外刊阅读+分类教学 Day 16 无需分类，直接降解！科学家找到塑料回收新路径-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

外刊阅读 Step 1: Reading Easier plastic recycling is on the horizon 无需分类，直接降解！科学家找到塑料回收新路径​​ 词数：320 改编自：大众科学 Article Main idea For decades, recycling has struggled with polyolefins—the polymers that make up milk jugs, juice cartons and almost every container in your fridge. Their carbon-carbon bonds are so strong that the plastics can linger for centuries. Less than 10 % of the 220 million tons produced yearly is ever reused; the rest is buried, burned or turned into low-grade pellets after expensive hand-sorting. 指出塑料回收长期受阻于聚烯烃，其超强碳-碳键使容器千年不腐。 Recently, however, chemists at Northwestern University report in Nature Chemistry that a cheap catalyst may end this waste. The secret is cationic (阳离子的) nickel, a metal that is abundant and far less costly than palladium or platinum. While earlier hydrogenolysis methods need rare metals and temperatures above 700 °C, the new single-site nickel works at only 250 °C and half the usual hydrogen pressure. It acts like a molecular scalpel, slicing only the stubborn carbon-carbon links and leaving the rest of the chain intact. Surprisingly, the catalyst is even strengthened by PVC, a plastic formerly considered a contaminant (污染物) that must be rigorously excluded. 介绍西北大学发现阳离子镍催化剂，可在低温低压下精准切断聚烯烃碳-碳键。 If scaled up, the discovery could eradicate the need for painstaking pre-sorting and cut the microplastics released daily into oceans and soils. Yet challenges remain. Engineers must prove that the reaction stays efficient in a continuous reactor, and that the hydrocarbons produced can be sold at a price that competes with virgin oil. Still, by turning yesterday’s supermarket waste into tomorrow’s fuel or new bottles, nickel may finally make the promise of a circular plastics economy more than an elegant theory. 指出若工艺放大成功，可省却人工分选并减少微塑料，但仍需验证连续反应器效率与经济性。 Step 2: Exercise 基础版（90 分；900-1000L） 阅读理解选择题 1. What is the main problem with polyolefin plastics? A. They are too expensive to produce. B. They cannot be melted at any temperature. C. They are extremely hard to break down. D. They are rare in daily life. 2. The new catalyst described in the passage is made from ______. A. palladium B. platinum C. nickel D. carbon 3. Compared with earlier methods, the nickel catalyst works at ______. A. higher pressure B. lower temperature C. greater cost D. smaller scale 4. What unexpected advantage does the nickel catalyst have? A. It becomes more active when PVC is present. B. It can turn plastic into water directly. C. It needs no hydrogen gas at all. D. It can sort plastics automatically. 5. What still needs to be proved for the new process? A. The plastics can be colorful. B. The reaction can run continuously and profitably. C. The catalyst can be used only once. D. The PVC must be totally removed. 答案与解析（基础版） 1. C 第一段指出聚烯烃碳-碳键极其牢固，可存留数百年。 2. C 第二段明确说催化剂是“cationic nickel”。 3. B 第二段对比：旧法需 700 °C，新法只需 250 °C。 4. A 第二段末句提到 PVC 反而增强催化剂活性。 5. B 第三段强调需验证连续反应器效率及经济可行性。 提高版（130 分；1100-1300L） 阅读理解选择题 1. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s attitude toward the nickel-catalyst breakthrough? A. Cautiously optimistic B. Enthusiastically supportive C. Strongly critical D. Totally indifferent 2. The phrase “molecular scalpel” (Para. 2) implies that the nickel catalyst ______. A. removes every chemical bond in the polymer B. operates with high precision on specific bonds C. is too fragile for industrial conditions D. can only function in biological systems 3. It can be inferred that traditional hydrogenolysis is disadvantaged by ______. A. its inability to tolerate any contaminants B. its excessive consumption of hydrogen C. its reliance on noble metals and high energy D. its prohibition by environmental laws 4. Which of the following would be the most significant barrier to commercializing the technology? A. Public distrust of nickel-based products B. The possible decline in virgin-oil prices C. The catalyst’s toxicity to marine life D. The limited supply of waste PVC 5. Which statement is TRUE according to the passage? A. Less than 10 % of all plastics ever produced are polyolefins. B. The nickel catalyst performs better in the presence of some contaminants. C. The hydrocarbons obtained currently outperform virgin oil in quality. D. Continuous reactors have already validated the process for five years. 答案与解析（提高版） 1. A 作者既展示前景又列出挑战，态度为“谨慎乐观”。 2. B 比喻说明催化剂只切断顽固碳-碳键，精准度高。 3. C 第二段对比：旧法需稀有金属和 700 °C，能耗高。 4. B 第三段指出所得烃类必须与 virgin oil 价格竞争，油价若大跌则经济壁垒最大。 5. B 第二段末句明确 PVC 污染料反而增强活性，其余选项与原文不符。 Step 3: Learning 1. catalyst 重点：词义“催化剂”；高考常考比喻义“促进因素”；词性转换：catalyze v. 近：stimulus, spur 反：hindrance, inhibitor 形近：catalog(ue) n. 目录 拓展： catalyst (n. 催化剂) ├── catalyze (v. 催化) ├── catalysis (n. 催化作用) └── catalytic (a. 催化的) 2. polymer 重点：科技说明文高频；后缀 -mer 表示“部分”；派生 polymeric a. 近：plastic, resin 反：monomer 单体 形近：polite, pollster 拓展： polymer (n. 聚合物) ├── polymeric (a. 聚合的) ├── polymerize (v. 聚合) └── polymerization (n. 聚合作用) 3. frustrate 重点：阅读态度题高频；搭配 be frustrated by；形容词 frustrating/frustrated 易混。 近：discourage, thwart 反：encourage, fulfill 形近：furnish, franchise 拓展： frustrate (v. 使沮丧) ├── frustration (n. 沮丧) ├── frustrating (a. 令人沮丧的) └── frustrated (a. 感到沮丧的) 4. manufacture 重点：CET→高考迁移词；派生 manufacturer, manufacturing；阅读“制造-消费”话题核心。 近：produce, mass-produce 反：consume, dismantle 形近：manual, manuscript 拓展： manufacture (v./n. 制造) ├── manufacturer (n. 制造商) ├── manufacturing (n. 制造业) └── manufactory (n. 工厂，旧) 5. resist 重点：阅读“抵抗/耐…”高频；后接 v-ing；派生 resistant, resistance。 近：withstand, repel 反：yield, submit 形近：reside (居住), resin 拓展： resist (v. 抵抗) ├── resistant (a. 有抵抗力的) ├── resistance (n. 抵抗；阻力) └── irresistible (a. 无法抗拒的) 6. notorious 重点：贬义形容词；搭配 be notorious for；派生 notoriety n. 近：infamous, disreputable 反：renowned, reputable 形近：nutritious, momentous 拓展： notorious (a. 臭名昭著的) ├── notoriety (n. 恶名) └── notoriously (ad. 出名地，贬) 7. compromise 重点：熟词僻义“危害”；高考完形常考“妥协→危及”的语义链。 近：undermine, jeopardize 反：secure, protect 形近：compose, comprise 拓展： compromise (v./n. 妥协；危及) ├── compromising (a. 损害性的) └── uncompromising (a. 不妥协的) 8. elegant 重点：阅读态度词；科技文赞方案“简洁高效”；派生 elegance n. 近：refined, ingenious 反：clumsy, crude 形近：element, elephant 拓展： elegant (a. 优雅的；简洁的) ├── elegance (n. 优雅) └── elegantly (ad. 优雅地) 9. deconstruct 重点：前缀 de- “反向”；高考阅读“拆解-重组”话题；同根 construct 高频。 近：dismantle, break down 反：assemble, construct 形近：decrease, decorate 拓展： deconstruct (v. 解构) ├── deconstruction (n. 解构) ├── construct (v. 建造) └── reconstruction (n. 重建) 10. abundant 重点：写作替换 plentiful；派生 abundance, abound；短语 be abundant in。 近：plentiful, ample 反：scarce, sparse 形近：abound, redundant 拓展： abundant (a. 丰富的) ├── abundance (n. 大量) ├── abound (v. 大量存在) └── abundantly (ad. 大量地) 11. precise 重点：阅读“精确/准确”高频；派生 precision, precisely；写作替换 exact。 近：exact, accurate 反：vague, approximate 形近：precious, preclude 拓展： precise (a. 精确的) ├── precision (n. 精密度) └── precisely (ad. 精确地；恰好) 12. contaminate 重点：环保类阅读高频；派生 contamination, contaminant；形近字 contest, content 易混。 近：pollute, taint 反：purify, cleanse 形近：contemplate, continent 拓展： contaminate (v. 污染) ├── contamination (n. 污染) ├── contaminant (n. 污染物) └── contaminated (a. 被污染的) 13. eradicate 重点：写作“解决”高级词；派生 eradication；搭配 eradicate poverty/crime。 近：eliminate, wipe out 反：introduce, foster 形近：elastic, educate 拓展： eradicate (v. 根除) ├── eradication (n. 消灭) └── eradicable (a. 可根除的) 14. painstaking 重点：复合形容词“极其仔细的”；写作可替换 careful；词根 pain+take+ing。 近：diligent, meticulous 反：careless, sloppy 形近：painting, panicking 拓展： painstaking (a. 艰苦细致的) └── painstakingly (ad. 煞费苦心地) 15. scale 重点：熟词僻义“规模”；短语 scale up/down 高考阅读高频；派生 scalable。 近：expand, enlarge (scale up) 反：reduce, shrink (scale down) 形近：scare, scandal 拓展： scale (n./v. 规模；攀登) ├── scalable (a. 可扩展的) ├── upscale (a. 高档的) └── downscale (v. 缩小规模) 16. efficient 重点：科技说明文必考；派生 efficiency, efficiently；易与 effective 混淆。 近：productive, effective 反：wasteful, inefficient 形近：effluent, effort 拓展： efficient (a. 高效的) ├── efficiency (n. 效率) └── inefficient (a. 低效的) 17. derive 重点：阅读“得到/衍生”义；搭配 derive from；派生 derivative。 近：obtain, extract 反：lose, forfeit 形近：deprive, thrive 拓展： derive (v. 取得；源于) ├── derivative (a./n. 衍生的；衍生物) └── derivation (n. 起源) 18. release 重点：环保话题高频；派生 re-release, released；短语 release emissions/waste。 近：emit, discharge 反：absorb, retain 形近：relieve, relate 拓展： release (v./n. 释放；发布) ├── re-release (v. 再发布) └── released (a. 被释放的) 19. alternative 重点：写作“替代方案”核心词；派生 alternatively adv.；形近字 alter, altitude。 近：substitute, option 反：necessity, obligation 拓展： alternative (n./a. 替代品；替代的) ├── alternatively (ad. 或者) ├── alternate (v./a. 交替) └── alteration (n. 改变) 20. economy 重点：阅读“循环/线性经济”话题；派生 economic, economical, economically 常考辨析。 近：thrift, frugality (economical 义) 反：luxury, waste 形近：autonomy, astronomy 拓展： economy (n. 经济；节约) ├── economic (a. 经济上的) ├── economical (a. 节约的) ├── economically (ad. 经济地) └── economics (n. 经济学) Step 4: Complex Sentence 主语谓语宾语从句/修饰 长难句1 原句： A cheap catalyst made from nickel can specifically target those resilient carbon-carbon bonds that otherwise keep polyolefin plastics from breaking down for hundreds of years. 汉语翻译： 一种由镍制成的廉价催化剂能够精准攻击那些本可让聚烯烃塑料数百年不分解的顽固碳-碳键。 层级结构图： · A cheap catalyst (主语中心词) · → made from nickel (过去分词短语作后置定语) · can specifically target (谓语) · those resilient carbon-carbon bonds (宾语) · → that otherwise keep polyolefin plastics from breaking down for hundreds of years (限制性定语从句，关系代词 that 修饰 bonds) 长难句2 原句： The new catalyst, being so stable that it tolerates PVC-contaminated waste streams that have always been forbidden in traditional recycling processes, could largely eradicate the need for painstaking pre-sorting. 汉语翻译： 这种新催化剂极为稳定，甚至能耐受传统回收流程中一直被禁止的PVC污染废料，从而可能大幅省去繁琐的预分类步骤。 层级结构图： · The new catalyst (主语) · being so stable (现在分词短语作原因状语) · → that it tolerates PVC-contaminated waste streams (结果状语从句，与 so 呼应) · → that have always been forbidden in traditional recycling processes (限制性定语从句，关系代词 that 修饰 waste streams) · could largely eradicate (谓语) · the need for painstaking pre-sorting (宾语) Step 5: Review 序号 英语 汉语 序号 英语 汉语 序号 英语 汉语 1 polymer 8 deconstruct 15 efficient 2 frustrate 9 abundant 16 derive 3 manufacture 10 precise 17 release 4 resist 11 contaminate 18 alternative 5 notorious 12 eradicate 19 economy 6 compromise 13 painstaking 7 elegant 14 scale Step 6: Translate 几十年來，人类始终被冰箱里的同一种塑料困扰：聚烯烃。它们由牢不可破的碳-碳键连接，可在自然环境中存在数百年。全球每年生产约2.2亿吨聚烯烃制品，其中不足10%被回收，其余只能填埋或焚烧。 近日，美国西北大学的科学家在《自然化学》发表论文，提出用廉价且储量丰富的阳离子镍作为催化剂，在仅250°C、一半氢气压强的温和条件下，精准切断聚烯烃的顽固骨架。与需要稀有贵金属钯、铂的传统氢解法相比，新工艺成本骤降，且出人意料的是，曾被严禁混入回收流的PVC（聚氯乙烯）竟能增强催化剂活性。 若这一路线实现工业放大，繁琐的人工分选或将成为历史，每日排入土壤与海洋的微塑料亦将显著减少。然而，研究团队坦言，仍需验证连续反应器中的长期稳定性，并确保所得烃类能在价格上抗衡原生石油。一旦解决这些瓶颈，超市废弃物便可摇身变为燃料或新瓶，镍也将为循环塑料经济打开真正可行的大门。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $