01 新能源带到月球（阅读专练）2026年高考英语热点阅读专练

话题：新能源带到月球 题源：Science 目标生：高三 一、课前预习：文本基础梳理（5 分钟） Taking nuclear energy to the Moon Earlier this month, Sean Duffy, the acting head of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), announced an acceleration of the agency’s Fission Surface Power program, with the ambitious goal of placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030 that can produce 100 kilowatts of electric power. A surface reactor will be essential to enable sustained human exploration on both the Moon and Mars. However, an overly aggressive schedule could compromise both technical readiness and NASA’s other scientific priorities. Space reactors are not new. In 1965, the United States put the first nuclear-powered satellite into orbit, which produced about 500 watts for 43 days before a non-nuclear component failed prematurely. From 1967 to 1988, the Soviet Union launched 33 nuclear fission-powered Earth-observing satellites, including two that produced 5 kilowatts. In 1978, the unfortunate failure of a support system resulted in the uncontrolled reentry into Earth’s atmosphere of a Soviet satellite, scattering radioactive debris across 20,000 square miles of Canadian territory. Clearly, reactors can operate in space, but integration with support systems may ultimately determine mission success. Still, nuclear fission is the best available power source to operate through the 14-day lunar night or on the harsh surface of Mars, though the proposed reactor will be larger than its predecessors. Earlier units were approximately the size of a car, but NASA’s new reactor will likely exceed that of a standard freight shipping container. Mass must be the first constraint. Launch and landing systems must accommodate the reactor’s size and weight without sacrificing stability or control. NASA’s goal of keeping system mass under six metric tons would have been challenging even for transporting the smaller 40-kilowatt reactor envisioned in 2022. With an increased target power output of 100 kilowatts, the proposed 15-ton lander payload limit presents a formidable reactor design constraint. Thermal management will be equally challenging. The reactor must control coolant behavior in low gravity, reject waste heat in a vacuum, and maintain stable operation despite the Moon’s extreme temperatures, which can swing by 200°C between day and night. Accordingly, the directive requires a specific type of system to convert heat into electricity without exhausting fluids into the thin lunar atmosphere. It must maximize thermal efficiency while powering habitats, life-support systems, rovers, communications equipment, and devices that convert water ice to oxygen and hydrogen. Safety begins before launch. To limit the hazard if a launch fails, the reactor will not operate until it reaches the lunar surface and will only contain fresh (very low radioactivity) uranium fuel during its ascent. NASA, the Department of Energy, and the Federal Aviation Administration have experience launching nuclear materials, and a reactor of this scale will require extensive safety review and radiological contingency planning. Once deployed, it will need shielding to protect nearby crew and autonomous power control systems, including the ability to shut down automatically as terrestrial reactors do. These challenges are solvable. The greater question is whether the 2030 target aligns with the mission it is meant to serve. No crewed lunar base is currently scheduled to operate in 2030. Building a reactor risks wasting resources unless NASA’s goals before its intended users arrive budget this program substantially or prioritize other critical missions that enable observations of the Universe, climate, and Earth. The directive frames the program’s urgency in competitive terms, noting Chinese and Russian plans to deploy a lunar reactor by the mid-2030s. No international law prohibits peaceful nuclear power on the Moon. And according to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, building infrastructure on the Moon entails a country’s presence but not a territorial claim. However, establishing a safety perimeter around a reactor could limit access to that region by other countries. Duffy hence warned of potential “keep-out zones” on the Moon and declared, “We want to get there first.” Although science thrives sometimes spurred by competition, modern innovation is built on collaboration. NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to establish a long-term Moon base and prepare for future human missions to Mars, has demonstrated that international partnerships can accelerate progress toward shared goals. Although the United States remains the only nation with a feasible end-to-end space exploration program, space exploration should remain a collective human endeavor, not a national possession. With technical readiness, realistic scheduling, and a commitment to science, NASA could make this program a cornerstone of future exploration. If urgency overwhelms readiness, the United States risks undermining its own ambitions in space and climate resilience at home. 词汇预热 accelerate（v. 加速），拓展义 “acceleration n. 加速；accelerator n. 加速器”。 prematurely（adv. 过早地），拓展义 “premature adj. 过早的；提前的”。 accommodation（n. 住宿；住处；适应），例 “hotel accommodation酒店住宿”“make accommodation for sth（为某事做出调整 / 适应） radiological（adj. 放射性的），拓展义 “radiology n. 放射学；radiation n. 辐射”。 cornerstone（n. 基石），拓展义 “a cornerstone of education 教育的基石”。 一、课前预习：文本基础梳理（5 分钟） 1. 词汇匹配题 accelerate C. to increase the speed of something habitat A. a place where an organism lives, especially in space exploration prematurely B. too soon, before the proper time radiological D. relating to radiation or its medical uses cornerstone E. an important part of something that provides a foundation 2. 背景补白 文本背景：本文聚焦 NASA 将核能技术应用于月球探索的计划，涉及太空核反应堆的历史、技术挑战及未来意义。NASA 的 “阿尔忒弥斯计划”（Artemis program）旨在 2025 年前让人类重返月球并建立长期基地，核能源是支撑该计划的关键技术之一。 3. 背景判断题 NASA’s Fission Surface Power program aims to build a nuclear reactor on Mars. (F) 答案解析：根据文本“with the ambitious goal of placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030”可知，该计划目标是在月球建立核反应堆，而非火星，故判断为错误。 The first nuclearpowered satellite was launched by the Soviet Union. (F) 答案解析：文本明确提到“In 1965, the United States put the first nuclearpowered satellite into orbit”，即美国发射了第一颗核动力卫星，并非苏联，所以该说法错误。 4. 重难点句解析 原句：“With technical readiness, realistic scheduling, and a commitment to science, NASA could make this program a cornerstone of future exploration. If urgency overwhelms readiness, the United States risks undermining its own ambitions in space and climate resilience at home.” 句子结构拆分： 前半句主干 “NASA could make this program a cornerstone”，“With...” 为介词短语作状语，表条件；后半句 “if...” 引导条件状语从句，主干 “the United States risks undermining its own ambitions”。 翻译难点突破： “cornerstone of future exploration” 译为 “未来探索的基石”；“urgency overwhelms readiness” 意译 “急于求成而忽视准备工作”；“climate resilience” 译为 “气候适应能力”。 仿写应用： 翻译：有了充分的准备、清晰的目标以及对团队合作的重视，我们学校能够让这个项目成为学生发展的一块基石。如果匆忙行事而忽视了质量，我们就有可能损害该项目本应带来的教育价值。 英文仿写：With adequate preparation, clear goals, and an emphasis on teamwork, our school can make this project a cornerstone of students' development. If we rush to act while neglecting quality, we risk undermining the educational value that this project is supposed to bring. 二、课中解析：文本深度挖掘（25 分钟） 1. 信息梳理题 ① What is the target power output of NASA’s new nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030? 答案：100 kilowatts. 答案解析：文本开篇提到“with the ambitious goal of placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030 that can produce 100 kilowatts of electric power”，明确指出到2030年NASA在月球上的新型核反应堆目标发电量为100千瓦。 ② When did the first nuclearpowered satellite fail, and what was the consequence? 答案：The first nuclearpowered satellite (launched by the United States in 1965) failed prematurely after 43 days, and the consequence was that a nonnuclear component failed. 答案解析：由文本“In 1965, the United States put the first nuclearpowered satellite into orbit, which produced about 500 watts for 43 days before a nonnuclear component failed prematurely”可知，美国1965年发射的第一颗核动力卫星在运行43天后因非核部件过早故障而失效，据此可整理出答案。 ③ What are the two main design constraints for NASA’s new reactor mentioned in the text? 答案：The two main design constraints are mass and thermal management. 答案解析：文本分别阐述“Mass must be the first constraint”和“Thermal management will be equally challenging”，表明质量和热管理是NASA新型反应堆的两大主要设计限制因素。 2. 逻辑分析题 ① What is the function of the example about the 1978 Soviet satellite failure in Paragraph 2? 答案：The example of the 1978 Soviet satellite failure functions to illustrate that although reactors can operate in space, the integration with support systems is crucial and may ultimately determine the success of the mission. 答案解析：第二段先提及太空反应堆并非新事物，列举了美苏过往的相关案例，接着讲述1978年苏联卫星因支撑系统故障失控重返地球大气层的事故，随后得出“Clearly, reactors can operate in space, but integration with support systems may ultimately determine mission success”的结论，该案例是为了支撑这一结论，说明支撑系统整合的重要性。 ② What does the author imply by mentioning “Chinese and Russian plans to deploy a lunar reactor by the mid2030s” in Paragraph 7? 答案：The author implies that NASA's sense of urgency for the 2030 target of placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon is partly driven by competition with China and Russia. At the same time, it also paves the way for the following discussion that space exploration should be a collective human endeavor rather than a national possession, and international cooperation is more conducive to the development of space exploration. 答案解析：第七段提到“the directive frames the program’s urgency in competitive terms, noting Chinese and Russian plans...”，表明NASA将项目紧迫性归因于竞争，作者提及中俄计划是为了说明这种竞争背景。同时，后文又指出“modern innovation is built on collaboration”“space exploration should remain a collective human endeavor”，所以该提及也为后续倡导国际合作做铺垫。 3. 主旨推断题 ① Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward NASA’s nuclear energy program on the Moon? (B) A. Fully supportive without reservation B. Cautiously optimistic, noting challenges and potential C. Strongly critical of its feasibility D. Indifferent to its development 答案解析：作者既指出了该项目面临的技术挑战（质量、热管理、安全等）和时间安排可能存在的问题（2030年目标与载人月球基地计划不同步），也提到“These challenges are solvable”“With technical readiness... NASA could make this program a cornerstone of future exploration”，表明作者认为项目有潜力但需谨慎对待，态度是谨慎乐观的，故选B。 ② What is the main idea of the passage? (B) A. The history of nuclear reactors in space exploration B. NASA’s plan to build a nuclear reactor on the Moon and its challenges and significance C. The competition between the US, China, and Russia in lunar exploration D. The risks of nuclear energy application in space 答案解析：文章开篇介绍NASA在月球建立核反应堆的计划及目标，随后讲述太空核反应堆的历史，重点分析该计划面临的技术挑战、时间安排问题，还探讨了其意义及国际合作的重要性。A选项仅涉及历史，片面；C选项侧重三国竞争，非核心；D选项只讲风险，不全面。B选项涵盖了计划、挑战和意义，符合文章主旨，故选B。 三、课后拓展：题型适配与应用（15 分钟） 1. 语法填空改编（10 空，节选第 37 段核心内容） Still, nuclear fission is the best available power source to operate through the 14day lunar night or on the harsh surface of Mars, though the proposed reactor will be larger than its predecessors. Earlier units were approximately the size of a car, but NASA’s new reactor will likely exceed that of a standard freight shipping container. Mass must be the first constraint. Launch and landing systems must accommodate the reactor’s size and weight without sacrificing stability or control. NASA’s goal of keeping system mass under six metric tons would have been challenging even for transporting the smaller 40kilowatt reactor envisioned in 2022. With an increased target power output of 100 kilowatts, the proposed 15ton lander payload limit presents a formidable reactor design constraint. Thermal management will be equally challenging. The reactor must control coolant behavior in low gravity, 1.______ (reject) waste heat in a vacuum, and maintain stable operation despite the Moon’s extreme temperatures, which can swing by 200°C between day and night. Accordingly, the directive requires a specific type of system to convert heat into electricity without 2.______ (exhausting) fluids into the thin lunar atmosphere. It must maximize thermal efficiency while powering habitats, lifesupport systems, rovers, communications equipment, and devices that 3.______ (convert) water ice to oxygen and hydrogen. Safety begins before launch. To limit the hazard if a launch fails, the reactor will not operate until it reaches the lunar surface and will only contain fresh (very low radioactivity) uranium fuel during its ascent. NASA, the Department of Energy, and the Federal Aviation Administration have experience launching nuclear materials, and a reactor of this scale will require extensive safety review and 4.______ (radiological) contingency planning. Once deployed, it will need shielding to protect nearby crew and autonomous power control systems, including the ability to shut down automatically as terrestrial reactors 5.______ (do). 答案解析： 1. reject：根据语境，反应堆需在真空中排出废热，“reject”有“排出、丢弃”之意，“accept”是“接受”，不符合语境，故填reject。 2. exhausting：文本提到“without exhausting fluids into the thin lunar atmosphere”，“exhaust”表示“排出、耗尽”，“reserve”是“保留、储备”，不符合句意，填exhausting。 3. convert：前文明确“devices that convert water ice to oxygen and hydrogen”，“convert”强调“转变、转化”，“change”虽有“改变”之意，但“convert”更侧重形态、性质上的转化，此处用convert更准确。 4. radiological：文章围绕核反应堆展开，涉及放射性相关安全规划，“radiological”（放射性的）符合语境，“chemical”（化学的）与核反应堆安全规划关联不大，填radiological。 5. do：此处是“as terrestrial reactors do”，用“do”指代前文的“shut down automatically”，“can”表示“能够”，不符合此处指代动作的用法，填do。 2. 话题讨论题 “结合文本内容，谈谈你对‘太空探索应是全人类的集体事业，而非国家占有’这一观点的看法。你认为国际合作在月球核能源项目中能带来哪些优势或挑战？” 讨论方向：可从 “技术共享加速进展”“避免资源重复浪费”“国际政治博弈对合作的阻碍” 等角度展开，鼓励学生结合文本中 “中国、俄罗斯的计划”“NASA 预算与优先级” 等信息进行分析。 答案示例： 我完全认同“太空探索应是全人类的集体事业，而非国家占有”这一观点。从文本可知，NASA 计划2030年在月球部署核反应堆，中国和俄罗斯也计划在21世纪30年代中期部署月球反应堆。若各国各自为战，不仅可能导致资源重复投入，还可能因技术壁垒延缓太空探索整体进程。月球及太空资源属于全人类，任何国家都不应将其据为己有，只有通过集体努力，才能更高效地推动太空探索，为全人类谋福祉。 国际合作在月球核能源项目中能带来多方面优势。首先，技术共享可加速进展。不同国家在核技术、航天技术等领域各有优势，比如NASA 在航天探索整体规划和经验上有积累，中国在航天技术快速发展过程中也有独特创新，若能共享技术成果，可避免重复研发，攻克如文本中提到的质量约束、热管理等技术难题，缩短项目周期。其次，能避免资源重复浪费。NASA 面临预算与优先级的问题，若与其他国家合作，可分担研发成本和资源投入，将更多资源集中在关键技术突破上，而不是各自耗费资源开发相似系统。 但国际合作也面临挑战。一方面，国际政治博弈可能成为阻碍。文本中 NASA 因中国和俄罗斯的计划而强调项目紧迫性，甚至提及“keepout zones”，这种竞争心态可能影响合作的深度和广度，各国在利益分配、技术主导权等方面的分歧，可能导致合作过程中出现矛盾和分歧。另一方面，各国技术标准、安全规范可能存在差异。月球核能源项目涉及核安全等关键问题，若各国标准不统一，在技术整合、安全监管等方面会面临困难，需要投入大量精力协调统一，这也给国际合作带来一定挑战。不过，总体而言，国际合作的优势远大于挑战，正如文本中提到的 NASA“阿尔忒弥斯计划”通过国际合作加速了目标进程，月球核能源项目也应秉持集体事业的理念，加强国际合作，共同推动人类太空探索事业发展。 ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 话题：新能源带到月球 题源：Science 目标生：高三 一、课前预习：文本基础梳理（5 分钟） Taking nuclear energy to the Moon Earlier this month, Sean Duffy, the acting head of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), announced an acceleration of the agency’s Fission Surface Power program, with the ambitious goal of placing a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030 that can produce 100 kilowatts of electric power. A surface reactor will be essential to enable sustained human exploration on both the Moon and Mars. However, an overly aggressive schedule could compromise both technical readiness and NASA’s other scientific priorities. Space reactors are not new. In 1965, the United States put the first nuclear-powered satellite into orbit, which produced about 500 watts for 43 days before a non-nuclear component failed prematurely. From 1967 to 1988, the Soviet Union launched 33 nuclear fission-powered Earth-observing satellites, including two that produced 5 kilowatts. In 1978, the unfortunate failure of a support system resulted in the uncontrolled reentry into Earth’s atmosphere of a Soviet satellite, scattering radioactive debris across 20,000 square miles of Canadian territory. Clearly, reactors can operate in space, but integration with support systems may ultimately determine mission success. Still, nuclear fission is the best available power source to operate through the 14-day lunar night or on the harsh surface of Mars, though the proposed reactor will be larger than its predecessors. Earlier units were approximately the size of a car, but NASA’s new reactor will likely exceed that of a standard freight shipping container. Mass must be the first constraint. Launch and landing systems must accommodate the reactor’s size and weight without sacrificing stability or control. NASA’s goal of keeping system mass under six metric tons would have been challenging even for transporting the smaller 40-kilowatt reactor envisioned in 2022. With an increased target power output of 100 kilowatts, the proposed 15-ton lander payload limit presents a formidable reactor design constraint. Thermal management will be equally challenging. The reactor must control coolant behavior in low gravity, reject waste heat in a vacuum, and maintain stable operation despite the Moon’s extreme temperatures, which can swing by 200°C between day and night. Accordingly, the directive requires a specific type of system to convert heat into electricity without exhausting fluids into the thin lunar atmosphere. It must maximize thermal efficiency while powering habitats, life-support systems, rovers, communications equipment, and devices that convert water ice to oxygen and hydrogen. Safety begins before launch. To limit the hazard if a launch fails, the reactor will not operate until it reaches the lunar surface and will only contain fresh (very low radioactivity) uranium fuel during its ascent. NASA, the Department of Energy, and the Federal Aviation Administration have experience launching nuclear materials, and a reactor of this scale will require extensive safety review and radiological contingency planning. Once deployed, it will need shielding to protect nearby crew and autonomous power control systems, including the ability to shut down automatically as terrestrial reactors do. These challenges are solvable. The greater question is whether the 2030 target aligns with the mission it is meant to serve. No crewed lunar base is currently scheduled to operate in 2030. Building a reactor risks wasting resources unless NASA’s goals before its intended users arrive budget this program substantially or prioritize other critical missions that enable observations of the Universe, climate, and Earth. The directive frames the program’s urgency in competitive terms, noting Chinese and Russian plans to deploy a lunar reactor by the mid-2030s. No international law prohibits peaceful nuclear power on the Moon. And according to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, building infrastructure on the Moon entails a country’s presence but not a territorial claim. However, establishing a safety perimeter around a reactor could limit access to that region by other countries. Duffy hence warned of potential “keep-out zones” on the Moon and declared, “We want to get there first.” Although science thrives sometimes spurred by competition, modern innovation is built on collaboration. NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to establish a long-term Moon base and prepare for future human missions to Mars, has demonstrated that international partnerships can accelerate progress toward shared goals. Although the United States remains the only nation with a feasible end-to-end space exploration program, space exploration should remain a collective human endeavor, not a national possession. With technical readiness, realistic scheduling, and a commitment to science, NASA could make this program a cornerstone of future exploration. If urgency overwhelms readiness, the United States risks undermining its own ambitions in space and climate resilience at home. 词汇预热 accelerate（v. 加速），拓展义 “acceleration n. 加速；accelerator n. 加速器”。 prematurely（adv. 过早地），拓展义 “premature adj. 过早的；提前的”。 accommodation（n. 住宿；住处；适应），例 “hotel accommodation酒店住宿”“make accommodation for sth（为某事做出调整 / 适应） radiological（adj. 放射性的），拓展义 “radiology n. 放射学；radiation n. 辐射”。 cornerstone（n. 基石），拓展义 “a cornerstone of education 教育的基石”。 1. 词汇匹配题 请将左侧词汇与右侧英文释义匹配： accelerate A. a place where an organism lives, especially in space exploration habitat B. too soon, before the proper time prematurely C. to increase the speed of something radiological D. relating to radiation or its medical uses cornerstone E. an important part of something that provides a foundation 2. 背景补白 文本背景：本文聚焦 NASA 将核能技术应用于月球探索的计划，涉及太空核反应堆的历史、技术挑战及未来意义。NASA 的 “阿尔忒弥斯计划”（Artemis program）旨在 2025 年前让人类重返月球并建立长期基地，核能源是支撑该计划的关键技术之一。 3.背景判断题 NASA’s Fission Surface Power program aims to build a nuclear reactor on Mars. (T/F) The first nuclear-powered satellite was launched by the Soviet Union. (T/F) 4. 重难点句解析 原句：“With technical readiness, realistic scheduling, and a commitment to science, NASA could make this program a cornerstone of future exploration. If urgency overwhelms readiness, the United States risks undermining its own ambitions in space and climate resilience at home.” 句子结构拆分： 前半句主干 “NASA could make this program a cornerstone”，“With...” 为介词短语作状语，表条件；后半句 “if...” 引导条件状语从句，主干 “the United States risks undermining its own ambitions”。 翻译难点突破： “cornerstone of future exploration” 译为 “未来探索的基石”；“urgency overwhelms readiness” 意译 “急于求成而忽视准备工作”；“climate resilience” 译为 “气候适应能力”。 仿写应用： 翻译：有了充分的准备、清晰的目标以及对团队合作的重视，我们学校能够让这个项目成为学生发展的一块基石。如果匆忙行事而忽视了质量，我们就有可能损害该项目本应带来的教育价值。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、课中解析：文本深度挖掘（25 分钟） 1. 信息梳理题 1　 What is the target power output of NASA’s new nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2　 When did the first nuclear-powered satellite fail, and what was the consequence? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3　 What are the two main design constraints for NASA’s new reactor mentioned in the text? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 逻辑分析题 1　 What is the function of the example about the 1978 Soviet satellite failure in Paragraph 2? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2　 What does the author imply by mentioning “Chinese and Russian plans to deploy a lunar reactor by the mid-2030s” in Paragraph 4? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 主旨推断题 1　 Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward NASA’s nuclear energy program on the Moon? ( ) A. Fully supportive without reservation B. Cautiously optimistic, noting challenges and potential C. Strongly critical of its feasibility D. Indifferent to its development 2　 What is the main idea of the passage? A. The history of nuclear reactors in space exploration B. NASA’s plan to build a nuclear reactor on the Moon and its challenges and significance C. The competition between the US, China, and Russia in lunar exploration D. The risks of nuclear energy application in space 三、课后拓展：题型适配与应用（15 分钟） 1. 语法填空改编（10 空，节选第 3-4 段核心内容） Still, nuclear fission is the best available power source to operate through the 14-day lunar night or on the harsh surface of Mars, though the proposed reactor will be larger than its predecessors. Earlier units were approximately the size of a car, but NASA’s new reactor will likely exceed that of a standard freight shipping container. Mass must be the first constraint. Launch and landing systems must accommodate the reactor’s size and weight without sacrificing stability or control. NASA’s goal of keeping system mass under six metric tons would have been challenging even for transporting the smaller 40-kilowatt reactor envisioned in 2022. With an increased target power output of 100 kilowatts, the proposed 15-ton lander payload limit presents a formidable reactor design constraint. Thermal management will be equally challenging. The reactor must control coolant behavior in low gravity, 1.______ (reject/accept) waste heat in a vacuum, and maintain stable operation despite the Moon’s extreme temperatures, which can swing by 200°C between day and night. Accordingly, the directive requires a specific type of system to convert heat into electricity without 2.______ (exhausting/reserving) fluids into the thin lunar atmosphere. It must maximize thermal efficiency while powering habitats, life-support systems, rovers, communications equipment, and devices that 3.______ (convert/change) water ice to oxygen and hydrogen. Safety begins before launch. To limit the hazard if a Moon fall, the reactor will not operate until it reaches the launch pad and will only contain fresh (very low radioactivity) uranium fuel during its ascent. NASA, the Department of Energy, and the Federal Aviation Administration have experience launching nuclear materials, and a reactor of this scale will require extensive safety review and 4.______ (radiological/chemical) contingency planning. Once deployed, it will need shielding to protect nearby crew and autonomous power control systems, including the ability to shut down automatically as terrestrial reactors 5.______ (do/can). 2.话题讨论题 “结合文本内容，谈谈你对‘太空探索应是全人类的集体事业，而非国家占有’这一观点的看法。你认为国际合作在月球核能源项目中能带来哪些优势或挑战？” 讨论方向：可从 “技术共享加速进展”“避免资源重复浪费”“国际政治博弈对合作的阻碍” 等角度展开，鼓励学生结合文本中 “中国、俄罗斯的计划”“NASA 预算与优先级” 等信息进行分析。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 译文参考 核能登上月球 本月早些时候，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）代理局长肖恩·达菲宣布加快该局“裂变表面动力”项目的推进速度，提出了一项宏伟目标：到2030年在月球部署一座可产生100千瓦电力的核反应堆。对于实现月球与火星的持续载人探测而言，地表核反应堆至关重要。然而，过于激进的时间表可能会影响技术准备工作的充分性，同时也可能对NASA的其他科学优先任务造成冲击。 太空反应堆并非新鲜事物。1965年，美国将首颗核动力卫星送入轨道，该卫星在一个非核部件过早失效前，曾持续产生约500瓦电力，运行时长43天。1967年至1988年间，苏联发射了33颗核裂变动力地球观测卫星，其中两颗卫星的发电功率可达5千瓦。1978年，一颗苏联卫星因支撑系统意外故障，失控坠入地球大气层，放射性碎片散落至加拿大境内2万平方英里的区域。显然，反应堆能够在太空中运行，但最终决定任务成败的，或许是反应堆与支撑系统的整合效果。 尽管如此，核裂变仍是目前能应对14天月球黑夜或火星恶劣地表环境的最佳可用能源，只不过此次计划部署的反应堆规模将超过以往的同类设备。早期的太空核反应堆体积约等于一辆汽车，而NASA此次研发的新型反应堆，体积很可能会超过一个标准货运集装箱。 重量必然是首要限制因素。发射与着陆系统必须在容纳反应堆体积与重量的同时，确保自身稳定性与操控性不受影响。即便对于2022年设想的功率40千瓦的小型反应堆，NASA提出的“系统重量控制在6吨以内”的目标也颇具挑战性。如今目标输出功率提升至100千瓦，而着陆器15吨的有效载荷上限，无疑给反应堆设计带来了巨大的约束。 热管理同样面临严峻挑战。反应堆需在低重力环境下控制冷却剂的状态，在真空环境中排出废热，同时还要在月球昼夜温差高达200°C的极端条件下维持稳定运行。因此，相关技术要求明确规定，需采用特定类型的系统将热能转化为电能，且过程中不得向稀薄的月球大气中排放流体。该系统在为栖息地、生命支持系统、漫游车、通信设备以及水冰制氧制氢装置供电的同时，还必须将热效率最大化。 安全保障需从发射前便开始着手。为降低发射失败可能带来的风险，反应堆在抵达月球表面前不会启动运行，且在上升过程中仅装载新鲜（放射性极低）的铀燃料。NASA、美国能源部以及联邦航空管理局在发射核材料方面拥有丰富经验，而此类规模的反应堆还需经过全面的安全审查，并制定详尽的放射性应急计划。反应堆部署到位后，需配备防护装置以保护附近的宇航员，同时还需具备自主功率控制系统，包括像地面反应堆那样的自动停机功能。 这些挑战并非无法解决。更关键的问题在于，2030年的部署目标是否与其旨在服务的任务相匹配。目前尚无计划在2030年启用载人月球基地。若NASA在目标用户（宇航员）抵达前，未为该项目预留充足预算，或未优先推进其他可支持宇宙、气候及地球观测的关键任务，那么建造反应堆恐将造成资源浪费。 该项目的推进指令从竞争角度强调了紧迫性，提及中国和俄罗斯计划在21世纪30年代中期部署月球反应堆。目前并无国际法禁止在月球和平利用核能。根据1967年《外层空间条约》，在月球建造基础设施可体现一国在该区域的存在，但并不构成领土主张。然而，在反应堆周边设立安全区域，可能会限制其他国家进入该区域。达菲因此警告称，月球上可能出现“禁入区”，并宣称“我们要率先抵达那里”。 尽管竞争有时能推动科学发展，但现代创新的基石是合作。NASA的“阿尔忒弥斯计划”旨在建立长期月球基地，并为未来载人火星任务做准备，该计划已证明，国际合作能加速实现共同目标的进程。尽管美国仍是目前唯一拥有可行的端到端太空探索计划的国家，但太空探索理应是全人类的共同事业，而非某个国家的专属财产。 若能确保技术准备充分、时间表切实可行，并坚守科学使命，NASA完全可将该项目打造成未来太空探索的核心支柱。反之，若一味追求速度而忽视准备工作的充分性，美国不仅可能会阻碍自身的太空雄心，还可能对国内气候韧性建设造成不利影响。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 10 / 22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $