沉没之谜 外刊精读拓维 2026届高考英语一轮复习

该高中英语高考复习学案围绕健康科普话题“麻醉剂”，系统整合了高考核心考点，包括高频词汇（如recall、affect等）、复杂句式（同位语从句、条件状语从句等语法点）、阅读理解（细节理解、主旨大意等题型）及完形填空（词汇辨析、上下文逻辑）。资料以原文为基础，通过词汇积累的搭配与例句、长难句的结构拆解与语法拓展，构建“词汇-语法-题型”递进式知识网络，再以问题链（如阅读理解题）和任务单（完形填空改编）引导学生自主梳理考点联系，形成完整的语言知识体系。 亮点在于强化自主学习支持与个性化复习设计，如词汇积累模块提供搭配和例句供学生自测记忆，长难句分析设置结构拆解任务培养思维品质，阅读理解和完形填空的答案解析包含错题归因指导。这些设计助力学生自主诊断薄弱点，提升语言能力和学习能力。教师可通过学生在词汇、语法及题型训练中的表现，精准定位学情，实现分层指导，有效培养学生自主复习能力，支持因材施教。

The Mystery of Going Under 《沉没之谜》 外刊精读拓维 读外刊，拓思维 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 话题类型：健康科普：麻醉剂 语言难度：适中 题目设计：阅读理解C篇&完型填空 字数：490 一、原文呈现 The fact that I not only don't recall the cuts that removed it, but also anything about the procedure, even before they officially knocked me out, is one of the remarkable things about anaesthetic (n. 麻醉剂). "The long-standing theory of anaesthesia was that it put the body to sleep, it's what the anaesthetist tells you and it's quite a comforting thought, but it's not quite true; after all we can be easily wakened from sleep," explains Professor Bruno van Swinderen from The University of Queensland. "We therefore knew other things must be happening as well." In 2018, he found out what one of these things was. He discovered that the common anaesthetic propofol (n. 丙泊酚，一种常用麻醉剂) actually affects the movement of a protein in the brain. This protein is part of the process your brain cells (neurons) use to talk to each other. If it's gone, so too is their ability to communicate. "Our brain has 100 billion neurons and a trillion points of chemical communication and the likelihood is that many of these are impaired (v. 损害，影响) by general anaesthetic causing the brain to lose what's called synaptic co-ordination across these billions of different points," says Professor Van Swinderen. "This not only causes you to lose consciousness,but also lose behavioural responses, the sensation of pain and the ability to form memories, triggering the type of short-term memory-loss that you experienced." This is because we don't all respond to anaesthetic in the same way; "Redheads, for example, need a higher dose of anaesthetic to be effective but older people generally need less than younger ones," says Dr Mark Sinclair, president of the Australian Society of Anaesthetists. "If someone is unfortunate enough to already be on a lot of painkillers, they need a little more, as do people who drink more alcohol." Studies also suggest that smokers might need more than non-smokers. There are several side effects and post-operative reactions to anaesthetics. This is a common side effect, particularly in women, those who suffer from motion sickness and non-smokers. Other post-operative reactions to anaesthesia can include low blood pressure, emotional reactions like crying, reduced reflexes and foggy thinking. Most of these disappear within hours,but you're not completely back to normal for 24 hours-which is why you're told not to drive or make important decisions shortly after your surgery. If you've had past anaesthetic and recovered well that's a pretty good sign you'll do OK this time, too," says Professor Myles,"But, if you're coming up for a bigger operation, or you're older than you were when you last had surgery, start preparing as if you were going to run a marathon," he says. Get your body in shape during the six weeks before surgery; Quit smoking if you can, cut back on alcohol, eat a good diet and start some kind of daily exercise. 2、 词汇积累 1. recall (v.) 回忆起；记起（高考高频词） 搭配：recall sth. 回忆某事；recall doing sth. 回忆做过某事 例句：She struggled to recall the details of the accident. 2. affect (v.) 影响；使改变（高考高频词，区分熟义 “v. 打动”） 搭配：affect sth. 影响某物；affect sb.'s mood 影响某人心情 例句：Pollution can affect people's health seriously. 3. impair (v.) 损害；削弱（高考高频词） 搭配：impair function 损害功能；impair ability 削弱能力 例句：Lack of sleep can impair your concentration. 4. trigger (v.) 引发；触发（高考高频词） 搭配：trigger a reaction 引发反应；trigger memory-loss 引发失忆 例句：The news triggered a wave of excitement among students. 3、 长难句分析 1. The fact that I not only don't recall the cuts that removed it, but also anything about the procedure, even before they officially knocked me out, is one of the remarkable things about anaesthetic. 结构拆解：主句______________________________________；同位语从句____________________________________________________________________________，解释说明 ______________________________________；定语从句__________________________修饰 ___________； 译文：_____________________________________________________________________________________ 语法点拓展：同位语从句常由 that 引导，与先行词（多为 fact, truth, idea 等）内容完全等同，判断方法：that 在从句中不充当成分，且从句完整；例：The news that our team won spread quickly. 2. He discovered that the common anaesthetic propofol actually affects the movement of a protein in the brain. 结构拆解：主句______________________；宾语从句____________________________________________作 __________________的宾语； 译文：_____________________________________________________________________________________ 语法点拓展：宾语从句可由 that, what, how 等引导，此处 that 可省略；当主句为过去时（discovered），从句需用相应过去时态（此处 affects 为客观事实，仍用一般现在时）；例：She said (that) she would come tomorrow. 3. If you're coming up for a bigger operation, or you're older than you were when you last had surgery, start preparing as if you were going to run a marathon. 结构拆解：条件状语从句____________________________________________；主句______________________；方式状语从句____________________________________________； 译文：_____________________________________________________________________________________ 语法点拓展：as if 引导方式状语从句，若表达非真实情况，从句用虚拟语气（此处 “准备手术” 与 “跑马拉松” 为类比，用 were 表虚拟）；例：He talked as if he knew everything. 四、阅读理解（高考 C 篇难度） 1. What can we learn about anaesthetic from the first paragraph? A. It makes people hard to wake up. B. B. It has a surprising feature. C. C. Its theory is completely wrong. D. D. It only puts the body to sleep. 2. Why do redheads need more anaesthetic? A. They smoke a lot. B. B. They take painkillers. C. C. They have different responses. D. D. They are older than others. 3. What is Professor Myles's advice for big operations? A. Prepare like running a marathon. B. Avoid all post-operative reactions. C. Recover well from past anaesthetic. D. Drive to the hospital on time. 4. What is the main idea of the text? A. How to choose a good anaesthetist. B. Anaesthetic's effects and related tips. C. Why anaesthetic causes memory loss. D. Different people's love for anaesthetic. 五、完形填空（原文改编） The mystery of anaesthetic lies in its ability to make people forget surgery details. I couldn't recall the cuts or the procedure, even before being knocked out. Professor Bruno from Queensland University 1.________ this remarkable feature. He said the old theory—that anaesthetic puts the body to sleep—wasn't 2.________ true. After all, people can be easily wakened from sleep, so "other things must happen," he added. In 2018, Bruno made a key 3.. He found that propofol, a common anaesthetic, affects a protein in the brain. This protein is 4. for brain cells to communicate. Without it, their ability to talk to each other is 5.________. Bruno explained that our brain has billions of neurons and chemical communication points. General anaesthetic may 6.________ many of these points. This not only makes people lose consciousness, but also 7.________ them from feeling pain and forming memories. That's why patients often have short-term memory loss after surgery. People's 8.________ to anaesthetic vary. Redheads need a higher dose to feel its 9.. Older people, however, need less than younger ones. Those taking painkillers or drinking much alcohol also need more. Studies 10. smokers may need more too. Anaesthetic has side effects. They are common in women, people with motion sickness and non-smokers. Other reactions 11.________ low blood pressure and emotional crying. Most side effects go away in hours, but full 12.________ takes 24 hours. So patients are told not to drive after surgery. Professor Myles gives advice for big operations: if you're older or facing a major surgery, prepare like running a marathon. 13.________ six weeks before surgery, get in shape—quit smoking, 14.________ back on alcohol and exercise daily. Such preparation can help you 15.________ well from the operation. 1. described B. ignored C. forgot D. hid 2. hardly B. fully C. nearly D. slightly 3. mistake B. decision C. discovery D. promise 4. useless B. necessary C. difficult D. dangerous 5. kept B. found C. improved D. lost 6. repair B. protect C. impair D. create 7. stops B. helps C. teaches D. advises 8. responses B. questions C. doubts D. hopes 9. effect B. taste C. smell D. sound 10. prove B. suggest C. deny D. admit 11. include B. avoid C. cause D. prevent 12. sleep B. recovery C. work D. study 13. Since B. During C. After D. Before 14. take B. put C. cut D. give 15. recover B. suffer C. learn D. hear 六、原文翻译 我不仅记不起移除它的伤口，也记不起手术过程的任何细节 —— 甚至在他们正式让我失去意识之前的事，这正是麻醉剂的神奇之处之一。“长期以来，麻醉剂的理论是‘它能让身体进入睡眠状态’，麻醉师会这么跟你说，这想法也挺让人安心，但事实并非完全如此；毕竟，我们很容易从睡眠中醒来，” 澳大利亚昆士兰大学的布鲁诺・范・斯温德伦教授解释道，“因此我们知道，肯定还发生了其他事情。” 2018 年，他找到了其中一件事的答案。他发现，常用的麻醉剂丙泊酚实际上会影响大脑中一种蛋白质的活动。这种蛋白质是脑细胞（神经元）相互交流所依赖的关键物质。一旦它的功能受阻，脑细胞的交流能力也会随之丧失。 “我们的大脑有 1000 亿个神经元，以及一万亿个化学交流节点。全身麻醉剂很可能会损害其中的许多节点，导致大脑在这数十亿个不同节点间失去所谓的‘突触协调’能力，” 范・斯温德伦教授说，“这不仅会让你失去意识，还会让你丧失行为反应能力、痛觉感知能力和记忆形成能力，从而引发你所经历的那种短期失忆。” 这是因为每个人对麻醉剂的反应并不相同。“比如，红发人士需要更高剂量的麻醉剂才能达到效果，但老年人通常比年轻人需要的剂量更少，” 澳大利亚麻醉师协会主席马克・辛克莱博士说，“如果有人不幸已经在服用大量止痛药，他们需要的剂量也会多一些；饮酒量较大的人也是如此。” 研究还表明，吸烟者可能比不吸烟者需要更多麻醉剂。 麻醉剂存在多种副作用和术后反应。（恶心）是常见的副作用之一，在女性、晕动病患者和不吸烟者中尤为明显。麻醉剂的其他术后反应还包括低血压、哭闹等情绪反应、反射能力下降以及思维模糊。这些症状大多会在几小时内消失，但完全恢复正常需要 24 小时 —— 这也是为什么医生会告知你，手术后短期内不要开车或做重要决定。 “如果你之前用过麻醉剂且恢复良好，那这就是个好迹象，说明这次你也会没事，” 迈尔斯教授说，“但如果你即将接受一场更大的手术，或者比上次做手术时年龄更大，那就开始准备吧，仿佛你要去跑一场马拉松一样。” 他建议，在手术前的六周内，要让身体保持良好状态：尽可能戒烟、减少饮酒、均衡饮食，并开始进行日常锻炼。 7、 答案解析 三、长难句分析答案 1. 主句（The fact is one of the remarkable things about anaesthetic）；同位语从句（that I not only don't recall the cuts that removed it, but also anything about the procedure, even before they officially knocked me out）；定语从句（that removed it）；译文（事实 —— 我不仅记不起移除它的伤口，也记不起手术过程的任何细节，甚至在他们正式让我失去意识之前的事 —— 是麻醉剂的神奇之处之一） 2. 主句（He discovered sth.）；宾语从句（that the common anaesthetic propofol actually affects the movement of a protein in the brain）；译文（他发现，常用的麻醉剂丙泊酚实际上会影响大脑中一种蛋白质的活动） 3. 条件状语从句（If you're coming up for a bigger operation, or you're older than you were when you last had surgery）；主句（start preparing）；方式状语从句（as if you were going to run a marathon）；译文（如果你即将接受一场更大的手术，或者比上次做手术时年龄更大，就开始准备吧，仿佛你要去跑一场马拉松一样） 四、阅读理解 1. 答案：B；【解析】细节理解题。本题考查麻醉剂的特点，原文第一段提到 “The fact that I not only don't recall the cuts...is one of the remarkable things about anaesthetic”，意为 “我不仅记不起伤口，也记不起手术细节，这是麻醉剂的神奇之处之一”，由此可知 B 选项 “它有一个令人惊讶的特点” 表述正确。 2. 答案：C；【解析】 推理判断题。本题考查红发人士需更多麻醉剂的原因，原文第四段开头提到 “This is because we don't all respond to anaesthetic in the same way”，随后举例 “Redheads need a higher dose”，意为 “这是因为每个人对麻醉剂的反应不同，比如红发人士需要更高剂量”，由此可推断 C 选项 “他们有不同的反应” 表述正确。 3. 答案：A；【解析】细节理解题。本题考查迈尔斯教授对大手术的建议，原文最后一段提到 “if you're coming up for a bigger operation...start preparing as if you were going to run a marathon”，意为 “如果你即将接受大手术，就像准备跑马拉松一样开始准备”，由此可知 A 选项 “像准备跑马拉松一样准备” 表述正确。 4. 答案：B；【解析】主旨大意题。本题考查文章核心内容，全文围绕麻醉剂展开：前半部分介绍麻醉剂的作用原理（影响蛋白质、损害神经交流）和个体反应差异，后半部分说明副作用及术前准备建议，核心是 “麻醉剂的影响及相关提示”，故 B 选项表述正确。 五、完形填空（原文改编） 1. A【解析】考查动词。根据后文教授对麻醉剂的解释，可知他 “描述” 了麻醉剂的神奇特点，“described”（描述）符合语境，故选 A。 2. B【解析】考查副词。前文提到 “old theory was that it puts the body to sleep”，后文用 “but” 转折，表 “不完全正确”，“fully”（完全地）符合 “wasn't fully true”（不完全正确），故选 B。 3. C【解析】考查名词。根据后文 “found that propofol affects a protein”，可知教授有了 “发现”，“discovery”（发现）符合语境，故选 C。 4. B【解析】考查形容词。根据 “without it, their communication ability is lost”，可知蛋白质对细胞交流是 “必要的”，“necessary”（必要的）符合语境，故选 B。 5. D【解析】考查动词。前文 “without it”（没有蛋白质）对应 “交流能力丧失”，“lost”（丧失）符合语境，故选 D。 6. C【解析】考查动词。根据前文 “many of these are impaired by general anaesthetic”，可知麻醉剂会 “损害” 交流节点，“impair”（损害）符合语境，故选 C。 7. A【解析】考查动词。根据 “lose consciousness, pain sensation”，可知麻醉剂 “阻止” 痛觉，“stops”（阻止）符合 “stop sb. from doing”（阻止某人做某事），故选 A。 8. A【解析】考查名词。根据后文 “Redheads need a higher dose...older people need less”，可知是 “反应” 不同，“responses”（反应）符合语境，故选 A。 9. A【解析】考查名词。“higher dose”（更高剂量）是为了让麻醉剂产生 “效果”，“effect”（效果）符合 “feel its effect”（感受到效果），故选 A。 10. B【解析】考查动词。根据 “Studies also suggest that smokers might need more”，可知研究 “表明” 吸烟者需更多剂量，“suggest”（表明）符合语境，故选 B。 11. A【解析】考查动词。前文提到 “side effects are common”，后文列举 “low blood pressure”，用 “include”（包括）表 “其他反应包括低血压”，故选 A。 12. B【解析】考查名词。根据 “it takes 24 hours to return to normal”，可知是 “恢复” 需要 24 小时，“recovery”（恢复）符合语境，故选 B。 13. B【解析】考查介词。根据 “six weeks before surgery”，可知是 “在手术前六周期间”，“During”（在…… 期间）符合语境，故选 B。 14. C【解析】考查固定搭配。“cut back on” 为固定搭配，表 “减少”，对应 “cut back on alcohol”（减少饮酒），故选 C。 15. A【解析】考查动词。前文 “prepare by getting in shape”（准备保持体型）是为了 “恢复良好”，“recover well”（恢复良好）符合语境，故选 A。 $