专题03 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海徐汇南洋中学·期中) Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit. The most recent research looking at the 1 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results. Researchers 2 direct links between higher consumption of over-processed foods and a greater risk of many health issues. These results are 3 earlier studies. Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients. In one of these studies, risk rose from 4 just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food. A separate study found that taking in just 20 percent of calories from these foods was linked to a 28 percent faster rate of cognitive 5 compared with people who ate less processed food. Also 6 is a study tracking about half a million people living in England, Scotland, and Wales that found the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food. While the exact cause-and-effect relationship is still unknown, the strongest evidence from prospective studies 7 the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future. It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. What the public may not appreciate, 8 , is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia. 9 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals, such as dopamine, which can negatively affect mental and emotional 10 . Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive. Over-processed foods have more in common with a(n) 11 than foods by Mother Nature. Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories. For most of human existence this helped us 12 . But in nature, foods are 13 modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts. You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat. That’s a distinctive 14 of over-processed foods. Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors, and our brain simply 15 these foods. 1．A．recipe B．flavor C．preparation D．impact 2．A．promoted B．identified C．evaluated D．dismissed 3．A．contrary to B．consistent with C．concerned about D．dependent on 4．A．consuming B．calculating C．reducing D．burning 5．A．improvement B．advantage C．quality D．decline 6．A．reassuring B．contradictory C．alarming D．sustainable 7．A．goes against B．casts doubt on C．leans towards D．puts forward 8．A．however B．therefore C．by chance D．for instance 9．A．Decorations B．Additives C．Options D．Contributors 10．A．problem B．capacity C．outburst D．well-being 11．A．appetizer B．cigarette C．dessert D．snack 12．A．survive B．emerge C．venture D．mature 13．A．still B．barely C．only D．rather 14．A．nutrition B．taste C．dish D．characteristic 15．A．gains insight into B．loses control over C．shows concern for D．gets hold of Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海洋泾中学·期中) Most of us know someone who is always late — a person who seems to have a chronic blind spot when it comes to timekeeping. It can become a source of jokey banter (无恶意的玩笑) among friends, but in another context it can have serious and stressful 1 from being late for work, meetings to missing flights and doctors’ appointments. There could be various reasons why you’re 2 late. First, you could just be really relaxed. This might be linked to the way you were 3 — perhaps you inherited your parents’ relaxed attitude to timekeeping. This might have something to do with your 4 heritage (遗产), too. For instance, there’s evidence that people in some countries, such as Brazil, tend to be much less 5 than those in America. Zooming in on some specific psychological processes, you could be what some psychologists call a “time 6 ” — that is, you tend to underestimate how long things will take. A related issue is procrastination. Getting to places on time means being able to stop what you’re doing and prepare to 7 . Being a procrastinator might affect your ability to do that in a timely fashion. Another 8 reason that could contribute to your problem, at least in some contexts, is 9 with particular routes — the walk to your local bus stop, for example, or across campus from your halls of residence to a lecture theatre. A fascinating study by psychologists at the University of California and University College London found that we tend to 10 the time it will take us to traverse (横越) highly familiar physical spaces. One final causal factor to consider is whether you are 11 to arrive early. Of course, it’s very difficult to plan to arrive anywhere exactly on time, so being punctual usually means being early. You might not even 12 it at a conscious level, but perhaps you hate waiting around. If these reasons 13 you can begin to address them. One simple, powerful step you can take is to make a firm 14 not to just be on time, but to be early. Get into the habit of breaking down, in realistic detail, how long it’ll take to get to where you need to be, then add on a generous buffer — say, 15 minutes. The longer the journey, the longer you should make the buffer. If you hate the idea of 15 , think about how you’ll spend all this extra waiting time — catch up with text messages, play online chess or get stuck into a language-learning app, for example. 1．A．consequences B．experiences C．associations D．scenery 2．A．deliberately B．routinely C．preferably D．ritually 3．A．introduced B．accepted C．raised D．trained 4．A．global B．cultural C．environmental D．natural 5．A．outgoing B．diligent C．patient D．tense 6．A．achiever B．professional C．wanderer D．optimist 7．A．abandon B．overturn C．depart D．deposit 8．A．general B．professional C．particular D．mental 9．A．association B．uniformity C．overfamiliarity D．similarity 10．A．assess B．overlook C．underestimate D．overstate 11．A．anxious B．reluctant C．determined D．thrilled 12．A．tackle B．detect C．justify D．neglect 13．A．resolve B．refer C．accumulate D．exist 14．A．appointment B．commitment C．statement D．transition 15．A．catching up B．holding out C．meeting up D．hanging around Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期中)Why girls do better at school than boys? For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly 1 countries in Europe and North America, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science. Boys still get somewhat better 2 at maths and physics, and in other science courses the genders are roughly 3 . But when it comes to the students who really struggle and suffer at school, the difference is 4 : boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. 5 , why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates? First, girls read more than boys. Reading proficiency (熟练) is the basis upon which all other learning is built. When boys don’t do well in reading, their 6 in other school subjects suffers too. Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning. 7 , girls spend five and a half hours per week doing homework while boys spend a little less than four and a half hours. Researchers suggest that doing homework 8 by teachers is linked to better accomplishment in maths, reading and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the 9 world; they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer 10 plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity (男子气概) that includes a disregard for 11 , which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous (匿名的) tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading 12 by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. And offering boys a 13 to read non-fiction would help too: they’re keener on comics and newspapers. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes (旧模式) would 14 all students. Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 15 boys from anywhere else in the world. 1．A．awkward B．wealthy C．patriotic D．rotten 2．A．scores B．database C．shelter D．wisdom 3．A．fashionable B．reliable C．relevant D．equal 4．A．stable B．vague C．obvious D．logical 5．A．However B．In addition C．Similarly D．Instead 6．A．intention B．comment C．preparation D．performance 7．A．In brief B．On average C．On the contrary D．In addition 8．A．researched B．designed C．assigned D．assumed 9．A．virtual B．realistic C．reusable D．artificial 10．A．process B．disaster C．responsibility D．pressure 11．A．experts B．authorities C．adults D．peers 12．A．develops B．widens C．narrows D．forms 13．A．chance B．volunteer C．favour D．resource 14．A．melt B．survive C．threaten D．benefit 15．A．purchase B．overtake C．hire D．challenge 主题02 人与社会-社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中)The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of buildings. Today, thousands of people come to 1 building conferences, and the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly 2 in years to come. Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 3 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 4 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we’ve been looking for ways to make these materials 5 for people and the planet. Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints, that release significantly 6 amounts of chemical compounds, which people believe don’t 7 the quality of the air. 8 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 9 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or 10 by industry again and again. For example, the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already 11 a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable. Look at it this way: no one 12 to create a building that destroy the planet. But our current industrial systems are basically causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 13 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 14 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 15 effect on the world. It is not just the building industry, either. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. 1．A．commercial B．green C．traditional D．simple 2．A．efficient B．changeable C．influential D．effective 3．A．relevant B．indoor C．flexible D．outdoor 4．A．revealed B．demonstrated C．exhibited D．discovered 5．A．careful B．comfortable C．stable D．safe 6．A．reduced B．revised C．delayed D．defined 7．A．destroy B．deny C．dissolve D．depress 8．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Instead D．However 9．A．exactly B．completely C．partially D．superficially 10．A．restored B．regained C．reused D．replaced 11．A．developed B．stretched C．researched D．constructed 12．A．sets in B．sets about C．sets out D．sets up 13．A．instead B．because C．out D．regardless 14．A．adjusting B．adopting C．adapting D．admitting 15．A．functional B．sensible C．beneficial D．precious Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中)A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a 1 delivering takeout. 2 describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere. They acknowledge that the change requires 3 , but say that it is worth escaping the spiritual draining of their former jobs. Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical 4 to the mental strain of reviewing design assignments she had not chosen. Many also say they are looking for light physical labor, not 5 work like construction or factory jobs. Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled, which 6 the prospect of upward mobility for a generation. The job-changing trend has 7 a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online. Critics accused supporters of wasting their parents’ investment and abandoning the 8 that helped build China into a superpower. Since then, competition for white-collar jobs has grown even more intense. A record number of students are expected to graduate from universities this year, but companies have 9 hiring. The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates. 10 , rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive. “The purpose of studying and accumulating knowledge is not to land an impressive job, but to have the bravery to 11 more possibilities,” reads the description for one online forum. Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a 12 . Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in. Some who left their higher-earning positions acknowledge that they do not know how long they will stay in their new occupations; some say they are now spending more than they earn. Online critics have commented the job switchers as 13 , suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them. But criticism has also flowed in the opposite direction: China’s state broadcaster recently blamed the unemployment problem partially on young, educated Chinese being too 14 to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled. Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be 15 . 1．A．construction worker B．sales manager C．postal clerk D．shop assistant 2．A．Receptionists B．Opponents C．Advocates D．Residents 3．A．commission B．devotion C．sacrifice D．passion 4．A．exhaustion B．exploitation C．exploration D．excursion 5．A．extensive B．expansive C．immersive D．intensive 6．A．dims B．dips C．draws D．drives 7．A．revised B．reviewed C．remembered D．revived 8．A．cautiousness B．curiosity C．industriousness D．intelligence 9．A．cut back on B．fell back on C．looked back on D．turned back on 10．A．Additionally B．Accordingly C．Still D．Nevertheless 11．A．achieve B．access C．accept D．adapt 12．A．minority B．minimum C．majority D．maximum 13．A．native B．naive C．novel D．noble 14．A．earnest B．desperate C．unwilling D．vulnerable 15．A．called off B．turned off C．shaken off D．taken off Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中)Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海黄浦区·期中)Brazil’s election offers hope for the rainforest A presidential election in 2022 will offer a chance for Brazil’s government to 1 policies that have contributed to global climate change. The country is home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which has historically been an important carbon sink. But a worrying study published in 2021 in Nature found that over the past decade it has 2 become a carbon source. The culprits (罪魁祸首): forest fires and deforestation, which has soared by more than 40% since President Jair Bolsonaro took office in 2019. On his watch, environmental 3 and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged illegal logging, mining, and land-grabbing. In June the environment minister, Ricardo Salles, resigned after federal police began investigating him for alleged (据说的) involvement in timber trafficking. A greener president would try to 4 such crimes. Polls suggest that Mr Bolsonaro is likely to lose the election. His successor could convince Germany and Norway to 5 the Amazon Fund, a pot of money for enforcement and sustainable development that was withdrawn in 2019 amid concerns about Mr Bolsonaro’s 6 . A new president could also revive talks with President Joe Biden 7 , who has offered to create a $20bn fund for the rainforest once Brazil starts showing results. But even an enlightened president will have to 8 a profit-making Congress, which is considering a number of laws that threaten the rainforest and its inhabitants. These include a land-regularization bill nicknamed the “land-grabbing law” and a bill that would legalize wildcat mining on indigenous territories. In August thousands of indigenous people camped out in the capital as the supreme court debated a case that would restrict their territories to land that was occupied when a new constitution was passed in 1988. The court postponed its decision, but Congress is considering a law that would have the 9 effect. Better leadership in Brazil could jump-start regional efforts to boost enforcement and find sustainable 10 to deforestation for the rainforest’s inhabitants. But if Mr Bolsonaro wins again, his determination to fill the forest with roads, dams and mines could cause destruction far beyond the borders of Brazil. 1．A．intensify B．reverse C．oppose D．diversity 2．A．therefore B．instead C．otherwise D．indeed 3．A．awareness B．restoration C．legalization D．enforcement 4．A．crack down on B．put up with C．step back from D．cover up for 5．A．unfreeze B．invalidate C．regain D．decompose 6．A．policies B．resignation C．protests D．succession 7．A．after all B．in turn C．in contrast D．as well 8．A．defend B．sustain C．tolerate D．battle 9．A．substantial B．same C．decisive D．instant 10．A．replacements B．dedication C．objection D．devotions 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中)China is a country of gamers. However, many Chinese have long grieved over Chinese tech firms’ inability to produce a video game as thrilling as “Grand Theft Auto” or “World of Warcraft” (which originated in Scotland and America 1 . GameScience, based in Hangzhou, is hoping to 2 the dilemma. GameScience strived to create a game world that would be a 3 for “Grand Theft Auto”. Luckily, its blockbuster game, “Black Myth: Wukong”, has gone viral overnight since the first release. As a veteran video gamer, I logged on Wukong immediately. I would describe it as a game that appears truly incredible in terms of art and game design, but also falters on so many things elsewhere that the whole experience feels hollow? Though there were many times that Black Myth: Wukong had made my 4 , there were an equal number of moments that left me 5 to the point where I wasn’t sure if I would even finish the game. Let’s start from the game’s 6 . You can reset all the points you have gained at any checkpoint so that you can essentially experiment with what works best for you in certain situations. But I found focusing on one combat stance(战斗模式) makes the most sense to fully power up all your abilities rather than 7 and wasting points on abilities that you probably won’t use that much. However, it confuses me why we are given all this customization only to be locked into 8 choices or non-choices for the rest of the game. At the end of each chapter, you are allowed to pick a single passive benefit out of three. Too bad, this choice is (as far as I can tell) final— hopefully you have the 9 to know ahead of time precisely what build you want to have hours later. The combat is also a 10 bag. Dodging(闪避) is your main way of evading damage, but some of the late-game bosses don’t really give you much 11 room. Besides, just attacking with an extendable staff, Wukong also lets you use magic spells in combat. They are incredibly useful in battle but use up your magic meter, forcing you to decide when is the best time to use them. “Immobilize”, 12 , freezes an enemy letting you smack it for a few seconds until its effect 13 . Finally, you can call on defeated spirits who can be equipped and called out mid-combat like Pokémon to assist you. 14 , I can see a 10/10 in this game somewhere, but multiple questionable-level design and game design choices unfortunately drag it down. Anyway, the combat offers you plenty of ways to experiment what works for you, but it also offers you enough difficulty keeping you on your toes and adapting to each new situation. While its world is not 15 to explore or to comprehend, Wukong’s rewards are worth it and make for a thrilling journey of discovery. 1．A．comparably B．respectively C．respectably D．independently 2．A．transform B．reserve C．reverse D．avoid 3．A．match B．signal C．symbol D．fit 4．A．chin rise B．jaw drop C．shoulders shrug D．eyebrow lift 5．A．frustrated B．concerned C．thrilled D．amazed 6．A．energetics B．mechanics C．logistics D．tactics 7．A．powering them down B．levelling them down C．evening them out D．giving them out 8．A．permanent B．temporary C．contemporary D．momentous 9．A．intelligence B．insight C．foresight D．wisdom 10．A．mixed B．neutral C．thrilled D．confused 11．A．training B．waiting C．changing D．breathing 12．A．in turn B．in other words C．in fact D．for example 13．A．keeps up B．cancels out C．holds on D．wears off 14．A．Overall B．Conversely C．Besides D．Essentially 15．A．the oddest B．the likeliest C．the hardest D．the easiest Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中)“Say the magic word!” As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.” In fact, it’s one of the top 1 we learn growing up. Today’s babies who cannot talk yet are even taught it using sign language. But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation? Whatever your 2 , it’s likely too high — way too high. New research published in Social Psychology Quarterly found that people use the word “please” when making a request a (n) 3 7% of the time. Using conversation analysis, the study investigated when and where people use “please” in everyday requests. Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most when a “no” response is 4 . More interestingly, research has found that requests phrased with “please” are no more likely to work than other polite requests — and sometimes they even have 5 effects. Why? Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 6 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do. This common small talk mistake can leave the person being asked feeling a little 7 . 8 , research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s. “And if your first reaction to hearing this was ‘OK, so other people might not say please, but I say it all the time,’ it turns out that people have pretty terrible 9 of what exactly they’ve said,” Stivers says. “What people are really trying to say by 10 that they say ‘please’ often is that they are polite people,” she says. “And you probably are. Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite. There are so many other 11 we use when making requests that show politeness.” “I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says. But teaching kids to say please isn’t bad — teaching children politeness is always a(n) 13 . Just make sure you’re including other polite phrases as well. And this should go without saying, but you should never tell another 14 to say “please.” I run into this often with a family member who demands I use the word “please” when I ask for something, even if I already phrased it in a polite way. Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them. 1．A．abilities B．priorities C．manners D．skills 2．A．imagination B．estimation C．attitude D．achievement 3．A．disappointing B．exceptional C．optimistic D．persistent 4．A．accepted B．anticipated C．answered D．refused 5．A．counter B．side C．beneficial D．immediate 6．A．trick B．encourage C．frighten D．force 7．A．astonished B．ashamed C．threatened D．uncomfortable 8．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．For example 9．A．understanding B．explanations C．memories D．beliefs 10．A．assuming B．confirming C．insisting D．ignoring 11．A．phrases B．solutions C．commands D．instructions 12．A．carry B．convince C．socialize D．save 13．A．challenge B．aim C．burden D．virtue 14．A．family B．adult C．friend D．child 15．A．patient B．composed C．annoyed D．obedient Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 . That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 . A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership”, but it remains small, for several reasons. The first is that you don’t need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow. The word itself is associated with 7 , weakness and complaints. In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属) have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders, not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves.· If such things explain why leadership is 11 , the behaviour of followers is still crucial. Hierarchies (等级制度) can be more fluid（流动的） than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve, you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好) themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively… is a choice.” 1．A．start B．lead C．acquire D．convey 2．A．Special B．Abundant C．Missing D．Competent 3．A．counts on B．reports to C．calls for D．alternates with 4．A．reverse B．authority C．agenda D．convention 5．A．blinded B．reduced C．dedicated D．accustomed 6．A．candidate B．consultant C．executive D．follower 7．A．courage B．passivity C．discrimination D．dignity 8．A．leisure B．duty C．label D．payment 9．A．supervising B．surrounding C．defending D．entertaining 10．A．even if B．now that C．given that D．provided that 11．A．under the weather B．in the dark C．in the spotlight D．on cloud nine 12．A．contributing B．dominating C．selecting D．appointing 13．A．hired B．surveyed C．identified D．designed 14．A．campaign B．category C．trap D．business 15．A．defend B．sponsor C．influence D．challenge 主题02 人与社会-社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海控江中学·期中)The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison once claimed that genius was one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration(汗水). Now, it seems, there is scientific evidence to 1 his claim. The idea that geniuses such as Shakespeare, Mozart, and Picasso possessed certain inborn talents is a false belief, according to a study by a British psychologist and his colleagues. After examining outstanding performance in the arts and sports, these researchers concluded that 2 is determined by opportunity, encouragement, training, motivation, self-confidence, and — most important of all — 3 Even people who were not thought to be 4 with any special talent could, after having received training, reach levels 5   considered attainable (可获得的) only by gifted individuals. Talent is a false belief, and it is time that people got rid of it, they said. This theory — a dramatic 6 with traditional beliefs — has been 7 by academics worldwide. In fact, studies of accomplished artists and mathematicians, and top tennis players and swimmers, have reported few early signs of 8 in these people before any parental encouragement. No case has been found of anyone reaching the highest levels of achievement without 9 himself or herself to thousands of hours of serious training. Even those who are believed to be exceptionally talented — whether in music, mathematics, chess, or sports — have needed lengthy periods of instruction and practice to achieve their highest level of success. The persistent false belief that some people reach high levels of performance without spending numerous hours practicing 10 much to the fact that their practice is usually outside the casual observer’s view, stated one scientist. The importance of practice has been noticed in athletics. For instance, differences in the composition of certain muscles were once thought to be 11 predictors of athletic performance. However, the differences in the proportion of certain muscle fibers(组织) that are 12 for success in long-distance running are largely the result of extended practice in running. “What makes a genius then?” one may ask. 13 , there is no clear answer. What is known, however, is that nurture is at least as important as nature? 14 , a supportive environment will do far more for a child’s prospects of success than any inborn gifts. This is a message that most of us will find 15 — even if we haven’t won the gene lottery, our fate is still in our own hands. 1．A．make B．challenge C．support D．dismiss 2．A．excellence B．harmony C．negotiation D．response 3．A．education B．practice C．fortune D．character 4．A．satisfied B．concerned C．decorated D．gifted 5．A．preciously B．practically C．previously D．primarily 6．A．break B．association C．partnership D．relief 7．A．doubted B．concluded C．mentioned D．applauded 8．A．accomplishment B．treasure C．diligence D．inspiration 9．A．adapting B．attaching C．linking D．devoting 10．A．carries B．leaves C．owes D．connects 11．A．creative B．reliable C．natural D．active 12．A．essential B．suitable C．possible D．feasible 13．A．Unlikely B．Similarly C．Hopefully D．Unfortunately 14．A．To sum up B．In other words C．For example D．In addition 15．A．misleading B．puzzling C．comforting D．amusing Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)The Zero Price Effect A few years ago I went shopping with a friend for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular make or model in mind. His only two 1 ? Big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relatively 2 riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa, a powerful comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were also within his 3 , especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became interested in a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like twisted on the seat. Seemed odd. Until it 4 me. The purchase of any bike 750cc (摩托车排量) and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly 5 “free”.As the researchers write： When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. 6 , decisions about free products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely - even irrationally - tempting. After all, 7 didn’t work. We eventually 8 $3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa. The free helmet was only worth $250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily 9 ?As the researchers write: “A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs. It is possible that options that have only 10 create a more positive effect compared with options that involve both benefits and costs.” In short, “free” results in instinctive mental 11 . Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? “Free” doesn’t seem to require a cost-benefit analysis; what are the downsides of “free”? “Free” seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later, my friend 12 in his 6R for a 14R. But don’t think 13 of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of “free.” Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to repay the provider’s “ 14 ”by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel (漏斗) we 15 to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intention, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. 1．A．brands B．crises C．criteria D．flaws 2．A．high-end B．fancy C．relaxed D．skilled 3．A．range B．limit C．reach D．budget 4．A．failed B．hit C．urged D．inspired 5．A．overcome B．overview C．overvalue D．overlook 6．A．However B．Therefore C．Subsequently D．For example 7．A．the odds B．the math C．the risks D．the first impression 8．A．calculated B．accepted C．negotiated D．ventured 9．A．influenced B．cheated C．bullied D．motivated 10．A．discounts B．costs C．benefits D．downsides 11．A．advances B．processes C．costs D．shortcuts 12．A．ended B．traded C．stepped D．engaged 13．A．personally B．favorably C．badly D．seriously 14．A．purchases B．generosity C．limitations D．strategies 15．A．agree B．manage C．tend D．struggle Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海位育中学·期中)The picture of miseries and sufferings of the black woman in America may appear, perhaps darker and more depressing than Dante’s (但丁) description of Hell because in the history of human race, the black woman in America has suffered the most. A close and critical 1 of the history of the black woman’s life and condition since ber arrival in a strange land will unfold very well the long story of her pain and sorrow 2 her mutilated (残缺不全的) soul. Since her arrival on the foreign shore, the black woman has been facing the worst kind of 3 and oppression. As a black she has had to endure all the horrors of slavery and has been the 4 of continually inhumane treatment in all kinds of work, 5 the lowest place on the wage scale and restricted to the lowest-status and the most uncreative jobs. Since times of slavery, black womanhood has been destroyed, twisted and abused with racial and inhuman 6 by black men and white men and women. In the process, they have lost their genuine “self” and have developed a（n） 7 in themselves — though as black women, they see themselves with the eyes of white men and women and black men. This has ultimately been responsible for the destruction of their self-confidence and the feeling of being human. They 8 themselves as masters’ belongings. As a mother she has seen her children sold into slavery. She has seen them left at home without attention while she 9 to the needs of the children of the ruling class. She has seen her children suffer from drug addiction, the 10 of decent education and experience attacks by a racist society, and 11 the prisons of this nation. In addition, besides suffering the common fate of all oppressed people, the African-American women continue to 12 the oppression of women by men, which existed for long. In the home she becomes “the slave of a slave.” Men may be cruelly treated and subjected to all sorts of dehumanizing treatment on the part of the ruling class. 13 , at least they can take out their frustration on someone else, their women. Thus, feminism in America means much more than what it stands for in other European countries, chiefly because it has different role and meaning 14 the black women. If a feminist is commonly defined as one who is involved in transforming and 15 familiar realities, then black women are innate (天生的) feminists. Black women writing exhibits and constructs a Black women’s literary tradition that is inherently feminist. Barbara Smith, an influential Black feminist critic, states that the ability of Black women to survive in the face of White America exhibits an innate feminist potential. 1．A．respect B．comment C．account D．judgement 2．A．associated with B．completed with C．involved in D．joined by 3．A．exploration B．exhaustion C．exploitation D．explosion 4．A．article B．item C．substance D．object 5．A．including B．occupying C．consuming D．striking 6．A．procedures B．process C．descriptions D．practices 7．A．complexity B．anxiety C．simplicity D．gravity 8．A．look to B．look upon C．look over D．look through 9．A．took B．kept C．attended D．appealed 10．A．richness B．lack C．variety D．possibility 11．A．populate B．emphasize C．charge D．criticize 12．A．undertake B．underline C．undervalue D．undergo 13．A．Therefore B．Additionally C．However D．Moreover 14．A．with respect to B．in line with C．in addition to D．in parallel with 15．A．reappointing B．representing C．reconsidering D．reinterpreting 主题03人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海卢湾高级中学·期中)Thanks to their evolutionary ancestry, domestic cats are, actually by their nature, more independent than dogs. Our cats, whose wild ancestors didn’t enjoy living in social groups as dogs do, 1 , during the process of domestication, gradually developed the capability to form social relationships not just with other cats, but also with people. Although independent cats may not 2 upon people to gain security as dogs do, they show affection for their guardians and seem to attach importance to the 3 of their human companions. Their strong attachment to humans is partly 4 by their experiences of being cared by people as a kitten. Cats behave towards humans in the exactly same way that they respond to their feline friends, so the secret of whether your cat feels 5 to you lies in their behaviour. Cats have successfully gained an edge for their outstanding ability to communicate with other cats over long distances and even when no longer 6 present. Our pet cats have 7 this “supersense” and depend heavily on this form of communication. Particularly, cats use scent to identify members of their social group or family, by sharing a group scent profile. Cats have specific scent glands on their flanks, head and around their ears, and often rub their heads against people and objects that are familiar and 8 . The soft sensation you feel against your calves is actually your cat 9 you as a friend and is a huge compliment. One of the most signs that your beloved pet is keen on you, is the way your cat greets you. When cats greet members of their social group, they 10 to show signals to indicate friendship and a desire to move closer. Also, Cats show these signals to humans. Rolling over and 11 their vulnerable under belly to you is another distinct gesture that a cat has ultimate faith in you. Besides, your cat might also be secretly signalling their affection by changing the way they look at you. When cats 12 strange humans or other cats they aren’t familiar with, they usually greet them with an 13 stare. But they are more likely to slowly blink at cats they have a good relationship with. Research indicates slow blinks are 14 a positive emotional state and can be a sign of trust, contentment and affection, 15 to a genuine human smile. 1．A．however B．meanwhile C．besides D．otherwise 2．A．put B．rest C．calculate D．stick 3．A．company B．edge C．resolution D．affection 4．A．weakened B．affected C．worsened D．strengthened 5．A．distanced B．perceived C．bonded D．appealed 6．A．physiologically B．physically C．psychologically D．realistically 7．A．ignored B．abandoned C．overlooked D．possessed 8．A．comforting B．exhausting C．enduring D．charming 9．A．demanding B．approaching C．identifying D．defining 10．A．prepare B．tend C．wish D．contribute 11．A．exposing B．committing C．attaching D．pushing 12．A．knock B．bump C．encounter D．stare 13．A．unknown B．undecided C．unblinking D．uncertain 14．A．associated with B．addicted to C．adjusted to D．assumed to 15．A．critical B．similar C．grateful D．decent Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海奉贤区·期中)China becomes a world leader in clean technology by fighting environmental pollution, sharing experience. Erik Solheim, former executive director of the United Nations Environmental Programme, said he is 1 with China’s phenomenal achievements over the past decade in fighting environmental pollution and climate change, and in its march toward 2 development. This is very 3 to his Twitter followers. Solheim’s latest tweets include one about China ranking first globally in planted forests and forest coverage growth, 4 a quarter of the world’s new forests in the past decade; one about China producing 60 percent of global solar energy last year and 80 percent of solar panels; and another highlighting the fact that 80 percent of the world’s new offshore wind capacity was installed in China last year. He believes that it’s time for the rest of the world to 5 . For Solheim, who is also the former Norwegian Minister of the Environment and Minister of International Development, China’s achievements on the climate and environmental fronts all started with its fight against 6 . “People wanted to see beautiful skies over their cities,” he told China Daily. “The 7 fast reduction in air pollution in Chinese cities over the last decade shows how fast China can act. This has now spilled over into renewable energy, nature protection, electric mobility, tree planting and a lot more. Today, China is the world leader in all 8 technologies.” The latest 9 from China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment prove Solheim’s observations that the country is rapidly switching to a more sustainable path. Minister of Ecology and Environment Huang Runqiu told a news conference on Sept 15 that the country’s toughest measures and greatest progress on the ecological and environmental front have occurred in the last decade. He said that 10 painstaking efforts to combat pollution, clear waters and blue skies have become more commonplace. While poor air quality used to be a source of frequent public complaints, the average 11 of hazardous airborne PM2.5 particles dropped from 46 to 30 micrograms per cubic (立方的) meter between 2015 and last year. About 87.5 percent of days last year were rated as having good air quality, up 6.3 percentage points from 2015, making China the country with the biggest 12 in air quality in the world. In the last decade, the 13 of water at or above Grade III in the country’s five-tier water quality system rose 23.3 percentage points to 84.9 percent, close to the levels in developed countries. Carbon intensity, or carbon emissions per unit of GDP, has declined by 34.4 percent, with coal 14 for 56 percent of total energy consumption, compared to 68.5 percent a decade ago. China has has legislated or revised roughly 30 laws and regulations, some of which focused on water resource protection, including the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, which was modified in 2017, and the Yangtze River Protection Law, which 15 last year. 1．A．confused B．impressed C．obsessed D．connected 2．A．available B．accessible C．sustainable D．substantial 3．A．evident B．attractive C．invisible D．unique 4．A．donating B．contributing C．manufacturing D．distributing 5．A．fall behind B．put forward C．look up D．catch up 6．A．pollution B．environment C．ecology D．emission 7．A．probably B．inevitably C．incredibly D．traditionally 8．A．biological B．advanced C．far-reaching D．green 9．A．study B．figures C．technologies D．innovation 10．A．thanks to B．despite C．regardless of D．other than 11．A．height B．length C．concentration D．weight 12．A．obstacle B．improvement C．contribution D．cultivation 13．A．quality B．flavor C．deposit D．proportion 14．A．accounting B．making C．looking D．applying 15．A．took effect B．took place C．took to D．took in / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 完形填空 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海徐汇南洋中学·期中) Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit. The most recent research looking at the 1 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results. Researchers 2 direct links between higher consumption of over-processed foods and a greater risk of many health issues. These results are 3 earlier studies. Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients. In one of these studies, risk rose from 4 just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food. A separate study found that taking in just 20 percent of calories from these foods was linked to a 28 percent faster rate of cognitive 5 compared with people who ate less processed food. Also 6 is a study tracking about half a million people living in England, Scotland, and Wales that found the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food. While the exact cause-and-effect relationship is still unknown, the strongest evidence from prospective studies 7 the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future. It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. What the public may not appreciate, 8 , is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia. 9 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals, such as dopamine, which can negatively affect mental and emotional 10 . Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive. Over-processed foods have more in common with a(n) 11 than foods by Mother Nature. Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories. For most of human existence this helped us 12 . But in nature, foods are 13 modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts. You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat. That’s a distinctive 14 of over-processed foods. Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors, and our brain simply 15 these foods. 1．A．recipe B．flavor C．preparation D．impact 2．A．promoted B．identified C．evaluated D．dismissed 3．A．contrary to B．consistent with C．concerned about D．dependent on 4．A．consuming B．calculating C．reducing D．burning 5．A．improvement B．advantage C．quality D．decline 6．A．reassuring B．contradictory C．alarming D．sustainable 7．A．goes against B．casts doubt on C．leans towards D．puts forward 8．A．however B．therefore C．by chance D．for instance 9．A．Decorations B．Additives C．Options D．Contributors 10．A．problem B．capacity C．outburst D．well-being 11．A．appetizer B．cigarette C．dessert D．snack 12．A．survive B．emerge C．venture D．mature 13．A．still B．barely C．only D．rather 14．A．nutrition B．taste C．dish D．characteristic 15．A．gains insight into B．loses control over C．shows concern for D．gets hold of 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．C 8．A 9．B 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。研究表明，过度加工食品对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近关于过度加工食品影响的研究发现了最深远的结果。A. recipe烹饪；B. flavor味道；C. preparation准备；D. impact影响。根据前文“Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit.”可知，尽管许多过度加工的食物可以满足人们对甜食、高脂肪、高盐食物的渴望，但研究表明这些食物对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响。说明过度加工食品对健康是有影响的，故此处指对过度加工食品的影响的研究，故答案为D。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现过度加工食品的高消耗和许多健康问题的高风险之间存在直接联系。A. promoted提升；B. identified确认；C. evaluated评估；D. dismissed解雇。根据前文“The most recent research looking at the 　　1　　 of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results.”可知，研究者研究了过度加工食物的影响，故此处指发现了过度加工食品的高消耗和许多健康问题的高风险之间存在直接联系，故选B。 3．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这些结果与早期的研究一致。A. contrary to相反的；B. consistent with一致的；C. concerned about关心的；D. dependent on依靠的。根据后文“Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients.”可知，发表在《营养》杂志上的一项分析，富含这些食物的饮食与更大的抑郁和焦虑风险有关，说明这些结果与早期的研究一致，故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在其中一项研究中，从过度加工的食物中摄入33%的热量会增加患病风险。A. consuming消耗，吃，喝；B. calculating计算；C. reducing减少；D. burning燃烧。根据空后“just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food.”可知，此处指从过度加工的食物中摄入33%的热量就会增加患病风险，故选A。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一项独立研究发现，与较少食用加工食品的人相比，从这些食物中仅摄入20%热量的人认知能力下降的速度要快28%。A. improvement提升；B. advantage优势；C. quality质量；D. decline下降。根据前文“Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit.”可知，尽管许多过度加工的食物可以满足人们对甜食、高脂肪、高盐食物的渴望，但研究表明这些食物对心脏和大脑尤其有害，情绪和认知会受到影响，故说明从这些食物中仅摄入20%热量的人认知能力下降的速度要快28%。故答案为D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同样令人担忧的是，一项追踪生活在英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士约50万人的研究发现，消耗的过度加工食品每增加10%，患痴呆症的风险就会增加25%。A. reassuring可靠的；B. contradictory矛盾的；C. alarming令人担忧的；D. sustainable可维持的。根据后文“the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food.”可知，消耗的过度加工食品每增加10%，患痴呆症的风险就会增加25%，这是令人担忧的，故选C。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：虽然确切的因果关系仍然未知，但前瞻性研究的最有力证据倾向于这样一种观点，即食用大量过度加工食品会增加未来患抑郁症的风险。A. goes against违背；B. casts doubt on怀疑；C. leans towards倾向于；D. puts forward提出。根据空后“the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future”可知，前瞻性研究的最有力证据倾向于这样一种观点，即食用大量过度加工食品会增加未来患抑郁症的风险，故选为C。 8．考查副词和介词短语词义辨析。句意：然而，公众可能不知道的是，所有这些情况都会通过增加患痴呆症的风险来影响大脑。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. by chance偶然；D. for instance例如。根据空前“It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes.”和本句“What the public may not appreciate, 　　8　　, is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the risk for dementia.”可知，前后句是转折关系：众所周知，吃太多盐或糖与高血压和二型糖尿病有关，然而公众可能不知道的是，所有这些情况都会通过增加患痴呆症的风险来影响大脑，故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：某些人工甜味剂等添加剂也可能干扰大脑化学物质（如多巴胺）的产生和释放，从而对精神和情绪健康产生负面影响。A. Decorations装饰；B. Additives添加剂；C. Options选择；D. Contributors贡献者。根据空后“such as certain artificial sweeteners”可知，人工甜味剂是一种添加剂，故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. problem问题；B. capacity能力；C. outburst爆发；D. well-being健康。根据前文“　　9　　 such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals”可知，某些人工甜味剂等添加剂也可能干扰大脑化学物质（如多巴胺）的产生和释放，从而对精神和情绪健康产生负面影响，故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：比起大自然的食物，过度加工的食物与香烟更相似。A. appetizer开胃小吃；B. cigarette香烟；C. dessert点心；D. snack零食。根据前文“Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive.”可知，过度加工食品的另一个问题是它们可能会上瘾，说明它和香烟一样让人上瘾，故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在人类存在的大部分时间里，这帮助我们生存下来。A. survive存活；B. emerge出现；C. venture敢于冒险；D. mature成熟。根据前文“Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories.”可知，人类已经进化到对甜食、高脂肪和高热量的食物做出反应，说明在人类存在的大部分时间里，这帮助我们生存下来，故选A。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但是在自然界中，仅仅只有一些食物的含糖量不高，比如浆果，脂肪含量也不高，比如坚果。A. still仍然；B. barely几乎不；C. only仅仅；D. rather相当。根据空后“modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts.”可知，但是在自然界中，仅仅只有浆果的含糖量不高，坚果的脂肪含量不高，故答案为C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是过度加工食品的一个显著特征。A. nutrition营养；B. taste口味；C. dish菜；D. characteristic特点。根据上文“You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat.”可知，你不会发现高糖和高脂肪的食物，说明这是过度加工食品的一个显著特征，故答案为D。 15．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：再加上盐、人工调味品和鲜艳的颜色，我们的大脑就会失去对这些食物的控制。A. gains insight into洞察到；B. loses control over失去对…的控制；C. shows concern for对…表示关心；D. gets hold of得到。根据上文“Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors,”可知，再加上盐、人工调味品和鲜艳的颜色，说明我们的大脑就会被这些食物所吸引，失去对这些食物的控制，故答案为B。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海洋泾中学·期中) Most of us know someone who is always late — a person who seems to have a chronic blind spot when it comes to timekeeping. It can become a source of jokey banter (无恶意的玩笑) among friends, but in another context it can have serious and stressful 1 from being late for work, meetings to missing flights and doctors’ appointments. There could be various reasons why you’re 2 late. First, you could just be really relaxed. This might be linked to the way you were 3 — perhaps you inherited your parents’ relaxed attitude to timekeeping. This might have something to do with your 4 heritage (遗产), too. For instance, there’s evidence that people in some countries, such as Brazil, tend to be much less 5 than those in America. Zooming in on some specific psychological processes, you could be what some psychologists call a “time 6 ” — that is, you tend to underestimate how long things will take. A related issue is procrastination. Getting to places on time means being able to stop what you’re doing and prepare to 7 . Being a procrastinator might affect your ability to do that in a timely fashion. Another 8 reason that could contribute to your problem, at least in some contexts, is 9 with particular routes — the walk to your local bus stop, for example, or across campus from your halls of residence to a lecture theatre. A fascinating study by psychologists at the University of California and University College London found that we tend to 10 the time it will take us to traverse (横越) highly familiar physical spaces. One final causal factor to consider is whether you are 11 to arrive early. Of course, it’s very difficult to plan to arrive anywhere exactly on time, so being punctual usually means being early. You might not even 12 it at a conscious level, but perhaps you hate waiting around. If these reasons 13 you can begin to address them. One simple, powerful step you can take is to make a firm 14 not to just be on time, but to be early. Get into the habit of breaking down, in realistic detail, how long it’ll take to get to where you need to be, then add on a generous buffer — say, 15 minutes. The longer the journey, the longer you should make the buffer. If you hate the idea of 15 , think about how you’ll spend all this extra waiting time — catch up with text messages, play online chess or get stuck into a language-learning app, for example. 1．A．consequences B．experiences C．associations D．scenery 2．A．deliberately B．routinely C．preferably D．ritually 3．A．introduced B．accepted C．raised D．trained 4．A．global B．cultural C．environmental D．natural 5．A．outgoing B．diligent C．patient D．tense 6．A．achiever B．professional C．wanderer D．optimist 7．A．abandon B．overturn C．depart D．deposit 8．A．general B．professional C．particular D．mental 9．A．association B．uniformity C．overfamiliarity D．similarity 10．A．assess B．overlook C．underestimate D．overstate 11．A．anxious B．reluctant C．determined D．thrilled 12．A．tackle B．detect C．justify D．neglect 13．A．resolve B．refer C．accumulate D．exist 14．A．appointment B．commitment C．statement D．transition 15．A．catching up B．holding out C．meeting up D．hanging around 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．D 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．C 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们经常迟到的原因及其解决方法，包括心理因素、文化背景和个人习惯等。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在朋友之间，这可能成为一种无恶意玩笑的来源，但在另一种情况下，它可能导致严重的和压力重重的后果，比如工作迟到、错过航班和医生的预约。A. consequences后果；B. experiences经历；C. associations联想；D. scenery风景。根据后文“from being late for work, meetings to missing flights and doctors’ appointments”可知，这里讨论的是迟到可能带来的严重的后果。故选A。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：你经常迟到的原因可能有很多。A. deliberately故意地；B. routinely惯常地；C. preferably更喜欢地；D. ritually仪式性地。 根据前文“Most of us know someone who is always late”可知，这里讨论的是一个人经常性的行为模式，即习惯性迟到。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可能与你的成长方式有关——也许你继承了父母对时间管理的放松态度。A. introduced介绍；B. accepted接受；C. raised抚养；D. trained训练。根据后文“perhaps you inherited your parents’ relaxed attitude to timekeeping”可知，你可能继承了父母对时间管理的放松态度，所以是跟你被抚养的方式有关。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这也可能与你的文化背景有关。A. global全球的；B. cultural文化的；C. environmental环境的；D. natural自然的。根据后文“For instance, there’s evidence that people in some countries, such as Brazil, tend to be much less 　　5　　 than those in America”可知，作者用巴西和美国举例，是因为这两个地方的文化不同。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，有证据表明，在一些国家，如巴西的人们往往比美国的人们紧张感要少得多。A. outgoing外向的；B. diligent勤奋的；C. patient耐心的；D. tense紧张的。根据前文“you inherited your parents’ relaxed attitude to timekeeping”可知，本段主要讲述你可能是时间观念松散的人，而时间观念松散的人是不紧张的。故选D。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：聚焦于某些特定的心理过程，你可能是心理学家所说的“时间乐观主义者”——也就是说，你倾向于低估完成事情所需的时间。A. achiever成功者；B. professional专业人士；C. wanderer流浪者；D. optimist乐观主义者。根据后文“you tend to underestimate how long things will take”可知，低估事情需要多长时间，也就是总觉得时间很多，所以是“时间乐观主义者”。故选D。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：按时到达某个地方意味着能够停止正在做的事情并准备出发。A. abandon放弃；B. overturn推翻；C. depart出发；D. deposit存入。根据前文“Getting to places on time means being able to stop what you’re doing”可知，准时到达某地，意味着停止你正在做的事情，准备出发。故选C。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一个可能导致你的问题的特定原因，至少在某些情况下，是对特定路线的过度熟悉——例如，步行到当地公交车站，或者从宿舍穿过校园到演讲厅。A. general普遍的；B. professional专业的；C. particular特定的；D. mental心理的。根据后文“with particular routes — the walk to your local bus stop, for example, or across campus from your halls of residence to a lecture theatre”可知，文中提到的是具体的情景，即对特定路径的熟悉度导致的特定原因。故选C。 9． 考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. association联系；B. uniformity一致性；C. overfamiliarity过度熟悉；D. similarity相似性。根据后文“traverse (横越) highly familiar physical spaces”可知，这里强调的是对特定路线的过度熟悉。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：加州大学和伦敦大学学院的心理学家进行了一项有趣的研究，发现我们往往会低估穿越高度熟悉的物理空间所需的时间。A. assess评估；B. overlook忽视；C. underestimate低估；D. overstate夸大。根据前文“There could be various reasons why you’re 　　　2　　 late”及“you tend to underestimate how long things will take”可知，此处是在讲述迟到的原因，所以应是低估了穿越高度熟悉的物理空间所需的时间，导致迟到。故选C。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后一个需要考虑的因果因素是你是否不愿意提前到达。A. anxious焦虑的；B. reluctant不情愿的；C. determined坚定的；D. thrilled激动的。根据后文“but perhaps you hate waiting around.”可知，你可能讨厌等待，所以是不愿意提前到达。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你甚至可能没有意识到这一点，但在潜意识里，你可能不喜欢等待。A. tackle处理；B. detect察觉；C. justify证明……正当；D. neglect忽视。根据后文“at a conscious level, but perhaps you hate waiting around”可知，这种不喜欢等待的情绪可能是潜意识中的，此处指没有意识到这一点。故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果这些原因存在，你可以开始解决它们。A. resolve解决；B. refer参考；C. accumulate积累；D. exist存在。根据后文“you can begin to address them”可知，应是存在问题，才能开始解决问题。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可以采取的一个简单而有力的步骤就是坚定地承诺，不仅要准时，而且要早到。A. appointment约会；B. commitment承诺；C. statement陈述；D. transition过渡。根据后文“not to just be on time, but to be early”可知，不仅要准时，而且要早到，应是一种承诺。故选B。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果你不喜欢闲逛等待，想想你会如何利用所有这些额外的等待时间——例如，回复短信、玩在线国际象棋或深入学习一门语言应用程序等。A. catching up赶上；B. holding out坚持；C. meeting up会面；D. hanging around闲逛。根据前文“perhaps you hate waiting around”及后文“think about how you’ll spend all this extra waiting time — catch up with text messages, play online chess or get stuck into a language-learning app, for example”可知，此处是在讲述如何度过额外的等待时间，所以“闲逛”符合语境。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海嘉定区封浜高级中学·期中)Why girls do better at school than boys? For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly 1 countries in Europe and North America, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science. Boys still get somewhat better 2 at maths and physics, and in other science courses the genders are roughly 3 . But when it comes to the students who really struggle and suffer at school, the difference is 4 : boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. 5 , why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates? First, girls read more than boys. Reading proficiency (熟练) is the basis upon which all other learning is built. When boys don’t do well in reading, their 6 in other school subjects suffers too. Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning. 7 , girls spend five and a half hours per week doing homework while boys spend a little less than four and a half hours. Researchers suggest that doing homework 8 by teachers is linked to better accomplishment in maths, reading and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the 9 world; they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third, peer 10 plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity (男子气概) that includes a disregard for 11 , which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous (匿名的) tests, boys perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading 12 by a third when teachers don’t know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. And offering boys a 13 to read non-fiction would help too: they’re keener on comics and newspapers. But most of all, abandoning gender stereotypes (旧模式) would 14 all students. Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 15 boys from anywhere else in the world. 1．A．awkward B．wealthy C．patriotic D．rotten 2．A．scores B．database C．shelter D．wisdom 3．A．fashionable B．reliable C．relevant D．equal 4．A．stable B．vague C．obvious D．logical 5．A．However B．In addition C．Similarly D．Instead 6．A．intention B．comment C．preparation D．performance 7．A．In brief B．On average C．On the contrary D．In addition 8．A．researched B．designed C．assigned D．assumed 9．A．virtual B．realistic C．reusable D．artificial 10．A．process B．disaster C．responsibility D．pressure 11．A．experts B．authorities C．adults D．peers 12．A．develops B．widens C．narrows D．forms 13．A．chance B．volunteer C．favour D．resource 14．A．melt B．survive C．threaten D．benefit 15．A．purchase B．overtake C．hire D．challenge 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要分析了学校女生比男生表现好的现状和原因，并就如何缩小差距提出了相应的建议。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个主要由欧洲和北美富裕国家组成的俱乐部OECD的一项新研究调查了15岁的男孩和女孩在阅读、数学和科学方面的表现。A. awkward令人尴尬的、笨拙的；B. wealthy富有的、富裕的；C. patriotic爱国的；D. rotten腐败的、腐烂的。根据句中“Europe and North America(欧洲和北美洲)”可知，这两大洲的国家都是发达富裕的国家。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：男生在数学和物理上的分数仍然略高，在其他科学课程上，性别大致相当。A. scores分数；B. database数据库；C. shelter避难所；D. wisdom智慧。根据上句“examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics and science.(研究了15岁的男孩和女孩在阅读、数学和科学方面的表现)”可知，OECD对男女生测试的是他们在阅读、数学和科学方面的学科成绩，即学科分数。故选A。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：男生在数学和物理上的分数仍然略高，在其他科学课程上，性别大致相当。A. fashionable时尚的；B. reliable可靠的、可信赖的；C. relevant有关的；D. equal平等的、相等的。根据句中“Boys still get somewhat better　2 at maths and physics”可知，在数学和物理上男生成绩略高，在其它科学上课程应该男女生没有明显差异，即大致相等。故选D。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但对于那些在学校里真正挣扎和痛苦的学生来说，区别是显而易见的。A. stable稳定的；B. vague不明确的、模糊的；C. obvious显而易见的；D. logical合情合理的。根据空处后“boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas.(男孩在这三个领域达不到基本标准的可能性比女孩高出50%)”可知，空处后清楚具体地表明了那些学生的区别，说明区别是很显而易见的。故选C。 5．考查副词词词义辨析。句意：然而，为什么女生在学校的表现比男生好呢？A. However然而；B. In addition此外；C. Similarly相似地、同样；D. Instead反而。根据文章开头“For centuries, boys were top of the class.(几个世纪以来，男生都是班里的尖子生)”和本句中“why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates?”可知，自古以来人们都认为男生比女生学习好，但是现在女生表现却比男生更好，与前文构成转折关系。故选A。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当男生在阅读方面表现不好时，他们在学校其他科目上的表现也会受到影响。A. intention意图，目的；B. comment评论；C. preparation准备；D. performance表现。根据第一段“why are girls performing better at school than their male classmates?(为什么女生在学校的表现比男生好？)”和本句中“When boys don’t do well in reading”可知，第二段主要分析了女生在学校表现比男生更好的一个原因是与阅读相关的，男生阅读方面不好的话，就会影响其它学科，其它学科的表现也就不会太好。故选D。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：通常情况下，女生每周花五个半小时做作业，而男生花不到四个半小时。A. In brief简而言之；B. On average通常情况下；C. On the contrary相反地；D. In addition此外。根据上句“Second, girls spend much more time on their homework and out-of-class learning.(其次，女孩花更多的时间在家庭作业和课外学习上)”和本句对男女生每周做作业时间的具体描述可知，这应该是他们通常情况下所花费的时间，证明了女生花在作业和课外学习上的时间要更多。故选B。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员认为，完成老师布置的家庭作业有助于学生在数学、阅读和科学方面取得更好的成绩。A. researched研究；B. designed设计；C. assigned分配，指定；D. assumed假设。根据句中“homework”可知，家庭作业一般都是由老师来指定、布置的。故选C。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：男生似乎把更多的空闲时间花在了虚拟世界上。A. virtual虚拟的；B. realistic现实的；C. reusable可再利用的；D. artificial人工的。根据文“they are 17% more likely to play cooperative online games than girls every day. They also use the internet more.(他们每天玩合作网络游戏的可能性比女孩高17%，他们也更多地使用互联网)”可知，男生空闲时间更喜欢上网打游戏，把时间花在了虚拟世界上。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第三，同伴压力也是一个重要因素。A. process进程、过程；B. disaster灾难；C. responsibility责任；D. pressure压力。根据下文“A lot of boys decide early on that they are just too cool for school. They adopt a so-called concept of masculinity(男子气概) that includes a disregard for　11　, which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class.很多男孩刚入学时会认为自己很酷，不需要上学。他们采用了一种所谓的男子气概概念，其中包括无视权威，这意味着他们更有可能在课堂上粗鲁和吵闹)”可知，男生们之间会彼此影响，上课吵闹、不爱学习，这种同伴之间的压力会导致他们表现不如女生。故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们采用了一种所谓的男子气概概念，其中包括无视权威，这意味着他们更有可能在课堂上粗鲁和吵闹。A. experts专家；B. authorities权威人士；C. adults成年人；D. peers同龄人。根据下句“Teachers mark them down for this.(老师会因此给他们打低分)”和“which means they’re more likely to be rude and noisy in class.”可知，在学校对学生而言，老师是有权威的，会因为他们在课堂上不遵守纪律或是吵闹给他们打低分，而这些男生会无视老师的权威，在课堂上吵闹。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，如果老师在改卷过程中不被告知学生的性别，男女生阅读课的成绩差距可能会缩小三分之一。A. develops发展；B. widens扩大；C. narrows缩小、使变窄；D. forms形成。根据上句“In anonymous(匿名的) tests, boys perform better.(在匿名测试中，男生表现更好)”可知，在匿名测试中，老师不知道学生的性别，男生的成绩就会更好一些，这样与女生的成绩差距应该就会缩小了。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：给男孩们提供阅读非小说类书籍的机会也会有所帮助。A. chance机会；B. volunteer志愿者；C. favour支持、帮助；D. resource资源。根据上文“So what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. ”和下句“they’re keener on comics and newspapers.(他们更喜欢看漫画和报纸)”可知，这里是指要让男生更喜欢看漫画和报纸这类非小说类书籍，应该给他们提供这种阅读的机会，会有所帮助。故选A. 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但最重要的是，摒弃对学生性别的偏见将使所有学生受益。A. melt融化；B. survive存活；C. threaten威胁；D. benefit使受益。根据下句“Thus, boys in all countries with the best schools read much better than girls. As we know, girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics, and they 　15　boys from anywhere else in the world.(因此，在所有拥有最好学校的国家里，男生的阅读能力都比女孩好得多。正如我们所知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女生擅长数学，她们超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生)”可知，摒弃对学生的性别偏见，可以看到男女生都各自有优秀的表现，说明这对所有学生都是有益处的。故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：正如我们所知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女生擅长数学，她们超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生。A. purchase购买；B. overtake超过，超越；C. hire雇佣、租用；D. challenge挑战。根据句中“girls in Shanghai, Singapore and Seoul are good at mathematics”和常识可知，上海、新加坡和首尔的女孩擅长数学，比男生优秀，超过了世界上其他任何地方的男生。故选B。 主题02 人与社会-社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中)The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of buildings. Today, thousands of people come to 1 building conferences, and the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly 2 in years to come. Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 3 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 4 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So for 20 years, we’ve been looking for ways to make these materials 5 for people and the planet. Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints, that release significantly 6 amounts of chemical compounds, which people believe don’t 7 the quality of the air. 8 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 9 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or 10 by industry again and again. For example, the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already 11 a carpet that is fully and safely recyclable. Look at it this way: no one 12 to create a building that destroy the planet. But our current industrial systems are basically causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 13 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 14 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 15 effect on the world. It is not just the building industry, either. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. 1．A．commercial B．green C．traditional D．simple 2．A．efficient B．changeable C．influential D．effective 3．A．relevant B．indoor C．flexible D．outdoor 4．A．revealed B．demonstrated C．exhibited D．discovered 5．A．careful B．comfortable C．stable D．safe 6．A．reduced B．revised C．delayed D．defined 7．A．destroy B．deny C．dissolve D．depress 8．A．Therefore B．Besides C．Instead D．However 9．A．exactly B．completely C．partially D．superficially 10．A．restored B．regained C．reused D．replaced 11．A．developed B．stretched C．researched D．constructed 12．A．sets in B．sets about C．sets out D．sets up 13．A．instead B．because C．out D．regardless 14．A．adjusting B．adopting C．adapting D．admitting 15．A．functional B．sensible C．beneficial D．precious 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．A 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了环保建筑的设计理念与实践，强调建筑应有益于人类和环境，指出过去建筑装饰产品设计与制造上的问题，并介绍现在人们正在寻找和开发环保建材，以及设计可循环利用的健康材料，强调整个建筑行业乃至城市设计、规划和建设都应采取这些环保方法。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：今天，成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。A. commercial商业的；B. green绿色的，环境保护的；C. traditional传统的；D. simple简单的。根据后文“buildings can be good for people and the environment”可知，建筑对人类和环境有益，说明是绿色（环保）建筑会议。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：今天，成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。A. efficient效率高的；B. changeable变化的；C. influential有影响力的；D. effective有效的。根据上文“Today, thousands of people come to____1____building conferences,”可知，如今有成千上万的人参加绿色建筑会议，所以作者预测建筑对人类和环境有益的想法在未来几年将越来越有影响力。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：早在1984年，我们就发现大多数用于装饰的产品并不是为室内使用而设计的。A. relevant有关的；B. indoor室内的；C. flexible灵活的；D. outdoor户外的。根据后文“indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet.”可知，装饰室内的产品会引发空气质量问题，此处指早在1984年，就已经发现用于装饰的产品并不是为室内使用而设计的。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：20世纪70年代能源危机后建造的“节能”密封商业建筑暴露出由油漆、墙面和地毯等材料引起的室内空气质量问题。A. revealed揭露；B. demonstrated证明，演示；C. exhibited展示；D. discovered发现。根据后文宾语“indoor air quality problems”可知，指暴露出了室内空气质量问题。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，20年来，我们一直在寻找使这些材料对人类和地球安全的方法。A. careful仔细的；B. comfortable舒服的；C. stable稳定的；D. safe安全的。根据上文“The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis  ____4____  indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet.”可知，早期油漆、墙面和地毯等材料引起的室内空气质量问题，所以，20年来我们一直寻找对人类和地球安全的方法。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：房屋建筑商现在可以使用绿色涂料等材料，这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，人们认为这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。A. reduced减少的；B. revised改进的；C. delayed延时的；D. defined外形清晰的。根据上文“Home builders can now use materials, such as green paints”以及后文“amounts of chemical compounds”可知，使用绿色涂料等材料，会让这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：房屋建筑商现在可以使用绿色涂料等材料，这些材料释放的化合物数量大大减少，人们认为这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。A. destroy破坏；B. deny否定；C. dissolve解散；D. depress使沮丧。根据后文“the quality of the air”以及前文的“which”可知，此处指的是上文提到的绿色涂料材料释放的化合物数量大大减少的情况，所以是这些化合物不会破坏空气质量。故选A。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. Therefore因此；B. Besides此外；C. Instead相反；D. However然而。结合前后文语境可知此处为转折关系，应用however。故选D。 9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. exactly恰好地；B. completely完全地；C. partially部分地；D. superficially肤浅地。根据后文“that can be either safely returned to the soil or ____10____ by industry again and again”可知，此处提到“这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用”，所以是创造完全健康的材料。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们的基本设计策略不仅仅是专注于“不那么糟糕”，而是创造完全健康的材料，这些材料既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。A. restored恢复；B. regained重新获得；C. reused再用；D. replaced取代。根据上文“healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or”可知，此处是在说明这种材料的好处，既可以安全地返回土壤，也可以一次又一次地被工业重复使用。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，世界上最大的地毯制造商已经开发出一种完全安全可回收的地毯。A. developed开发，研制；B. stretched拉长；C. researched研究；D. constructed建造。根据前文“the world’s largest carpet manufacturer”可知，指世界上最大的地毯制造商已经开发出一种完全安全可回收的地毯。故选A。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从这个角度来看：没有人打算建造一座摧毁地球的建筑。A. sets in嵌入，缝入；B. sets about着手，开始；C. sets out（怀着目标）开始工作；D. sets up建立。根据后文“to create a building that destroy the planet”指打算建造一座摧毁地球的建筑应用set out to do sth.(开始做某事)，set about一般加名词或动名词作宾语。故选C。 13．考查连词和副词词义辨析。句意：因此，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。A. instead相反；B. because因为；C. out出去；D. regardless不管。根据后文“of simply trying to reduce the damage”可知，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。为短语instead of表示“而不是”。故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，我们不是简单地试图减少损害，而是采取一种积极的方法。A. adjusting适应；B. adopting采取；C. adapting改编；D. admitting承认。根据后文“a positive approach”可知，此处表示采取积极的方法对建筑进行改造。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们为人们提供高质量、健康的产品，让人们有机会做出对世界有益的选择。A. functional实用的；B. sensible理智的；C. beneficial有益的；D. precious宝贵的。根据上文“healthful products and an opportunity to make choices”以及后文“Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. ”可知，整个城市都在采用这些对环境有益的方法进行设计、规划和建设，是因为我们为人们提供了高质量、健康的产品，由此让人们有机会做出对世界有益的选择。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海同济大学第二附属中学·期中)At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky. Why are drone shows 1 ? Supporters claim fireworks are bad for people, animals and the environment and that it’s time for a change. Bill Bateman, a professor of life sciences, 2 the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding. Part of the issue results from the startle 3 , a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 4 . Such reactions help animals and humans respond to danger, make them more alert and help them 5 their weakest parts. Bateman explains that the sounds and flashes of light associated with the explosions lead to the startle response in animals, causing their suffering and even deaths. Young cranes (鹤), for example, have been recorded leaping from their 6 in response to loud noises even though they cannot fly. Humans experience the startle response, too. How 7 one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors. In fact, an overactive startle response is used to diagnose post-traumatic 8 disorder (PTSD). There are also plenty of other health reasons to avoid fireworks. The U.S. recorded 9,700 injuries and eight deaths from fireworks in 2023 alone-most due to misuse. Though 9 use of fireworks is often the major contributor, around 18% of all fireworks on the market in 2023 didn’t meet safety standards, putting even experienced operators at risk. Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world. Heat waves, combined with more 10 and widespread droughts, are making things worse. And scientists predict more of the same as the world warms. Add fireworks to the 11 , and it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires. Fireworks 12 other problems, releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water. These impacts contribute to respiratory (呼吸的) diseases and other health conditions. The reasons to cancel fireworks displays seem clear, but are drone shows the solution? These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases. 13 , drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air. Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts is still in its 14 . But for now, at least, the shows seem to be more environmentally friendly. The fact that drones can be reused also makes them a more 15 alternative to traditional fireworks. 1．A．on the rise B．in the way C．off the track D．under the table 2．A．compliments B．notes C．abandons D．prohibits 3．A．experience B．movement C．response D．condition 4．A．decline B．cease C．stabilize D．race 5．A．protect B．expose C．abandon D．correct 6．A．lab B．nest C．feet D．turns 7．A．naturally B．frequently C．easily D．necessarily 8．A．pressure B．resolution C．stress D．solution 9．A．exceptional B．delicate C．desperate D．amateur 10．A．foreseeable B．natural C．preventable D．frequent 11．A．mix B．waves C．prediction D．world 12．A．persist in B．leave behind C．compete with D．set out 13．A．However B．Rather C．Besides D．Therefore 14．A．infancy B．favor C．process D．capacity 15．A．unappealing B．sustainable C．affordable D．credible 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 12．B 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了世界各地烟花表演正被无人机表演所取代的现象，分析了烟花对环境、动物和人类健康的不良影响，以及无人机表演相对环保的优势。 1．考查介词短语辨析。句意：为什么无人机展越来越多？A. on the rise在上升；B. in the way挡道；C. off the track偏离轨道；D. under the table秘密地。根据前文“At events around the world, fireworks shows are being replaced with large numbers of drones that create animated (栩栩如生的) images in the night sky.”可知，越来越多的烟花表演正在被大量在夜空中创造动画图像的无人机所取代，所以是在问为什么无人机展越来越多。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：生命科学教授Bill Bateman指出，烟花具有“高度破坏性”的影响——把鸟巢里的鸟类吓跑，用突然发出的光和噪音打扰其他动物，甚至影响动物繁殖。A. compliments称赞；B. notes指出；C. abandons放弃；D. prohibits禁止。根据后文“the “highly damaging” impacts of fireworks - scaring birds from nests, disturbing other animals with their sudden light and noise, and even affecting animal breeding.”可知，此处应是Bill Bateman教授指出烟花的危害。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. experience经验；B. movement运动；C. response回应；D. condition状况。根据后文“a whole-body reaction that causes the muscles to swiftly contract, the eyes to blink (眨眼), and the pulse to 　　　4　　　.”可知，此处描述的是一种惊吓反应。故选C项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：问题的部分原因是惊吓反应，这是一种全身反应，导致肌肉迅速收缩，眼睛眨眼，脉搏加速。A. decline下降；B. cease停止；C. stabilize稳定；D. race急速跳动。根据前文“Part of the issue results from the startle 　　　3　　　,”可知，在描述一种惊吓反应，结合常识，被惊吓时，脉搏应是加速的。故选D项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种反应有助于动物和人类对危险做出反应，使他们更加警觉，并帮助他们保护自己最薄弱的部分。A. protect保护；B. expose暴露；C. abandon抛弃；D. correct纠正。根据前文“make them more alert”以及后文“their weakest parts”可知，动物更警觉，应是保护自己最薄弱的部分。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，有记录显示，年幼的白鹤即使不会飞，也会因听到巨大的噪音而从巢中跳起。A. lab实验室；B. nest巢穴；C. feet脚；D. turns转弯。根据前文“Young cranes”可知，年幼的白鹤应是在巢中，所以是从巢中跳起。故选B项。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素。A. naturally自然地；B. frequently频繁地；C. easily容易地；D. necessarily必要地。根据后文“one is startled can depend on mental health conditions and genetic factors”可知，此处指“一个人受到惊吓的容易程度取决于心理健康状况和遗传因素”之意。故选C项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，过度活跃的惊吓反应被用来诊断创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。A. pressure压力；B. resolution决心；C. stress压力(心理)；D. solution解决方案。根据后文的“PTSD”结合常识可知，其中的S指的是“stress压力(心理)”。故选C项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管业余燃放的烟花通常是主要原因，但到2023年，市场上约有18%的烟花不符合安全标准，即使是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险。A. exceptional杰出的；B. delicate精致的；C. desperate绝望的；D. amateur业余的。根据后文“putting even experienced operators at risk”以及前文的though可知，此处是though引导的让步状语从句，前后是转折关系，后文讲述的是经验丰富的操作员也面临风险，所以空处应是业余燃放的烟花。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：热浪，加上更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。A. foreseeable可预见的；B. natural自然的；C. preventable可预防的；D. frequent频繁的。根据前文“Those dangers are even greater in an age of climate change and warming world”以及后文“are making things worse”可知，目前，我们处于气候变化和全球变暖的时代，所以是更频繁和更广泛的干旱，使情况变得更糟。故选D项 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：再加上烟花，这就是野火的完美配方。A. mix混合；B. waves波浪；C. prediction预测；D. world世界。根据后文“it’s a perfect recipe for wildfires”可知，全球变暖，物质干燥，加上烟花混合，就是野火的完美配方。故选A项。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：烟花爆竹还会带来其他问题，向空气、土壤和水中释放大量污染物。A. persist in坚持；B. leave behind留下；C. compete with与......竞争；D. set out出发。根据后文“releasing large amounts of pollutants into the air, soil and water”可知，这是烟花爆竹留下的其他问题。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，无人机可能会在空中与野生动物相撞。A. However然而；B. Rather宁愿；C. Besides此外；D. Therefore因此。根据前文“These displays still create light pollution, and involve the production of greenhouse gases.”以及后文“drones can collide (相撞) with wildlife in the air”可知，前后文都在讲述无人机的危害，是并列关系，用Besides修饰。故选C项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无人机对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。A. infancy初期；B. favor偏爱；C. process过程；D. capacity能力。根据前文“Research on drones’ environmental and wildlife impacts”结合实际可知，无人机的流行并不是很久，所以对环境和野生动物影响的研究仍处于起步阶段。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无人机可以重复使用的事实也使它们成为传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。A. unappealing无吸引力的；B. sustainable可持续的；C. affordable负担得起的；D. credible可信的。根据前文“drones can be reused”可知，无人机可以重复使用，所以是传统烟花的更可持续的替代品。故选B项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海青浦高级中学·期中)A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a 1 delivering takeout. 2 describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere. They acknowledge that the change requires 3 , but say that it is worth escaping the spiritual draining of their former jobs. Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical 4 to the mental strain of reviewing design assignments she had not chosen. Many also say they are looking for light physical labor, not 5 work like construction or factory jobs. Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled, which 6 the prospect of upward mobility for a generation. The job-changing trend has 7 a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online. Critics accused supporters of wasting their parents’ investment and abandoning the 8 that helped build China into a superpower. Since then, competition for white-collar jobs has grown even more intense. A record number of students are expected to graduate from universities this year, but companies have 9 hiring. The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates. 10 , rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive. “The purpose of studying and accumulating knowledge is not to land an impressive job, but to have the bravery to 11 more possibilities,” reads the description for one online forum. Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a 12 . Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in. Some who left their higher-earning positions acknowledge that they do not know how long they will stay in their new occupations; some say they are now spending more than they earn. Online critics have commented the job switchers as 13 , suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them. But criticism has also flowed in the opposite direction: China’s state broadcaster recently blamed the unemployment problem partially on young, educated Chinese being too 14 to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled. Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be 15 . 1．A．construction worker B．sales manager C．postal clerk D．shop assistant 2．A．Receptionists B．Opponents C．Advocates D．Residents 3．A．commission B．devotion C．sacrifice D．passion 4．A．exhaustion B．exploitation C．exploration D．excursion 5．A．extensive B．expansive C．immersive D．intensive 6．A．dims B．dips C．draws D．drives 7．A．revised B．reviewed C．remembered D．revived 8．A．cautiousness B．curiosity C．industriousness D．intelligence 9．A．cut back on B．fell back on C．looked back on D．turned back on 10．A．Additionally B．Accordingly C．Still D．Nevertheless 11．A．achieve B．access C．accept D．adapt 12．A．minority B．minimum C．majority D．maximum 13．A．native B．naive C．novel D．noble 14．A．earnest B．desperate C．unwilling D．vulnerable 15．A．called off B．turned off C．shaken off D．taken off 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．A 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国年轻人从高压白领工作转向体力劳动的趋势及背后原因。 1．考查名词短语辨析。句意：社交媒体报道称，一名技术人员成为了杂货店收银员；会计在街边卖香肠；一个销售经理送外卖。A. construction worker建筑工人；B. sales manager销售经理；C. postal clerk邮局职员；D. shop assistant店员。根据上文“A phenomenon is attracting growing attention in China: young people trading high-pressure, decent white-collar jobs for manual labor. Social media have reported a tech worker becoming a grocery store cashier; an accountant selling street sausages; a”可知，年轻人放弃高压、体面的白领工作，转而从事体力劳动，所以四个选项中销售经理属于高压、体面的白领工作，此处指一个销售经理送外卖。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：支持者描述了可预测的工作时间和竞争较少的氛围带来的快乐。A. Receptionists接待员；B. Opponents反对者；C. Advocates支持者，拥护者；D. Residents居民。根据下文“describe the joy of predictable hours and a less competitive atmosphere.”可知，这里描述的是支持这种转变的人的观点。故选C。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们承认这种变化需要牺牲，但认为逃离以前工作的精神消耗是值得的。A. commission佣金；B. devotion奉献；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. passion激情。根据上文“They acknowledge that the change requires”可知，这里描述的是职业转变需要付出的代价、牺牲。故选C。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：刘女士更喜欢身体上的劳累，而不是审查她未选择的设计作业所带来的精神压力。A. exhaustion疲惫；B. exploitation剥削；C. exploration探索；D. excursion郊游。根据上文“Ms. Liu said she much preferred the physical”和下文“to the mental strain”可知，这里描述的是身体上的劳累，与下文的精神压力对比。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多人表示，他们正在寻找轻松的体力劳动，而不是像建筑或工厂工作那样高强度工作。A. extensive广泛的；B. expansive扩展的；C. immersive沉浸式的；D. intensive密集的。根据上文“Many also say they are looking for light physical labor”和下文“work like construction or factory jobs”可知，他们正在寻找轻松的体力劳动，而不是像建筑或工厂工作那样高强度工作。intensive work“高强度工作”。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：工作时间长，但经济陷入困境，这使一代人向上流动的前景变得暗淡。A. dims使暗淡；B. dips浸入；C. draws绘制；D. drives驱动。根据上文“Around the world, the coronavirus pandemic has spurred people to reassess the value of their work. Working hours are long but the economy is troubled”和下文“the prospect of upward mobility for a generation”可知，冠状病毒大流行促使人们重新评估自己工作的价值。工作时间长，但经济陷入困境，这里描述的是经济状况对职业发展的负面影响，使一代人向上流动的前景变得暗淡。故选A。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：职业转变的趋势使关于内卷无意义性的辩论复苏。A. revised修订；B. reviewed回顾；C. remembered记住；D. revived使复苏。根据下文“a debate about the futility (无效) of the rat race (内卷). Two years ago, a similar call to quit work and enjoy life, dubbed “lying flat,” spread widely online.”可知，两年前，一个类似的呼吁辞职享受生活的呼吁，被称为“躺平”，在网上广泛传播。这里描述的是这一话题重新引起关注，使关于内卷无意义性的辩论复苏。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：批评者指责支持者浪费了父母的投资，放弃了帮助中国成为超级大国的勤奋精神。A. cautiousness谨慎；B. curiosity好奇心；C. industriousness勤奋；D. intelligence智力。根据下文“that helped build China into a superpower.”可知，这里描述的是批评者对支持者的指责，指责这种做法放弃了帮助中国成为超级大国的勤奋精神。故选C。 9．考查动词短语辨析。句意：预计今年将有创纪录数量的学生从大学毕业，但公司却减少了招聘。A. cut back on减少；B. fell back on依靠；C. looked back on回顾；D. turned back on关闭。根据上文提到很多白领从事体力劳动以及空前的转折词“but”可知，这里描述的是公司减少招聘的情况，虽然毕业生将很多，但是公司却减少了招聘。故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，一些人不再更加努力地竞争，而是发现了传统上不太受欢迎的职业路径的吸引力。A. Additionally另外；B. Accordingly因此；C. Still仍然；D. Nevertheless尽管如此。根据上文“The unemployment rate among people aged 16 to 24 was nearly 20 percent last summer, according to official statistics, with the rate being higher among college graduates.”和下文“rather than competing even harder, some are finding the traditionally less desired career paths attractive”可知，失业率高，竞争很激烈，因此，一些人不再更加努力地竞争，而是发现了传统上不太受欢迎的职业路径的吸引力。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“学习和积累知识的目的不是为了找到一份令人印象深刻的工作，而是为了有勇气接受更多的可能性，”一个在线论坛的描述中写道。A. achieve实现；B. access访问；C. accept接受；D. adapt适应。根据下文“more possibilities”可知，这里描述的是学习的目的是为了有勇气接受更多可能性。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，做出改变的人可能仍然是少数。A. minority少数；B. minimum最小值；C. majority多数；D. maximum最大值。根据上文“Nevertheless, those who have made the change are likely still a ”和下文“Many who have posted in online forums are asking questions rather than jumping in.”可知，这里描述的是做出职业转变的人的数量，做出改变的人可能仍然是少数，多数人仍然只是旁观。故选A。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：网上评论者称职业转换者为无知，暗示他们从低学历的人手中夺走了蓝领工作。A. native本地的；B. naive幼稚的，无知的；C. novel新颖的；D. noble高贵的。根据下文“suggesting that they are taking blue-collar jobs from less educated people who need them”可知，这里描述的是对职业转换者的批评，暗示他们从低学历的人手中夺走了蓝领工作，所以此处指网上评论者称职业转换者为无知。故选B。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但批评也来自相反的方向：中国的官方媒体最近将失业问题部分归咎于年轻、受过教育的中国人不愿意从事蓝领工作，暗示他们被宠坏了。A. earnest认真的；B. desperate绝望的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. vulnerable易受伤害的。根据下文“to take on blue-collar work, suggesting that they were spoiled.”可知，这里描述的是官方媒体的观点，受过教育的中国人被宠坏了，不愿意从事蓝领工作。故选C。 15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：而且，特别是自从中国经济改革开始以来，体力劳动已经被抛在一边，成为一种需要摆脱的东西。A. called off取消；B. turned off关闭；C. shaken off摆脱；D. taken off起飞。根据上文“Social media users responded wildly, pointing out that society has long valued mental labor above all else. And, especially since China’s economic reform began, manual labor has been cast aside as something to be”可知，长期以来，社会一直把脑力劳动看得高于一切，体力劳动已经被抛在一边，成为一种需要摆脱的东西。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·上海第三女子中学·期中)Let’s Go Bats Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They 1 at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits to live by day. But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds. 3 , it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to 4 the hunger by finding food at night. Maybe only after another mass 5 of species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades. As a matter of fact, bats are not the only creatures that face the engineering problem of finding their way and finding their prey in the 6 of light. Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. 7 it, engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research. The first one that might occur to them is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to 8 a large amount of body energy. Then, what else might the engineer think of? Human beings are 9 the serious problem of living in the dark as well. There are more than 2.2 billion sight 10 men throughout the world, according to the WHO statistics. Nonetheless, experiments showed that blind people sometimes have an uncanny (神秘的) sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark. They have reported that it feels like the obstacles being 11 in their mind without actually seeing them. It turns out that the sensation really goes in through the ears. Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense the 12 of obstacles. After this Sonar (声呐) and Radar (雷达) technique had been discovered, weapons designers improved and 13 it to the detection of submarines in wars. All the world now knows that bats had perfected their own sonar and radar system tens of millions of years earlier. The American zoologist Donald Griffin coined the term “ecolocation”, a 14 of both sonar and radar, to generalize the features of bats. The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation is 15 accomplished, which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration. 1．A．fly B．wave C．hunt D．spot 2．A．exploited B．expanded C．stretched D．preserved 3．A．After all B．In consequence C．By contrast D．Above all 4．A．strike B．survive C．protect D．abandon 5．A．extinction B．development C．prosperity D．transformation 6．A．existence B．case C．sense D．absence 7．A．In line with B．In addition to C．In view of D．In response to 8．A．consume B．drive C．raise D．obtain 9．A．escaping B．exploring C．interpreting D．suffering 10．A．hurt B．disabled C．shortened D．affected 11．A．threatened B．visualized C．preserved D．warned 12．A．identity B．threat C．presence D．structure 13．A．supplied B．nominated C．stimulated D．applied 14．A．balance B．understanding C．combination D．statement 15．A．technically B．directly C．carefully D．favourably 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了蝙蝠等动物如何在黑暗中觅食导航，并提及人类通过声呐、雷达技术学习动物的导航能力。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们在夜晚捕食，无法使用光线来帮助它们找到猎物和避开障碍物。A. fly飞行；B. wave挥手；C. hunt捕猎；D. spot发现。根据下文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠在夜晚捕食。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，白天的经济活动已经被其他生物如鸟类彻底利用了。A. exploited利用；B. expanded扩大；C. stretched伸展；D. preserved保存。根据下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy”可知，白天的经济活动已经被鸟类等生物占据或利用了。故选A项。 3．考查短语辨析辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. After all毕竟；B. In consequence因此；C. By contrast相比之下；D. Above all首先。根据上文“But the daytime economy has already been thoroughly 2 by other creatures such as birds.”和下文“it is about natural selection–birds dominated the daytime economy, so the bat ancestors managed to”可知，空处承接上文观点，进一步从根本原因的角度来解释前面所描述现象（蝙蝠只能在夜间活动觅食）的缘由，强调本质上这是自然选择的结果，因为鸟类主宰了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先才不得不通过在夜间寻找食物来熬过饥饿。故选A项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，这是关于自然选择的——鸟类主导了白天的经济，所以蝙蝠祖先通过在晚上寻找食物来生存。A. strike打击；B. survive生存；C. protect保护；D. abandon放弃。根据下文“the hunger by finding food at night”可知，蝙蝠的祖先通过夜间觅食来生存。故选B项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许只有在另一次物种大灭绝之后，蝙蝠才能出现在白天并占据白天的交易。A. extinction灭绝；B. development发展；C. prosperity繁荣；D. transformation转变。根据下文“species will bats be able to emerge into the daylight and occupy the daytime trades”可知，这里指的是物种大灭绝可能导致生态位的变化。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，蝙蝠并不是唯一面临在没有光照的情况下寻找方向和猎物的工程问题的生物。A. existence存在；B. case案例；C. sense感觉；D. absence缺席，缺乏。根据上文“cannot use light to help them find prey”可知，蝙蝠夜间觅食，此处指的是在缺乏光线的情况下，in the absence of为固定短语，意为“在没有的情况下”。故选D项。 7．考查介词短语辨析。句意：作为回应，工程师们考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。A. In line with与……一致；B. In addition to除此之外；C. In view of鉴于；D. In response to作为回应。根据上文“Plenty of other animals such as deep-sea fish and whales also make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. (许多其他动物，如深海鱼类和鲸鱼，也在难以或不可能看到的条件下生活。)”和下文“engineers considered possible solutions and made relevant research”可知，很多动物们在面临光线不足条件下寻找食物的情况时，积极应对，考虑了可能的解决方案并进行了相关研究。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：萤火虫和一些鱼有制造自己光线的能力，但这个过程似乎要消耗大量的身体能量。A. consume消耗；B. drive驱动；C. raise提高；D. obtain获得。根据上文“Fireflies and some fish have the power to manufacture their own light, but”和下文“a large amount of body energy”可知，萤火虫和一些鱼制造光线的过程需要消耗能量。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的严重问题。A. escaping逃跑；B. exploring探索；C. interpreting解释；D. suffering遭受。根据下文“the serious problem of living in the dark as well”可知，这里指的是人类也面临着在黑暗中生活的困境。故选D项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：据世界卫生组织统计，全世界有22亿多视力残疾人士。A. hurt受伤的；B. disabled残疾的；C. shortened缩短的；D. affected受影响的。根据下文“blind people”可知，这里指的是视力残疾人士。故选B项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们报告说，障碍物就像在他们的脑海中被可视化了一样，而实际上并没有看到它们。A. threatened威胁；B. visualized可视化，使形象化；C. preserved保存；D. warned警告。根据上文“blind people sometimes have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path that can help them “see” in the dark”和下文“in their mind without actually seeing them”可知，盲人能够通过某种方式感知到障碍物，就像在心中看到了它们一样。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：盲人实际上是在利用自己脚步声和其他声音的回声来感知障碍物的存在。A. identity身份；B. threat威胁；C. presence存在；D. structure结构。根据上文“Blind people are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds to sense”可知，这里指的是盲人感知到障碍物的存在。故选C项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这种声呐和雷达技术被发现后，武器设计师对其进行了改进，并将其应用于战争中的潜艇探测。A. supplied提供；B. nominated提名；C. stimulated刺激；D. applied应用。根据下文“it to the detection of submarines in wars”可知，武器设计师将声呐和雷达技术应用于潜艇探测。故选D项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国动物学家唐纳德·格里芬创造了“回声定位”一词，它是声呐和雷达的结合，用来概括蝙蝠的特征。A. balance平衡；B. understanding理解；C. combination结合；D. statement陈述。根据下文“both sonar and radar”可知，“ecolocation”是声呐和雷达的结合。故选C项。 15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现，这让雷达工程师们非常钦佩。A. technically技术上；B. directly直接地；C. carefully仔细地；D. favourably有利地。根据上文“The accuracy and sensitivity of ecolocation”和下文“which strikes the radar engineers with great admiration”可知，让雷达工程师们非常钦佩的是回声定位的准确性和敏感性在技术上已经实现。故选A项。 主题03 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海黄浦区·期中)Brazil’s election offers hope for the rainforest A presidential election in 2022 will offer a chance for Brazil’s government to 1 policies that have contributed to global climate change. The country is home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which has historically been an important carbon sink. But a worrying study published in 2021 in Nature found that over the past decade it has 2 become a carbon source. The culprits (罪魁祸首): forest fires and deforestation, which has soared by more than 40% since President Jair Bolsonaro took office in 2019. On his watch, environmental 3 and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged illegal logging, mining, and land-grabbing. In June the environment minister, Ricardo Salles, resigned after federal police began investigating him for alleged (据说的) involvement in timber trafficking. A greener president would try to 4 such crimes. Polls suggest that Mr Bolsonaro is likely to lose the election. His successor could convince Germany and Norway to 5 the Amazon Fund, a pot of money for enforcement and sustainable development that was withdrawn in 2019 amid concerns about Mr Bolsonaro’s 6 . A new president could also revive talks with President Joe Biden 7 , who has offered to create a $20bn fund for the rainforest once Brazil starts showing results. But even an enlightened president will have to 8 a profit-making Congress, which is considering a number of laws that threaten the rainforest and its inhabitants. These include a land-regularization bill nicknamed the “land-grabbing law” and a bill that would legalize wildcat mining on indigenous territories. In August thousands of indigenous people camped out in the capital as the supreme court debated a case that would restrict their territories to land that was occupied when a new constitution was passed in 1988. The court postponed its decision, but Congress is considering a law that would have the 9 effect. Better leadership in Brazil could jump-start regional efforts to boost enforcement and find sustainable 10 to deforestation for the rainforest’s inhabitants. But if Mr Bolsonaro wins again, his determination to fill the forest with roads, dams and mines could cause destruction far beyond the borders of Brazil. 1．A．intensify B．reverse C．oppose D．diversity 2．A．therefore B．instead C．otherwise D．indeed 3．A．awareness B．restoration C．legalization D．enforcement 4．A．crack down on B．put up with C．step back from D．cover up for 5．A．unfreeze B．invalidate C．regain D．decompose 6．A．policies B．resignation C．protests D．succession 7．A．after all B．in turn C．in contrast D．as well 8．A．defend B．sustain C．tolerate D．battle 9．A．substantial B．same C．decisive D．instant 10．A．replacements B．dedication C．objection D．devotions 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．A 7．D 8．D 9．B 10．A 【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。巴西总统换届将给巴西政府提供一个机会，扭转那些与全球气候变化有关的政策。因巴西现任总统雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗及其国会为了经济发展制定的政策法律，不仅危及亚马逊雨林的生态，影响全球气候，也波及到其中居民生活。 1．考查动词和名词词义辨析。句意：2022年的总统选举将为巴西政府扭转导致全球气候变化的政策提供机会。A. intensify加强；B. reverse颠倒；C. oppose反对；D. diversity多样性。根据后文“A greener president would try to 　　　4　　　 such crimes.”可知，一位更环保的总统会努力打击此类犯罪，所以是会扭转导致全球气候变化的政策。故选B项。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但2021年发表在《自然》杂志上的一项令人担忧的研究发现，在过去的十年里，它反而成为了一个“碳源”。A. therefore因此；B. instead代替；C. otherwise否则；D. indeed确实。根据前文“The country is home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which has historically been an important carbon sink.”可知，亚马逊雨林，历史上一直是重要的“碳汇”，现在反而成为了一个“碳源”。故选B项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他任内，环境执法和罚款降至历史最低水平。A. awareness意识；B. restoration恢复；C. legalization合法化；D. enforcement执行。根据后文“Activists say this has encouraged illegal logging, mining, and land-grabbing.”可知，助长了非法采伐、采矿和土地掠夺，所以应是环境执法和罚款降至历史最低水平。故选D项。 4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：一位更环保的总统会努力打击此类犯罪。A. crack down on严厉打击；B. put up with忍受；C. step back from后退；D. cover up for掩护。根据前文“On his watch, environmental 　　　3　　　 and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged illegal logging, mining, and land-grabbing. In June the environment minister, Ricardo Salles, resigned after federal police began investigating him for alleged (据说的) involvement in timber trafficking.”可知，在President Jair Bolsonaro的任内，环境执法和罚款降至历史最低水平，所以一位更环保的总统会努力打击此类犯罪。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的继任者可能会说服德国和挪威解冻亚马逊基金（Amazon Fund），这是一笔用于执法和可持续发展的资金，由于对Bolsonaro的政策感到担忧，该基金于2019年被撤回。A. unfreeze解冻；B. invalidate使无效；C. regain重新获得；D. decompose分解。根据后文“was withdrawn in 2019 amid concerns about Mr Bolsonaro’s 　　　6　　　.”可知，该基金被撤回，所以此处应是说服德国和挪威解冻亚马逊基金。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的继任者可能会说服德国和挪威解冻亚马逊基金（Amazon Fund），这是一笔用于执法和可持续发展的资金，由于对Bolsonaro的政策感到担忧，该基金于2019年被撤回。A. policies政策；B. resignation辞职；C. protests抗议；D. succession继承。根据上文“On his watch, environmental 　　　3　　　 and fines dropped to record lows. Activists say this has encouraged illegal logging, mining, and land-grabbing. In June the environment minister, Ricardo Salles, resigned after federal police began investigating him for alleged (据说的) involvement in timber trafficking.”可知，应是对Bolsonaro的政策担心。故选A项。 7．考查介词短语。句意：新总统也可能恢复与乔·拜登总统的谈判，拜登总统已经提出，一旦巴西开始取得成果，就为雨林建立200亿美元的基金。A. after all毕竟；B. in turn依次；C. in contrast对比之下；D. as well也。根据前文“His successor could convince Germany and Norway to 　　　5　　　 the Amazon Fund, a pot of money for enforcement and sustainable development that was withdrawn in 2019 amid concerns about Mr Bolsonaro’s 　　　6　　　. A new president could also revive talks with President Joe Biden”可知，新总统先是说服德国和挪威解冻亚马逊基金，也可能恢复与乔·拜登总统的谈判。故选D项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，即使是一位开明的总统，也将不得不与逐利的国会作斗争，国会正在考虑一系列威胁雨林及其居民的法律。A. defend辩护；B. sustain维持；C. tolerate容忍；D. battle战斗。根据后文“which is considering a number of laws that threaten the rainforest and its inhabitants.”可知，国会正在考虑一系列威胁雨林及其居民的法律，所以是不得不与逐利的国会作斗争。故选D项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最高法院推迟了裁决，但国会正在考虑一项具有同样效果的法律。A. substantial大量的；B. same相同的；C. decisive决定性的；D. instant立即的。根据前文“which is considering a number of laws that threaten the rainforest and its inhabitants.”可知，正在考虑一系列威胁雨林及其居民的法律，所以此处是考虑一项具有同样效果的法律。故选B项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在巴西，更好的领导可以推动地区努力，加强执法，并为雨林居民寻找可持续的替代森林砍伐。A. replacements替换物；B. dedication献身；C. objection反对；D. devotions忠诚。根据前文的sustainable以及后文“to deforestation for the rainforest’s inhabitants”结合选项可知，应是“为雨林居民寻找可持续的替代森林砍伐”符合语境。故选A项。 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海交通大学附属中学嘉定分校等四校联考·期中)China is a country of gamers. However, many Chinese have long grieved over Chinese tech firms’ inability to produce a video game as thrilling as “Grand Theft Auto” or “World of Warcraft” (which originated in Scotland and America 1 . GameScience, based in Hangzhou, is hoping to 2 the dilemma. GameScience strived to create a game world that would be a 3 for “Grand Theft Auto”. Luckily, its blockbuster game, “Black Myth: Wukong”, has gone viral overnight since the first release. As a veteran video gamer, I logged on Wukong immediately. I would describe it as a game that appears truly incredible in terms of art and game design, but also falters on so many things elsewhere that the whole experience feels hollow? Though there were many times that Black Myth: Wukong had made my 4 , there were an equal number of moments that left me 5 to the point where I wasn’t sure if I would even finish the game. Let’s start from the game’s 6 . You can reset all the points you have gained at any checkpoint so that you can essentially experiment with what works best for you in certain situations. But I found focusing on one combat stance(战斗模式) makes the most sense to fully power up all your abilities rather than 7 and wasting points on abilities that you probably won’t use that much. However, it confuses me why we are given all this customization only to be locked into 8 choices or non-choices for the rest of the game. At the end of each chapter, you are allowed to pick a single passive benefit out of three. Too bad, this choice is (as far as I can tell) final— hopefully you have the 9 to know ahead of time precisely what build you want to have hours later. The combat is also a 10 bag. Dodging(闪避) is your main way of evading damage, but some of the late-game bosses don’t really give you much 11 room. Besides, just attacking with an extendable staff, Wukong also lets you use magic spells in combat. They are incredibly useful in battle but use up your magic meter, forcing you to decide when is the best time to use them. “Immobilize”, 12 , freezes an enemy letting you smack it for a few seconds until its effect 13 . Finally, you can call on defeated spirits who can be equipped and called out mid-combat like Pokémon to assist you. 14 , I can see a 10/10 in this game somewhere, but multiple questionable-level design and game design choices unfortunately drag it down. Anyway, the combat offers you plenty of ways to experiment what works for you, but it also offers you enough difficulty keeping you on your toes and adapting to each new situation. While its world is not 15 to explore or to comprehend, Wukong’s rewards are worth it and make for a thrilling journey of discovery. 1．A．comparably B．respectively C．respectably D．independently 2．A．transform B．reserve C．reverse D．avoid 3．A．match B．signal C．symbol D．fit 4．A．chin rise B．jaw drop C．shoulders shrug D．eyebrow lift 5．A．frustrated B．concerned C．thrilled D．amazed 6．A．energetics B．mechanics C．logistics D．tactics 7．A．powering them down B．levelling them down C．evening them out D．giving them out 8．A．permanent B．temporary C．contemporary D．momentous 9．A．intelligence B．insight C．foresight D．wisdom 10．A．mixed B．neutral C．thrilled D．confused 11．A．training B．waiting C．changing D．breathing 12．A．in turn B．in other words C．in fact D．for example 13．A．keeps up B．cancels out C．holds on D．wears off 14．A．Overall B．Conversely C．Besides D．Essentially 15．A．the oddest B．the likeliest C．the hardest D．the easiest 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．D 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述了作者玩《黑神话：悟空》的感受。 1．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，许多中国人长期以来一直对中国科技公司无法制作出像《侠盗猎车手》和《魔兽世界》（分别起源于苏格兰和美国）那样激动人心的电子游戏感到不满。A. comparably同等地；可比较地；B. respectively各自地；C. respectably值得尊重地；D. independently独立地。根据上文“Grand Theft Auto” or “World of Warcraft””以及常识可知，这两款游戏分别分别起源于苏格兰和美国。故选B项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：总部位于杭州的GameScience公司希望能够扭转这一困境。A. transform改变；B. reserve预订；保留；C. reverse逆转；D. avoid避免。根据下文“GameScience strived to create a game world that would be a  ____3____  for “Grand Theft Auto””可知，中国的一家公司希望能够扭转这一困境。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：GameScience致力于创造一个可以与《侠盗猎车手》相媲美的游戏世界。A. match比赛，媲美；B. signal信号；C. symbol象征； D. fit适合。根据下文“or “Grand Theft Auto”.”可知，创造一个可以与《侠盗猎车手》相媲美的游戏世界。故选A项。 4．考查名词短语词义辨析。句意：尽管《黑神话：悟空》有很多次让我瞠目，但也有同样多的时刻让我感到沮丧，甚至不确定自己是否能完成游戏。A. chin rise下巴上升；B. jaw drop惊讶得下巴都要掉下来；C. shoulders shrug耸肩；D. eyebrow lift抬眉。根据上文“incredible”可知，《黑神话：悟空》有很多次让我瞠目。故选B项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管《黑神话：悟空》有很多次让我瞠目，但也有同样多的时刻让我感到沮丧，甚至不确定自己是否能完成游戏。A. frustrated沮丧的；B. concerned关心的；C. thrilled兴奋的；D. amazed惊讶的。根据下文“I wasn’t sure if I would even finish the game.”可知，也有同样多的时刻让我感到沮丧。故选A项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我们从游戏机制开始。A. energetics能量学；B. mechanics力学；机制，运作方式；C. logistics逻辑学；D. tactics 战术，兵法。根据下文“You can reset all the points you have gained at any checkpoint”可知，从游戏的机制开始。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但我发现专注于一种战斗姿态能够有效提升你的所有能力，而不是将它们分散并浪费点数在那些你可能不会经常使用的技能上。A. powering them down关闭它们；B. levelling them down把它们降级；C. evening them out把它们分散；D. giving them out耗尽它们。根据下文“wasting points on abilities that you probably won’t use that much.”可知，而不是将它们分散。故选C项。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，让我感到困惑的是，为什么我们提供了所有这些自定义，却只能锁定在游戏其余部分的永久选择或非选择中。A. permanent永久的；B. temporary暂时的；C. contemporary当代的；D. momentous 重大的。根据下文“non-choices”可知，却只能锁定在游戏其余部分的永久选择上。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：太糟糕了，这个选择（据我所知）是最终的——希望您有远见，能够提前准确地知道几个小时后您想要什么样的构建。A. intelligence智力；B. insight 洞悉；C. foresight先见之明；D. wisdom智慧。根据下文“know ahead of time precisely what build you want to have hours later.”可知，希望您有远见，能够提前准确地知道几个小时后您想要什么样的构建。故选C项。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：战斗也是喜忧参半。A. mixed混合的；B. neutral 中立的，不偏不倚的；C. thrilled兴奋的；D. confused困惑的。根据下文“Dodging(闪避) is your main way of evading damage, but some of the late-game bosses don’t really give you much  ____11____  room. Besides, just attacking with an extendable staff, Wukong also lets you use magic spells in combat.）可知，战斗也是喜忧参半。故选A项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：躲避是你躲避伤害的主要方式，但是一些游戏后期的boss并没有给你足够的喘息空间。A. training训练；B. waiting等待；C. changing改变；D. breathing呼吸。根据上文“Dodging(闪避) is your main way of evading damage, but”可知，是一些游戏后期的boss并没有给你足够的喘息空间。故选D项。 12．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：例如“定身”可以将敌人冰冻起来，让你在几秒钟内不断攻击直到效果消失。A. in turn反过来；B. in other words换句话说 ；C. in fact事实上；D. for example例如。根据上文“Immobilize”可知，这是在举例说明。故选D项。 13．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：例如“定身”可以将敌人冰冻起来，让你在几秒钟内不断攻击直到效果消失。A. keeps up坚持，维持；B. cancels out取消；抵消；C. holds on紧握住；D. wears off逐渐减少。根据上文“freezes an enemy letting you smack it for a few seconds”可知，让你在几秒钟内不断攻击直到效果消失。故选D项。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：总的来说，我认为这款游戏有10/10的优点，但许多有问题的关卡设计和游戏设计选择不幸地拖累了它。A. Overall 全部，总共；总的说来，大体上；B. Conversely 相反地，反过来说；C. Besides此外；D. Essentially必要地。根据下文“I can see a 10/10 in this game somewhere, but multiple questionable-level design and game design choices unfortunately drag it down.” 可知，下文时总的说法。故选A项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然它的世界并不最容易探索或理解，但悟空的回报是值得的，这是一次激动人心的发现之旅。A. the oddest最古怪的；B. the likeliest最有可能的；C. the hardest最难的；D. the easiest最容易的。根据上文我的游戏体验可知，游戏的世界并不最容易探索或理解。故选D项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海中学·期中)“Say the magic word!” As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.” In fact, it’s one of the top 1 we learn growing up. Today’s babies who cannot talk yet are even taught it using sign language. But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation? Whatever your 2 , it’s likely too high — way too high. New research published in Social Psychology Quarterly found that people use the word “please” when making a request a (n) 3 7% of the time. Using conversation analysis, the study investigated when and where people use “please” in everyday requests. Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most when a “no” response is 4 . More interestingly, research has found that requests phrased with “please” are no more likely to work than other polite requests — and sometimes they even have 5 effects. Why? Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 6 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do. This common small talk mistake can leave the person being asked feeling a little 7 . 8 , research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s. “And if your first reaction to hearing this was ‘OK, so other people might not say please, but I say it all the time,’ it turns out that people have pretty terrible 9 of what exactly they’ve said,” Stivers says. “What people are really trying to say by 10 that they say ‘please’ often is that they are polite people,” she says. “And you probably are. Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite. There are so many other 11 we use when making requests that show politeness.” “I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says. But teaching kids to say please isn’t bad — teaching children politeness is always a(n) 13 . Just make sure you’re including other polite phrases as well. And this should go without saying, but you should never tell another 14 to say “please.” I run into this often with a family member who demands I use the word “please” when I ask for something, even if I already phrased it in a polite way. Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them. 1．A．abilities B．priorities C．manners D．skills 2．A．imagination B．estimation C．attitude D．achievement 3．A．disappointing B．exceptional C．optimistic D．persistent 4．A．accepted B．anticipated C．answered D．refused 5．A．counter B．side C．beneficial D．immediate 6．A．trick B．encourage C．frighten D．force 7．A．astonished B．ashamed C．threatened D．uncomfortable 8．A．However B．Moreover C．Therefore D．For example 9．A．understanding B．explanations C．memories D．beliefs 10．A．assuming B．confirming C．insisting D．ignoring 11．A．phrases B．solutions C．commands D．instructions 12．A．carry B．convince C．socialize D．save 13．A．challenge B．aim C．burden D．virtue 14．A．family B．adult C．friend D．child 15．A．patient B．composed C．annoyed D．obedient 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．D 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍小时候被教的礼貌用语实际上并没有多高的利用率。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，这是我们成长过程中学到的最重要的技能之一。A. abilities能力；B. priorities优先权；C. manners方式；D. skills技能。根据上文“As children, we’re taught that the polite thing to do is always to say “please.””可知，小时候被教着说礼貌用语是成长过程中学到的技能之一。故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管你怎么估计，它可能太高了——太高了。A. imagination想象力；B. estimation统计；C. attitude态度；D. achievement成就。根据上文“But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversation?”可知，这里指对说“请”这个词的频繁程度的估计。故选B。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：发表在《社会心理学季刊》上的一项新研究发现，人们在提出请求时使用“请”这个词的情况只有令人失望的7%。A. disappointing令人失望的；B. exceptional例外的；C. optimistic积极的；D. persistent持久的。根据下文“7% of the time”可知，7%的人使用“请”，这个数字是令人失望的。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们不仅“please”的使用频率低于10%，并且人们最可能在预期对方拒绝时使用它。A. accepted接受；B. anticipated预期；C. answered回答；D. refused拒绝。根据上文“Not only do people use “please” less than 10% of the time when making requests, but they also tend to use it most ”可知，这里指人们使用“please”对的频率较低，且大多是在预料会被拒绝时使用。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：更有趣的是，研究发现，用“请”表达的请求并不比其他礼貌的请求更有效，有时甚至会产生副作用。A. counter反对的；B. side次要的；C. beneficial有益的；D. immediate立即的。根据下文“This common small talk mistake”可知，这样做是错误的，使用会产生副作用。side effects“副作用”。故选B。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为“请”这个词被用来说服甚至欺骗对方同意他们可能不愿意做的请求。A. trick欺骗；B. encourage鼓励；C. frighten吓唬；D. force强迫。根据下文“This common small talk mistake”可知，这是错误的做法，应该是欺骗对方同意。故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种常见的闲聊错误会让被问到的人感到有点不舒服。A. astonished震惊的；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. threatened被威胁的；D. uncomfortable不舒服的。根据上文“Because the word “please” is being used as a way to convince or even 　　6　　 the other person into agreeing with a request they might not otherwise be inclined to do.”可知，说服甚至欺骗对方同意他们可能不愿意做的请求会让人感到不舒服。故选D。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究表明，自20世纪70年代以来，使用“请”的人数同样很少。A. However然而；B. Moreover而且；C. Therefore因此；D. For example例如。根据下文“research shows similarly low numbers of using “please” going all the way back to the1970s.”可知，上下文是转折关系。故选A。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Stivers说：“如果你听到这个的第一反应是‘好吧，所以其他人可能不会说请，但我一直在说’，那么事实证明，人们对他们所说的话有着非常糟糕的记忆。”A. understanding理解；B. explanations解释；C. memories记忆；D. beliefs信念。根据下文“of what exactly they’ve said”可知，这里指人们对曾经说的话的记忆很不好。故选C。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说：“人们坚持经常说‘请’，真正想说的是他们是有礼貌的人。”A. assuming假如；B. confirming确认；C. insisting坚持；D. ignoring忽视。根据上文“other people might not say please, but I say it all the time”可知，有人还是会坚持说“请”的。故选C。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们在提出请求时还有很多其他表达礼貌的短语。A. phrases短语，词组；B. solutions解决；C. commands命令；D. instructions指示。根据上文“Just because you’re not saying ‘please,’ it doesn’t mean you’re not being polite.”可知，除了说“请”之外，还有其他的词来表示礼貌。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Stivers说：“我认为这很有趣，我们教孩子做我们成年人不会做的事情，并会在他们长大后说服他们放弃。”A. carry携带；B. convince使相信；C. socialize社交；D. save挽救。根据上文“it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do”可知，小孩子小时候被教着说“请”，但是长大后却有被说服不这样说。故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但教孩子说“请”并不坏——教孩子礼貌总是一种美德0。A. challenge挑战；B. aim目的；C. burden压力；D. virtue美德。根据上文“teaching children politeness”可知，教孩子礼貌是一种美德。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是不言而喻的，但你永远不应该告诉另一个成年人说“请”。A. family家人；B. adult成年人；C. friend朋友；D. child孩子。根据上文““I think it’s so interesting that we teach children to do this thing that we as adults don’t do and will 12 them out of it as they get older,” Stivers says.”及下文“ Instead of making me more 15 , it makes me want to punch them.”可知，此处指永远不应该告诉另一个成年人说“请”。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这非但没有让我更听话，反而让我想揍他们。A. patient有耐心的；B. composed镇定的；C. annoyed心烦的；D. obedient顺从的。根据下文“it makes me want to punch them”可知，作者不想顺从另外一个家庭成员的要求。故选D。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海建平中学·期中)Dare to Follow Almost everyone aspires to lead. If there is one thing anyone with a job and a pulse needs to learn, it is how to 1 . That, at least, is the message from the tsunami of books, courses, videos and podcasts on the topic. Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader. 2 in all this is an inconvenient fact. Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone 3 someone else. The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower. That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious, but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them gets much less attention than the 4 . A corner of the management literature is 5 to “followership”, but it remains small, for several reasons. The first is that you don’t need any advice to achieve the position of 6 ; you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job. The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow. The word itself is associated with 7 , weakness and complaints. In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier and were less willing to do work at the weekends and early in the morning than those given the 8 of leaders. The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates (下属) have much less agency than the people 9 them. There is often no choice in whom you report to. Leaders, not followers, set the tone: 10 bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves.· If such things explain why leadership is 11 , the behaviour of followers is still crucial. Hierarchies (等级制度) can be more fluid（流动的） than they sometimes look: as teams form and dissolve, you may be leading a project one month and 12 the next. Things generally go better when people at every level are engaged in their work and prepared to take on responsibility. Proactivity is a big part of being an effective follower. One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully 13 five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. Which 14 of follower people fall into will undoubtedly depend on their boss. But it will also depend on them: on whether they ingratiate (讨好) themselves with their managers or 15 them; on whether they see their boss as someone to support or complain about. As the British Army puts it, “To follow effectively… is a choice.” 1．A．start B．lead C．acquire D．convey 2．A．Special B．Abundant C．Missing D．Competent 3．A．counts on B．reports to C．calls for D．alternates with 4．A．reverse B．authority C．agenda D．convention 5．A．blinded B．reduced C．dedicated D．accustomed 6．A．candidate B．consultant C．executive D．follower 7．A．courage B．passivity C．discrimination D．dignity 8．A．leisure B．duty C．label D．payment 9．A．supervising B．surrounding C．defending D．entertaining 10．A．even if B．now that C．given that D．provided that 11．A．under the weather B．in the dark C．in the spotlight D．on cloud nine 12．A．contributing B．dominating C．selecting D．appointing 13．A．hired B．surveyed C．identified D．designed 14．A．campaign B．category C．trap D．business 15．A．defend B．sponsor C．influence D．challenge 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．A 11．C 12．A 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作，本文主要讲述了追随者形成的原因及类型。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果有工作有激情的人需要学习一件事，那就是如何领导。A. start开始；B. lead引导；C. acquire获得；D. convey传递。根据上文“Almost everyone aspires to lead.(几乎每个人都渴望成为领导者。)”可知，几乎每个人都渴望成为领导者，有工作有激情的人需要学如何领导。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这一切中缺失的是一个难以忽视的事实。A. Special特殊的，特别的；B. Abundant大量的，丰富的；C. Missing 找不到的，丢失的；D. Competent能干的，能胜任的。根据上文“Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader.(商学院提供各种各样的领导力培训。你被告知如何领导，而不是真正成为领导者。)”以及后文“Most people in the workforce are not leaders and pretty much everyone ___3___ someone else.(职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。)”可知，职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作是一个难以忽视的事实是这一切中所缺失的。故选C。 3．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：职场上的大多数人都不是领导者，几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。A. counts on依靠，指望；B. reports to向……汇报工作；C. calls for要求，需要；D. alternates with与……交替。根据后句“The most useful skill to have in your current job may well be how to be a good follower.(在你目前的工作中，最有用的技能可能是如何成为一个好的追随者。)”以及上句“Most people in the workforce are not leaders(职场上的大多数人都不是领导者)”可知，在工作中，最有用的技能可能是如何成为一个好的追随者，因为几乎每个人都要向别人汇报工作。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：领导者对追随者的依赖似乎是显而易见的，但相比于领导者对下属的依赖，下级与上级之间的互动方式受到的关注要少得多。A. reverse逆转，反向；B. authority专家，权威人士；C. agenda待议事项，议事日程；D. convention习俗，惯例。根据上文“That leaders depend on followers might seem blindingly obvious(领导者对追随者的依赖似乎是显而易见的)”以及“but the way that people lower down the ladder interact with those above them(下级与上级之间的互动方式)” but表示转折可知，下级与上级之间的互动方式受到的关注要少得多。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：管理文献的一个角落致力于“追随”，但由于一些原因，它仍然很小。A. blinded瞎的；B. reduced减少；C. dedicated专心致志的，献身的；D. accustomed习惯的，适应的。根据上文“Business schools offer all kinds of leadership training. You are told how to lead without actually being a leader.(商学院提供各种各样的领导力培训。你被告知如何领导，而不是真正成为领导者。)”可知，管理文献的一个角落致力于“追随”。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：首先，你不需要任何建议来达到追随者的地位。A. candidate候选人，申请者；B. consultant顾问；C. executive行政的，有执行权的；D. follower追随者。根据后句“you will never be more of one than on the very first day of your very first job.(在你的第一份工作的第一天，你将是最优秀的)”可知，在你的第一份工作的第一天，你将是最优秀的，你不需要任何建议来达到追随者的地位。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个词本身与被动、软弱和抱怨有关。A. courage勇气；B. passivity被动性；C. discrimination歧视，区别对待；D. dignity尊严，自尊。根据上句“The second reason is that, although some people have little desire to be in a position of authority, very few aspire to follow.(第二个原因是，虽然有些人不太渴望成为权威，但很少有人渴望跟随。)”以及空后“weakness and complaints(软弱和抱怨)”可知，这个词本身与被动、软弱和抱怨有关。故选B。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：被随机分配到“跟随者”角色的人比那些被分配到“领导者”角色的人感觉更不快乐，而且在周末和清晨更不愿意工作。A. leisure 闲暇，业余时间；B. duty责任，义务；C. label标签，标牌；D. payment付款。根据本句“In an experiment conducted by Colette Hoption of Seattle University and her co-authors, people who were randomly assigned to the role of followers felt unhappier(在西雅图大学的Colette Hoption和她的合作者进行的一项实验中，被随机分配到追随者角色的人感觉不快乐)”可知，在实验中，那些被分配到“领导者”角色的人感觉更不快乐。故选C。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：服从的艺术很少受到关注的第三个原因是，大多数下属的能动性比监督他们的人要小得多。A. supervising监督；B. surrounding围绕，环绕；C. defending 防护；D. entertaining使有兴趣，使快乐。根据本句“The third reason why the art of following gets little attention is that most subordinates（下属） have much less agency(追随的艺术很少受到关注的第三个原因是，大多数下属的能动性要小得多)”可知，大多数下属的能动性比监督他们的人要小得多。故选A。 10．考查连词词义辨析。句意：即使老板不是老派的命令和控制型，他们也会影响下属的行为。A. even if即使，尽管；B. now that既然，由于；C. given that考虑到，鉴于；D. provided that如果，只要。根据文本句“bosses are not old-school command-and- control types, they shape how everyone beneath them behaves(老板不是老派的命令和控制型，他们也会影响下属的行为)”可知，上下句之间存在让步关系，故选A。 11．考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：如果这些事情解释了为什么领导是备受关注，追随者的行为仍然至关重要。A. under the weather    B. in the dark在黑暗中；C. in the spotlight备受关注；D. on cloud nine非常高兴。根据本句“the behaviour of followers is still crucial(追随者的行为仍然至关重要)”可知，为什么领导是备受关注，追随者的行为仍然至关重要。故选C。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：层级结构可能比它们有时看起来更灵活：随着团队的形成和解散，你可能这个月领导一个项目，下个月为下一个项目做贡献。A. contributing捐赠，捐助；B. dominating支配；C. selecting选择，挑选；D. appointing任命。根据本句“you may be leading a project one month(你可能这个月领导一个项目)”可知，下个月为下一个项目做贡献。故选A。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该领域的奠基人之一罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型：羊群型、唯唯诺诺型、不友好型、实用主义者型和明星型。A. hired雇用；B. surveyed调查，俯视；C. identified认定，鉴定；D. designed设计。根据本句“five styles of followership(五种类型的追随者)”可知，罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：下属属于哪一类无疑将取决于他们的老板。A. campaign活动，运动；B. category种类；C. trap陷阱；D. business商业。根据上文“One of the fathers of the field, Robert Kelley, has usefully ___13___ five styles of followership: sheep, yes-people, unfriendly followers, pragmatists, and stars. (该领域的奠基人之一罗伯特·凯利（Robert Kelley）将追随者分为五种类型：羊群型、唯唯诺诺型、不友好型、实用主义者型和明星型。)”可知，下属属于哪一类无疑将取决于他们的老板。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这也取决于他们：取决于他们是讨好管理者还是挑战他们；取决于他们是否把老板视为值得支持或抱怨的人。A. defend保卫，防御；B. sponsor赞助；C. influence影响，作用；D. challenge 挑战。根据本句“on whether they ingratiate（讨好） themselves with their managers(取决于他们是讨好管理者)”可知，取决于他们是讨好管理者还是挑战他们。故选D。 主题02 人与社会-社会问题与社会现象 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·上海控江中学·期中)The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison once claimed that genius was one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration(汗水). Now, it seems, there is scientific evidence to 1 his claim. The idea that geniuses such as Shakespeare, Mozart, and Picasso possessed certain inborn talents is a false belief, according to a study by a British psychologist and his colleagues. After examining outstanding performance in the arts and sports, these researchers concluded that 2 is determined by opportunity, encouragement, training, motivation, self-confidence, and — most important of all — 3 Even people who were not thought to be 4 with any special talent could, after having received training, reach levels 5   considered attainable (可获得的) only by gifted individuals. Talent is a false belief, and it is time that people got rid of it, they said. This theory — a dramatic 6 with traditional beliefs — has been 7 by academics worldwide. In fact, studies of accomplished artists and mathematicians, and top tennis players and swimmers, have reported few early signs of 8 in these people before any parental encouragement. No case has been found of anyone reaching the highest levels of achievement without 9 himself or herself to thousands of hours of serious training. Even those who are believed to be exceptionally talented — whether in music, mathematics, chess, or sports — have needed lengthy periods of instruction and practice to achieve their highest level of success. The persistent false belief that some people reach high levels of performance without spending numerous hours practicing 10 much to the fact that their practice is usually outside the casual observer’s view, stated one scientist. The importance of practice has been noticed in athletics. For instance, differences in the composition of certain muscles were once thought to be 11 predictors of athletic performance. However, the differences in the proportion of certain muscle fibers(组织) that are 12 for success in long-distance running are largely the result of extended practice in running. “What makes a genius then?” one may ask. 13 , there is no clear answer. What is known, however, is that nurture is at least as important as nature? 14 , a supportive environment will do far more for a child’s prospects of success than any inborn gifts. This is a message that most of us will find 15 — even if we haven’t won the gene lottery, our fate is still in our own hands. 1．A．make B．challenge C．support D．dismiss 2．A．excellence B．harmony C．negotiation D．response 3．A．education B．practice C．fortune D．character 4．A．satisfied B．concerned C．decorated D．gifted 5．A．preciously B．practically C．previously D．primarily 6．A．break B．association C．partnership D．relief 7．A．doubted B．concluded C．mentioned D．applauded 8．A．accomplishment B．treasure C．diligence D．inspiration 9．A．adapting B．attaching C．linking D．devoting 10．A．carries B．leaves C．owes D．connects 11．A．creative B．reliable C．natural D．active 12．A．essential B．suitable C．possible D．feasible 13．A．Unlikely B．Similarly C．Hopefully D．Unfortunately 14．A．To sum up B．In other words C．For example D．In addition 15．A．misleading B．puzzling C．comforting D．amusing 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．B 15．C 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了研究的新发现：天赋不是成功的唯一因素，通过不断的强化练习也可以成功。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在，似乎有科学证据支持他的说法。A. make使得，制造；B. challenge挑战C. support支持；D. dismiss解散，解雇。分析上下文，下文提到“莎士比亚、莫扎特和毕加索等天才具有天生才能的观点是错误”。同时后文提到了通过“练习”可以实现某些成就。因此此处表示科学证据来 “支持”他的说法。故选C项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在考察了在艺术和体育方面的杰出表现后，这些研究人员得出结论，优秀是由机会、鼓励、训练和动机决定的。A. excellence优秀；B. harmony和谐；C. negotiation谈判；D. response响应。分析上下文，划线前提到是对艺术和体育方面的“杰出”表现进行考查。故此处得出的结论也应是“优秀”由很多因素决定。故选A项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：卓越取决于机会、鼓励、训练、动力、自信，以及——最重要的——实践。A. education教育；B. practice实践；C. fortune运气，财富；D. character性质，品质。分析上下文，前文提及“卓越取决于机会、鼓励、训练、动力、自信”可知，此处的“实践”也是排除“天赋”成为优秀的条件之一。同时此处也和倒数第二段倒数第一行的practice构成呼应。故选B项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是那些被认为没有任何特殊天赋的人，在经过训练之后，也能达到以前认为只有天才才能达到的水平。A. satisfied感到满意的；B. concerned有关的；C. decorated装饰的；D. gifted有天赋的。be gifted with“有……的天赋”，是固定短语。故选D项。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在经过训练之后，也能达到以前认为只有天才才能达到的水平。A. preciously珍贵地；B. practically实际地C. previously以前，先前；D. primarily首先，主要地。分析上下文，此处强调的是经过训练后，被认为没有任何天赋的人也能获得一些之前认为的只有那些天才才能获得的成就。故选C项。 6．考查名词。句意：这一理论——对传统信仰的戏剧性突破——得到了全世界学术界的赞誉。A. break突破；B. association协会，联盟；C. partnership合伙；D. relief减轻，接触。分析上下文可知，研究者的这一观点是对传统的看法的突破。故选A项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一理论——对传统信仰的戏剧性突破——得到了全世界学术界的赞誉。A. doubted怀疑；B. concluded结论；C. mentioned提及；D. applauded赞同。分析上下文，根据后文的对艺术家，数学家，运动员的举例可知，就是为了说明这一理论得到了很多人包括全世界学术界的认可。故选D项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，对有成就的艺术家、数学家、顶级网球运动员和游泳运动员的研究表明，在父母的鼓励之前，这些人几乎没有取得成就的早期迹象。A. accomplishment成就；B. treasure财富；C. diligence勤奋；D. inspiration灵感，启发。分析上下文，划线前提到“有成就的艺术家、数学家、顶级网球运动员和游泳运动员”，所以此处是把后来的成就和早期进行对比。认为在父母鼓励之前，他们没有取得成就的早期现象。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有发现任何人在不投入数千小时的认真训练的情况下就能达到最高成就的案例。A. adapting改编，适应；B. attaching附上，依恋；C. linking联系，相关联；D. devoting致力于。Devote…to“投身于，致力于”，是固定短语。分析上下文，此处强调的是必须将自己投身于训练中才有可能成功。后句通过举例在音乐、数学、国际象棋或体育方面极具天赋的人的例子来佐证这个观点。故选D项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一名科学家说，人们一直错误地认为，有些人不需要花费大量的时间练习就能达到高水平的表现，这很大程度上是因为他们的练习通常不在一般观察者的视野之内。A. carries携带；B. leaves离开；C. owes把……归功于；D. connects连接，联合。owe…to“将……归咎于”，是固定短语。分析句意，此处表达的是，可以将很多人的误解归咎于天才们的练习一般观察者的视野之内。故选C项。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，某些肌肉组成的差异曾被认为是运动表现的可靠预测因素。A. creative有创意的；B. reliable可靠的；C. natural自然的；D. active活跃的。分析上下文，句中的“某些肌肉组成的差异”指的就是所谓的“天赋”。前文提到“天赋”是成功的关键因素。故此处认为某些肌肉组成的差异是运动表现的可靠因素。故选B项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，某些对长跑成功至关重要的肌肉纤维所占比例的差异，很大程度上是长期跑步练习的结果。A. essential重要的；B. suitable适合的；C. possible可能的；D. feasible可行的，可能的。分析上下文，该段第一句话提到“在田径运动中，练习的重要性已经得到了重视”。此处呼应上文，此处表示长期跑步练习是成功的关键。故选A项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“那么是什么造就了天才呢？”有人可能会问。不幸的是，没有明确的答案。A. Unlikely未必；B. Similarly类似地；C. Hopefully有希望地D. Unfortunately不幸地。分析上下文，前面提出一个问题，后面却表示没有明确的答案，由此可知，此处应表示“不幸地”。故选D项。 14．考查介词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，对一个孩子的成功前景来说，一个支持性的环境比任何天生的天赋都更有帮助。A. To sum up总之；B. In other words换言之；C. For example例如；D. In addition另外，此外。分析上下文，前句提到“然而，我们所知道的是，教养至少和天性同等重要”，而空后的内容和前句表达同一个意思，是对前句进行解读。故选B项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个让我们大多数人感到欣慰的消息——即使我们没有赢得基因彩票，我们的命运仍然掌握在我们自己的手中。A. misleading误导的；B. puzzling令人费解的；C. comforting令人欣慰的；D. amusing有趣的。分析上下文，根据破折号后的内容，尽管我们决定不了基因但是我们的命运还是在我们手中，所以这是令人欣慰的消息。故选C项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中)The Zero Price Effect A few years ago I went shopping with a friend for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular make or model in mind. His only two 1 ? Big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relatively 2 riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa, a powerful comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were also within his 3 , especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became interested in a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like twisted on the seat. Seemed odd. Until it 4 me. The purchase of any bike 750cc (摩托车排量) and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly 5 “free”.As the researchers write： When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. 6 , decisions about free products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely - even irrationally - tempting. After all, 7 didn’t work. We eventually 8 $3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa. The free helmet was only worth $250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily 9 ?As the researchers write: “A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs. It is possible that options that have only 10 create a more positive effect compared with options that involve both benefits and costs.” In short, “free” results in instinctive mental 11 . Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? “Free” doesn’t seem to require a cost-benefit analysis; what are the downsides of “free”? “Free” seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later, my friend 12 in his 6R for a 14R. But don’t think 13 of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of “free.” Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to repay the provider’s “ 14 ”by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel (漏斗) we 15 to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intention, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. 1．A．brands B．crises C．criteria D．flaws 2．A．high-end B．fancy C．relaxed D．skilled 3．A．range B．limit C．reach D．budget 4．A．failed B．hit C．urged D．inspired 5．A．overcome B．overview C．overvalue D．overlook 6．A．However B．Therefore C．Subsequently D．For example 7．A．the odds B．the math C．the risks D．the first impression 8．A．calculated B．accepted C．negotiated D．ventured 9．A．influenced B．cheated C．bullied D．motivated 10．A．discounts B．costs C．benefits D．downsides 11．A．advances B．processes C．costs D．shortcuts 12．A．ended B．traded C．stepped D．engaged 13．A．personally B．favorably C．badly D．seriously 14．A．purchases B．generosity C．limitations D．strategies 15．A．agree B．manage C．tend D．struggle 【答案】 1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．C 11．D 12．B 13．C 14．B 15．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了一个有趣的现象，阐述了人们在面对免费产品时，往往会高估免费产品的价值并被其诱惑而做出不经济的决策，同时提醒读者，在面临购买决策时，要全面考虑产品的成本和收益，并留意背后的意图，避免受到免费产品的影响而做出错误的决定。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他只有两个标准？A. brands品牌；B. crises危机；C. criteria标准；D. flaws缺陷。根据前文“He didn’t have a particular make or model in mind.”和后文“Big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relatively 　　2　　 riding position.”可知，朋友买摩托车只有两个标准。故选C项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大引擎，因为只是太大的马力还是不够的，而且他个子高，骑起来姿势也要相对轻松。A. high-end高端的；B. fancy花哨的；C. relaxed放松的，轻松的；D. skilled熟练地。根据前文“Big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relatively”和后文“riding position”可知，朋友个子高，买个大的摩托车骑起来更轻松。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这两款车都在他的预算之内，尤其是Hayabusa，因为经销商给去年的一款车打了2500美元的折扣。A. range范围；B. limit限制；C. reach影响范围；D. budget预算。根据后文“especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $2,500 discount on a previous year’s model”可知，两款车都在朋友的预算之内。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：直到这使我突然开始思考。A. failed失败；B. hit 击中，使突然想起；C. urged敦促；D. inspired鼓舞。根据后文“The purchase of any bike 750cc (摩托车排量) and under came with a free helmet.”可知，买车子免费送头盔这件事使作者开始思考。故选B项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2017年发表在《市场营销科学》上的一项研究发现，人们倾向于明显地高估“免费”。A. overcome战胜；B. overview概述；C. overvalue高估；D. overlook忽视。根据后文“As the researchers write：When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference.”可知，研究发现人们倾向于明显地高估“免费”。故选C项。 6．考查副词和短语词义辨析。句意：然而，人们对免费产品的决定是不同的，因为人们不会简单地从收益中减去成本，而是认为与免费产品相关的收益更高。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. Subsequently随后；D. For example例如。根据前文“As the researchers write：When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference.”和后文“decisions about free products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher.”可知，前后为转折关系。故选A项。 7．考查名词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，数学是行不通的。A. the odds可能性；B. the math数学；C. the risks风险；D. the first impression第一印象。根据前文“Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely - even irrationally - tempting.”和后文“what math do you need to do”可知，朋友买摩托车送头盔这件事，用数学是行不通的。故选B项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们最终把Hayabusa的价格谈到了3200美元。A. calculated计算；B. accepted接受；C. negotiated协商，谈判；D. ventured冒险。根据后文“$3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa”可知，作者和朋友把Hayabusa的价格谈成了3200美元。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那么为什么这么聪明的人会这么容易受影响呢？A. influenced受影响；B. cheated欺骗；C. bullied欺负；D. motivated动机。根据前文“Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely - even irrationally - tempting. After all,　　7　　 didn’t work. We eventually 　　8　　 $3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa. The free helmet was only worth $250.”可知，聪明的朋友买摩托车的决定受到免费送头盔的影响。故选A项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与既有收益又有成本的期权相比，只有收益的期权可能会产生更积极的影响。A. discounts折扣；B. costs费用；C. benefits益处；D. downsides缺点。根据前文“A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs.”和后文“create a more positive effect compared with options that involve both benefits and costs”可知，与既有收益又有成本的期权相比，只有收益的期权可能会产生更积极的影响。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：简而言之，“免费”导致本能的心理捷径。A. advances进步；B. processes过程；C. costs成本；D. shortcuts快捷方式，捷径。根据前文“A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs. It is possible that options that have only 　　10　　 create a more positive effect compared with options that involve both benefits and costs.”和后文“Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? ”可知，“免费”导致本能的心理捷径，使人做出选择，根本不用计算。故选D项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：两个月后，我的朋友把他的6R换成了14R。A. ended结束；B. traded交易，互相交换；C. stepped迈步；D. engaged参与。根据后文“in his 6R for a 14R”可知，朋友把他的6R置换成了14R。故选B项。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但是不要把他想得太拙劣。A. personally 就个人而言；B. favorably顺利地；C. badly恶劣地，拙劣地；D. seriously严肃地。根据语境作者的朋友买摩托车免费送头盔这个事和前文“Two months later, my friend 　　12　　 in his 6R for a 14R.”和后文“We’ve all been blinded by the power of “free.” ”可知，不要把作者的朋友想得太拙劣，因为我们都被“免费”的力量蒙蔽了双眼。故选C项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我们觉得有必要通过购买来回报供应商的“慷慨”的免费样品。A. purchases购买；B. generosity慷慨；C. limitations限制；D. strategies策略。根据买摩托车送头盔的事和前文“Free samples that make us feel the need to repay the provider’s”可知，免费赠与是供应商的“慷慨”。故选B项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：免费的报价使我们进入一个我们难以逃脱的销售漏斗。A. agree同意；B. manage管理；C. tend倾向；D. struggle挣扎，艰难行进。根据语境作者的朋友受免费送头盔的影响买了摩托车和前文“Free samples that make us feel the need to repay the provider’s “　　14　　”by making a purchase.”可知，人们难以抵制这种消费模式的诱惑。故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·上海位育中学·期中)The picture of miseries and sufferings of the black woman in America may appear, perhaps darker and more depressing than Dante’s (但丁) description of Hell because in the history of human race, the black woman in America has suffered the most. A close and critical 1 of the history of the black woman’s life and condition since ber arrival in a strange land will unfold very well the long story of her pain and sorrow 2 her mutilated (残缺不全的) soul. Since her arrival on the foreign shore, the black woman has been facing the worst kind of 3 and oppression. As a black she has had to endure all the horrors of slavery and has been the 4 of continually inhumane treatment in all kinds of work, 5 the lowest place on the wage scale and restricted to the lowest-status and the most uncreative jobs. Since times of slavery, black womanhood has been destroyed, twisted and abused with racial and inhuman 6 by black men and white men and women. In the process, they have lost their genuine “self” and have developed a（n） 7 in themselves — though as black women, they see themselves with the eyes of white men and women and black men. This has ultimately been responsible for the destruction of their self-confidence and the feeling of being human. They 8 themselves as masters’ belongings. As a mother she has seen her children sold into slavery. She has seen them left at home without attention while she 9 to the needs of the children of the ruling class. She has seen her children suffer from drug addiction, the 10 of decent education and experience attacks by a racist society, and 11 the prisons of this nation. In addition, besides suffering the common fate of all oppressed people, the African-American women continue to 12 the oppression of women by men, which existed for long. In the home she becomes “the slave of a slave.” Men may be cruelly treated and subjected to all sorts of dehumanizing treatment on the part of the ruling class. 13 , at least they can take out their frustration on someone else, their women. Thus, feminism in America means much more than what it stands for in other European countries, chiefly because it has different role and meaning 14 the black women. If a feminist is commonly defined as one who is involved in transforming and 15 familiar realities, then black women are innate (天生的) feminists. Black women writing exhibits and constructs a Black women’s literary tradition that is inherently feminist. Barbara Smith, an influential Black feminist critic, states that the ability of Black women to survive in the face of White America exhibits an innate feminist potential. 1．A．respect B．comment C．account D．judgement 2．A．associated with B．completed with C．involved in D．joined by 3．A．exploration B．exhaustion C．exploitation D．explosion 4．A．article B．item C．substance D．object 5．A．including B．occupying C．consuming D．striking 6．A．procedures B．process C．descriptions D．practices 7．A．complexity B．anxiety C．simplicity D．gravity 8．A．look to B．look upon C．look over D．look through 9．A．took B．kept C．attended D．appealed 10．A．richness B．lack C．variety D．possibility 11．A．populate B．emphasize C．charge D．criticize 12．A．undertake B．underline C．undervalue D．undergo 13．A．Therefore B．Additionally C．However D．Moreover 14．A．with respect to B．in line with C．in addition to D．in parallel with 15．A．reappointing B．representing C．reconsidering D．reinterpreting 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．B 11．A 12．D 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。探讨了美国非裔女性历史上所遭受的苦难与压迫，认为这些经历可能比但丁笔下的地狱还要黑暗和令人沮丧。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果对黑人妇女来到陌生国度后的生活和状况的历史进行仔细和批判性的描述，就会很好地展现出她与残缺的灵魂有关的痛苦和悲伤的漫长故事。A. respect尊重；B. reference参考；C. account描述，账户；D. expression表达。根据后文“of the history of the Black woman’s life and condition”此处指描述黑人妇女的生活状况，故选C。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：如果对黑人妇女来到陌生国度后的生活和状况的历史进行仔细和批判性的描述，就会很好地展现出她与残缺的灵魂有关的痛苦和悲伤的漫长故事。A. associated with与……有关；B. completed with以……完成；C. involved in参与；D. joined by通过……加入。根据后文“her mutilated soul”可知，这些痛苦和悲伤的故事与她残缺的灵魂有关。故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：自从来到异国他乡，黑人妇女就一直面临着最恶劣的剥削和压迫。A. exploration探索；B. exhaustion筋疲力尽；C. exploitation剥削；D. explosion爆炸。根据后文“and oppression”可知此处指面临剥削和压迫。故选C。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为黑人，她不得不忍受奴隶制的一切恐怖，在各种工作中不断受到非人待遇，工资最低，只能从事地位最低、最没有创造性的工作。A.article文章；B.item项目；C. substance物质；D. object目标，对象。根据后文“of continually inhumane treatment in all kinds of work”可知，此处指黑人妇女被作为各种工作中受到非人待遇的对象，故选D。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为黑人，她不得不忍受奴隶制的一切恐怖，在各种工作中不断受到非人待遇，工资最低，只能从事地位最低、最没有创造性的工作。A. including包含；B. occupying占据，使从事；C. containing包含；D. striking击打。根据后文“the lowest place on the wage scale”可知，指黑人妇女从事工资最低的那些工作，故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：自奴隶制时代以来，黑人女性就受到黑人男性和白人男性和女性的种族主义和不人道行为的破坏、扭曲和虐待。A. procedures程序；B. processes过程；C. descriptions描述；D. practices做法，实践。根据后文“by black men and white men and women”可知，黑人女性受到了黑人男性和白人男性和女性的种族主义和不人道行为的破坏、扭曲和虐待。inhuman practice此处表示“不人道的做法”。故选D。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这个过程中，她们失去了真正的“自我”，并在自己身上形成了一种复杂的东西——尽管作为黑人女性，她们用白人男性、女性和黑人男性的眼光看待自己。A. complexity复杂性；B. anxiety焦虑；C. simplicity简单；D. gravity重力。根据后文“they see themselves with the eyes of white men and women and black men”可知，她们用白人男性、女性和黑人男性的眼光看待自己，自身形成了复杂性。故选A。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：她们把自己看作是主人的财产。A. look to展望；B. look upon看待；C. look over审视；D. look through浏览。根据后文“themselves as masters’ belongings”指黑人女性开始把自己看作是主人的财产。故选B。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当她照顾统治阶级的孩子们的需要时，她看到自己的孩子们被遗弃在家里，无人照料。A. took带走；B. kept保持；C. attended照顾，参加；D. appealed吸引。根据后文“to the needs of the children of the ruling class”指黑人妇女照顾统治阶级的孩子，故选C。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她看到她的孩子们吸毒成瘾，缺乏良好的教育，遭受种族主义社会的攻击，并在这个国家的监狱里人满为患。A. richness富有；B. lack缺少；C. variety多样性；D. possibility可能性。根据前文“suffer from drug addiction”和后文“of decent education and experience attacks by a racist society”可知，黑人妇女的孩子缺乏良好的教育。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她看到她的孩子们吸毒成瘾，缺乏良好的教育，遭受种族主义社会的攻击，并在这个国家的监狱里人满为患。A. populating居住于；B. emphasizing强调；C. charging收费；D. criticizing批评。根据后文“the prisons of this nation”以及上文提到孩子因为无人照料，从事犯罪活动，最终导致住进了监狱。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，非洲裔美国妇女除了遭受一切被压迫人民的共同命运外，还继续遭受着长期存在的男性对女性的压迫。A. undertake从事；B. underline在……下面画线；C. undervalue轻视；D. undergo经受，经历。根据前文“besides suffering the common fate of all oppressed people”和后文“the oppression of woman by men, which existed for long”可知，黑人妇女除了遭受一切被压迫人民的共同命运外，还经历着男性对女性的压迫。故选D。 13．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，至少他们可以把他们的沮丧发泄在别人身上，他们的女人。A. Therefore因此；B. Additionally另外；C. However然而；D. Moreover此外。前文提到“Men may be cruelly treated and subjected to all sorts of dehumanizing treatment on the part of the ruling class.”，男性可能会受到统治阶级的残酷对待，并遭受各种非人的待遇，后文提到“at least they can take out their frustration on someone else, their women.”至少他们可以把他们的沮丧发泄在别人身上，他们的女人，前后文语境为转折关系，应用however。故选C。 14．考查介词短语辨析。句意：因此，女权主义在美国的意义远大于它在其他欧洲国家所代表的意义，这主要是因为它对黑人妇女有着不同的作用和意义。A. with respect to关于；B. in line with与……一致；C. in addition to除了……之外；D. in parallel with与……同时进行。根据上文“because it has different role and meaning”以及后文“the Black women”可知，此处指女权主义在美国对于黑人妇女有着不同的作用和意义，故选A。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如$