是独处时断开连接的能力。the ability to do sth表示“做某事的能力”，所以此处需要用动词不定式作后置定语，修饰ability，表示“断开连接的能力”，故填to disconnect。 17．考查宾语从句。句意：为了弄清楚独处是让你精力充沛还是消耗你的精力，你最好花一整天时间独处，观察它如何影响你的情绪。observe后接宾语从句，从句中缺少方式状语，表示“如何影响你的情绪”，所以此处应用how引导从句，故填how。 Passage 02 Humor is a balancing act and BrainPOP, an educational platform, can help teachers create an appropriate balance because the 17 (learn) activities support any course in a dynamic and kid-friendly way. Julie Kuzma from a public school agrees. She   18 (appreciate) that humor is a significant content principle BrainPOP employs. She also emphasizes that humor in the classroom is not about making jokes but about 19 you make students feel a certain way. In her experience, humor builds trust and makes students feel connected and 20 (see). “If you can make them smile, you know that you're on the right track and you've lightened their day a little bit. ” 【答案】17．learning 18．appreciates 19．how 20．seen 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了幽默在教育中的重要性，以及BrainPOP平台如何通过幽默帮助教师创造适当的学习氛围。 17．考查动名词。句意：BrainPOP平台可以帮助教师创造适当的学习氛围，因为其学习活动以一种动态且适合孩子的方式支持任何课程。名词learning作定语修饰名词。故填learning。 18．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：她认为幽默是BrainPOP采用的一个重要内容原则。主语“She”是第三人称单数，且句子在陈述现在的情况，为一般现在时，故动词。故填appreciates。 19．考查连接副词。句意：她还强调，课堂上的幽默不是为了讲笑话，而是关于你如何让学生感受到某种情绪。设空处需要引导宾语从句，表示方式，故用“how”。故填how。 20．考查过去分词。句意：在她的经验中，幽默可以建立信任，让学生感到彼此联系和被关注。空处为非谓语动词，students与see为被动关系，用过去分词作feel的表语。故填seen。 Passage 03 Released in 2023, DeepSeek is 11 open-source artificial intelligence system. Users can download, change and even run it locally 12 (satisfy) their specific technical requirements. Its latest model, V3.5, delivers exceptional performance in reasoning, text generation, and data analysis tasks. Many users are choosing DeepSeek not only for its powerful features but also for its 13 (low) costs compared to any other option on the market. 【答案】11．an 12．to satisfy 13．lower 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了2023年发布的开源人工智能系统DeepSeek。 11．考查冠词。句意：DeepSeek是2023年发布的一款开源人工智能系统。system为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且open-source发音以元音音素开头，需用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。 12．考查非谓语动词。句意：用户可以下载、修改甚至在本地运行它，以满足其特定的技术需求。空处作目的状语，需用动词不定式。故填to satisfy。 13．考查比较级。句意：许多用户选择DeepSeek，不仅因为其功能强大，而且与市场上其他选项相比，它的成本更低。根据下文的“compared to any other option on the market”可知，是将 DeepSeek 与市场上的其他选择进行比较，所以要用形容词的比较级“lower”，表示“更低的”，作定语，修饰名词costs。故填lower。 （三） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28．According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A．a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B．a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C．a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D．a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29．What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A routine practice. B．An automatic ability. C．An essential tool. D．A necessary quality. 30．From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A．tells the difference between separate incidents B．is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C．questions the basic principles of modern computers D．enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31．The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A．unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B．problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C．acceptable if alternative courses are available D．manageable and will improve naturally 【答案】28．C 29．B 30．D 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了符号逻辑的重要性及其在教育中的应用。 28．推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. (符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地基于一系列事实得出。以图书馆失窃案为例。如果嫌疑人在失窃当天不在图书馆，那么他们就不可能是小偷。如果在场，他们则有可能是，也有可能不是。在图书馆并不意味着他们偷了书。)”可知，符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地遵循了一组事实。因此，当医生根据症状和检查结果来诊断病情时，符号逻辑可以发挥主要作用，帮助医生根据事实推断出正确的结论。故选C。 29．词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. (对符号逻辑的训练能够让这类推理融入公民的认知过程，并使其成为他们的second nature。)”可知，这里指的是通过训练，这些推理过程变得自然而然，成为公民的一种自动能力。因此，second nature在此处意为“天性，自动的能力”，与An automatic ability“一种自动的能力”意思相符。故选B。 30．细节理解题。由文章第五段中“In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. (此外，符号逻辑使个人能够通过区分个别事件和系统性证据来反驳虚假声明。最有效的策略在于预防性教育——教导人们从源头上识别错误的推理。)”可知，符号逻辑使人们能够检测和挑战错误的论点。故选D。 31．推理判断题。由文章第六段“Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. (有些人怀疑是否需要单独开设符号逻辑课程，认为其他课程也能起到同样的作用。例如，在写作课程中，学生学习如何发现不合逻辑的论证，三角学中也涵盖基本的证明。通过不使用任何符号来教授人们逻辑思维，也可以获得很多收获。但只有符号逻辑能确保逻辑的严密性。零敲碎打的方法是不够的；需要一整学期的课程来进行全面的学习。)”可知，作者可能同意当前的符号逻辑教育由于缺乏符号逻辑课程而不令人满意。故选A。 Passage 02 If you find yourself with several million dollars more than you need, how should you spend the money? One answer might be to do whatever you want, within the bounds of the law. Another is to donate it to a charity. You may also support an organization that is working to reduce existential risks. The history of philosophy consists of attempts to shed light on such questions. However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. Conflict is baked into questions like, “What ought I to do?” Or is it? An awareness of difference is certainly crucial to such an inquiry. But this needn’t become a conflict until you’re forced to pick a side. Some philosophers have sought to eliminate the conflict between ethical systems. Derek Parfit, one of the most respected philosophers of the past fifty years, devoted the second half of his life to precisely this task. Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled (和解) is itself a position others may not accept. Parfit believed people could have a good reason to act morally,independent of their knowledge or beliefs. If you find yourself in a position to alleviate (减轻) others’ suffering without significantly inconveniencing yourself, then you should act. It is just a moral fact that there is a right thing that you ought to do. By contrast, Bernard Williams argued it made no sense to talk about people’s reasons independently from their motivations. Someone cannot have a reason to do something that they have no desire to do-because however wrong-headed their preferences may be, subjectivity is the ground truth for “having a reason”. As in Peter Singer’s parable (寓言) of a child drowning in a shallow pond, it self-evidently seems immoral not to save this child if the only cost for you is a pair of new trainers. This is as clear as a philosophical argument can get. However, as with all moral reasoning, you are free to reject the logic or assumptions behind Singer’s argument, regardless of its clarity. Parfit was a philosopher’s philosopher. Yet he suffered from the fact that irreconcilable ethical systems exist. Why? Because one conclusion that follows from this is that, if the differences between such systems cannot be resolved by philosophical means, conflict of a literal kind will always exist beneath their differences. As Karl Popper puts it, “ If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.” This is the rub. Philosophy is of the world as well as of the page-and even the gentlest words may, sooner or later, need an army to defend them. “We should therefore claim,” Popper continued, “in the name of the tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant.” I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. 31．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Phiosophy can help resolve ethical conflicts. B．Ethical inquiries aid in serving the public good. C．Conflicting views exist between ethical systems. D．Accepting conflicts is the basis of philosophical inquiry. 32．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Philosophers stress logic over subjectivity. B．Williamns holds moral reasoning forces acceptance. C．Parfit believes moral acts require personal sacrifice. D．Reconciling ethical systems has real-world implications. 33．According to Karl Popper, we can learn that . A．intolerance originates in absolute tolerance B．unlimited tolerance invites self-destruction C．tolerance is for people who share the same values D．philosophical ideals sometimes require military defense 34．How does the author feel towards Parfit’s pursuit? A．Sympathetic. B．Hopeless. C．Skeptical. D．Astonished. 【答案】31．C 32．D 33．B 34．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文主要讨论了伦理体系之间的差异和冲突，以及哲学家们对于如何解决这些冲突的不同观点。文章还通过卡尔·波普尔的话强调了宽容的限度，指出无限制的宽容可能导致自我毁灭。最后，作者对帕菲特因无法说服更多人而感到绝望表示同情。 31．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. (然而，哲学的一个公开的秘密是，这些尝试并没有得出任何决定性的结论。当谈到我们在任何给定的情况下应该做什么时，不同的伦理体系提供了不同的指导。)”可知，在给定的情况下，不同的伦理提供不同的指导，因此从前三段中可以了解到伦理体系之间存在相互冲突的观点。故选C项。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled is itself a position others may not accept. (不幸的是，认为不同的伦理立场可以和解的观点本身就是一种可能不被其他人接受的观点。)”以及后文对于伦理体系和解的讨论，可以推断出，调和伦理体系具有现实意义，但并非所有人都会接受。故选D项。 33．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“As Karl Popper puts it, “If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.”(正如卡尔·波普尔所说，“如果我们甚至对那些不容忍的人也表现出无限的宽容，那么宽容的人将被摧毁，连同他们的宽容一起。”)”可知，根据卡尔·波普尔的观点，无限的宽容会导致自我毁灭。故选B项。 34．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. (我对帕菲特因自己说服力有限而感到绝望并不感到惊讶。令人惊讶的是，更多的哲学家并没有同样的感受。)”可知，作者对于帕菲特的追求是持同情的态度。故选A项。 2、 阅读表达 Picture this: Your team is racing against time to submit a new proposal. You finally manage to put all the documents together. The proposal looks great and you’re confident that you’ll probably win it. A week later, you get an email: “We really liked your proposal, but we found a mistake in it. So...” You’re frustrated and angry. You call your team in, blame them for not checking the documents carefully, and storm out of the room. What’s the possible result? Your team probably thinks you’re thankless and unkind. Your relationship may be damaged. A study shows that the brain responds more strongly to bad experiences than good ones. The authors concluded that, “Good can only match or overcome bad by strength of numbers.” How much good can overcome bad? Five positive experiences are about equal to one negative one. We are all naturally wired to blame other people or circumstances when things go wrong. This is partially psychological, driven by the fundamental attribution bias. We tend to believe that what people do reflects who they are, rather than considering there may be other factors influencing their behaviour. There is also a biological explanation. Recent research shows that positive events are processed by the prefrontal cortex (大脑皮层)，which takes a while and tends to conclude that good things happen by luck. Negative events, on the other hand, are processed by the amygdala, which controls our fight-or-flight response. The amygdala usually concludes that bad things happen on purpose, and it comes to this conclusion lightning fast. So fast that we don’t even notice we're making an assumption; we just know that the person closest to the problem must have done it on purpose! This leads to the second problem with blame-we don't notice how often we do it. This can be damaging. Our brains interpret blame the same way they interpret a physical attack. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices effectively shut down and direct all our energy to defending ourselves, which impacts our ability to solve the problem for which we are being blamed. Now that we better understand the psychology behind blame, what can we do to promote a blame-free culture? 40．What might be the result when you blame others for a team failure? 41．What are Paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly about? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our efforts to reviewing the problem. 43．What can you do to help build a blame-free culture in daily life? (In about 40 words) 【答案】40．Your relationship may be damaged. 41．The psychological and biological reasons why we tend to blame others. 42．When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our efforts to reviewing the problem. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our energy to defending ourselves. 43．In daily life, to help build a blame-free culture, I will actively listen to others’ opinions, encourage open communication, and focus on finding solutions rather than assigning blame when problems arise. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们倾向于指责他人的心理及生物原因和如何避免指责文化。 40．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“You call your team in, blame them for not checking the documents carefully, and storm out of the room. What’s the possible result? Your team probably thinks you’re thankless and unkind. Your relationship may be damaged. (你把团队叫来，指责他们没有仔细检查文件，然后气冲冲地走出房间。可能的结果是什么？你的团队可能会认为你忘恩负义、不友善。你们的关系可能会受损。)”可知，当你因为团队失败而指责他人时，你们的关系可能会受损。故答案为Your relationship may be damaged. 41．考查主旨大意。根据第三段中“We are all naturally wired to blame other people or circumstances when things go wrong. This is partially psychological, driven by the fundamental attribution bias. (当事情出错时，我们天生就会倾向于指责他人或环境。这在一定程度上是心理上的，由基本归因偏差驱动。)”和第四段中“There is also a biological explanation. (还有一个生物学上的解释。)”可知，第三段和第四段主要讲述了我们倾向于指责他人的心理和生物原因。故答案为The psychological and biological reasons why we tend to blame others. 42．考查细节理解。根据第五段中“When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices effectively shut down and direct all our energy to defending ourselves, which impacts our ability to solve the problem for which we are being blamed. (当我们被指责时，我们的前额叶皮层会有效地关闭，并将我们所有的精力都用于保护自己，这会影响我们解决被指责的问题的能力。)”可知，当我们被指责时，我们的前额叶皮层会有效地关闭，并将我们所有的精力都用于保护自己，而不是回顾问题。因此，错误的部分是“direct our efforts to reviewing the problem”，应改为“direct our energy to defending ourselves”。故答案为When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our efforts to reviewing the problem. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our energy to defending ourselves. 43．开放性问题。在日常生活中，为了帮助建立一个无指责的文化，我们可以采取积极的态度，鼓励团队成员分享他们的观点和感受，而不是指责他们。同时，当出现问题时，我们应该专注于寻找解决方案，而不是追究责任。例如，我们可以说：“In daily life, to help build a blame-free culture, I will actively listen to others’ opinions, encourage open communication, and focus on finding solutions rather than assigning blame when problems arise. (在日常生活中，为了帮助建立一个无指责的文化，我会积极倾听他人的意见，鼓励开放的沟通，并在问题出现时专注于寻找解决方案，而不是指责他人)”故答案为In daily life, to help build a blame-free culture, I will actively listen to others’ opinions, encourage open communication, and focus on finding solutions rather than assigning blame when problems arise. 三、语法填空 Passage 01 Every culture has unique social customs, often leading to surprises. Last year, in South Korea, I 11 (give) a wrapped gift and learned it’s polite to open gifts privately. In contrast, in Brazil, hosts open birthday gifts immediately. These show how cultural customs vary in large 12 (quantity). Over the years, I 13 (learn) that understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings from diverse backgrounds. 【答案】11．was given 12．quantities 13．have learned/ have learnt 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要说明了作者对于不同国家生日习俗的看法。 11．考查时态语态。句意：去年，在韩国，我收到了一份包装好的礼物，我明白了私下打开礼物是礼貌的。主语I与谓语构成被动关系，根据上文Last year可知为一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填was given。 12．考查名词的数。句意：这些显示了文化习俗在很大程度上的差异。短语in large quantities表示“在很大程度上”。故填quantities。 13．考查时态。句意：多年来，我明白了理解这些差异可以帮助避免来自不同背景的误解。根据上文Over the years可知为现在完成时，主语为I，助动词用have。故填have learned/learnt。 Passage 02 Hainan Free Trade Port is 11 (large) free trade port in the world, with rich tourism resources and unique culture. There are beautiful beaches, quality hot springs, unique rainforests, rich cuisine and wedding tourism bases. Hainan also pays attention to the development of sports tourism and until now, it 12 (build) a national sports training southern base and a series of sports activities. In addition, Hainan also has a wealth of shopping and duty-free shops, where shopkeepers offer a variety of specialty goods and experiences. With its high-quality services and diverse and inclusive cultural atmosphere, Hainan 13 (sincere) welcomes tourists from all over the world to experience a unique island trip. 【答案】11．the largest 12．has built 13．sincerely 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海南自由贸易港作为全球最大自由贸易港的旅游资源、体育旅游发展、购物及免税店特色，以及其对全球游客的真诚欢迎。 11．考查形容词最高级。句意：海南自由贸易港是世界上最大的自由贸易港，拥有丰富的旅游资源和独特的文化。根据句中in the world可知，空处应用形容词large的最高级形式the largest来修饰free trade port，表示“最大的自由贸易港”。故填the largest。 12．考查时态。句意：海南也重视体育旅游的发展，到目前为止，已经建成了一座国家体育训练南方基地和一系列体育活动。根据时间状语until now可知，谓语动词build应用现在完成时，主语是it，助动词用has。故填has built。 13．考查副词。句意：海南以其优质的服务和多元包容的文化氛围，真诚欢迎世界各地的游客来体验独特的海岛之旅。空处修饰动词welcomes，应用副词sincerely“真诚地”，作状语。故填sincerely。 Passage 03 The tiny pup, called “Roo”, lost her front legs and had to jump on her hind legs for mobility. So, the Steel Eagles Robotics Team put their minds to work and began building a wheelchair, 14 gave Roo two wheels in place of her front legs. The team 15 (fit) Roo with her first wheelchair in October 2023 using a 3D printer. It is one of many projects the team has constructed for people or animals in need. And it is their goal   16 (give) back to the community and do things that are actually helpful to the community. 【答案】14．which 15．fitted 16．to give 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Steel Eagles机器人团队为失去前腿的小狗Roo设计并制作轮椅的故事。 14．考查定语从句。句意：钢铁雄鹰机器人团队开动脑筋，开始制作一个轮椅，这个轮椅让Roo有了两个轮子来代替它的前腿。空处引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词wheelchair，先行词指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which。故填which。 15．考查时态。句意：2023年10月，该团队使用3D打印机为Roo安装了她的第一个轮椅。空处是句子的谓语动词，根据后文时间状语in October 2023可知，句子描述的是过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。故填fitted。 16．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的目标是回馈社区，做一些真正对社区有帮助的事情。此处为“it be+名词+to do sth.”结构，it为形式主语，不定式为真正主语，故空处应用不定式形式。故填to give。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 综合训练04 阅读理解+阅读表达+语法填空 课时 题型 字数 话题预测 命题亮点 （一） 一、阅读理解 492+200 科学研究中的主观选择 第28、30题考查观点推理与研究意义 398+176 自由意志的哲学与神经科学探讨 第31、33题考查概念理解与态度判断 二、阅读表达 265 情绪管理对生产力的影响 第43题开放性强 三、语法填空 52 研究员艾玛・卡特博士的研究工作 从句 84 储物柜争议 非谓语 92 狗识别声音 时态 （二） 一、阅读理解 524+140 蜜蜂与人类艺术识别对比 第31、33题考查类比推理与词义猜测 379+158 哲学与科学、艺术的关系 第32、34题考查观点理解与推理 二、阅读表达 299 YOLO理念与年轻人未来规划 第43题考查哲理理解 三、语法填空 110 独处意义 非谓语 110 教育幽默 从句 68 AI系统介绍 比较级 （三） 一、阅读理解 479+196 符号逻辑的价值与课程必要性 第29、31题考查词义猜测与观点推断 517+153 伦理体系的冲突与宽容限度 第31、34题 二、阅读表达 369 指责行为的心理与生物学解释 第42、43题 三、语法填空 65 文化习俗 时态 111 海南旅游 定语从句 99 动物救助 非谓语 （一） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers — in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published last month in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. Past work has mostly focused on psychology and other behavioral sciences. “I was really excited to see this study. I have noticed an unfortunate hubris self-confidence in other domains that say, well, we have our house in better order.” says University of Bern metascientist Ian Hussey. Elliot Gould, a Ph.D．student at the University of Melbourne, was skeptical that ecology has its house in better order. Ecologists deal with complex systems that contain a huge amount of natural variability and have to make many decisions about what kind of statistical analyses to run. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Gould recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The first question asked how the growth of blue tit chicks is influenced by competition with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range of answers: Five found no relationship between brood size and chick size, five found mixed results, and 64 found that chicks grew more slowly if they had more siblings, but with different levels of certainty and effect sizes. The second question is whether the amount of grass cover affected the success and survival of the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams who analyzed this data set did not agree at all: Eighteen concluded that more grass cover hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it improved survival, and 31 found the grass had no effect. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies and show the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects. In some cases, there is established best practice to guide analysts — but other choices are more arbitrary. Gould says researchers have to decide which variables to control for and how to deal with missing data, adding that those different choices can kind of multiply. It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. But not all researchers think the findings are so alarming. 28．What does Ian Hussey really mean by his words in Paragraph 2? A．The houses in the University of Bern are in better order. B．The scientists’ decisions in the fields of ecology are in better order. C．The studies in ecology have the same effects as those in behavioral sciences. D．The research on psychology and behavioral sciences are unfortunate hubris. 29．What can we learn from this passage? A．Researchers’ individual choices in scientific studies matter a lot. B．Gould thinks the effects of researchers’ different choices are limited. C．The “many analyst” projects can help ecologists make good conclusions. D．The growth of blue tit chicks is slower when having more siblings in the nest 30．What will the author most probably write after the last paragraph of the article? A．To present the findings of the project that Balazs Aczel is running. B．To explain why the results of “many-analyst” studies are not very severe. C．To introduce the serious effects due to subjective researcher choices. D．To inspire the researchers in the entire field to tackle the analysis problem. Passage 02 In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 31．Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A．Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B．Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C．Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D．Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 32．What can we learn from the passage? A．The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B．Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C．Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D．Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 33．As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B．Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C．Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D．Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 2、 阅读表达 In today’s fast-paced, achievement-oriented society, productivity is often associated with time management. We often think that to be productive, we need to master time-management techniques. But have you ever noticed that when you’re emotionally worn out, you struggle to stay organized or motivated? Or when you’re overwhelmed, tasks like answering emails or doing laundry pile up? Unresolved emotions, such as fears of disappointing others or missing out on opportunities, often drive people to over-commit. Even with a well-organized calendar, you may find yourself squeezing in extra tasks, only to feel overwhelmed and rushed, which can lead to anxiety or even depression. The problem is not your time-management skills, but emotional overload. True productivity isn’t about doing more in less time; it’s about managing your energy, emotions, and well-being over the long term. Research shows that employees who practice emotional regulation experience 20-30% higher productivity than those who rely only on time management. The good news is that emotional management isn’t about grand gestures — it grows in small, intentional shifts. Start by pausing before agreeing to new commitments. When someone asks you to take on an additional task, don’t immediately agree. Ask for some time to consider it and review your other obligations. Besides, separate your work outcomes from your self-worth. By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will focus on learning rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. To get out of a seemingly cruel cycle, it takes patience and sensibility within yourself. Change is hard, but every step, no matter how small, is a step toward reclaiming your well-being. 40．What often make people over-commit? 41．What is true productivity about? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. By shifting from a perfectionist mindset to a growth-oriented one, you will concentrate on managing emotions rather than only on achieving perfect outcomes. 43．Besides what is mentioned in the passage, what else can you do to better manage your emotions? (In about 40 words) 3、 语法填空 Passage 01 Dr. Emma Carter, a researcher in educational psychology, consistently goes 18 conventional research boundaries. 19 (specialize) in adolescent motivation, she has designed innovative programs to support students’ emotional resilience. Her latest project explores 20 schools and families can collaborate to nurture teenagers’ self-regulation skills, earning recognition from both academic and educational circles. Passage 02 Lockers have long been a school tradition, but are they still necessary? Some students argue lockers relieve their heavy backpack burdens. They also serve as valuable social spaces 18 friendships form. However, more students are using laptops and online content to study and work on assignments, making lockers 19 (necessary). So, if schools remove lockers, most of which are very old, more space 20 (create) in the hallways. They can use it to display artwork or other creative projects, which will bring students together. Passage 03 Researchers have discovered that dogs can identify the voices of different members of their human family. The research team tested 31 pet dogs. Three human caretakers of each dog 15 (ask) to record their voices. Then they sat quietly in front of the dog while the recording played. The dogs usually approached — or at least spent more time looking at — the person 16 voice they heard. Experts hope to study whether other mammals have this skill, so they can better understand 17 different species learn to communicate with each other. （二） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. To be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated. Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums. Creative writers could identify their fellow writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty good idea who’d brought which poem or clay pot. It’s clear what the bees were doing: picking up and categorizing complex visual patterns in the pairs of images. But recognizing differences across mediums is altogether different. Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should “out” us in another. But still I wonder: Just what about these techniques and preoccupations did the trick? The researchers did their best to keep subject matter from ruling the day by instructing, for instance, artists who happened to be surfers not to bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what of less obvious subject matter — like Western landscapes? And what of the obsessions that come into our work unawares? A correlational study like this one will not answer these questions. Perhaps my biggest question has to do with people who don’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — or at least would claim so-on a personal style. Are their creations also a reflection of their worldview? It seems likely that, at least to some extent, bad art is all alike, while only good art is good in its own way. 31．Why does the author mention bees? A．To present an example. B．To put forward a theory. C．To draw out a comparison. D．To highlight a research finding. 32．Why does the author think humans still have the edge? A．Because we can transfer our experiences. B．Because we can discriminate styles. C．Because we can categorize patterns. D．Because we can learn from trials. 33．What does the underlined word “out” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose. 34．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Will Bees Beat Humans? B．How Will You View a View? C．Why Good Art Works Wonders? D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway? Passage 02 Earth is a bright spot of value in the universe, partly because it contains human beings who, driven by curiosity and a non-instrumental desire to address hard questions, engage in philosophy. Philosophical inquiry makes the entire planet better than it would otherwise be. Is science better and more significant than philosophy, more central to the specialness of Earth? Of course, science can extend our lifespans and empower us to transform the environment. But the longevity and power of one species aren’t what make Earth special. Consider instead, the greatest achievements of science: the Copernican/ Galilean/ Newtonian revolution, Darwin’s theory of natural selection, Einstein’s theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, breakthroughs in genetics and brain science. These transformed our understanding of the universe and our place within it. The distinctive value of human science lies in its philosophical strength— its power to guide us toward the broadest and most foundational questions about ourselves and the universe. Art is the same: at its best, it goes beyond decoration and amusement, confronting us with the puzzles of human existence. In their most ambitious forms, the arts and sciences merge into philosophy, expressing our philosophical urges. A metaphor: as the circle of light expands, so too does the ring of darkness around it. Philosophy lives in that ring of darkness. Within the circle of light lies what is straightforwardly knowable through common sense, mainstream science or other established methods. In the penumbra (半影) are matters of guesses or ideas. There’s no sharp line between light and dark, and no sharp beginning or end to the penumbra. As the light grows, the penumbral ring expands to match. There will always be darkness beyond, and philosophical questioning will chase it. We will never complete the project of understanding the fundamental structure of the world. Generations of philosophers will die without getting satisfactory answers to their most searching questions. Billions of years ago, stars exploded, forming planets, and life emerged. Some beings developed the ability to wonder about their place in the universe, their values, and their capacity for reflection. When we philosophize, we become a means by which the universe, after billions of years, momentarily thinks about itself in doubt and amazement. Nothing is more naturally valuable or worthy of respect and wonder. 31．What does the author intend to do by mentioning the brightness of Earth? A．Make an assumption. B．Present an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Raise a question. 32．What does the phrase “merge into” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Change to. B．Replace with. C．Stand for. D．Combine into. 33．What can be inferred about philosophy from the metaphor of penumbra? A．It will decline as knowledge advances. B．It will continue due to expanding unknowns. C．It aims to distinguish between light and dark. D．It remains separate from established methods. 34．The author believes that _____. A．the pursuit of endless questions is significant B．human beings are a highly emotional species C．science is the primary source of philosophical ideas D．the physical characteristics of Earth make it exceptional 二、阅读表达 “You Only Live Once” (YOLO), a concept made popular in contemporary society through social media, conveys the desire to make the most of the present situation and cast aside all worries about the future. This mindset is considered to be the characteristic of today’s youth. However, do young people truly embody the YOLO mentality, or are they too concerned about planning their future to enjoy the present? Some young people do tend to be overly absorbed in future planning and miss out on the present, largely influenced by societal attitudes advocating the merits of working towards a life plan and future goal. In Asian societies, young people plan their futures carefully to ensure financial security for the latter half of their lives. This often means getting good education and jobs. So, many take extra classes, losing free time and hobbies. Their excessive (过度的) focus on academics, which neglects their personal nature, brings mental stress and stops them from following their passions. Another factor driving young people to excessively plan for the future is the increasing number of world challenges. Natural disasters, conflicts, wars, and pandemics are increasing, making the job market unstable. Young people are now more pressured to consider their future in this changing world. As a result, they don’t enjoy their youth as they should. Research conducted by University College London shows over half of 16-25-year-olds are worried about their future, with 53% believing job prospects are worsening. Nevertheless, it’s encouraging to see that more young people are stepping off the beaten path and embracing the YOLO philosophy. The future is uncertain, and it’s natural for young people to feel anxious. However, living in the moment and enjoying each experience is crucial. After all, isn’t life more about the journey than the destination? 40．What mindset does YOLO convey? 41．What are the two main factors that cause some young people to focus more on future planning? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. In order to find their passions in life, young people in Asia plan their futures carefully. 43．How do you understand the sentence “Life is more about the journey than the destination.” in the passage? (In about 40 words) 三、语法填空 Passage 01 By the end of each day, we all long for a little personal space and quiet time. Alone time can vary greatly from person to person. For some, it is 15 (simple) about being physically away from people, while for others, it is the ability 16 (disconnect) when alone. To figure out whether alone time energizes or consumes you, you’d better dedicate a full day just to yourself and observe 17 it affects your emotions. If you feel refreshed after taking time to yourself, you can set aside more alone time into your schedule. However, if you feel frustrated when alone, you need to lean into social connections more frequently. Passage 02 Humor is a balancing act and BrainPOP, an educational platform, can help teachers create an appropriate balance because the 17 (learn) activities support any course in a dynamic and kid-friendly way. Julie Kuzma from a public school agrees. She   18 (appreciate) that humor is a significant content principle BrainPOP employs. She also emphasizes that humor in the classroom is not about making jokes but about 19 you make students feel a certain way. In her experience, humor builds trust and makes students feel connected and 20 (see). “If you can make them smile, you know that you're on the right track and you've lightened their day a little bit. ” Passage 03 Released in 2023, DeepSeek is 11 open-source artificial intelligence system. Users can download, change and even run it locally 12 (satisfy) their specific technical requirements. Its latest model, V3.5, delivers exceptional performance in reasoning, text generation, and data analysis tasks. Many users are choosing DeepSeek not only for its powerful features but also for its 13 (low) costs compared to any other option on the market. （三） （限时40分钟） 1、 阅读理解 Passage 01 During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28．According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A．a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B．a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C．a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D．a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29．What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A routine practice. B．An automatic ability. C．An essential tool. D．A necessary quality. 30．From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A．tells the difference between separate incidents B．is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C．questions the basic principles of modern computers D．enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31．The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A．unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B．problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C．acceptable if alternative courses are available D．manageable and will improve naturally Passage 02 If you find yourself with several million dollars more than you need, how should you spend the money? One answer might be to do whatever you want, within the bounds of the law. Another is to donate it to a charity. You may also support an organization that is working to reduce existential risks. The history of philosophy consists of attempts to shed light on such questions. However, philosophy’s open secret is that these attempts don’t add up to anything decisive. When it comes to what we ought to do in any given situation, different ethical systems offer different guidance. Conflict is baked into questions like, “What ought I to do?” Or is it? An awareness of difference is certainly crucial to such an inquiry. But this needn’t become a conflict until you’re forced to pick a side. Some philosophers have sought to eliminate the conflict between ethical systems. Derek Parfit, one of the most respected philosophers of the past fifty years, devoted the second half of his life to precisely this task. Unfortunately, the position that different ethical positions can be reconciled (和解) is itself a position others may not accept. Parfit believed people could have a good reason to act morally,independent of their knowledge or beliefs. If you find yourself in a position to alleviate (减轻) others’ suffering without significantly inconveniencing yourself, then you should act. It is just a moral fact that there is a right thing that you ought to do. By contrast, Bernard Williams argued it made no sense to talk about people’s reasons independently from their motivations. Someone cannot have a reason to do something that they have no desire to do-because however wrong-headed their preferences may be, subjectivity is the ground truth for “having a reason”. As in Peter Singer’s parable (寓言) of a child drowning in a shallow pond, it self-evidently seems immoral not to save this child if the only cost for you is a pair of new trainers. This is as clear as a philosophical argument can get. However, as with all moral reasoning, you are free to reject the logic or assumptions behind Singer’s argument, regardless of its clarity. Parfit was a philosopher’s philosopher. Yet he suffered from the fact that irreconcilable ethical systems exist. Why? Because one conclusion that follows from this is that, if the differences between such systems cannot be resolved by philosophical means, conflict of a literal kind will always exist beneath their differences. As Karl Popper puts it, “ If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.” This is the rub. Philosophy is of the world as well as of the page-and even the gentlest words may, sooner or later, need an army to defend them. “We should therefore claim,” Popper continued, “in the name of the tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant.” I’m not surprised that Parfit felt despair at the limits of his persuasiveness. What’s amazing is that more philosophers don’t feel the same way. 31．What can we learn from the first three paragraphs? A．Phiosophy can help resolve ethical conflicts. B．Ethical inquiries aid in serving the public good. C．Conflicting views exist between ethical systems. D．Accepting conflicts is the basis of philosophical inquiry. 32．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Philosophers stress logic over subjectivity. B．Williamns holds moral reasoning forces acceptance. C．Parfit believes moral acts require personal sacrifice. D．Reconciling ethical systems has real-world implications. 33．According to Karl Popper, we can learn that . A．intolerance originates in absolute tolerance B．unlimited tolerance invites self-destruction C．tolerance is for people who share the same values D．philosophical ideals sometimes require military defense 34．How does the author feel towards Parfit’s pursuit? A．Sympathetic. B．Hopeless. C．Skeptical. D．Astonished. 2、 阅读表达 Picture this: Your team is racing against time to submit a new proposal. You finally manage to put all the documents together. The proposal looks great and you’re confident that you’ll probably win it. A week later, you get an email: “We really liked your proposal, but we found a mistake in it. So...” You’re frustrated and angry. You call your team in, blame them for not checking the documents carefully, and storm out of the room. What’s the possible result? Your team probably thinks you’re thankless and unkind. Your relationship may be damaged. A study shows that the brain responds more strongly to bad experiences than good ones. The authors concluded that, “Good can only match or overcome bad by strength of numbers.” How much good can overcome bad? Five positive experiences are about equal to one negative one. We are all naturally wired to blame other people or circumstances when things go wrong. This is partially psychological, driven by the fundamental attribution bias. We tend to believe that what people do reflects who they are, rather than considering there may be other factors influencing their behaviour. There is also a biological explanation. Recent research shows that positive events are processed by the prefrontal cortex (大脑皮层)，which takes a while and tends to conclude that good things happen by luck. Negative events, on the other hand, are processed by the amygdala, which controls our fight-or-flight response. The amygdala usually concludes that bad things happen on purpose, and it comes to this conclusion lightning fast. So fast that we don’t even notice we're making an assumption; we just know that the person closest to the problem must have done it on purpose! This leads to the second problem with blame-we don't notice how often we do it. This can be damaging. Our brains interpret blame the same way they interpret a physical attack. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices effectively shut down and direct all our energy to defending ourselves, which impacts our ability to solve the problem for which we are being blamed. Now that we better understand the psychology behind blame, what can we do to promote a blame-free culture? 40．What might be the result when you blame others for a team failure? 41．What are Paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly about? 42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. When we are blamed, our prefrontal cortices will effectively shut down and direct our efforts to reviewing the problem. 43．What can you do to help build a blame-free culture in daily life? (In about 40 words) 三、语法填空 Passage 01 Every culture has unique social customs, often leading to surprises. Last year, in South Korea, I 11 (give) a wrapped gift and learned it’s polite to open gifts privately. In contrast, in Brazil, hosts open birthday gifts immediately. These show how cultural customs vary in large 12 (quantity). Over the years, I 13 (learn) that understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings from diverse backgrounds. Passage 02 Hainan Free Trade Port is 11 (large) free trade port in the world, with rich tourism resources and unique culture. There are beautiful beaches, quality hot springs, unique rainforests, rich cuisine and wedding tourism bases. Hainan also pays attention to the development of sports tourism and until now, it 12 (build) a national sports training southern base and a series of sports activities. In addition, Hainan also has a wealth of shopping and duty-free shops, where shopkeepers offer a variety of specialty goods and experiences. With its high-quality services and diverse and inclusive cultural atmosphere, Hainan 13 (sincere) welcomes tourists from all over the world to experience a unique island trip. Passage 03 The tiny pup, called “Roo”, lost her front legs and had to jump on her hind legs for mobility. So, the Steel Eagles Robotics Team put their minds to work and began building a wheelchair, 14 gave Roo two wheels in place of her front legs. The team 15 (fit) Roo with her first wheelchair in October 2023 using a 3D printer. It is one of many projects the team has constructed for people or animals in need. And it is their goal   16 (give) back to the community and do things that are actually helpful to the community. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $