第一部分 必修第一册 UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS（教师用书Word）-【高考领航】2026年高考英语大一轮复习学案

情感描写之“感激与感动” 续写词块积累 续写金句背诵 1.have a deep gratitude towards 　　　　　　　　　对……深怀感激 2．with gratitude/appreciation 感激地 3．owe sb a lot/a great deal 非常感激某人 4．be deeply moved/touched by ... 被……深深感动 5．shed/roll down tears of gratitude 流下感激的泪水 6．be moved to tears 感动得落泪 7．smile with a look of gratitude 露出了感激的微笑 8．convey my heartfelt gratitude to you for your generous assistance 对你慷慨的帮助表示感谢 9．tears of gratitude well up in her eyes 感激的泪水涌上了她的眼睛 1.With tears of gratitude rolling/streaming down his cheeks，Peter hugged Green tightly，saying “You've saved me today.I couldn't thank you enough.” 感激的泪水顺着他的脸颊流下，彼得紧紧地拥抱着格林，说：“今天你救了我。我对你感激不尽。” 2．A feeling of warmth swept/flooded over Peter on the cold day，he began to believe there was kindness in every corner.彼得在寒冷的天气里，感到一阵暖意，他开始相信处处有善良。 3．It was very moving/touching to see how much strangers could care for each other. 看到陌生人之间这般彼此关照，实在令人感动。 4．Touched/Moved deeply，the crowd cheered and clapped. 人群深受感动，喝彩鼓掌。 5．Learning what had happened，Peter's mother shed tears of joy and gratitude.知道事情的经过后，彼得的母亲流下喜悦和感激的泪水。 重 点 词 汇 1 affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动(☞affection n．喜爱) [练透]—— 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Although affected (affect) with a serious disease，he held a positive attitude and believed there was a hope of recovery. ②Though overtourism is described as a problem affecting (affect)the entire world，it's actually concentrated to a small number of extremely popular spots.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) ③总的来说，这位伟人对我有巨大的影响。我经常被其数不清的感人故事深深感动。(2023·全国甲卷书面表达) In summary，the great figure affects me greatly/has a great effect/influence/impact on me．I am often deeply affected by his countless moving stories. (1)be deeply/greatly affected by ...　　被……深深打动 be affected with ... 染上……疾病 (2)show/have an affection for ... 喜欢……，喜爱…… (3)have an effect/influence on ... 对……有影响 2 shock n．休克；打击；震惊；令人震惊的事 vt.(使)震惊(☞shocked adj.感到震惊的☞shocking adj.令人震惊的) [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①In her first PE class，Eva was shocked(shock) when Coach Pitt announced that everyone had to run one mile around the track outside.(2024·浙江卷1月读后续写) ②汤姆在马拉松比赛中赢得了冠军，这对我们大家来说非常震惊。 Tom won the championship in the marathon，which was a great shock to/greatly shocked us all． ③贝蒂又害怕又震惊，一句话也说不出来。(读后续写之心理描写) Scared and shocked，Betty couldn't say a word. ④他的话让我感到无比的兴奋和自豪，我只是震惊地站在那里，我的脚好像扎根在地上一样，一动也不能动。(2023·新课标卷读后续写) Dominated by an overwhelming sense of excitement and pride at his words，I simply stood there in shock，and my feet，as if rooted to the ground，couldn't move a bit. (1)be a shock to ... 对……而言是一件震惊的事 in shock 吃惊；震惊 (2)be shocked at sth/that ... 对……感到震惊 be shocked to do sth 因做某事而感到震惊 3 bury vt.(buried，buried，burying)埋葬；安葬；掩埋；隐藏 [练透]——句型转换 ①I am buried in reading the English newspaper every day and I have gained lots of colorful knowledge.(2021·新高考卷应用文) →Buried in reading the English newspaper every day，I have gained lots of colorful knowledge. →Burying myself in reading the English newspaper every day，I have gained lots of colorful knowledge. ②Hearing the bad news，she buried her face in her hands and burst into tears.(读后续写之动作描写) →Hearing the bad news，she burst into tears，burying her face in her hands．(现在分词作状语) →Hearing the bad news，she burst into tears，with her face buried in her hands．(with复合结构) →Hearing the bad news，she burst into tears，her face buried in her hands．(独立主格结构) (1) (2)bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面 4 suffer vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦(☞suffering n．受苦，遭难☞sufferer n．受害者；患者) [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The smiles on their faces have deeply touched me and inspired me to devote my life to helping those suffering (suffer) pain.(读后续写之主旨升华) ②得知我的搭档得了重病，我非常焦虑，所以我冲向了医院。(2022·浙江卷1月读后续写) Knowing that my partner was suffering from a serious illness，I was burning with anxiety，so I darted towards the hospital. ③我的老师说道：“在写作的过程中，你一定经历过失败和艰辛。正是这些痛苦使你的意志更加坚强。” (2023·新课标卷读后续写) My teacher said，“In the process of writing，you must have suffered defeats and hardships．It is the sufferings that make you more strong­willed.” suffer a lot of pain　　遭受巨大的痛苦 suffer severe damage 损失惨重 suffer from 遭受；患病 5 survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过(☞survivor n．幸存者☞survival n．幸存；生还) [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Membership in a group plays an important function in ensuring their safety and improving their chances of survival (survive) from attacks by predators.(2024·九省联考) ②We will do everything in our power to help those survivors (survive) in the tornado. ③生活不在于如何度过暴风雨，而在于如何在雨中跳舞。(读后续写之主旨升华) Life isn't about how to survive storms，but how to dance in the rain. survive on　　靠……存活下来 survive sth 幸免于；从……中活过来 A survive B(by＋时间) A比B活得长 6 effect n．影响；结果；效果；效力(☞effective adj.有效的；有影响的) [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①This method may not be effective (effect) for everyone as each student's oral ability is different.(2023·新课标卷应用文) ②希望我的建议不久会付诸实施来解决这些问题。(应用文之建议信) Hopefully，my recommendations will soon be put into effect to settle these problems. ③李白一生创作了大量优秀的诗歌，对中国文化产生了巨大的影响。(2023·全国甲卷应用文) During his lifetime，Li Bai wrote a great number of excellent poems，which have a great effect/impact/influence on Chinese culture．(定语从句) take effect　　生效；见效 come into effect 生效 have an effect/influence/impact on/upon 对……产生影响 put ...into effect 实施；使……生效/起作用 7 strike vt.& vi.(struck，struck/stricken) 侵袭；突击；击打；突然想起；(时钟等)敲响 n．罢工；罢课；袭击 [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Yuan Longping's intense efforts that feed so many people on Earth struck (strike)me deeply.(2023·全国甲卷应用文) ②她突然意识到，通过小步骤更容易实现目标。(2024·浙江卷1月) It occurred to/hit/struck her that goals are easier to achieve in small steps. ③被他为我所做的事情所感动，我不能自已，感激的泪水顺着脸颊流下来。(读后续写之心理描写) Struck by what he had done for me，I couldn't contain myself，tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks.(分词短语作状语) (1)It strikes/hits/occurs to sb that ...　　　　　　　某人突然想起…… be struck by ... 被……打动；被……侵袭 strike sb in/on＋the＋身体部位 打某人某部位 (2)be on strike 在罢工 经 典 句 式 1 句型公式：as if引导的虚拟语气 教材原句：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! 仿佛世界末日即将来临！ [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①I froze with shock，feeling as if I had been thrown (throw)into a dark world. ②眼含泪花，大卫抬起头，看着我，好像要说什么，但是又垂下了头。(2022·新高考卷读后续写) Tears welling up in his eyes，David raised his head，looked at me as if he would say something/as if (he was) to say something，but lowered his head once again. ③他焦急地等待着结果，如坐针毡。 He is waiting for the results with anxiety as if he were sitting on pins and needles． ④我们终于见面了，并分享了一个热烈的拥抱，就好像我们是重逢的老朋友一样。(2024·新课标卷读后续写) We finally met and shared a hearty hug as if we were old friends reunited． as if/though意为“似乎，好像”，它所引导的从句中的语气及时态为： ·陈述语气(真实或极有可能发生的情况) ·虚拟语气(不真实或不可能发生的情况) 2 句型公式：be doing...when...意为“正在做……这时(突然)……” 教材原句：I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，这时海水开始灌入屋内。 [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①With the jar in my hands，I was walking(walk) upstairs in a hurry when one of my feet was caught on one stair. ②我们刚从着火的房子里逃出来，房子就倒向地面，我们吓得魂不附体。(读后续写之心理描写) We had just escaped from the burning house when it fell to the ground and we were frightened out of our wits. ③她正要把花送给李先生，这时突然摔倒在地。(读后续写之动作描写) She was about to present Mr.Li with the flowers when she fell to the ground. 句中when用作并列连词，意为“这时突然”。when表示“这时突然”之意，还常用于以下句型： be about to do...when...　　正要做……这时突然…… be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时突然…… had (just) done...when... 刚做完……这时突然…… 要 点 拾 遗 1 flood n．洪水；大量vi.淹没；大量涌入 vt.使灌满水；淹没 [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Sweet memories came flooding back and Jane was in floods of tears.(flood) ②听到我在写作比赛中获得第一名的好消息，一种喜出望外的感觉涌上心头。(2023·新课标卷读后续写) Hearing the good news that I won the first prize in the writing contest，a sense of happiness mixed with surprise flooded into my mind． 2 effort n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 [练透]—— 完成句子 他不遗余力地进行了一系列改革，使他的国家富强起来。(2023·全国甲卷书面表达) He spared no effort to carry out a series of reforms to make his country rich and powerful. 3 supply n．供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt.供应；供给 [练透]——单句语法填空 The government has supplied plenty of food and clothes to the local people since the earthquake occurred. ＝The government has supplied the local people with plenty of food and clothes since the earthquake occurred. 4 in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 [练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①On returning to the town，they were shocked to find their neighborhood in ruins. ②你改变不了过去，但如果你忧虑未来，将会毁了现在。(读后续写之主旨升华) You can't change the past，but you can ruin the present by worrying about the future． 层级一　语基落实练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空——巩固语言知识 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered (suffer) from terrible back pain. 2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Struck (strike)by his words，I made up my mind to make more progress in writing so as to live up to his expectation. 3．Some children were sliding (slide) on the ice happily when they heard someone crying for help. 4．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)In more technical terms，the wisdom (wise)of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. 5．Up to now food and water have been delivered (deliver) to the disaster­stricken area，where many people surviving (survive) the disaster are in urgent need of help. 6．Jennifer sat on the floor，burying (bury) her face in her hands，and her body trembled as she softly began to cry. 7．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues. 8．(2023·浙江卷1月)Hands waving (wave)，I dashed towards the bird，yelling to make myself noticed. 9．The only thing that cannot be broken is our love，which is the strongest thing that can never be destroyed (destroy). 10．Knowing that you will adjust the broadcast schedule，length (long) and column，I am writing to give my suggestions. Ⅱ.熟词生义练/一词多义练——清除阅读障碍 1．快速阅读下列句子并猜测句中加黑词汇的汉语意思 (1)(2023·全国甲卷)Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.大量涌入 (2)Birds singing in the tree，the flag waved in the breeze.飘动，起伏 (3)She was rushed to the hospital after suffering from shock.休克 (4)(2021·全国甲卷)I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep... 小山 (5)(2022·浙江卷1月)The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology，and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity. 强国 2．选出deliver的含义 (1)The princess had been delivered of a healthy baby boy，which made the handsome prince wild with excitement.__B__ (2)(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The son of a grocer，he'd spent the summers of his childhood delivering food in Bernardsville，New Jersey.__A__ (3)(2021·天津卷3月)Good evening，everybody.Professor King will be delivering his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.__C__ 3．选出affect的含义 (1)Deeply affected by the film，we couldn't hold back tears.__B__ (2)Honestly speaking，the coming­of­age ceremony affects me greatly.__A__ (3)The disease affects many different organs of his body.__C__ 层级二　写作提分练 慰问信——慰问遭受地震的朋友 一、根据提示，利用本单元所学知识完成作文 1．我是学生会主席李华。听说一场可怕的地震意外地袭击了你的家乡，我感到非常遗憾。(strike；同位语) I'm Li Hua，chairman of the Student Union.I'm deeply sorry to hear that a horrible earthquake unexpectedly struck your hometown. 2．我渴望借此机会向那些在地震中遭受巨大苦难的人们表达我最深切的同情和关心。(suffer；who引导定语从句) I'm eager to take this opportunity to send my deepest sympathy and concern for the people who suffered greatly in the earthquake. 3．得知救援队已经赶到你的家乡伸出援助之手，我感到宽慰。(rescue；现在分词短语作状语) Learning that rescue teams have rushed to your hometown to lend a helping hand，I feel relieved. 4．他们冒着生命危险营救被困在废墟的人们，完全把他们的安全抛在身后，这值得我们尊重和钦佩。(trap；in ruins；现在分词短语作状语；非限制性定语从句) They have risked their lives to rescue people trapped in ruins，totally leaving their safety behind，which deserves our respect and admiration. 5．在政府和全国各地人民的帮助下，我们没有必要担心任何事情。(aid) With the aid of the government and people across the country，there is no need for us to worry about anything. 6．我坚信虽然深受地震的影响，但灾区很快就会复苏，一切都会好起来的。(affect；revive；状语从句的省略) I'm fully convinced that though deeply affected by the earthquake，the stricken area will be revived soon，and everything will be fine. 二、请用恰当的过渡衔接词汇将以上各句合并成美文 Dear friend， ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua [参考范文] Dear friend， I'm Li Hua，chairman of the Student Union.I'm deeply sorry to hear that a horrible earthquake unexpectedly struck your hometown. I'm eager to take this opportunity to send my deepest sympathy and concern for the people who suffered greatly in the earthquake.Learning that rescue teams have rushed to your hometown to lend a helping hand，I feel relieved.They have risked their lives to rescue people trapped in ruins，totally leaving their safety behind，which deserves our respect and admiration.What's more，with the aid of the government and people across the country，there is no need for us to worry about anything. I'm fully convinced that though deeply affected by the earthquake，the stricken area will be revived soon，and everything will be fine. Yours， Li Hua 教材语料整合 亮词 [情感描写]　shock；in shock；calm；affect；effort [动作描写]　rescue；flood；trap；bury；damage；destroy；aid；sweep away；suffer；survive；shelter；strike；deliver 美句 1.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！(夸张) 2．Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.(夸张) 3．Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves...(比喻) 4．Tangshan started to revive itself and get back up on its feet.(拟人) 5．Slowly，the city began to breathe again.(拟人) 6．Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster，people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.(主旨升华) 拓展语料积累——火灾救援 续写语料 语段背诵 情 感 描 写 ①in shock　　　　　　震惊；吃惊 ②calm down 冷静下来 ③in great panic 非常恐慌 ④a sharp scream 一声尖叫 ⑤be dead with fright 吓坏了 ⑥A flood of fear welled up in her. 一阵恐惧涌上她的心头。 ⑦let out a scream of terror 发出恐惧的尖叫 根据语境，补全小语段，并背诵成文 The fire started to spread all over the hotel，and people fleeing out of it in time ①were still in great panic(仍旧非常恐慌).Just at that moment，a sharp scream came out of the crowd.②A young mother who was dead with fright(一位吓坏了的年轻母亲) cried that her baby was still in the hotel room.Hearing that，③a flood of fear welled up in the crowd(人群中涌起一阵恐惧)，and they didn't know what they could do in that situation.They tried to comfort the woman ④who had been scared out of her wits(被吓得魂不附体的女人)，but words just failed them.They almost lost hope when a young man quickly ran to the pool in front of the hotel，poured water on his jacket and then ⑤rushed into the burning room(冲进着火的房间).Seeing the scene，everyone ⑥was numb with fear(吓呆了)，wishing he could successfully bring the baby out.⑦Everyone's heart was stuck in their throat (每个人的心都卡在嗓子眼里)until they heard some cry of a baby. 动 作 描 写 ①flee out of　　　　　从……逃跑 ②comfort sb 安慰某人 ③lose hope 失去希望 ④tap vi.& vt. 轻叩；轻敲；轻拍 ⑤come to one's aid 帮助某人 ⑥rush into 冲进 ⑦wave n. 海浪；波浪 　vi.& vt. 挥手；招手 ⑧suffer from 遭受 限时规范训练（5） (建议用时：30分钟　满分：42.5分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分) A 难度：☆☆ (2025·潍坊高三模拟) Since Cynthia Florio was a lifeguard at Tobay Beach in the 1990s，she has watched the ocean approach the shore and draw closer to the dunes (沙丘).It's what forced Florio，53，of Massapequa，to take part in the Town of Oyster Bay's annual dune grass planting event on March 30—an effort to help stabilize the beach dunes against shoreline erosion (侵蚀). Along with other volunteers，Florio had spent hours with her daughter，Kyra Florio­Marinello，15，and her daughter's friend Tatum Brennan，15，planting the native plants that were intended to absorb water and prepare the sand against heavy wind.But four days later，a storm on Wednesday hit Long Island and washed the new plants away.“The latest dune planting event drew more than 150 volunteers who planted a lot across 2.7 acres of Atlantic Ocean sand dunes，” said Marta Kane，an Oyster Bay spokeswoman.“The dune grass cost the town $32，000.” The event，centered on volunteerism，drew some families whose elders were looking to share a message with a younger generation about the importance of protecting the environment.While the outcome resulted in a wave of disappointment，for some volunteers that was coupled with a sense of renewed motivation.Maria Rizzi，70，of Massapequa，participated in the planting session with her grandson，Andrew Lepsis，10.She said she would go back for another event with even more family members.“I'd be willing to do it again，” she said.“I'd even talk the older grand kids into coming.” While the storm swept the new plants away，Florio said Tobay Beach's appearance aftermath serves as a powerful reminder of the need for more volunteer work on that stretch of sand.“Maybe it will inspire more people to volunteer and understand the need for us to protect our beaches，” Florio said. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。为了防止海滩沙丘被海岸线侵蚀，Oyster Bay的志愿者开展了沙丘植草活动。虽然种植的植物在暴风雨中被摧毁，但志愿者们的意志未被摧毁，他们准备再次尝试。 1．What is the aim of the dune grass planting event? （ ） A．To protect the ocean from being polluted. B．To keep the shoreline in good shape. C．To reduce extreme weather conditions. D．To prevent people playing on the beach. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“It's what ...erosion (侵蚀).”可知，沙丘植草活动旨在帮助稳定海滩沙丘，防止海岸线侵蚀，以此保持海岸线的良好的形状。 2．Which can best describe the dune grass planting event? （ ） A．Popular but costly. B．Traditional but complex. C．Creative and economical. D．Successful and rewarding. 解析：A　推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘The latest dune ...town $32，000.’”提到参加该活动的人数和其花费可知，沙丘植草活动受到大家的欢迎和支持，但有点费钱。 3．How did Maria Rizzi feel about grass planting? （ ） A．Incapable.　　 B．Disappointed. C．Hopeless. D．Motivated. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据第三段中“She said she would go back for ...‘I'd be ...coming.’”可知，Maria Rizzi对沙丘植草活动充满希望，积极性很高。 4．What can be the best title for the text? （ ） A．Great Grass Planting B．The Best of the Storm C．Spirit Never Washed Away D．Volunteers Making History Together 解析：C　标题归纳题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“While the outcome...motivation.”和第四段的内容可知，为了防止海滩沙丘被海岸线侵蚀，Oyster Bay的志愿者开展了沙丘植草活动。虽然种植的植物在暴风雨中被摧毁，但志愿者们的意志未被摧毁，他们准备再次尝试。C项“从未被冲走的精神”为最佳标题。 B 难度：☆☆☆☆ (2024·浙江卷1月)On September 7，1991，the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary's southern suburbs.As a result，since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project.Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.But farmers in east­central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand，who farms in that area，has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years.“Basically，the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary­Edmonton urban area from hail，” Mr.Stienwand says，“but they're increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss，a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc.of Fargo，North Dakota.“We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air，so we cannot be causing drought，” Dr.Krauss says.“In fact，we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell，a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.“In 1999，I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas，” Dr.Doswell says.“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind？No one really knows，of course，but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt，Mr.Stienwand suggests，“it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice，doubt has had the opposite effect.Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts，no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud­seeding companies.Hence，private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大艾伯塔地区的防雹干预计划，以及不同相关方对该计划的不同态度。 5．What does the project aim to do? （ ） A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Prevent the formation of hailstones. C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.”可知，飞机通过向有威胁性的风暴体播撒一种化学物质，使得小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前先变成雨落下。由此可知，这一计划旨在防止冰雹的形成，故选B项。 6．Who are opposed to the project? （ ） A．Farmers in east­central Alberta. B．Managers of insurance companies. C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But farmers in east­central Alberta ...worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.”可知，Alberta中东部的农民担心人工增雨会带走他们干旱土地中的宝贵水分。由此可知，这些农民是反对这个计划的，故选A项。 7．Why does Dr.Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? （ ） A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D．To show the link between storms and moisture. 解析：C　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell”可知，Doswell博士对人工增雨的安全性持怀疑态度。接着他提到1999年目睹的由一个已经被播撒了化学物质的风暴单体形成的重大龙卷风。随后他又提出疑问“Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind？”，怀疑人工增雨会产生致命的风暴或是减少下风处的水分。由此可推断出，Doswell博士提到他看到的1999年的龙卷风是为了表明人工增雨存在可能的风险，故选C项。 8．What can we infer from the last paragraph? （ ） A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D．Cloud­seeding companies will continue to exist. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Hence，private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.”可知，私营的气候工程公司可以在相对合法的安全环境中继续进行下去，也就是这些公司会继续存在下去，故选D项。 C 难度：☆☆☆☆ Research is making surprising discoveries about insects.Honeybees have emotional ups and downs.Cockroaches have personalities and team up to make decisions.Fruit flies experience something very like fear. We're pretty sure other humans have feelings because they can tell us.But we don't know whether the bee is buzzing in anger or in fear.Human babies are silent on the matter，too.It was only in the 1980s that doctors came to believe human babies felt pain. In recent years，humans have gradually offered membership in the sentience club not only to their own young，but to some other animals.In the last decade，many countries have begun to ban experimentation on all great apes.And some ocean creatures were recently recognized as sentient.But with insects，the question remains open. Andrew Barron and Colin Klein are behind much of the foundational work on bees' brains.In 2016，they published a paper arguing that insects' brains have the capacity for subjective experience.Their argument follows on from the research of Swedish scientist Björn Merker，whose work suggests that the more basic forms of consciousness (意识) are located not in the cortex (大脑皮层)，which insects do not have，but in subcortical structures of the brain，which insects do have.“These subcortical structures are quite big and have a huge amount of processing power，” says Barron.They also argue that these structures may have been the earlier forms of our consciousness during evolutionary development. Other researchers are digging into the question，too.Jessica Ware notes that she's unsure what the similarities in these subcortical structures mean for insect consciousness.“We don't really have enough information to distinguish between what could be consciousness or awareness of the surroundings and what could be us humans interpreting that as consciousness，” she says. Still，Ware loves the idea of expanding the discussion of consciousness.“The doors are just opening up for further exploration，” she says.“This means we might have stopped looking at what it means to be conscious from a human­centered view.” 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。昆虫是否有情感或意识？这个问题仍待确定。研究人员对此有不同的看法。 9．Why is it challenging to determine the emotional states of insects? （ ） A．Insects tend to hide their emotions. B．Insects are not capable of communication. C．Insects rarely experience human­like emotions. D．Insects cannot convey their emotions to humans. 解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段的“We're pretty sure other humans have feelings ...in anger or in fear.”可知，也就是说我们无法确定昆虫的情感状态是因为它们无法像人类一样给我们传递自己的情感，故选D项。 10．What does the underlined phrase “sentience club” refer to in paragraph 3? （ ） A．Animals selected for scientific research. B．Social clubs founded to protect animals. C．Creatures recognized as having consciousness. D.Organizations committed to emotion management. 解析：C　词义猜测题。第二段的最后一句话讲直到20世纪80年代，医生才开始相信人类婴儿会感到疼痛，即人们开始知道婴儿是有情感的。第三段的“In the last decade ...recognized as sentient.”讲在过去的十年里，许多国家已经开始禁止对所有类人猿进行实验，一些海洋生物最近被认为是有知觉力的，即一些动物被认为是有情感的。画线部分后的“their own young”指第二段提及的婴儿，“some other animals”指第三段列举的像类人猿和一些海洋生物的动物。再结合选项可推知，画线部分与C项“被认为有意识的生物”的意思最为接近。故选C项。 11．What do Barron and Klein argue about insects' brains? （ ） A．They have developed in similar ways as human brains. B．They have the competence for emotions and consciousness. C．They have the same processing power as human beings do. D.They produce some basic forms of consciousness in the cortex. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词Barron and Klein可将答案定位在第四段。第四段讲2016年，Barron和Klein发表了一篇论文，认为昆虫的大脑具有主观体验的能力。这一论点是基于瑞典科学家Björn Merker的研究。研究表明，更基本的意识形态并不位于昆虫没有的大脑皮层中，而是位于昆虫拥有的大脑皮层下结构。他们还认为，在进化发展过程中，这些结构可能是我们意识的早期形式。由此可知，他们认为昆虫大脑有情感和意识的能力，故选B项。 12．What is Ware's concern about Barron and Klein's argument? （ ） A．The lack of theoretical foundation. B．The possibility of misinterpretation. C．The underestimation of brain function. D．The use of inappropriate research methods. 解析：B　推理判断题。倒数第二段讲到Jessica Ware指出，她不确定这些皮层下结构的相似性对昆虫意识意味着什么，人们真的没有足够的信息来区分什么是意识或对周围环境的意识，什么是我们人类将其解释为的意识。也就是说人们可能有误解，故选B项。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分) 难度：☆☆☆ When something goes wrong，do you tend to bounce back or fall apart？Here are some strategies to help you manage a personal setback (挫折) and get back on track toward achieving your goal. ·Realize it's normal.Less than 20 percent of people successfully achieve their goals the first time around.It's normal and expected for setbacks to occur.__1（ ）__ Knowing this，it's important to anticipate that the main task will be how to effectively manage the setback when it arises. ·Don't deny it.Sometimes it's hard to recognize a setback.The problem can be staring you right in the face，but you may think there's no cause for alarm.__2（ ）__ This inability to acknowledge the problem doesn't mean you're stupid.It's just that denial can cloud your awareness of the issue.It's important to be receptive to the honest feedback. ·__3（ ）__ Stop and consider carefully what went wrong.The most common causes of a setback are personal worries，overconfidence，and poor coping skills.Take a look at any factor that may have contributed to the setback：Where you were，who you were with，what you were thinking and feeling. ·Learn from it.Learn from your analysis of the setback，and adjust your plan to try to prevent similar things from happening the next time.Each time you fine­tune your plan and put it into action again，you actually improve your odds of eventual success.__4（ ）__ Remind yourself that your setback is a slip instead of a fall.__5（ ）__ After adjusting，you can still make progress toward success again. A．Don't take it seriously. B．Analyze what happened. C．You haven't lost all of the knowledge，skills，and support. D．In other words，it's not whether a challenge will happen，but it's when. E．This is because you learn from each misstep to make your plan more effective. F．Friends or family will voice their concern，but you still may not be able to accept it. G．You might even write about past experiences in a journal to guide your future behavior. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几条勇敢面对挫折并实现自己目标的策略。 1．解析：D　本段开头说仅有不到百分之二十的人第一次就成功，说明遇到挫折的人是大多数，遇见挫折很正常；空后又说重要的是预见到当挫折发生时，如何有效地处理挫折，因此此处应该关注的是挫折何时发生，而非挫折是否会出现，故D项符合语境。 2．解析：F　该段指出我们不应该否定挫折，后文提及应该多去接受真诚的反馈，此处的反馈即家人或朋友们的意见、关心。但即使这样我们仍可能无法接受挫折，这种无能并不代表愚蠢，而是正常的，只不过否认挫折会蒙蔽你对问题的认识。故此空应承上启下，故F项符合语境。 3．解析：B　本段提到导致挫折的因素，多把那些可能引起失败的因素纳入反思的范围，才能顺利面对挫折，说明该段以分析为主，且此空位于段首，应是对下文的总结，故B项符合语境。 4．解析：E　本段讲述从挫折中学习，每一次从挫折中获得的经验都是日后成功的基石，因此空处是说挫折会让你的计划更有效、更合理，是对上文变成功的原因说明，故E项符合语境。 5．解析：C　空前说到挫折对一个人来说只是一次滑倒，而非是坠落，因此空处要解释原因。C项符合文意，即便你遭遇了挫败，你并未失去知识、技能、支持一类的东西，依然可以东山再起，大胆迈向成功，故C项符合语境。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $