专题05 阅读理解（说明文+议论文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高二英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解 说明文+议论文 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京人大附中·期中） One of the curious things about social networks is the way that some messages, pictures, or ideas can spread like wildfire while others that seem just as catchy or interesting barely register at all. Before you go deep into the puzzle, consider this: If you measure the height of your male friends, for example, the average is about 170 centimeters. You are 172 and your friends are all about the same height as you are. Indeed, the mathematical concept of “average” is a good way to capture the nature of this data set. But imagine that one of your friends was much taller than you. This person would dramatically skew the average, which would make your friends taller than you, on average. In this case, the “average” is a poor way to capture this data set. Exactly this situation occurs on social networks. On average, your coauthors will be cited more often than you, and the people you follow will post more frequently than you, and so on. Now Lerman from University of Southern California has discovered a related paradox, which they call the majority illusion. They illustrate this illusion with an example. They take 14 nodes (节点) linked up to form a small network. They then color three of these nodes and count how many of the remaining nodes link to them in a single step. In one situation, the uncolored nodes see more than half of their neighbors as colored. This is the majority illusion - the local impression that a specific feature is common when the global truth is entirely different. So how popular is it in the real world? It’s found out that the majority illusion occurs in almost all network scenarios. “The effect is largest in the political blogs network, where 60% of nodes will have majority active neighbors, even when only 20% of the nodes are truly active,” says Lerman. It immediately explains many interesting phenomena. For a start, it shows how some content can spread globally while other similar content does not - the key is to start with a small number of well-connected early adopters fooling the rest of the network into thinking it is common. The affected nodes then find it natural to follow the trend. A real spread finally comes into being. But it is not yet a marketer’s charter. For that, marketers must first identify the popular nodes that can create the majority illusion for the target audience. These influencers must then be persuaded to adopt the desired behavior or product, which is essential to the prospect of the marketing plan. 1．The phrase skew the average in the passage most probably refers to the action of ________. A．hiding the real average to be unrecognizable to others B．producing an average against the general feature of data C．working out the common feature suggested by the average D．ignoring the average because of the frequency by which it is reviewed 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Majority illusion rarely has impacts except in the field of political blogs. B．The majority illusion on social networks relies on people you follow posting more than you. C．The essence of successful opinion spread is to start the trend with well-connected sharers. D．The spread scale of ideas on networks mainly depends on the quality of content. 3．To guarantee the success of marketing promotion, it’s vital to ________. A．thoroughly understand different phenomena of majority illusion B．accurately figure out who is the powerful person to affect others C．quickly decide who are the target audience for the promotion D．successfully convince the influencers to practice certain action 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain the majority illusion in social networks. B．To warn people about the negative impacts of the majority illusion in social networks. C．To persuade marketers to make use of the majority illusion in their strategies. D．To show the wide spread of the majority illusion in social networks. Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京广渠门中学·期中） Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. By putting in the different routes by which vehicles can travel between locations, researchers have developed a new computer algorithm (运算法则) that helps quantify regions of jams in urban areas and suggests ways around them. The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in Manhattan to demonstrate how structural layout and road infrastructure (基础设施) can create complex road networks that differ among cities. The team approached the issue by designing a computer algorithm to capture the topology - or relationship between the different routes between locations - of road networks. “We found that the most significant traffic bottlenecks in Manhattan seem to arise as a result of the city’s structural layout,” said study co-author Daniel Carmody. “For example, the fact that a bridge enters Manhattan at a range where traffic is already limited due to Central Park slows traffic in the area considerably.” The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. Manhattan has a long and thin structure, while Chengdu is round. There are significant differences in the way traffic moves between these two different setups, the researchers said. “The bottlenecks in Chengdu seem to arise due to the function of the buildings in a particular area,” Carmody said. “For example, it is hard to travel in and out of the central business district in Chengdu because of the large amount of traffic alone. Beltways, or faster streets around busy areas, have emerged in circles around this area, which is not surprising because this feature was intentionally built into the city.” In Manhattan, the bridges and underpasses that form the entry and exit points cause traffic slowdowns. However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly, forming a new traffic beltway with the southern end of Central Park acting as a block between lower and central Manhattan. “The researchers have imagined that this technology could give urban planners a means to quantify traffic patterns, leading to better traffic,” Carmody said. “As methods of transportation develop, new problems will emerge, and we hope that our tools will give planners new ways to measure what is going on with city traffic.” 5．According to the new study, what contributes to traffic jams in Manhattan? A．The number of bottlenecks and beltways. B．The location of bridges and underpasses. C．Road facilities and structural layout. D．Road signs and urban population. 6．Researchers also studied Chengdu in order to _______. A．compare the layouts of the two cities B．find better infrastructure for one city C．design traffic patterns with the algorithm D．assess the effectiveness of the algorithm 7．Who is the target of this new computer algorithm? A．City planners. B．Slower drivers. C．Infrastructure developers. D．Road sign designers. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京交大附中·期中） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution. In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 8．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. 9．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A．Observe existing regulations on it. B．Reconsider expert opinions about it. C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down 10．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京理工附中·期中） “Flying insects don’t fly directly to lights from far away because they’re attracted to them, but appear to change course toward a light if they happen to be passing by due to a strange inborn biological response,” writes Samuel Fabian, a bioengineer, in a research paper. Until now, the leading scientific hypothesis has been that insects use the moon’s light to direct the way at night and mistake artificial lights for the moon. But this idea doesn’t explain why insects that only fly during the day also gather around lights. To find out what really happens, Samuel’s team track the precise movements of insects in the wild around lights using a high-speed camera. This revealed two notable behaviours. First, when insects fly above lights, they often invert (转向) themselves and try to fly upside down, causing them to fall very fast. Just after insects pass under a light, they start doing a ring road. As their climb angle becomes too steep, they suddenly stop and start to fall. Second, when insects approach a light from the side, they may circle or “orbit” the light. The videos show that the inversions sometimes result in insects falling on lights. It can appear to the naked eye as though they are flying at the lights. “Instead, insects turn their dorsum toward the light, generating flight perpendicular(垂直) to the source,” the team write. It is common to the two behaviours that the insects are keeping their backs to the light, known as the dorsal light response (DLR). This DLR is a shortcut for insects to work out which way is up and keep their bodies upright, as the moon or sun is usually more or less directly above them, and this direction allows them to maintain proper flight attitude and control. They also find that the insects fly at right angles to a light source, leading to orbiting and unstable flights as the light’s location relative to them changes as they move. Samuel’s team suggest that a possible outcome of the research could help the construction industry to avoid the types of light that most attract insects. 11．What does the research focus on? A．Why insects gather around lights. B．Where artificial lights lead insects to. C．What biological response insects are born with. D．How to design environment friendly artificial lights. 12．What can we learn about insects from the videos of their movements? A．They fly directly to lights. B．They circle close to lights. C．Their flying speed is steady. D．Their inversions can be controlled. 13．DLR makes insects ____________. A．balance their flying B．keep their route straight C．decide their body position D．shorten their flight distance Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京牛栏山一中·期中） There is such a thing as a free lunch, it turns out, as long as you don’t mind too much what it is. Tamara Wilson found hers a few streets away from her west London home — and as well as picking up some unwanted bread and fruit that would otherwise be thrown away, she made a new friend. Wilson is one of 3.4 million people around the world using an app designed to encourage people to give away rather than throw away surplus (剩余的) food. “It’s such a small thing, but it makes me feel good and my neighbour feel good. And a lot of small acts can end up making a big difference,” she said. The last few years have seen an explosion in creative ways to tackle food waste by linking supermarkets, cafes, restaurants and individual households to local communities. Olio, the app used by Wilson, saw a fivefold increase in listings during 2022, and the signs are that this rapid growth is continuing into 2023, said Tessa Clarke, its CEO and co-founder. About a third of all food produced globally is wasted, according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Almost 1.4 billion hectares of land — close to 30% of the world’s agricultural land — is dedicated to producing food that is never eaten, and the carbon footprint of food wastage makes it the third contributor of CO2. Reducing food waste is one of the most effective ways of tackling the global climate crisis. Olio, Clarke said, was an attempt to change this on a small, local scale. “The app connects people with others who have surplus food but don’t have anyone to give it to because so many people are disconnected from their communities.” Users of Olio post images of surplus food that others in the neighbourhood might want. Olio also has a network of 24,000 volunteers who collect surplus food from local supermarkets and stores for app users to claim. Despite the success of the app, it was hard to make a difference to the huge scale of food waste, Clarke added. “Even though we’re doing well, we’ve only scratched the surface (触及表面). But if everyone makes small changes in the world, we’d dramatically reduce the amount of food that ends up in bins (垃圾桶).” 14．What does the author want to show by telling Wilson’s story? A．People tend to use apps to order food. B．People prefer to make friends on apps. C．People find a high-tech fix to food waste. D．People show more concern for each other. 15．What’s the consequence of food waste according to the text? A．Global warming. B．Loss of land. C．World hunger. D．Poverty and inequality. 16．What does Olio do to help tackle food waste? A．It sells surplus food to those in need. B．It allows volunteers to stay connected. C．It provides a platform for people to promote food. D．It fills the information gap between green communities. 17．What does Clarke think of the work on reducing food waste globally? A．It is a great success. B．It requires joint efforts. C．It is beyond human power. D．It has won public support. 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京交大附中·期中） When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines (多钩长线) would have been more filled with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks (带饵钩)would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels。. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 18．The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____. A．large animals were easily hurt in the changing environment B．small species survived as large animals disappeared C．large sea animals may face the same threat today D．slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 19．By saying these figures are conservative , Dr. Worm means that____ . A．fishing technology has improved rapidly B．the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded C．the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss D．the data collected so far are out of date 20．Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that____ . A．people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time B．fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C．the ocean biomass should restore its original level D．people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation 21．The writer seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’____ . A．biomass level B．management efficiency C．catch-size limits D．technological application Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京第八十中学·期中） Birds Can “Read” Human Gaze We all know that people sometimes change their behavior when someone is looking their way. Now, a new study reported online on April 2nd in Current Biology shows that jackdaws — birds related to crows with eyes that appear similar to human eyes — can do the same. “Jackdaws seem to recognize the eye’s role in visual perception, or at the very least they are extremely sensitive to the way that human eyes are oriented (朝向),” said Auguste von Bayern, formerly of the University of Cambridge and now at the University of Oxford. When presented with a preferred food, hand-raised jackdaws took significantly longer to get the reward when a person was directing his eyes towards the food than when he was looking away, according to the research team led by Nathan Emery of the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London. The birds hesitated only when the person was unfamiliar and thus potentially threatening. In addition, the birds were able to interpret human communicative gestures, such as gaze alternation and pointing, to help them find hidden food, they found. The birds were unsuccessful in using unmoving cues, including eye gaze or head orientation. Unlike most birds, jackdaws’ eyes have a dark pupil surrounded by a silvery white iris. The researchers said they believe jackdaws are probably sensitive to human eyes because, as in humans, eyes are an important means of communication for them. The hand-raised birds examined in the study may be even better than wild jackdaws a attending to human gaze and responding to the gestures of the people who have raised them. The findings are particularly notable given that most other species investigated so far, including our closes relatives the chimpanzee and “man’s best friend,” the dog, are not particularly sensitive to eye orientation and eye gaze, von Bayern said. Rather, she continued, chimps and dogs seem to rely on other cues such as head or body orientation in determining the looking direction of others. The results suggest that birds may deserve more respect for their mental abilities. “We may have understated the psychological world of birds,” von Bayern said. “Jackdaws, among many other birds, form pair ties for life and need to have much in common and work together with their partner, which requires an efficient way of communicating and sensitivity to their partner’s viewpoint.” 22．A hand-raised jackdaw hesitates to take a preferred food when the feeder__________. A．is looking away from the food B．holds the food in his hand C．is looking at the food D．is unfamiliar to the bird 23．According to researchers, jackdaws can notice human eye orientation probably because_________. A．like humans, they also use eyes to communicate B．they are far more intelligent than other birds C．they are mostly hand-raised by humans D．their eyes also have a dark pupil 24．Why does the author refer to chimpanzees and dogs? A．To suggest that they are much better at interpreting gaze alternation. B．To reflect how unique jackdaws are in being able to notice gaze orientation. C．lo show that they communicate more frequently with humans than jackdaws. D．To make clear that they rely on other means in determining people’s intention. 25．What does the research finding suggest? A．Not all jackdaws are good at attending to human gaze. B．We may have understated jackdaws’ mental abilities. C．We know embarrassingly less about birds than we assume. D．The closer we communicate with animals, the better we understand them. 主题03 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） In the 1990s conservationist Dave Foreman, co-founder of Wild Earth magazine, invented the term “rewilding.” It is defined as “a conservation effort focused on restoring sustainable biodiversity and ecosystem health by protecting core wilderness areas.” In order to achieve that goal, some conservationists are returning native species to the wild and allowing nature to take over previously developed places. Other people, however, believe that rewilding methods can be as basic as planting trees or simply not interfering with the land. In various places around the world, rewilding can be seen with favorable results. In regions of southern Africa, cheetahs and lions have been successfully introduced back into the wild. Ages ago, herds of European bison thundered across Europe. But they were hunted for food and sport until none of these large mammals remained in the wild. Thankfully, Europe’s bison survived because of a captive breeding program. Currently these “ecosystem engineers” are being returned to forests and are transforming the land for the better. Public attitudes toward rewilding are generally positive. In the UK, eighty-two percent of those surveyed indicated that they were in favor of bringing back animals that have disappeared from the wild in their country. When asked which types of animals they wanted most, a solid majority said birds of prey, that is, birds which hunt and feed on smaller animals. Slightly fewer favored introducing wading birds, which make their homes in and near water. In contrast, only one in four favored bringing back brown bears. Just over one-third would like to see wolves introduced into the UK. Nearly half of those surveyed are in favor of bringing back wild cats, such as the Highland tiger, which has nearly disappeared from its native hunting grounds in Scotland. On the other hand, rewilding is also opposed by some people. They fear that the animals could spread diseases or threaten people. Some farmers are also against returning farming areas to their natural state for wild animals to live. According to them, farming areas must be reserved. If it isn’t, food production could be harmed. Scientists and government officials who favor rewilding will have to deal with these concerns. 26．What does this article imply about European bison? A．They provided meat for people in the distant past. B．At one time, they put fear into the hearts of people. C．They prevented people from founding settlements. D．Their skins were used to make clothing for people. 27．According to this article, which of the following is true? A．People generally don’t like the idea of rewilding. B．Rewilding must start on a small scale. C．European bison, after rewilding, caused danger in the ecosystem. D．Rewilded animals are believed by some to pose danger. 28．Look at the following charts. Which chart agrees with the information in the article about the UK survey on rewilding? A． B． C． D． Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京顺义一中·期中） Episodic memory (情景记忆) allows humans to revisit past personal experiences in their minds, and it was once thought to be a special skill of humans. Although there are still arguments about the extent of this type of memory in non-human animals, scientists have proved that creatures like rats and dogs can pass tests that are developed to assess episodic memory over the past two decades. “Curiously, there is a lack of research investigating dolphins’ episodic memory,” University of Cambridge cognitive (认知的) scientist James Davies says. Therefore, this surprising fact encourages him to fill this gap. The team used “where” and “who” questions in their research, each on a different test. Each dolphin was first trained to retrieve a ball from the water, and then trained to get a ball by approaching a person holding it in front of them while ignoring an empty-handed person standing at a different spot. During this training, the locations were randomized (使随机化) and the person holding the ball differed each time, so that those details were irrelevant to learning the retrieving behavior. Then, for the tests, the dolphins were asked to retrieve the ball as they had learned to do, but after 10 minutes, something changed-this time, the ball couldn’t be seen, as it was now behind one of the two people’s backs. In the “where” tests, the ball was hidden in the same spot as in the training, but both people had been changed, while in the “who” tests, the locations of the people changed but the ball remained with the person who’d had it previously. Eight dolphins went through each of the two tests, separated by at least 48 hours. All the dolphins got it right in choosing the correct spot on the “where” experiments, and seven achieved success on the “who” experiments. Kelly Jaakkola, a psychologist, says that based on their cognitive skills, dolphins are a good candidate for having episodic-like memory, and this study goes really far in showing that. She also says, “The more we look for such capabilities in non-human animals, the more species we’ll likely find them in.” She adds, “An exciting question is therefore ‘Where do we draw that line? Which animals do have it, which animals don’t, and what sort of cognitive or neurological or social characteristics do those animals share? ’ That’s going to be the fun part of the game.” 29．What does the underlined word “retrieve” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fetch. B．Move. C．Throw. D．Play. 30．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The locations of the people involved in the tests. B．The memory tasks that dolphins need to perform. C．The ability of dolphins to communicate with humans. D．The dolphins’ characteristics related to their memory processing. 31．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dolphins pass the tests as a result of training. B．It is very likely that dolphins are affected by people during the tests. C．Scientists will probably find episodic memory in all non-human animals. D．The influence of dolphins’ familiarity with a location or a person is avoided. 32．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Dolphins Are the Most Intelligent Animals B．Dolphins May Remember Personal Experiences C．Episodic Memory Is Important for Humans and Animals D．A Scientific Method Is Used to Study Dolphins’ Memory Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京北师大附中·期中） In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy. Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which requests taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. But whereas the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises. Low proportion of workers to pensioners is only one problem resulting from collapsing fertility. Younger people have more of what psychologists call “fluid intelligence”, the ability to think creatively so as to solve problems in entirely new ways. This youthful energy adds to the accumulated knowledge of older workers. It also brings change. Patents filed by the youngest inventors are much more likely to cover breakthrough innovations. Older countries and their young people are less enterprising and less comfortable taking risks. Because the old benefit less than the young when economies grow, they have proved less keen on pro-growth policies, especially housebuilding. Creative destruction is likely to be rarer in ageing societies, restricting productivity growth in ways that compound into an enormous missed opportunity. Eventually, therefore, the world will have to make do with fewer youngsters—and perhaps with a shrinking population. With that in mind, recent advances in AI could not have come at a better time. A productive AI economy might find it easy to support a greater number of retired people. Eventually AI may be able to generate ideas by itself, reducing the need for human intelligence. Combined with robotics, AI may also make caring for the elderly less labour-intensive. Such innovations will certainly be in high demand. If technology does allow humanity to overcome the baby bust, it will fit the historical pattern. Unexpected productivity advances meant that demographic time-bombs (人口定时炸弹) failed to explode. Fewer babies mean less human genius. But that might be a problem human genius can fix. 33．What can be learned from the first paragraph? A．The collapsing fertility rate is to blame for the shrinking population. B．Black Death marked the shrinking number of people for the first time. C．Industrial Revolution weakened the increase of the world’s population. D．The public are familiar with the extent and the influence of the baby bust. 34．What makes it harder to support the world’s pensioners? A．Close relatives have refused to take care of the old without being paid. B．The output of the working-aged which the old can draw on is shrinking. C．The old have cashed in savings to cover expenses of goods and services. D．The government has requested taxes on younger employees to pay pensions. 35．Why does “fluid intelligence” (in Paragraph 3) suffer in ageing societies? A．Because older workers boast more accumulated knowledge. B．Because the old benefit less than the young in creative destruction. C．Because collapsing fertility results in low proportion of workers to pensioners. D．Because restricting productivity growth compounds into a missed opportunity. 36．The best title for the passage is probably _____. A．The Old Pensioners Make a Comeback B．Artificial Intelligence Leads to a Bright Future C．The Measures to Overcome the Baby Bust D．The Effect of the Baby Bust on Economy Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京101中·期中） The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill out and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的). For some, especially the young, change may mean escape from oppressive traditions. It may also bring new opportunities for cultures to be combined in creative ways. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world. Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. They are increasingly bombarded with new images, new music, new clothes and new values. The familiar and old are to be abandoned. While there was cultural change long before globalization, there is a danger that much will be lost simply because it is not valued by global markets. In West Africa for example, traditional values have been overtaken by Coca-Cola culture which the local people don’t yet have the values to deal with successfully. Another common aspect of the globalized culture is that it pursues (追求) the same “one size fits all” American ideal. The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery. Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. The accumulative (累积的) effect in non-Western societies is a crisis of cultural confidence, combined with the increased economic uncertainty and crime which global integration (一体化) may bring. This creates real problems for social stability» whether it is at the level of nation, community or family. In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity. 37．It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______. A．non-Western societies willingly accept economic globalization B．Western culture unites the world、economies and technologies C．the booming of Western culture destroys non-Western societies D．despite its appeal, westernization shows an unpleasant uniformity 38．Which best serves as an example of the “one size fits all” principle in non-Western nations? A．McDonald receives more criticism abroad than at home. B．Many Africans dream of a middle class American lifestyle. C．Chinese food wins great approval in the United Kingdom. D．Some western young people fancy a visit to African countries, 39．What is the writer’s attitude towards cultural globalization? A．Cautious. B．Critical. C．Positive. D．Neutral. 40．The passage is mainly about _______. A．cultural diversity in globalization B．challenges to non-Western cultures C．drawbacks of cultural globalization D．disappearance of non-Western cultures Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京育才学校·期中） Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music. Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype. a US study says. Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”. The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls. Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls. The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills. But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia. Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with “boy-focused” approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given “hands- on” lessons where they are allowed to walk around. “Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modern genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes, ”James wrote. Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be “masterful and in charge” in relationships. “In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,” the study reported. 41．The author believes that a single-sex school would _________. A．force boys to hide their emotions to be “real men” B．help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys C．encourage boys to express their emotions more freely D．naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man 42．According to the passage, in mixed schools boys _________. A．grow up less healthily B．behave less responsibly C．get an unequal education D．perform relatively worse 43．What does Tony Little say about the British education system? A．It fails more boys than girls academically. B．It focuses more on mixed school education. C．It fails to give boys the attention they need. D．It places more pressure on boys than on girls. 44．According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is _________. A．teaching can be designed to promote boys’ team spirit B．teaching can be made to suit the characteristics of boys C．boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in D．boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted 主题03 人与自我——方法与哲学 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） As we prepare learners with the skills needed for the 21st century, there is a greater desire to further integrate technology into our classrooms. Whether it’s a K-12 or college classroom, it’s rare to find an environment that does not integrate technology in some form or another. In some cases, online learning has replaced the physical classroom altogether. As educators, we owe it to ourselves and our students to use these benefits. However, while technology offers significant advantages, simply integrating it as an alternative source of delivery or as another means for students to demonstrate their comprehension is not an effective practice. We must remind ourselves that any form of learning technology should also be guided. These resources are just instruments and require high-quality guided practice from instructors. These instruments, combined with guidance, can afford good instruction, practice and motivation. While technology can positively impact learning outcomes, it may be even more effective for some students if it’s instructor-led and integrated into a well-designed curriculum(课程). Technology is rapidly changing the educational environment and challenging students to adapt accordingly. It can frustrate students of different generations struggling to learn how to use a learning platform in addition to picking up the actual subject. Some may wonder, “Why should I waste time learning how to create a podcast(播客) when I could simply write the paper?” It’s a reasonable question. We must not assume students who were raised using technology are always comfortable learning with these tools. A study found that because of tools some students may not have experience using, they may need more direction on how to apply these tools. Students may struggle if an instructor neglects to teach the conceptual basis of the tools. Technology may mean little without appropriate objectives and goals for its use, structures for its application, and trained deliverers. Educators are also tasked with providing students the skills they need to flourish in a highly competitive and technologically-based workplace. Many of the skills obtained through online classes are valuable professional skills. Students taught how to use multiple learning technologies effectively have a competitive advantage over those who are simply using technology as a method of delivery in the online classroom.  Regardless of the subjects we teach, integrating technology gives our students the opportunity to not only learn the content, but also to develop skills useful beyond our classrooms. Technology, when integrated and balanced appropriately with the curriculum and with student needs, can make us more effective as educators. 45．What is important to the learning technology? A．Instruction and revision. B．Comprehension and application. C．Guidance and arrangements. D．Diversity and flexibility. 46．According to the passage, what should an educator do? A．Arrange online assignment for students. B．Help students master online technology. C．Prepare students with rules in the workplace. D．Notify students of the value of the learning tool. 47．What’s the author’s attitude toward learning technology? A．Critical. B．Unconcerned. C．Wait-and-see. D．Approving. 48．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Technology Boost Educational Effectiveness? B．Is the Learning Technology a Tool or an Opportunity? C．Can Technology Put an End to Traditional Classrooms? D．Does the Learning Skill Outweigh the Learning Content? Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） We have been defending humanities for many decades now, but the crisis of the humanities only grows. In the face of declining student interest and mounting political scrutiny (审查), universities and colleges are increasingly putting humanities departments on the chopping block. As a humanist, I am prepared to admit that I do not know what the value of the humanities is. I once asked the best teacher I ever had why she no longer taught her favorite novel, and she said that she stopped teaching a book when she found she was no longer curious about it. The humanistic spirit is, fundamentally, an inquisitive one. In contrast, defenses of the humanities are not — and cannot be — conducted in an inquisitive spirit, because a defensive spirit is inimical to an inquisitive one. Defensiveness is, it must be admitted, an understandable response when the chopping block is brought out and you need to explain why you shouldn’t be on it, which requires their participants to pretend to know things that they do not actually know. Nonetheless, we should be alert to the danger of becoming accustomed to putting our worst foot forward. An atmosphere of urgency and calls for immediate action are hostile to fields of study like literature and philosophy that require a reflective mood, and the pretense (假装) of knowing what one doesn’t actually know is hostile to forms of inquiry that demand an open mind. A defensive mindset also encourages politicization. If the study of literature or philosophy helps to fight sexism or to promote democracy—and everyone agrees that sexism is bad, and democracy is good — then you have your answer as to why we shouldn’t cut funding for the study of literature or philosophy. Politicization is a way of arming the humanities for its political battles, but it comes at an intellectual cost. Why is sexism so bad? Why is democracy so good? Politicization silences these and other questions, whereas the function of the humanities is to raise them. Humanists are not alone in their ignorance about the purpose of their disciplines. But scientists are under a lot less pressure to explain why they exist because the society at large believes itself to already have the answer to that question. If at some point I am called on to defend the study of Homer or Descartes at some official hearing, I will do my best, but I will not run to battle; the battle will have to come to me. The task of humanists is to invite, to welcome, to excite, to engage. And when we let ourselves be ourselves, when we allow the humanistic spirit that animates us to flow out not only into our classrooms but also in our public-self presentation, we find we don’t need to defend or prove anything: We are irresistible. 49．What is the author’s main concern regarding the crisis in humanities? A．The pressure on humanists to argue for the value of their disciplines. B．The mounting political scrutiny faced by humanities departments. C．People’s little knowledge regarding the purpose of humanities. D．Students’ lack of interest in studying humanities courses. 50．What does the word “inimical” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．immune. B．relevant. C．sensitive. D．contrary. 51．What can be inferred about a defensive mindset? A．It brings about a lower chance of survival for humanities. B．It requires a reflective mood on the study of humanities. C．It leads to a compromise on human’s intellectual depth. D．It is the worst action to take in the face of the crisis. 52．Which of the following might the author most probably agree? A．The battle of humanities is a hard one to fight. B．The future of humanities remains cloudy. C．Science is more useful than humanities. D．Humanities may not need any defense. Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京育才学校·期中） Does Chinese philosophy influence your parenting? It is the question I am most often asked. Chinese philosophy contains many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting. Confucianism and Daoism suggest ways to guide your children toward meaning and fulfilment rather than wealth and fame. Parenting is tough, especially because there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. Different kids need different things. How do we stay focused on what matters most? How do we navigate difficult times with our kids and support them when they struggle? All of us want our children to be successful, partly because we love them and want them to be happy. But it is easy to mistake “success” with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way. But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by fame, money or power. A successful life is one in which a person flourishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and they find meaning in what they do and who they are. This type of fulfilment comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships; giving generously of what you have to others; caring for and having a genuine love of nature; and shouldering your responsibility. Most of us know that having an Ivy League degree and a high-paying job is not going to make our children happy and fulfilled in life. Yet we worry about how they will find things they love to do and that they are good at. Philosophers from the two most influential ancient Chinese traditions — Confucianism and Daoism — talk more about human flourishing, virtue, happiness and fulfilment than about “success”. Chinese philosophers argued that we genuinely flourish — are happiest and most fulfilled — when we develop these virtues. This can never be measured in terms such as earning power, entering famous schools or getting jobs. Instead, it is measured in how we treat people — how one loves and is loved by one’s family and friends — and in what one does to make the world a kinder, gentler, more humane and beautiful place. They encourage us to help our children learn more about the world around them. The Confucians and Daoists were a little like yin and yang: Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring the beauty of nature. Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents. Parenting is messy. It is not simple or straightforward but complex and difficult. There are no magic solutions that make things easy or smooth. Most of us will need to piece together different approaches in order to find something that works well and feels right in different situations, for different children, and at different times in a child’s life. 53．According to the author, parenting is challenging because________. A．Parents don’t know what success refers to B．Children don’t believe in Chinese philosophy C．There are many theories of parenting to choose D．One can’t find a standard approach to suit every child 54．What is the opinion of ancient Chinese philosophers? A．People who flourish can feel successful because they live a meaningful life. B．Only when people make contribution to society can they feel successful. C．A successful life can be measured by reputation and wealth. D．Success just means one should be friendly to nature. 55．What can we infer from this passage? A．Confucians think graduating from famous university can make children intelligent and fulfilled. B．Daoists are more influential than Confucians because of their simpler activities. C．Confucians and Daoists together can provide parents abundant resources. D．It is enough for parents to just learn Chinese Philosophy well. 56．What’s the author’s attitude towards adopting Chinese Philosophy to parenting? A．Critical . B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Suspicious. Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京广渠门中学·期中） The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually (在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are developed on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation. 57．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral 58．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means ______. A．change B．choice C．text D．bond 59．According to the author, what role should college play? A．To develop a shared identity among students B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior C．To provide a safe world without stress for students D．To boost students’ intellectual and personal development 60．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain what college life is like. B．To introduce the benefits of college life. C．To stress the significance of autonomy in college. D．To analyze the positive effects of autonomy in college. Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京第八十中学·期中） The Secret of Success The recipe for succeeding in any given field is hardly a mystery: good ideas, hard work, discipline, imagination, perseverance and maybe a little luck. Oh, and let’s not forget failure, which Dashun Wang and his colleagues at Northwestern University call “the essential prerequisite (先决条件) for success” in a new paper. But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.” As they explored “the mechanisms governing the dynamics of failure”, Wang’s team identified what they describe as previously unknown statistical signatures that separate successful groups from unsuccessful groups, making it possible to predict their final outcomes. One such key indicator is the time between consecutive (连续的) failed attempts, which should decrease steadily. In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. Wang points out that the existence of the tipping point cuts against the traditional explanations for failure or success, such as luck or a person’s work habits. “What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. 61．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that________. A．winners are more persistent than losers B．failure is not important for success at all C．more trying doesn’t necessarily result in success D．winners and losers differ in how many times they tried 62．Wang and his colleagues believe that________. A．no one can obtain success without failure B．failure can sometimes help predict success C．the performance pattern is difficult to identify D．the critical point had been discovered by chance 63．The underlined phrase “a stagnation region” in Paragraph 6 refers to a region________. A．without progress B．beyond recognition C．unknown to outsiders D．in its elementary stage 64．What is the conclusion of Wang’s research? A．Winners try less than losers. but gain more. B．Perseverance is the utmost secret to success. C．Working smart could turn failures into future successes. D．Luck and work habits hardly make any difference to the result. Passage 6 （24-25学年高二上·北京八一学校·期中） An updated version of the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot ChatGPT was launched recently by OpenAI. Its ability to write in an intelligent and human-like manner left users impressed and also a little bit frightened. People have used ChatGPT to write entire blocks of code, television scripts, and even complete academic essays — causing fears that students might use the bot to cheat their way to an easy A． But some college professors aren’t that concerned. While ChatGPT’s writing might seem “quite good in an abstract way”, Professor Stuart Selber, who teaches English at Pennsylvania State University, thinks it struggles to address local issues, produce an original argument, or challenge other arguments rather than just citing (引用) them. These are all key aspects of effective essay writing in his opinion. That’s why Selber doesn’t think essays written entirely by ChatGPT have any hope of scoring high grades. ChatGPT won’t replace original writing, said Selber, but it might help college students improve their work. Indeed, he thinks it might offer a shortcut for some of the more difficult tasks of essay writing, like preparing a literature review. Dr Leah Henrickson, a lecturer at the University of Leeds, thinks that, if used carefully, AI might even make education fairer. She said: “I think there’s a lot of potential for it to help students express themselves in ways that they hadn’t necessarily thought about. This could be particularly useful for students who speak English as a second language, or for students who aren’t used to the academic writing style.” AI tools like Grammarly, which analyzes and improves written sentences, are already widely used by college students. In Henrickson’s view, ChatGPT is just the next step — and these tools aren’t going away. “Our students know that these tools exist,” she said. “Our job is to help them use them critically.” According to Henrickson, the University of Leeds is already looking at revising its assessments in reaction to the rise in AI. It hopes to focus more on critical analysis and judgement — a human skill — rather than straightforward information, which a chatbot like ChatGPT can easily replicate. 65．What do people think of ChatGPT’s writing ability? A．It is real but overvalued. B．It is impressive but frightening. C．It is as good as that of humans. D．It is based on ready-made building blocks. 66．In what way might ChatGPT be helpful for college students according to Selber? A．By writing an excellent essay for them. B．By providing an original argument for them. C．By helping them make a literature review. D．By teaching them to develop abstract thinking 67．Why is Grammarly mentioned in the last but one paragraph? A．To compare it with ChatGPT. B．To prove AI tools are here to stay. C．To indicate its usefulness is beyond praise. D．To encourage college students to use AI tools. 68．What does the underlined word “replicate” in the last paragraph mean? A．Copy. B．Overcome. C．Understand. D．Revise. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解 说明文+议论文 主题01 人与社会——科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京人大附中·期中） One of the curious things about social networks is the way that some messages, pictures, or ideas can spread like wildfire while others that seem just as catchy or interesting barely register at all. Before you go deep into the puzzle, consider this: If you measure the height of your male friends, for example, the average is about 170 centimeters. You are 172 and your friends are all about the same height as you are. Indeed, the mathematical concept of “average” is a good way to capture the nature of this data set. But imagine that one of your friends was much taller than you. This person would dramatically skew the average, which would make your friends taller than you, on average. In this case, the “average” is a poor way to capture this data set. Exactly this situation occurs on social networks. On average, your coauthors will be cited more often than you, and the people you follow will post more frequently than you, and so on. Now Lerman from University of Southern California has discovered a related paradox, which they call the majority illusion. They illustrate this illusion with an example. They take 14 nodes (节点) linked up to form a small network. They then color three of these nodes and count how many of the remaining nodes link to them in a single step. In one situation, the uncolored nodes see more than half of their neighbors as colored. This is the majority illusion - the local impression that a specific feature is common when the global truth is entirely different. So how popular is it in the real world? It’s found out that the majority illusion occurs in almost all network scenarios. “The effect is largest in the political blogs network, where 60% of nodes will have majority active neighbors, even when only 20% of the nodes are truly active,” says Lerman. It immediately explains many interesting phenomena. For a start, it shows how some content can spread globally while other similar content does not - the key is to start with a small number of well-connected early adopters fooling the rest of the network into thinking it is common. The affected nodes then find it natural to follow the trend. A real spread finally comes into being. But it is not yet a marketer’s charter. For that, marketers must first identify the popular nodes that can create the majority illusion for the target audience. These influencers must then be persuaded to adopt the desired behavior or product, which is essential to the prospect of the marketing plan. 1．The phrase skew the average in the passage most probably refers to the action of ________. A．hiding the real average to be unrecognizable to others B．producing an average against the general feature of data C．working out the common feature suggested by the average D．ignoring the average because of the frequency by which it is reviewed 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Majority illusion rarely has impacts except in the field of political blogs. B．The majority illusion on social networks relies on people you follow posting more than you. C．The essence of successful opinion spread is to start the trend with well-connected sharers. D．The spread scale of ideas on networks mainly depends on the quality of content. 3．To guarantee the success of marketing promotion, it’s vital to ________. A．thoroughly understand different phenomena of majority illusion B．accurately figure out who is the powerful person to affect others C．quickly decide who are the target audience for the promotion D．successfully convince the influencers to practice certain action 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain the majority illusion in social networks. B．To warn people about the negative impacts of the majority illusion in social networks. C．To persuade marketers to make use of the majority illusion in their strategies. D．To show the wide spread of the majority illusion in social networks. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。社交网络上的一个奇怪之处是，一些信息、图片或想法可以像野火一样传播，而另一些朗朗上口或有趣的东西却几乎没有人注意到。本文通过相关研究解释了这一现象背后的原因。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Before you go deep into the puzzle, consider this: If you measure the height of your male friends, for example, the average is about 170 centimeters. You are 172 and your friends are all about the same height as you are. Indeed, the mathematical concept of “average” is a good way to capture the nature of this data set. (在深入探究这个谜题之前，请考虑一下这个事情：例如，如果你测量你的男性朋友的身高，平均身高约为170厘米。你172厘米，你的朋友都和你差不多高。事实上，“平均值”的数学概念是捕捉这一数据集本质的好方法。)”以及画线词前一句“But imagine that one of your friends was much taller than you. (但是想象一下你的一个朋友比你高很多。)”和画线词后的“which would make your friends taller than you, on average (这会让你的朋友们平均比你高)”可知，如果你和你的朋友都差不多高，那么平均身高和你差不多，但如果你的一个朋友比你高很多，那么你朋友们的平均身高会比你高，由此推测出，个别身高数据会导致身高数据平均值出现偏斜，skew the average指的是“倾斜平均值”，表达的是产生违反数据一般特征的平均值。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“For a start, it shows how some content can spread globally while other similar content does not - the key is to start with a small number of well-connected early adopters fooling the rest of the network into thinking it is common. The affected nodes then find it natural to follow the trend. A real spread finally comes into being. (首先，它展示了一些内容是如何在全球范围内传播的，而其他类似的内容却不能——关键是要从一小部分人脉广的早期采用者开始，欺骗网络的其余部分相信这是普遍的。然后受影响的节点会自然而然地跟随趋势。一次真正的传播最终出现。)”可知，观点成功传播的本质是要从人脉广的早期采用者开始。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“These influencers must then be persuaded to adopt the desired behavior or product, which is essential to the prospect of the marketing plan. (然后，必须说服这些影响者采用所需的行为或产品，这对营销计划的前景至关重要。)”可知，重要的是要成功说服影响者采用某种行为或产品。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“One of the curious things about social networks is the way that some messages, pictures, or ideas can spread like wildfire while others that seem just as catchy or interesting barely register at all. (社交网络的一个奇妙之处在于，一些信息、图片或想法可以像野火一样传播，而另一些看起来同样朗朗上口或有趣的东西却几乎没有人注意到。)”、第五段中的“Now Lerman from University of Southern California has discovered a related paradox, which they call the majority illusion. (现在，来自南加州大学的Lerman发现了一个相关的悖论，他们称之为多数错觉。)”并结合全文可知，本文主要解释了社交网络上一些信息广泛传播而另一些信息却没有得到注意这一奇怪现象，并通过研究指出了这是多数错觉产生的。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京广渠门中学·期中） Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. By putting in the different routes by which vehicles can travel between locations, researchers have developed a new computer algorithm (运算法则) that helps quantify regions of jams in urban areas and suggests ways around them. The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in Manhattan to demonstrate how structural layout and road infrastructure (基础设施) can create complex road networks that differ among cities. The team approached the issue by designing a computer algorithm to capture the topology - or relationship between the different routes between locations - of road networks. “We found that the most significant traffic bottlenecks in Manhattan seem to arise as a result of the city’s structural layout,” said study co-author Daniel Carmody. “For example, the fact that a bridge enters Manhattan at a range where traffic is already limited due to Central Park slows traffic in the area considerably.” The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. Manhattan has a long and thin structure, while Chengdu is round. There are significant differences in the way traffic moves between these two different setups, the researchers said. “The bottlenecks in Chengdu seem to arise due to the function of the buildings in a particular area,” Carmody said. “For example, it is hard to travel in and out of the central business district in Chengdu because of the large amount of traffic alone. Beltways, or faster streets around busy areas, have emerged in circles around this area, which is not surprising because this feature was intentionally built into the city.” In Manhattan, the bridges and underpasses that form the entry and exit points cause traffic slowdowns. However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly, forming a new traffic beltway with the southern end of Central Park acting as a block between lower and central Manhattan. “The researchers have imagined that this technology could give urban planners a means to quantify traffic patterns, leading to better traffic,” Carmody said. “As methods of transportation develop, new problems will emerge, and we hope that our tools will give planners new ways to measure what is going on with city traffic.” 5．According to the new study, what contributes to traffic jams in Manhattan? A．The number of bottlenecks and beltways. B．The location of bridges and underpasses. C．Road facilities and structural layout. D．Road signs and urban population. 6．Researchers also studied Chengdu in order to _______. A．compare the layouts of the two cities B．find better infrastructure for one city C．design traffic patterns with the algorithm D．assess the effectiveness of the algorithm 7．Who is the target of this new computer algorithm? A．City planners. B．Slower drivers. C．Infrastructure developers. D．Road sign designers. 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究人员开发出了一种新的计算机运算法则，该法则可以帮助城市规划者量化城市地区的拥堵区域，处理交通堵塞的问题。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in Manhattan to demonstrate how structural layout and road infrastructure (基础设施) can create complex road networks that differ among cities. (这项发表在《物理杂志：复杂性》上的研究，利用曼哈顿出租车的交通速度，展示了结构布局和道路基础设施如何创造出不同城市之间复杂的道路网络。)”可知，根据这项新研究，是道路设施与驾驶员行为导致了曼哈顿的交通堵塞。故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. (研究人员利用中国成都的交通模式进行了对比分析，以测试该运算法则在不同布局的地区是否同样有效。)”可知，研究人员也对成都进行了研究，以评估运算法则的有效性。故选D项。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. (城市规划者可能很快就会有一种处理交通堵塞的新方法。)”可知，这个新的计算机运算法则的目标人群是城市规划者。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京交大附中·期中） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution. In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI — the technology companies and world leaders — so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 8．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic. 9．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A．Observe existing regulations on it. B．Reconsider expert opinions about it. C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down 10．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history. C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert. 【答案】8．C 9．C 10．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了坎贝尔所著《设计AI：与人工智能共存的计划》一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 8．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段中“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将使人头晕的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果是由能力较差的人写的，这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂。In the wrong hands表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。A. If read by someone poorly educated如果读的人受教育程度低；B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned如果被恶意的人审查；C. If written by someone less competent如果是由能力较差的人写的；D. If translated by someone unacademic如果由非专业人士翻译。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段中“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章倒数第二段中“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution. (鉴于AI改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需采取行动应对即将到来的AI时代，这就是卡特里奥纳·坎贝尔的新书《设计AI：与人工智能共存的计划》发挥作用之处。这本引人入胜的新书为应对即将到来的AI革命所带来的挑战提供了一个实用的路线图。)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京理工附中·期中） “Flying insects don’t fly directly to lights from far away because they’re attracted to them, but appear to change course toward a light if they happen to be passing by due to a strange inborn biological response,” writes Samuel Fabian, a bioengineer, in a research paper. Until now, the leading scientific hypothesis has been that insects use the moon’s light to direct the way at night and mistake artificial lights for the moon. But this idea doesn’t explain why insects that only fly during the day also gather around lights. To find out what really happens, Samuel’s team track the precise movements of insects in the wild around lights using a high-speed camera. This revealed two notable behaviours. First, when insects fly above lights, they often invert (转向) themselves and try to fly upside down, causing them to fall very fast. Just after insects pass under a light, they start doing a ring road. As their climb angle becomes too steep, they suddenly stop and start to fall. Second, when insects approach a light from the side, they may circle or “orbit” the light. The videos show that the inversions sometimes result in insects falling on lights. It can appear to the naked eye as though they are flying at the lights. “Instead, insects turn their dorsum toward the light, generating flight perpendicular(垂直) to the source,” the team write. It is common to the two behaviours that the insects are keeping their backs to the light, known as the dorsal light response (DLR). This DLR is a shortcut for insects to work out which way is up and keep their bodies upright, as the moon or sun is usually more or less directly above them, and this direction allows them to maintain proper flight attitude and control. They also find that the insects fly at right angles to a light source, leading to orbiting and unstable flights as the light’s location relative to them changes as they move. Samuel’s team suggest that a possible outcome of the research could help the construction industry to avoid the types of light that most attract insects. 11．What does the research focus on? A．Why insects gather around lights. B．Where artificial lights lead insects to. C．What biological response insects are born with. D．How to design environment friendly artificial lights. 12．What can we learn about insects from the videos of their movements? A．They fly directly to lights. B．They circle close to lights. C．Their flying speed is steady. D．Their inversions can be controlled. 13．DLR makes insects ____________. A．balance their flying B．keep their route straight C．decide their body position D．shorten their flight distance 【答案】11．A 12．B 13．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项对昆虫趋光的研究，旨在帮助建筑行业避免那些最容易吸引昆虫的光线。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Flying insects don’t fly directly to lights from far away because they’re attracted to them, but appear to change course toward a light if they happen to be passing by due to a strange inborn biological response (飞行的昆虫不会因为被灯光吸引而直接飞向远处的灯光，但如果它们碰巧经过，由于一种奇怪的先天生物反应，它们似乎会朝着灯光改变方向)”以及第二段“But this idea doesn’t explain why insects that only fly during the day also gather around lights. (但这个想法并不能解释为什么只在白天飞行的昆虫也会聚集在灯光周围)”可推知，研究的重点是为什么昆虫聚集在灯光周围。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据第三段中“ Just after insects pass under a light, they start doing a ring road.(昆虫刚从灯光下经过，它们就开始走环形路)”以及“when insects approach a light from the side, they may circle or “orbit” the light (当昆虫从侧面接近光线时，它们可能会绕着光线转或“绕”)”可推知，昆虫经常在灯光附近盘旋。故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“This DLR is a shortcut for insects to work out which way is up and keep their bodies upright, as the moon or sun is usually more or less directly above them, and this direction allows them to maintain proper flight attitude and control. (这种DLR是昆虫找出向上方向并保持身体直立的捷径，因为月亮或太阳通常或多或少在它们的正上方，这个方向使它们能够保持适当的飞行姿态和控制。)”可知，DLR使昆虫决定它们的身体姿势。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京牛栏山一中·期中） There is such a thing as a free lunch, it turns out, as long as you don’t mind too much what it is. Tamara Wilson found hers a few streets away from her west London home — and as well as picking up some unwanted bread and fruit that would otherwise be thrown away, she made a new friend. Wilson is one of 3.4 million people around the world using an app designed to encourage people to give away rather than throw away surplus (剩余的) food. “It’s such a small thing, but it makes me feel good and my neighbour feel good. And a lot of small acts can end up making a big difference,” she said. The last few years have seen an explosion in creative ways to tackle food waste by linking supermarkets, cafes, restaurants and individual households to local communities. Olio, the app used by Wilson, saw a fivefold increase in listings during 2022, and the signs are that this rapid growth is continuing into 2023, said Tessa Clarke, its CEO and co-founder. About a third of all food produced globally is wasted, according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Almost 1.4 billion hectares of land — close to 30% of the world’s agricultural land — is dedicated to producing food that is never eaten, and the carbon footprint of food wastage makes it the third contributor of CO2. Reducing food waste is one of the most effective ways of tackling the global climate crisis. Olio, Clarke said, was an attempt to change this on a small, local scale. “The app connects people with others who have surplus food but don’t have anyone to give it to because so many people are disconnected from their communities.” Users of Olio post images of surplus food that others in the neighbourhood might want. Olio also has a network of 24,000 volunteers who collect surplus food from local supermarkets and stores for app users to claim. Despite the success of the app, it was hard to make a difference to the huge scale of food waste, Clarke added. “Even though we’re doing well, we’ve only scratched the surface (触及表面). But if everyone makes small changes in the world, we’d dramatically reduce the amount of food that ends up in bins (垃圾桶).” 14．What does the author want to show by telling Wilson’s story? A．People tend to use apps to order food. B．People prefer to make friends on apps. C．People find a high-tech fix to food waste. D．People show more concern for each other. 15．What’s the consequence of food waste according to the text? A．Global warming. B．Loss of land. C．World hunger. D．Poverty and inequality. 16．What does Olio do to help tackle food waste? A．It sells surplus food to those in need. B．It allows volunteers to stay connected. C．It provides a platform for people to promote food. D．It fills the information gap between green communities. 17．What does Clarke think of the work on reducing food waste globally? A．It is a great success. B．It requires joint efforts. C．It is beyond human power. D．It has won public support. 【答案】14．C 15．A 16．D 17．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款名为Olio的App，该应用程序主要是将有多余食物的人与需要食物的人在社区中联系起来，充分的利用过度生产未被使用的食物，减少浪费。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Wilson is one of 3.4 million people around the world using an app designed to encourage people to give away rather than throw away surplus (剩余的) food. (威尔逊是全球340万使用该应用程序的人之一，该应用程序旨在鼓励人们放弃而不是扔掉多余的食物。)”可知，威尔逊使用应用程序来捡到一些面包和水果之外，还交了一个新朋友，即通过她的故事展示人们找到了解决食物浪费的高科技方法。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Almost 1.4 billion hectares of land — close to 30% of the world’s agricultural land — is dedicated to producing food that is never eaten, and the carbon footprint of food wastage makes it the third contributor of CO2. Reducing food waste is one of the most effective ways of tackling the global climate crisis.( 近14亿公顷土地(接近世界农业用地的30%)用于生产从未食用的食物，而食物浪费的碳足迹使其成为二氧化碳的第三个来源。减少食物浪费是应对全球气候危机最有效的方法之一。)”可知，过度的未食用食物的生产会导致增加碳排放，由此造成全球气候危机即全球变暖。故选A。 16．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The app connects people with others who have surplus food but don’t have anyone to give it to because so many people are disconnected from their communities.( 这款应用程序将人们与其他有多余食物但没有人可以施舍的人联系起来，因为很多人与他们的社区脱节。)”可知，Olio作为一款app其主要是将有多余食物的人与需要食物的人在社区中联系起来，充分的利用过度生产未被使用的食物，减少浪费。由此该应用程序填补了绿色社区之间的信息鸿沟。故选D。 17．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But if everyone makes small changes in the world, we’d dramatically reduce the amount of food that ends up in bins (但如果每个人都能对这个世界做出小小的改变，我们就能大幅减少垃圾桶里的食物数量。)”可知，Clarke认为减少食物浪费需要每个人的努力付出，即需要共同努力。故选B。 主题02 人与自然——人与动植物 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京交大附中·期中） When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines (多钩长线) would have been more filled with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks (带饵钩)would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。 Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels。. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 18．The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____. A．large animals were easily hurt in the changing environment B．small species survived as large animals disappeared C．large sea animals may face the same threat today D．slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 19．By saying these figures are conservative , Dr. Worm means that____ . A．fishing technology has improved rapidly B．the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded C．the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss D．the data collected so far are out of date 20．Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that____ . A．people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time B．fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C．the ocean biomass should restore its original level D．people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation 21．The writer seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’____ . A．biomass level B．management efficiency C．catch-size limits D．technological application 【答案】18．C 19．C 20．D 21．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大型海洋动物也面临着像史前大型动物一样灭绝的危险，人们应该根据情况的变化调整捕鱼基线以保持海洋渔业的最大生物量。 18．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.”可知，这种生长缓慢的大型动物很容易被猎杀，很快就灭绝了，现在海洋里也可能发生类似的事情，由此可知，提到史前动物的灭绝就是为了表明大型海洋动物如今可能也面临同样的威胁，故C项正确。 19．词句猜测题。根据画线句后的“One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.”可知，其中一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进，今天的船只可以通过卫星和声呐找到猎物，而50年前还没有，这意味着在海洋中被捕获的生物比例更高，所以现在和过去的真实差异可能比捕获量变化所记录的更大，由此可知，沃姆博士说这些数据是保守的的意思是其实海洋生物量损失会更大，故C项正确。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.”可知，迈尔斯博士和沃姆博士认为，他们的工作给出了一个正确的基准，未来的管理工作必须考虑到这个基准，他们相信这些数据支持了海洋生物学家当前的一个想法，即“改变基线”。这个想法是，人们未能察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化，因为他们回顾过去的时间相对较短，这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当一个目标物种的生物量达到其原始水平的50%时，可以从渔业中获取的最大可持续产量，大多数渔业都远低于这个水平，这是一种不好的经商方式，由此可知，他们认为人们应该根据情况的变化调整捕鱼基线，故D项正确。 21．推理判断题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.”可知，这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当一个目标物种的生物量达到其原始水平的50%时，可以从渔业中获取的最大可持续产量，大多数渔业都远低于这个水平，这是一种不好的经商方式，由此可知，作者主要关心的是渔业的最大生物量水平，故A项正确。 【点睛】本篇第2题词句猜测题难度较大，抓住画线句后解释的原因是关键，根据画线句后的“One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.”可知，其中一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进，今天的船只可以通过卫星和声呐找到猎物，而50年前还没有，这意味着在海洋中被捕获的生物比例更高，所以现在和过去的真实差异可能比捕获量变化所记录的更大，由此可知，沃姆博士说这些数据是保守的的意思是其实海洋生物量损失实际上会比统计的数据更大。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京第八十中学·期中） Birds Can “Read” Human Gaze We all know that people sometimes change their behavior when someone is looking their way. Now, a new study reported online on April 2nd in Current Biology shows that jackdaws — birds related to crows with eyes that appear similar to human eyes — can do the same. “Jackdaws seem to recognize the eye’s role in visual perception, or at the very least they are extremely sensitive to the way that human eyes are oriented (朝向),” said Auguste von Bayern, formerly of the University of Cambridge and now at the University of Oxford. When presented with a preferred food, hand-raised jackdaws took significantly longer to get the reward when a person was directing his eyes towards the food than when he was looking away, according to the research team led by Nathan Emery of the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London. The birds hesitated only when the person was unfamiliar and thus potentially threatening. In addition, the birds were able to interpret human communicative gestures, such as gaze alternation and pointing, to help them find hidden food, they found. The birds were unsuccessful in using unmoving cues, including eye gaze or head orientation. Unlike most birds, jackdaws’ eyes have a dark pupil surrounded by a silvery white iris. The researchers said they believe jackdaws are probably sensitive to human eyes because, as in humans, eyes are an important means of communication for them. The hand-raised birds examined in the study may be even better than wild jackdaws a attending to human gaze and responding to the gestures of the people who have raised them. The findings are particularly notable given that most other species investigated so far, including our closes relatives the chimpanzee and “man’s best friend,” the dog, are not particularly sensitive to eye orientation and eye gaze, von Bayern said. Rather, she continued, chimps and dogs seem to rely on other cues such as head or body orientation in determining the looking direction of others. The results suggest that birds may deserve more respect for their mental abilities. “We may have understated the psychological world of birds,” von Bayern said. “Jackdaws, among many other birds, form pair ties for life and need to have much in common and work together with their partner, which requires an efficient way of communicating and sensitivity to their partner’s viewpoint.” 22．A hand-raised jackdaw hesitates to take a preferred food when the feeder__________. A．is looking away from the food B．holds the food in his hand C．is looking at the food D．is unfamiliar to the bird 23．According to researchers, jackdaws can notice human eye orientation probably because_________. A．like humans, they also use eyes to communicate B．they are far more intelligent than other birds C．they are mostly hand-raised by humans D．their eyes also have a dark pupil 24．Why does the author refer to chimpanzees and dogs? A．To suggest that they are much better at interpreting gaze alternation. B．To reflect how unique jackdaws are in being able to notice gaze orientation. C．lo show that they communicate more frequently with humans than jackdaws. D．To make clear that they rely on other means in determining people’s intention. 25．What does the research finding suggest? A．Not all jackdaws are good at attending to human gaze. B．We may have understated jackdaws’ mental abilities. C．We know embarrassingly less about birds than we assume. D．The closer we communicate with animals, the better we understand them. 【答案】22．D 23．A 24．B 25．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了实验发现鸟类可以“读懂”人类的凝视，科学家们推测也许鸟类也是用眼睛交流的，人类一直以来都忽视了鸟类的心理世界。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“When presented with a preferred food, hand-raised jackdaws took significantly longer to get the reward when a person was directing his eyes towards the food than when he was looking away, according to the research team led by Nathan Emery of the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London. The birds hesitated only when the person was unfamiliar and thus potentially threatening. (剑桥大学和伦敦玛丽女王大学的研究团队（由内森·埃默里领导）发现，当被给予喜爱的食物时，如果有人在注视着食物，那么人工饲养的寒鸦获取奖励的时间会明显长于那人没有注视食物时。只有当这个人是陌生的且可能构成威胁时，寒鸦才会表现出犹豫。)”可知，当喂食人是不熟悉的人时，鸟类在面对喜欢的食物是犹豫之后才吃，故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Unlike most birds, jackdaws’ eyes have a dark pupil surrounded by a silvery white iris. The researchers said they believe jackdaws are probably sensitive to human eyes because, as in humans, eyes are an important means of communication for them. (与大多数鸟类不同，寒鸦的眼睛有一个黑色的瞳孔，周围是银白色的虹膜。研究人员说，他们认为寒鸦可能对人类的眼睛很敏感，因为和人类一样，眼睛是它们重要的交流手段。)”可知，研究人员称，寒鸦能注意到人眼的方向，可能是因为像人类一样，它们也用眼睛交流，故选A。 24．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The findings are particularly notable given that most other species investigated so far, including our closes relatives the chimpanzee and “man’s best friend,” the dog, are not particularly sensitive to eye orientation and eye gaze, von Bayern said. Rather, she continued, chimps and dogs seem to rely on other cues such as head or body orientation in determining the looking direction of others. The results suggest that birds may deserve more respect for their mental abilities. (冯·拜仁说，考虑到迄今为止研究的大多数其他物种，包括我们的近亲黑猩猩和“人类最好的朋友”狗，对眼睛的方向和凝视并不特别敏感，这一发现尤其值得注意。相反，她继续说，黑猩猩和狗似乎依靠其他信号，如头部或身体的方向，来确定其他动物的视线方向。研究结果表明，鸟类的智力应该得到更多的尊重。)”可知，狗和黑猩猩对眼睛的方向和凝视并不特别敏感，而鸟类不一样，故推知作者提到黑猩猩和狗是为了反映寒鸦能够注意到凝视方向的独特性，故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据最后一段““We may have understated the psychological world of birds,” von Bayern said. “Jackdaws, among many other birds, form pair ties for life and need to have much in common and work together with their partner, which requires an efficient way of communicating and sensitivity to their partner’s viewpoint.” (“我们可能低估了鸟类的心理世界，”冯·拜仁说。“在许多其他鸟类中，寒鸦是终生的伴侣关系，需要有很多共同点，并与伴侣一起工作，这需要一种有效的沟通方式，并对伴侣的观点敏感。”)”可知，研究结果表明了我们可能低估了鸟类的心理世界，故选B。 主题03 人与社会——社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） In the 1990s conservationist Dave Foreman, co-founder of Wild Earth magazine, invented the term “rewilding.” It is defined as “a conservation effort focused on restoring sustainable biodiversity and ecosystem health by protecting core wilderness areas.” In order to achieve that goal, some conservationists are returning native species to the wild and allowing nature to take over previously developed places. Other people, however, believe that rewilding methods can be as basic as planting trees or simply not interfering with the land. In various places around the world, rewilding can be seen with favorable results. In regions of southern Africa, cheetahs and lions have been successfully introduced back into the wild. Ages ago, herds of European bison thundered across Europe. But they were hunted for food and sport until none of these large mammals remained in the wild. Thankfully, Europe’s bison survived because of a captive breeding program. Currently these “ecosystem engineers” are being returned to forests and are transforming the land for the better. Public attitudes toward rewilding are generally positive. In the UK, eighty-two percent of those surveyed indicated that they were in favor of bringing back animals that have disappeared from the wild in their country. When asked which types of animals they wanted most, a solid majority said birds of prey, that is, birds which hunt and feed on smaller animals. Slightly fewer favored introducing wading birds, which make their homes in and near water. In contrast, only one in four favored bringing back brown bears. Just over one-third would like to see wolves introduced into the UK. Nearly half of those surveyed are in favor of bringing back wild cats, such as the Highland tiger, which has nearly disappeared from its native hunting grounds in Scotland. On the other hand, rewilding is also opposed by some people. They fear that the animals could spread diseases or threaten people. Some farmers are also against returning farming areas to their natural state for wild animals to live. According to them, farming areas must be reserved. If it isn’t, food production could be harmed. Scientists and government officials who favor rewilding will have to deal with these concerns. 26．What does this article imply about European bison? A．They provided meat for people in the distant past. B．At one time, they put fear into the hearts of people. C．They prevented people from founding settlements. D．Their skins were used to make clothing for people. 27．According to this article, which of the following is true? A．People generally don’t like the idea of rewilding. B．Rewilding must start on a small scale. C．European bison, after rewilding, caused danger in the ecosystem. D．Rewilded animals are believed by some to pose danger. 28．Look at the following charts. Which chart agrees with the information in the article about the UK survey on rewilding? A． B． C． D． 【答案】26．A 27．D 28．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了英国人对于重新野化动物的不同看法。 26．推理判断题。根据第三段“Ages ago, herds of European bison thundered across Europe. But they were hunted for food(很久以前，成群的欧洲野牛轰鸣着穿越欧洲。但是它们被猎杀以此获取食物”可知，欧洲野牛曾被猎杀用于食物。故选A项。 27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“On the other hand, rewilding is also opposed by some people. They fear that the animals could spread diseases or threaten people. Some farmers are also against returning farming areas to their natural state for wild animals to live.(另一方面，野化也遭到一些人的反对。他们担心这些动物会传播疾病或威胁人类。一些农民也反对将农田恢复到野生动物生活的自然状态)”可知，一些人认为重新野化的动物可能带来危险。故选D项。 28．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“When asked which types of animals they wanted most, a solid majority said birds of prey, that is, birds which hunt and feed on smaller animals. Slightly fewer favored introducing wading birds, which make their homes in and near water. In contrast, only one in four favored bringing back brown bears. Just over one-third would like to see wolves introduced into the UK. Nearly half of those surveyed are in favor of bringing back wild cats, such as the Highland tiger, which has nearly disappeared from its native hunting grounds in Scotland.(当被问及他们最想要哪种动物时，绝大多数人说是猛禽，即以较小动物为食的鸟类。稍微少的人赞成引进水鸟，它们在水里或水附近筑巢。相比之下，只有四分之一的人赞成把棕熊带回来。超过三分之一的人希望看到狼被引入英国。近一半的受访者赞成恢复野猫，比如苏格兰高地虎，这种野猫几乎从苏格兰本土的狩猎场消失了)”可知， 对猛禽支持率最高，其次是水鸟、野猫、狼和棕熊。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京顺义一中·期中） Episodic memory (情景记忆) allows humans to revisit past personal experiences in their minds, and it was once thought to be a special skill of humans. Although there are still arguments about the extent of this type of memory in non-human animals, scientists have proved that creatures like rats and dogs can pass tests that are developed to assess episodic memory over the past two decades. “Curiously, there is a lack of research investigating dolphins’ episodic memory,” University of Cambridge cognitive (认知的) scientist James Davies says. Therefore, this surprising fact encourages him to fill this gap. The team used “where” and “who” questions in their research, each on a different test. Each dolphin was first trained to retrieve a ball from the water, and then trained to get a ball by approaching a person holding it in front of them while ignoring an empty-handed person standing at a different spot. During this training, the locations were randomized (使随机化) and the person holding the ball differed each time, so that those details were irrelevant to learning the retrieving behavior. Then, for the tests, the dolphins were asked to retrieve the ball as they had learned to do, but after 10 minutes, something changed-this time, the ball couldn’t be seen, as it was now behind one of the two people’s backs. In the “where” tests, the ball was hidden in the same spot as in the training, but both people had been changed, while in the “who” tests, the locations of the people changed but the ball remained with the person who’d had it previously. Eight dolphins went through each of the two tests, separated by at least 48 hours. All the dolphins got it right in choosing the correct spot on the “where” experiments, and seven achieved success on the “who” experiments. Kelly Jaakkola, a psychologist, says that based on their cognitive skills, dolphins are a good candidate for having episodic-like memory, and this study goes really far in showing that. She also says, “The more we look for such capabilities in non-human animals, the more species we’ll likely find them in.” She adds, “An exciting question is therefore ‘Where do we draw that line? Which animals do have it, which animals don’t, and what sort of cognitive or neurological or social characteristics do those animals share? ’ That’s going to be the fun part of the game.” 29．What does the underlined word “retrieve” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Fetch. B．Move. C．Throw. D．Play. 30．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The locations of the people involved in the tests. B．The memory tasks that dolphins need to perform. C．The ability of dolphins to communicate with humans. D．The dolphins’ characteristics related to their memory processing. 31．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Dolphins pass the tests as a result of training. B．It is very likely that dolphins are affected by people during the tests. C．Scientists will probably find episodic memory in all non-human animals. D．The influence of dolphins’ familiarity with a location or a person is avoided. 32．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Dolphins Are the Most Intelligent Animals B．Dolphins May Remember Personal Experiences C．Episodic Memory Is Important for Humans and Animals D．A Scientific Method Is Used to Study Dolphins’ Memory 【答案】29．A 30．B 31．D 32．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了研究表明，海豚可能拥有情景记忆。 29．词句猜测题。根据第二段中根据划线单词上文“The team used “where” and “who” questions in their research, each on a different test.(研究小组在他们的研究中使用了“在哪里”和“谁”两个问题，每个问题都在不同的测试中使用。)”和划线单词所在句子“Each dolphin was first trained to retrieve a ball from the water, and then trained to get a ball by approaching a person holding it in front of them while ignoring an empty-handed person standing at a different spot. (每只海豚首先被训练从水中retrieve一个球，然后被训练通过接近一个拿着球的人而忽略站在不同位置的一个空手的人来获得一个球。)”可知，实验测试海豚的情景记忆，即识别“哪里”和“谁”的概念。由此可推知，retrieve与下文get意思相近，即每只海豚首先被训练从水中获取一个球，然后被训练通过接近一个拿着球的人而忽略站在不同位置的一个空手的人来获得一个球。故retrieve与A项“Fecth(获取)”意思一样，故选A。 30．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“During this training, the locations were randomized(使随机化) and the person holding the ball differed each time, so that those details were irrelevant to learning the retrieving behavior. Then, for the tests, the dolphins were asked to retrieve the ball as they had learned to do, but after 10 minutes, something changed-this time, the ball couldn’t be seen, as it was now behind one of the two people’s backs. In the “where” tests, the ball was hidden in the same spot as in the training, but both people had been changed, while in the “who” tests, the locations of the people changed but the ball remained with the person who’d had it previously.(在这次训练中，地点是随机的，每次拿球的人都不一样，所以这些细节与学习取球行为无关。然后，在测试中，海豚被要求像它们学会的那样去捡球，但是10分钟后，情况发生了变化——这一次，球看不见了，因为它现在在两个人中的一个人的背后。在“哪里”测试中，球藏在与训练中相同的位置，但是两个人都被改变了，而在“谁”测试中，人的位置改变了，但是球仍然在之前拥有它的人手中。)”可知，第二段主要介绍了海豚需要完成的记忆任务。故选B。 31．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the “where” tests, the ball was hidden in the same spot as in the training, but both people had been changed, while in the “who” tests, the locations of the people changed but the ball remained with the person who’d had it previously.(在“哪里”测试中，球藏在与训练中相同的位置，但是两个人都被改变了，而在“谁”测试中，人的位置改变了，但是球仍然在之前拥有它的人手中。)”可推知，实验中避开了海豚熟悉某个地点或某个人的影响，故选D。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中“Kelly Jaakkola, a psychologist, says that based on their cognitive skills, dolphins are a good candidate for having episodic-like memory, and this study goes really far in showing that. (心理学家Kelly Jaakkola说，基于它们的认知能力，海豚是拥有情节性记忆的很好的候选者，而这项研究表明了这一点。)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究表明，海豚可能拥有情景记忆，B项“海豚可能记得个人经历”适合作文章标题，故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京北师大附中·期中） In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy. Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which requests taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. But whereas the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises. Low proportion of workers to pensioners is only one problem resulting from collapsing fertility. Younger people have more of what psychologists call “fluid intelligence”, the ability to think creatively so as to solve problems in entirely new ways. This youthful energy adds to the accumulated knowledge of older workers. It also brings change. Patents filed by the youngest inventors are much more likely to cover breakthrough innovations. Older countries and their young people are less enterprising and less comfortable taking risks. Because the old benefit less than the young when economies grow, they have proved less keen on pro-growth policies, especially housebuilding. Creative destruction is likely to be rarer in ageing societies, restricting productivity growth in ways that compound into an enormous missed opportunity. Eventually, therefore, the world will have to make do with fewer youngsters—and perhaps with a shrinking population. With that in mind, recent advances in AI could not have come at a better time. A productive AI economy might find it easy to support a greater number of retired people. Eventually AI may be able to generate ideas by itself, reducing the need for human intelligence. Combined with robotics, AI may also make caring for the elderly less labour-intensive. Such innovations will certainly be in high demand. If technology does allow humanity to overcome the baby bust, it will fit the historical pattern. Unexpected productivity advances meant that demographic time-bombs (人口定时炸弹) failed to explode. Fewer babies mean less human genius. But that might be a problem human genius can fix. 33．What can be learned from the first paragraph? A．The collapsing fertility rate is to blame for the shrinking population. B．Black Death marked the shrinking number of people for the first time. C．Industrial Revolution weakened the increase of the world’s population. D．The public are familiar with the extent and the influence of the baby bust. 34．What makes it harder to support the world’s pensioners? A．Close relatives have refused to take care of the old without being paid. B．The output of the working-aged which the old can draw on is shrinking. C．The old have cashed in savings to cover expenses of goods and services. D．The government has requested taxes on younger employees to pay pensions. 35．Why does “fluid intelligence” (in Paragraph 3) suffer in ageing societies? A．Because older workers boast more accumulated knowledge. B．Because the old benefit less than the young in creative destruction. C．Because collapsing fertility results in low proportion of workers to pensioners. D．Because restricting productivity growth compounds into a missed opportunity. 36．The best title for the passage is probably _____. A．The Old Pensioners Make a Comeback B．Artificial Intelligence Leads to a Bright Future C．The Measures to Overcome the Baby Bust D．The Effect of the Baby Bust on Economy 【答案】33．A 34．B 35．B 36．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了婴儿荒的原因和对经济的影响。 33．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. (根本原因不是死亡人数的增加，而是出生率的下降。)”可知，不断下降的生育率是造成人口减少的原因。故选A。 34．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners.  Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which requests taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. (退休人员利用适龄工作人员的产出，或者通过国家向工人征税来支付公共养老金，或者通过将储蓄兑换成现金来购买商品和服务，或者因为亲戚提供无偿照顾。)”可知，老年人可以利用的劳动年龄的产出正在减少，让养活世界上的养老金领取者变得更加困难。故选B。 35．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Younger people have more of what psychologists call “fluid intelligence”, the ability to think creatively so as to solve problems in entirely new ways.  This youthful energy adds to the accumulated knowledge of older workers.  It also brings change.  Patents filed by the youngest inventors are much more likely to cover breakthrough innovations.  Older countries and their young people are less enterprising and less comfortable taking risks.  Because the old benefit less than the young when economies grow, they have proved less keen on pro-growth policies, especially housebuilding.  Creative destruction is likely to be rarer in ageing societies, restricting productivity growth in ways that compound into an enormous missed opportunity. (年轻人拥有更多心理学家所说的“流动智力”，即创造性思考以全新方式解决问题的能力。这种年轻的活力增加了老工人积累的知识。它也带来了变化。最年轻的发明家申请的专利更有可能涵盖突破性的创新。年龄较大的国家及其年轻人更缺乏进取心，更不愿意冒险。因为在经济增长时，老年人比年轻人受益更少，所以他们对促进增长的政策，尤其是房屋建设不那么热衷。在老龄化社会中，创造性破坏可能更为罕见，从而限制了生产率的增长，从而导致一个巨大的错失机会。)”可知，因为在创造性破坏中，老年人比年轻人受益更少，因此“流动智力”在老龄化社会中受到影响。故选B。 36．标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births.   Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing.   Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not.   Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust hangs over the future of the world economy. (根本原因不是死亡人数的增加，而是出生率的下降。在世界大部分地区，生育率，即每个妇女的平均生育数量，正在急剧下降。虽然这种趋势可能很熟悉，但其程度和后果却不为人所知。尽管人工智能(AI)在某些方面带来了乐观情绪，但婴儿荒仍笼罩着世界经济的未来。)”可知，文章主要介绍了婴儿荒的原因和对经济的影响。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京101中·期中） The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill out and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的). For some, especially the young, change may mean escape from oppressive traditions. It may also bring new opportunities for cultures to be combined in creative ways. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world. Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. They are increasingly bombarded with new images, new music, new clothes and new values. The familiar and old are to be abandoned. While there was cultural change long before globalization, there is a danger that much will be lost simply because it is not valued by global markets. In West Africa for example, traditional values have been overtaken by Coca-Cola culture which the local people don’t yet have the values to deal with successfully. Another common aspect of the globalized culture is that it pursues (追求) the same “one size fits all” American ideal. The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery. Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. The accumulative (累积的) effect in non-Western societies is a crisis of cultural confidence, combined with the increased economic uncertainty and crime which global integration (一体化) may bring. This creates real problems for social stability» whether it is at the level of nation, community or family. In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity. 37．It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______. A．non-Western societies willingly accept economic globalization B．Western culture unites the world、economies and technologies C．the booming of Western culture destroys non-Western societies D．despite its appeal, westernization shows an unpleasant uniformity 38．Which best serves as an example of the “one size fits all” principle in non-Western nations? A．McDonald receives more criticism abroad than at home. B．Many Africans dream of a middle class American lifestyle. C．Chinese food wins great approval in the United Kingdom. D．Some western young people fancy a visit to African countries, 39．What is the writer’s attitude towards cultural globalization? A．Cautious. B．Critical. C．Positive. D．Neutral. 40．The passage is mainly about _______. A．cultural diversity in globalization B．challenges to non-Western cultures C．drawbacks of cultural globalization D．disappearance of non-Western cultures 【答案】37．D 38．B 39．B 40．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。 37．推理判断题。根据第一段“The aggressive spread of market economics and communication technologies—often under the control of Western multinational companies—brings new challenges to local cultures and values in non-Western societies. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake spill oat and over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and apparently homogeneous (同质的). (市场经济和通信技术的侵略拓展——往往在西方跨国公司的控制之下——给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战。有时，似乎最糟糕的西方文化的浪潮正在全球蔓延，就像一个巨大的草莓奶昔溢出燕麦，遍及地球，味道明显甜美，甜得发腻和明显同质化。)”可知，西方化给非西方社会的当地文化和价值观带来了新的挑战，但它既有明显的甜美，也有病态和同质的特征。由此可知西方化尽管受欢迎，很吸引人，同时也令人不快。故选D。 38．推理判断题。根据第四段“The result of this cultural process of homogenization is that a large section of the world’s population dreams of living like Cosby & Co. or like the characters in any other stereotype American soap opera. In addition, the dream of living a better life causes thousands of people to move to already overcrowded cities whose population has boomed by millions within the last decades. (这种同质化文化过程的结果是，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样的生活，或者像任何其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧中的角色一样生活。此外，过上更好生活的梦想导致成千上万的人搬到已经人满为患的城市，这些城市的人口在过去几十年中激增了数百万。)”可知，在非西方国家，世界上很大一部分人梦想着像科斯比公司那样生活，或者像其他刻板印象的美国肥皂剧里的人物一样，过着更好的，富足的生活，这些最能体现“一刀切”原则。故推知许多非洲人梦想着美国中产阶级的生活方式体现“一刀切”原则。故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures are being worn away in such a globalized world. (然而在这样一个全球化的世界里，文化正在被损坏的速度，确实值得关注。)”及第三段“Perhaps by far the most important far-reaching effect of cultural globalization is the commercialization of culture, which has a disturbing impact on local people’s existing values. (也许到目前为止，文化全球化最重要的深远影响是文化的商业化，这对当地人民现有的价值观产生了令人不安的影响。)”及第四段“The majority of these new immigrants end up in slums leading to poverty, pollution and misery. (这些新移民中的大多数最终都生活在贫民窟，导致贫困、污染和苦难。)”及第五段“Such gradual aggression against people’s existing values and cultures has a destructive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect. It attacks spiritual values and faith traditions. (这种对人们现有价值观和文化的逐渐侵略对他们的自我意识、他们想要的和他们尊重的东西有破坏性的影响。它攻击精神价值和信仰传统。)”及最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。)”可知，作者认为文化全球化损坏文化、导致贫困、污染和苦难、攻击精神价值和信仰传统。以上观点表明作者对文化全球化表示担忧和批判，故选B。 40．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, cultural globalization, or worldwide McDonaldization, destroys diversity and displaces the opportunity to sustain decent life through a mixture of many different cultures. It is more a consequence of power concentration in the global media and manufacturing companies than the people’s own wish to abandon their cultural identity and diversity. (总之，文化全球化或全球麦当劳化破坏了多样性，并取代了通过许多不同文化的混合来维持体面生活的机会。这与其说是人民自己放弃其文化认同和多样性的愿望，不如说是权力集中在全球媒体和制造公司的结果。)”可知，文章主要讲述了文化全球化的缺点和种种消极影响。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京育才学校·期中） Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music. Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype. a US study says. Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”. The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls. Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls. The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills. But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia. Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with “boy-focused” approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given “hands- on” lessons where they are allowed to walk around. “Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modern genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes, ”James wrote. Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be “masterful and in charge” in relationships. “In mixed schools boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,” the study reported. 41．The author believes that a single-sex school would _________. A．force boys to hide their emotions to be “real men” B．help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys C．encourage boys to express their emotions more freely D．naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man 42．According to the passage, in mixed schools boys _________. A．grow up less healthily B．behave less responsibly C．get an unequal education D．perform relatively worse 43．What does Tony Little say about the British education system? A．It fails more boys than girls academically. B．It focuses more on mixed school education. C．It fails to give boys the attention they need. D．It places more pressure on boys than on girls. 44．According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is _________. A．teaching can be designed to promote boys’ team spirit B．teaching can be made to suit the characteristics of boys C．boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in D．boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted 【答案】41．C 42．D 43．C 44．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了男女混合学校以及单一性别学校对学生的不同影响。 41．细节理解题。根据第三段“Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”.(据说，单性别学校的男孩更有可能参与文化和艺术活动，这些活动有助于培养他们的情感表现力，而不是觉得他们必须遵守“男孩准则”，隐藏自己的情感，成为一个“真正的男人”)”可知，作者认为，单一性别的学校将有助于鼓励男孩更自由地表达他们的情感。故选C。 42．细节理解题。根据第六段“The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.(研究认为，男生在男女混合学校的表现往往很差，因为当他们的女同学在口语和阅读技能上表现得更好时，他们会感到气馁)”可知，在男女混合学校里，男生的表现相对较差。故选D。 43．细节理解题。根据第五段“Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.(伊顿公学校长托尼·利特尔警告说，英国的教育体系让男孩们很失败，因为它过于关注女孩。他批评教师没有认识到男孩实际上比女孩更情绪化)”可知，托尼·利特尔认为英国的教育体系没有给予男孩所需要的关注。故选C。 44．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.(该研究的作者、弗吉尼亚大学的阿比盖尔·詹姆斯写道，在单性别学校，老师可以根据男孩的学习风格量身定制课程，让他们在教室里四处走动，并让他们在团队中竞争，以防止无聊)”可知，根据阿比盖尔·詹姆斯的说法，单性别学校的优势之一是可以根据男孩的特点进行教学。故选B。 主题03 人与自我——方法与哲学 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） As we prepare learners with the skills needed for the 21st century, there is a greater desire to further integrate technology into our classrooms. Whether it’s a K-12 or college classroom, it’s rare to find an environment that does not integrate technology in some form or another. In some cases, online learning has replaced the physical classroom altogether. As educators, we owe it to ourselves and our students to use these benefits. However, while technology offers significant advantages, simply integrating it as an alternative source of delivery or as another means for students to demonstrate their comprehension is not an effective practice. We must remind ourselves that any form of learning technology should also be guided. These resources are just instruments and require high-quality guided practice from instructors. These instruments, combined with guidance, can afford good instruction, practice and motivation. While technology can positively impact learning outcomes, it may be even more effective for some students if it’s instructor-led and integrated into a well-designed curriculum(课程). Technology is rapidly changing the educational environment and challenging students to adapt accordingly. It can frustrate students of different generations struggling to learn how to use a learning platform in addition to picking up the actual subject. Some may wonder, “Why should I waste time learning how to create a podcast(播客) when I could simply write the paper?” It’s a reasonable question. We must not assume students who were raised using technology are always comfortable learning with these tools. A study found that because of tools some students may not have experience using, they may need more direction on how to apply these tools. Students may struggle if an instructor neglects to teach the conceptual basis of the tools. Technology may mean little without appropriate objectives and goals for its use, structures for its application, and trained deliverers. Educators are also tasked with providing students the skills they need to flourish in a highly competitive and technologically-based workplace. Many of the skills obtained through online classes are valuable professional skills. Students taught how to use multiple learning technologies effectively have a competitive advantage over those who are simply using technology as a method of delivery in the online classroom.  Regardless of the subjects we teach, integrating technology gives our students the opportunity to not only learn the content, but also to develop skills useful beyond our classrooms. Technology, when integrated and balanced appropriately with the curriculum and with student needs, can make us more effective as educators. 45．What is important to the learning technology? A．Instruction and revision. B．Comprehension and application. C．Guidance and arrangements. D．Diversity and flexibility. 46．According to the passage, what should an educator do? A．Arrange online assignment for students. B．Help students master online technology. C．Prepare students with rules in the workplace. D．Notify students of the value of the learning tool. 47．What’s the author’s attitude toward learning technology? A．Critical. B．Unconcerned. C．Wait-and-see. D．Approving. 48．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Does Technology Boost Educational Effectiveness? B．Is the Learning Technology a Tool or an Opportunity? C．Can Technology Put an End to Traditional Classrooms? D．Does the Learning Skill Outweigh the Learning Content? 【答案】45．C 46．B 47．D 48．A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章描述了技术给教育领域带来的影响，并且提出如果二者能合理恰当地平衡、结合，就能使教育工作变得更加高效。 45．细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句和最后一句“We must remind ourselves that any form of learning technology should also be guided.”“While technology can positively impact learning outcomes, it may be even more effective for some students if it’s instructor-led and integrated into a well-designed curriculum(课程).”可知，教育技术一方面应当处于指导之下，另外也要与精心安排的课程相结合。故选C项。 46．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“Regardless of the subjects we teach, integrating technology gives our students the opportunity to not only learn the content, but also to develop skills useful beyond our classrooms. Technology, when integrated and balanced appropriately with the curriculum and with student needs, can make us more effective as educators.”和整篇文章可知，教会学生们线上技术不仅帮助他们学到各科内容，也能发展个人技能，还可以使得教学工作进展得更加顺畅，这正是身为从教者应当去做的事情。故选B项。 47．推理判断题。从全文最后一句“Technology, when integrated and balanced appropriately with the curriculum and with student needs, can make us more effective as educators.”可知，作者认为如果正确合理地利用教育技术，益处是非常明显的，也就是对于教育技术持赞同态度。故选D项。 48．主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章主要阐述合理地结合教育与技术能提升教育的效率，A选项与文章最后一句贴合。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25学年高二上·北京八中·期中） We have been defending humanities for many decades now, but the crisis of the humanities only grows. In the face of declining student interest and mounting political scrutiny (审查), universities and colleges are increasingly putting humanities departments on the chopping block. As a humanist, I am prepared to admit that I do not know what the value of the humanities is. I once asked the best teacher I ever had why she no longer taught her favorite novel, and she said that she stopped teaching a book when she found she was no longer curious about it. The humanistic spirit is, fundamentally, an inquisitive one. In contrast, defenses of the humanities are not — and cannot be — conducted in an inquisitive spirit, because a defensive spirit is inimical to an inquisitive one. Defensiveness is, it must be admitted, an understandable response when the chopping block is brought out and you need to explain why you shouldn’t be on it, which requires their participants to pretend to know things that they do not actually know. Nonetheless, we should be alert to the danger of becoming accustomed to putting our worst foot forward. An atmosphere of urgency and calls for immediate action are hostile to fields of study like literature and philosophy that require a reflective mood, and the pretense (假装) of knowing what one doesn’t actually know is hostile to forms of inquiry that demand an open mind. A defensive mindset also encourages politicization. If the study of literature or philosophy helps to fight sexism or to promote democracy—and everyone agrees that sexism is bad, and democracy is good — then you have your answer as to why we shouldn’t cut funding for the study of literature or philosophy. Politicization is a way of arming the humanities for its political battles, but it comes at an intellectual cost. Why is sexism so bad? Why is democracy so good? Politicization silences these and other questions, whereas the function of the humanities is to raise them. Humanists are not alone in their ignorance about the purpose of their disciplines. But scientists are under a lot less pressure to explain why they exist because the society at large believes itself to already have the answer to that question. If at some point I am called on to defend the study of Homer or Descartes at some official hearing, I will do my best, but I will not run to battle; the battle will have to come to me. The task of humanists is to invite, to welcome, to excite, to engage. And when we let ourselves be ourselves, when we allow the humanistic spirit that animates us to flow out not only into our classrooms but also in our public-self presentation, we find we don’t need to defend or prove anything: We are irresistible. 49．What is the author’s main concern regarding the crisis in humanities? A．The pressure on humanists to argue for the value of their disciplines. B．The mounting political scrutiny faced by humanities departments. C．People’s little knowledge regarding the purpose of humanities. D．Students’ lack of interest in studying humanities courses. 50．What does the word “inimical” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．immune. B．relevant. C．sensitive. D．contrary. 51．What can be inferred about a defensive mindset? A．It brings about a lower chance of survival for humanities. B．It requires a reflective mood on the study of humanities. C．It leads to a compromise on human’s intellectual depth. D．It is the worst action to take in the face of the crisis. 52．Which of the following might the author most probably agree? A．The battle of humanities is a hard one to fight. B．The future of humanities remains cloudy. C．Science is more useful than humanities. D．Humanities may not need any defense. 【答案】49．A 50．D 51．C 52．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了人文学科所面临的危机，以及对人文学科的辩护。 49．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humanists are not alone in their ignorance about the purpose of their disciplines. But scientists are under a lot less pressure to explain why they exist because the society at large believes itself to already have the answer to that question.(并非只有人文主义者对自己学科的目的一无所知。但科学家们在解释它们为什么存在的压力要小得多，因为整个社会都相信自己已经找到了这个问题的答案)”可知，科学家们的压力要比人文主义者的压力小，因为他们在解释自己学科目的的压力要比人文主义者解释自己学科目的的压力小，所以人文学科危机的主要关注点是人文主义者为他们学科的价值而争论的压力。故选A。 50．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句中的“In contrast, defenses of the humanities are not — and cannot be — conducted in an inquisitive spirit, (相比之下，为人文学科辩护不是——也不可能——以一种好奇的精神进行的)”可推知，辩护精神和好奇精神应该是对立的，所以划线词意思是“对立的，相反的”，与contrary意思一致。故选D。 51．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Defensiveness is, it must be admitted, an understandable response when the chopping block is brought out and you need to explain why you shouldn’t be on it, which requires their participants to pretend to know things that they do not actually know.(必须承认，当砧板被拿出来，你需要解释为什么你不应该在砧板上时，防御性是一种可以理解的反应，这需要参与者假装知道他们实际上不知道的事情)”和第四段中的“An atmosphere of urgency and calls for immediate action are hostile to fields of study like literature and philosophy that require a reflective mood, and the pretense (假装) of knowing what one doesn’t actually know is hostile to forms of inquiry that demand an open mind.(紧迫的气氛和立即采取行动的呼吁对文学和哲学等需要反思情绪的研究领域是敌对的，假装知道自己实际上不知道的东西对需要开放心态的探究形式是敌对的。)”可知，参与者假装知道他们实际上不知道的事情，这与人文学科需要开放心态的探究形式相敌对，由此可推测出，防御心态可导致人类智力深度的妥协。故选C。 52．细节理解题。根据最后一段“And when we let ourselves be ourselves, when we allow the humanistic spirit that animates us to flow out not only into our classrooms but also in our public-self presentation, we find we don’t need to defend or prove anything: We are irresistible.(当我们让自己成为自己，当我们让激励我们的人文精神不仅流入我们的课堂，而且流入我们的公开自我展示时，我们发现我们不需要捍卫或证明任何事情：我们是不可抗拒的。)”可知，作者认为人文学科可能不需要任何辩护。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二上·北京育才学校·期中） Does Chinese philosophy influence your parenting? It is the question I am most often asked. Chinese philosophy contains many lessons that are useful, accessible and timely when applied to the challenges of parenting. Confucianism and Daoism suggest ways to guide your children toward meaning and fulfilment rather than wealth and fame. Parenting is tough, especially because there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. Different kids need different things. How do we stay focused on what matters most? How do we navigate difficult times with our kids and support them when they struggle? All of us want our children to be successful, partly because we love them and want them to be happy. But it is easy to mistake “success” with certain kinds of academic or athletic achievements. Of course, one can define success in this way. But ancient Chinese philosophers believed that real success is not measured by fame, money or power. A successful life is one in which a person flourishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and they find meaning in what they do and who they are. This type of fulfilment comes from loving and being loved by others within the context of meaningful, lasting relationships; giving generously of what you have to others; caring for and having a genuine love of nature; and shouldering your responsibility. Most of us know that having an Ivy League degree and a high-paying job is not going to make our children happy and fulfilled in life. Yet we worry about how they will find things they love to do and that they are good at. Philosophers from the two most influential ancient Chinese traditions — Confucianism and Daoism — talk more about human flourishing, virtue, happiness and fulfilment than about “success”. Chinese philosophers argued that we genuinely flourish — are happiest and most fulfilled — when we develop these virtues. This can never be measured in terms such as earning power, entering famous schools or getting jobs. Instead, it is measured in how we treat people — how one loves and is loved by one’s family and friends — and in what one does to make the world a kinder, gentler, more humane and beautiful place. They encourage us to help our children learn more about the world around them. The Confucians and Daoists were a little like yin and yang: Confucians have a lot of active, hands-on ways to help children grow, such as participating in traditions, while the Daoists recommend simpler activities, such as exploring the beauty of nature. Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents. Parenting is messy. It is not simple or straightforward but complex and difficult. There are no magic solutions that make things easy or smooth. Most of us will need to piece together different approaches in order to find something that works well and feels right in different situations, for different children, and at different times in a child’s life. 53．According to the author, parenting is challenging because________. A．Parents don’t know what success refers to B．Children don’t believe in Chinese philosophy C．There are many theories of parenting to choose D．One can’t find a standard approach to suit every child 54．What is the opinion of ancient Chinese philosophers? A．People who flourish can feel successful because they live a meaningful life. B．Only when people make contribution to society can they feel successful. C．A successful life can be measured by reputation and wealth. D．Success just means one should be friendly to nature. 55．What can we infer from this passage? A．Confucians think graduating from famous university can make children intelligent and fulfilled. B．Daoists are more influential than Confucians because of their simpler activities. C．Confucians and Daoists together can provide parents abundant resources. D．It is enough for parents to just learn Chinese Philosophy well. 56．What’s the author’s attitude towards adopting Chinese Philosophy to parenting? A．Critical . B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Suspicious. 【答案】53．D 54．A 55．C 56．B 【分析】本文是议论文。文章讨论了中国哲学对养育子女提供了大量的方法资源，作者认为尽管中国哲学提供了充足的育儿经验，但是育儿是复杂的困难的，不是简单顺利的。 53．细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Parenting is tough, especially because there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. Different kids need different things.(养育孩子是困难的，特别是因为没有一种通用的方法。不同的孩子需要不同的东西。)”可知，根据作者的说法，养育子女是困难的，因为找不到适合每个孩子的标准方法。故选D。 54．细节理解题。根据原文第三段“A successful life is one in which a person flourishes: they are happy, fulfilled, and they find meaning in what they do and who they are.(一个成功的人生是一个人繁荣的人生：他们快乐、充实，他们从自己的工作和身份中找到意义。)”可知中国古代哲学家的观点是成功的人会感到成功，因为他们过着有意义的生活。故选A。 55．推理判断题。根据原文倒数第二段的“Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents.”(他们对美好生活的不同看法正是使中国哲学成为父母的巨大资源的原因。)可知，从这篇文章中我们能推断出儒家和道家思想为父母提供了丰富的育儿资源。故选C。 56．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Their diverse views on living a good life are precisely what makes Chinese philosophy such a great resource for parents.”(他们对美好生活的不同看法正是使中国哲学成为父母的巨大资源的原因。)和最后一段的“Parenting is messy. It is not simple or straightforward but complex and difficult. There are no magic solutions that make things easy or smooth.”(为人父母很麻烦。它不是简单或直接的，而是复杂和困难的。没有神奇的解决方案可以让事情变得简单或顺利。）可知作者认为中国哲学为父母提供了巨大的资源，但是为人父母是复杂困难的，没有什么神奇的解决方案使得育儿简单顺利，因此推断作者对将中国哲学应用于养育子女的态度是客观的。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25学年高二上·北京广渠门中学·期中） The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually (在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are developed on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation. 57．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral 58．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means ______. A．change B．choice C．text D．bond 59．According to the author, what role should college play? A．To develop a shared identity among students B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior C．To provide a safe world without stress for students D．To boost students’ intellectual and personal development 60．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain what college life is like. B．To introduce the benefits of college life. C．To stress the significance of autonomy in college. D．To analyze the positive effects of autonomy in college. 【答案】57．B 58．A 59．D 60．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍的是大学生自主性和成人身份认同的相关情况。最近二十年来的大学生比以往任何时候依赖于家庭，对自己应付的社会责任感下降，所以大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性。 57．推理判断题。根据第一段“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. (大学时代应该是自主性和成人身份发展的重要成长时期。然而，现在他们正在成为一个延长的青春期，在此期间，许多今天的学生没有承担成人的责任。)”可知，作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子。故选B。 58．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility (从家庭的庇护到自主和成人的责任)”可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故判断出划线词的意思是“改变”的意思。故选A。 59．细节理解题。根据第三段“Intellectual growth and flexibility are developed on debate and questioning. (智力的增长和灵活性是通过严格的辩论和提问来培养的。)”以及最后一段“Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation. (每一次关于社区价值观、社会氛围和行为的大学讨论都应该包括对学生自主和自我调节的发展重要性的认识。)”可知，大学应该扮演培养学生的智力和个人发展的角色。故选D。 60．推理判断题。根据第一段“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. (大学时代被认为是自主能力重要成长和成人身份发展的时期。)”以及文章后面几段都在围绕大学生自主性的缺失和大学应该培养大学生的自主性来展开论述，可知，文章的主要目的是强调大学自主的重要性。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25学年高二上·北京第八十中学·期中） The Secret of Success The recipe for succeeding in any given field is hardly a mystery: good ideas, hard work, discipline, imagination, perseverance and maybe a little luck. Oh, and let’s not forget failure, which Dashun Wang and his colleagues at Northwestern University call “the essential prerequisite (先决条件) for success” in a new paper. But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.” As they explored “the mechanisms governing the dynamics of failure”, Wang’s team identified what they describe as previously unknown statistical signatures that separate successful groups from unsuccessful groups, making it possible to predict their final outcomes. One such key indicator is the time between consecutive (连续的) failed attempts, which should decrease steadily. In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. Wang points out that the existence of the tipping point cuts against the traditional explanations for failure or success, such as luck or a person’s work habits. “What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. 61．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that________. A．winners are more persistent than losers B．failure is not important for success at all C．more trying doesn’t necessarily result in success D．winners and losers differ in how many times they tried 62．Wang and his colleagues believe that________. A．no one can obtain success without failure B．failure can sometimes help predict success C．the performance pattern is difficult to identify D．the critical point had been discovered by chance 63．The underlined phrase “a stagnation region” in Paragraph 6 refers to a region________. A．without progress B．beyond recognition C．unknown to outsiders D．in its elementary stage 64．What is the conclusion of Wang’s research? A．Winners try less than losers. but gain more. B．Perseverance is the utmost secret to success. C．Working smart could turn failures into future successes. D．Luck and work habits hardly make any difference to the result. 【答案】61．C 62．B 63．A 64．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了成功的秘密。 61．推理判断题。根据第二段“But not every failure leads to success, he adds. And what eventually separates the winners from the losers, the research shows, certainly is not persistence. One of the more interesting findings in the paper, published last October in Nature, is that the people who eventually succeeded and the people who eventually failed tried basically the same number of times to achieve their goals. (但他补充说，并不是每一次失败都会导致成功。研究显示，最终区分赢家和输家的，当然不是坚持不懈。去年10月发表在《自然》杂志上的一篇论文中有一个更有趣的发现，那就是最终成功的人和最终失败的人为实现目标所尝试的次数基本相同。)”可知，更多的尝试不一定会带来成功。故选C。 62．推理判断题。根据第五段中“In other words, the faster you fail, the better your chances of success, and the more time between attempts, the more likely you are to fail again. “If someone has applied for a grant and they are three failures in,” Wang says, “if we just look at the timing between the failures, we will be able to predict whether they will eventually succeed or not.” (换句话说，失败的速度越快，成功的机会就越大，两次尝试之间的间隔时间越长，再次失败的可能性就越大。“如果有人申请了一项资助，但他们失败了三次，”王说，“如果我们只看两次失败之间的时间间隔，我们就能预测他们最终是否会成功。”)”可知，从两次失败的时间间隔可以帮助预测最终是否能成功，即失败有时可以帮助预测成功。故选B。 63．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Working with such large-scale data, Wang and his colleagues were able to identify a critical point that was common to each of the hundreds of thousands of undertakings they had analyzed, a fork in the road where one path leads to a development region and one leads to a stagnation region. (利用如此大规模的数据，王和他的同事们能够在他们分析的数十万个企业中找到一个共同的临界点，这是一个岔路口，一条路通向发展区域，一条路通向a stagnation region。)”可知，这个临界点导致两个不同的结果，即一个是“development region (发展区域)”，那么与之相对的可以推断出是“停滞区域，非发展区”。a stagnation region的含义为“停滞区域，非发展区”。A. without progress没有进展；B. beyond recognition认不出来；C. unknown to outsiders外人不知道；D. in its elementary stage处于初级阶段。故选A。 64．推理判断题。根据第二段“It turns out that trying again and again only works if you learn from your previous failures. The idea is to work smart, not hard. “You have to figure out what worked and what didn’t, and then focus on what needs to be improved instead of struggling around and changing everything,” says Wang. “The people who failed didn’t necessarily work less than those who succeeded. They could actually have worked more: it’s just that they made more unnecessary changes.”（事实证明，只有从以前的失败中吸取教训，一次又一次的尝试才会成功。关键是要聪明地工作，而不是努力工作。“你必须弄清楚什么有效，什么无效，然后专注于需要改进的地方，而不是挣扎着改变一切，”王说。“失败者并不一定比成功者工作得少。他们其实可以做得更多:只是他们做了更多不必要的改变。”）”以及最后一段中““What we’ re showing here is that even in the absence of such differences, you can still have very different outcomes.” he says. What matters is how people fail, how they respond to failure and where those failures lead. (他说：“我们在这里展示的是，即使没有这些差异，你仍然可以得到非常不同的结果。”重要的是人们如何失败，他们如何应对失败，以及这些失败会导致什么。)”可知，王的研究结果表明并不是每一次失败都会导致成功，真正导致成功的是弄清楚人们如何失败，他们如何应对失败，以及这些失败会导致什么，然后进行改变，即聪明地工作可以把失败变成未来的成功。故选C。 Passage 6 （24-25学年高二上·北京八一学校·期中） An updated version of the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot ChatGPT was launched recently by OpenAI. Its ability to write in an intelligent and human-like manner left users impressed and also a little bit frightened. People have used ChatGPT to write entire blocks of code, television scripts, and even complete academic essays — causing fears that students might use the bot to cheat their way to an easy A． But some college professors aren’t that concerned. While ChatGPT’s writing might seem “quite good in an abstract way”, Professor Stuart Selber, who teaches English at Pennsylvania State University, thinks it struggles to address local issues, produce an original argument, or challenge other arguments rather than just citing (引用) them. These are all key aspects of effective essay writing in his opinion. That’s why Selber doesn’t think essays written entirely by ChatGPT have any hope of scoring high grades. ChatGPT won’t replace original writing, said Selber, but it might help college students improve their work. Indeed, he thinks it might offer a shortcut for some of the more difficult tasks of essay writing, like preparing a literature review. Dr Leah Henrickson, a lecturer at the University of Leeds, thinks that, if used carefully, AI might even make education fairer. She said: “I think there’s a lot of potential for it to help students express themselves in ways that they hadn’t necessarily thought about. This could be particularly useful for students who speak English as a second language, or for students who aren’t used to the academic writing style.” AI tools like Grammarly, which analyzes and improves written sentences, are already widely used by college students. In Henrickson’s view, ChatGPT is just the next step — and these tools aren’t going away. “Our students know that these tools exist,” she said. “Our job is to help them use them critically.” According to Henrickson, the University of Leeds is already looking at revising its assessments in reaction to the rise in AI. It hopes to focus more on critical analysis and judgement — a human skill — rather than straightforward information, which a chatbot like ChatGPT can easily replicate. 65．What do people think of ChatGPT’s writing ability? A．It is real but overvalued. B．It is impressive but frightening. C．It is as good as that of humans. D．It is based on ready-made building blocks. 66．In what way might ChatGPT be helpful for college students according to Selber? A．By writing an excellent essay for them. B．By providing an original argument for them. C．By helping them make a literature review. D．By teaching them to develop abstract thinking 67．Why is Grammarly mentioned in the last but one paragraph? A．To compare it with ChatGPT. B．To prove AI tools are here to stay. C．To indicate its usefulness is beyond praise. D．To encourage college students to use AI tools. 68．What does the underlined word “replicate” in the last paragraph mean? A．Copy. B．Overcome. C．Understand. D．Revise. 【答案】65．B 66．C 67．B 68．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一些大学的教授并不担心学生会利用ChatGPT的最新版本作弊从而轻松拿到好的成绩。 65．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Its ability to write in an intelligent and human-like manner left users impressed and also a little bit frightened.(它以智能和人性化的方式书写的能力给用户留下了深刻的印象，也有一点害怕。)”可知，ChatGPT的写作能力给用户留下了深刻的印象，但也有点害怕。故选B项。 66．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“ChatGPT won’t replace original writing, said Selber, but it might help college students improve their work. Indeed, he thinks it might offer a shortcut for some of the more difficult tasks of essay writing, like preparing a literature review.( Selber说，ChatGPT不会取代原创写作，但它可能会帮助大学生提高他们的工作。事实上，他认为这可能会为一些更困难的写作任务提供一条捷径，比如准备一篇文献综述。)”可知，Selber说，ChatGPT不会取代原创写作，但是能为准备一篇文献综述这样的困难的写作任务提供了一条捷径。由此可知，他认为ChatGPT在帮助学生写一篇文献综述方面有帮助。故选C项。 67．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“AI tools like Grammarly, which analyzes and improves written sentences, are already widely used by college students. In Henrickson’s view, ChatGPT is just the next step — and these tools aren’t going away. “Our students know that these tools exist,” she said. “Our job is to help them use them critically.”(像Grammarly这样分析和改进书面句子的人工智能工具已经被大学生广泛使用。在Henrickson看来，ChatGPT只是下一步——这些工具不会消失。“我们的学生知道这些工具的存在，”她说。“我们的工作是帮助他们批判性地使用它们。”)”可知，Henrickson认为，像Grammarly这样分析和改进书面句子的人工智能工具已经被大学生广泛使用，ChatGPT只是下一步而已，这些工具不会消失。由此可推断，在本段提到Grammarly是为了证明AI工具将继续存在。故选B项。 68．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“It hopes to focus more on critical analysis and judgement — a human skill — rather than straightforward information(它希望更多地关注批判性分析和判断——一种人类技能——而不是直接的信息)”可知，批判性分析和判断是人类的一种技能，像ChatGPT这样的是不具备的，批判性分析和判断不是直接信息，划线单词所在的句子是对先行词“直接信息”进行解释说明，结合选项可以猜测，ChatGPT只能对直接信息进行“复制”，即划线词意为“复制”。故选A项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $