内容正文:
第二节 非谓语动词
考点一 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类
时态
主动
被动
主语
宾语
宾补
表语
定语
状语
不定式
一般式
to do
to be
done
√
√
√
√
√
√
进行式
to be
doing
-
完成式
to have
done
to have
been done
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
×
√
√
×
完成式
having
done
having
been done
分
词
现在分词
一般式
doing
being done
×
×
√
√
√
√
完成式
having
done
having
been done
×
×
√
√
√
√
过去分词
一般式
-
done
×
×
√
√
√
√
1.主动形式与被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。
Poems (focus) on nature often stress the moment of inspiration.(译林选一U4)
以自然为主题的诗歌往往强调灵感的瞬间。
(fill) with descriptions of magic and ancient themes,many Romantic poems contain rich sensory details.(译林选一U4)
许多浪漫主义诗歌充满了对魔法和古代主题的描述,包含了丰富的感官细节。
2.时间先后关系
根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
(grow) up in the beautiful Lake District,Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet.(译林选一U4)
华兹华斯在美丽的湖区长大,他的童年对于一个成长中的诗人来说是完美的。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
(bite) by mosquitoes,she applied some medicine to her skin.(人教选二U5)
被蚊子叮咬后,她在皮肤上涂了一些药。
考点二 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1.动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(lie) still in the grass, (wait),he heard the sound of the wild.
他静静地躺在草丛里,等待着,天籁之音不绝于耳。
During his travels,he visited famous mountains and great rivers, (encounter) different customs and practices.(译林选一U4)
在他的旅行中,他参观了名山大川,遇见了不同的风俗习惯。
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
(educate) at Cambridge,Wordsworth received his degree in 1791.(译林选一U4)
华兹华斯在剑桥接受教育,于1791年获得学位。
[点拨] 部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有:located、seated、hidden、lost/absorbed/buried in、dressed in、tired of、faced with。
Tired of keeping up with her sister,Kelly was ready to carve her own path.
凯利厌倦了总是跟着姐姐的步伐,准备开辟自己的道路。
3.不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,意为“为了;以便”。
(enjoy) a grander sight,you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。
(2)作结果状语,常用于only to do结构中。
I overslept and rushed to the airport,only (find)that the check-in counter had closed.(人教选四U3)
我睡过头了,赶到机场,却发现值机柜台已经关闭了。
[点拨] 动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
(3)作原因状语,常用于“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:happy、lucky、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、desperate、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、clever、foolish、pleased、fortunate、right等。
She was happy (learn) the good news.
听到这个好消息,她很高兴。
[点拨] 在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中,句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系,而不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。在此结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词;若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
考点三 非谓语动词作定语
1.动词-ing形式作定语,表主动、正在进行;若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
Families (celebrate)the Lunar New Year can enjoy exciting dragon dances and carnivals together.(人教必三U1)
庆祝农历新年的家庭可以一起欣赏精彩的舞龙表演和狂欢活动。
2.过去分词作定语,表示被动、完成。
Loch Ness (surround) by beautiful natural landscape was made to look amazing.(人教必二U4)
尼斯湖四周环绕着美丽的自然景观,令人叹为观止。
Rosemary shares her (pack) lunch with two friends every day.(人教必二U4)
罗斯玛丽每天与两个朋友分享她的盒饭。
[点拨] 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行;done 表示已经完成。
3.不定式作定语,表示动作尚未发生。
Many countries have plans (study) planets like Mars and Jupiter further.
许多国家都计划进一步研究火星和木星等行星。
4.动词-ing形式作定语,表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动词-ing形式常置于被修饰词的前面。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the (read) room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
5.由序数词,the only、the last、the next或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作后置定语。
In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person (get) married in space.(人教必三U4)
2003年,尤里·马连琴科成为第一个在太空结婚的人。
6.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。
常见的这类名词有:ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
What impressed people most about Yuan Longping was his ongoing ability (fulfil) his dreams.(人教选一U5)
袁隆平给人留下的最深刻的印象是他不断实现梦想的能力。
考点四 非谓语动词作宾语
1.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)三个希望两答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)
(2)两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)
(3)设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide/determine)
(4)不要假装在选择(pretend、choose/select)
(5)打算提出俩计划(intend、offer、plan、mean)
(6)申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)
此外,happen、threaten、can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语
Jason Harley decided (drop) out of this kind of lifestyle,and he discovered that having only a little money made him free.(北师大选一U2)
詹森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式,他发现只拥有少量金钱使他获得了自由。
Although he had only intended (stay) for one year,he now feels ready to stay for another year.(北师大必一U1)
虽然他原先只打算待一年,但现在他准备再待一年。
[点拨] allow、permit、advise后需跟动词-ing形式作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补,即allow/permit/advise doing/sb to do sth。
2.只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)
(2)不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)
(3)感激承认不否认(appreciate、admit、deny)
(4)介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)
(5)允许完成是期望(allow/permit、finish、look forward to)
(6)建议继续勤操练(suggest、go on、practise)
(7)致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)
(8)继续成功不错过(keep on、succeed in、miss)
I usually find history a little boring,but I enjoyed (read) about the history of film.(北师大必一U1)
我通常觉得历史有点无聊,但我喜欢读有关电影史的书。
I kept telling him that I knew the way myself,but he insisted on (take) me there.(北师大必三U9)
我一直告诉他我知道路,但他坚持要带我去那里。
[点拨] 动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时,其后要用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、permit(允许)等。
3.下列动词(短语)既可以接动词-ing形式作宾语,也可以接动词不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
I meant (give) you this book today,but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的,可是我忘了。
Missing this train means (wait) for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着再等一个小时。
考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
(1)有些动词之后常用带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常见的有:ask、invite、want、encourage、wish、expect、beg、request、require、advise、order、force、cause、allow、permit、forbid、warn、remind、teach、send、call on、wait for、would like/love/prefer等表示劝告、建议、要求类动词。
An impressive and expensive ad may signal to the investors that the ad agency is successful and they may then be encouraged (invest) in it.(北师大选二U6)
一个令人印象深刻、价格昂贵的广告可能会向投资者传达出该广告公司很成功的信号,进而可能鼓励他们进行投资。
With exams being adapted into Braille,a blind senior high school student scored 630 points out of 650 in the College Entrance Examination.He is expected (admit) to a top university.(人教选四U1)
随着考试适用于盲文,一名盲人高中生在高考中获得了630分(满分650分)的好成绩。他有望被一流大学录取。
(2)有些动词之后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常用动词(主动语态中)有:使役动词(make、let、have);感官动词(see、watch、observe、hear、notice)。
Jeff’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain.Jenna made him (put) his hand in cold water.
杰夫的手碰到了滚烫的火炉,他痛苦地叫了一声。珍娜让他把手放在冷水里。
2.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
表示主动、进行。常用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的单词有:feel、find、hear、notice、observe、see、watch、get、have、keep、leave、send、set、listen to、look at等。
I heard the clock (strike) eight when I woke up this morning.
今天早上醒来时,我听见钟敲响八点。
We see a woman (swim) at night in a dark sea.(外研必二U6)
晚上,我们看到一个女人在漆黑的海水里游泳。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语
表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的单词有:have、make、get、find、see、notice、watch、hear、feel、want、like等。
We found ourselves very (surprise) by the large number of visitors and the amount of noise at the entrance of the National Gallery.(人教必二U4)
我们对国家美术馆入口处的大量游客和嘈杂声音感到非常惊讶。
[点拨]
1.with+宾语+doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
The melting of the polar ice caps will have dire consequences,with sea levels rising,causing flooding in low lying areas,such as islands and coastal cities.(北师大版必三U8)
极地冰盖的融化将带来严重后果,海平面上升,导致低洼地区(如岛屿和沿海城市)发生洪水。
With his mind concentrated on his work,he didn’t notice my appearance.
他专心于工作,没有注意到我的出现。
2.在sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,用不定式作主语补足语。
They are all believed to have made important contributions to computer science.(人教选四U3)
他们都被认为对计算机科学做出了重要贡献。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常用单数。
(use) biomimicry is to create structures based on natural forms and processes.(外研选三U5)
利用仿生技术就是根据自然形态及进程来创造建筑结构。
(2)不定式作主语时常置于句末,用it作形式主语放在句首。
It’s so convenient (be) able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy.(北师大必一U1)
在我购买前,能够比较不同网络商店的质量和价格,真是太方便了。
(3)不定式作表语,主语往往是dream、goal、aim、purpose、plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
During the Middle Ages,the purpose of Western art was (teach) people about Christianity.(人教选三U1)
在中世纪,西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。
2.动词-ing形式作主语和表语
(1)动词-ing形式(短语)作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常用单数。
(create) buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.(外研选三U5)
创造这样的建筑使我们能够与我们的环境更加和谐地相处。
(2)有时用it作形式主语,常用于It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth结构中。
After he finished playing the piece,he destroyed the qin and said,“Since the only person that understands my music is gone,it’s no use (keep) the qin.”(译林选一U2)
演奏完后,他毁了琴,说:“既然唯一能听懂我音乐的人已经不在了,琴也就没有意义了。”
(3)动词-ing形式作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态,此时动词-ing形式已经具有形容词的性质,意为“令人……的”。
It’ll be too (tire) to walk or dance for a long time in those shoes.(人教必三U1)
穿这双鞋长时间走路或跳舞太累了。
(4)动词-ing形式作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
People whose interest is (explore) the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s Art Science Museum.(外研选三U5)
对探索艺术与科学之间关系感兴趣的人会喜欢新加坡的艺术科学博物馆。
3.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时表示主语的某种情况或状态,此时过去分词已经具有形容词的性质,意为“感到……的”。
Visitors are often (amaze) to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.(外研选三U5)
当发现自己置身于一座如此真实地捕捉了自然形态之美的城市建筑中时,参观者常常叹为观止。
形容词化的过去分词与动词-ing形式的比较
过去分词
动词-ing形式
多修饰人,意为“感到……的”
多修饰物,意为“令人……的”
interested感到有趣的
bored感到无聊的
moved被感动的
puzzled感到困惑的
satisfied感到满意的
interesting有趣的
boring无聊的
moving令人感动的
puzzling令人迷惑的
satisfying令人满意的
解题指导
【典例1】 During the Mid-Autumn Festival,family members often gather together (share) a meal,admire the moon and enjoy mooncakes.
【典例2】 Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time (spend) with his students.
达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people (meet),talk,and get to know one another.(2025·八省联考)
2.Shuttlecock (毽子) kicking is a traditional popular folk game, (date) as far back as the Han Dynasty.(2025·德州高三二模)
3.A train (travel) at 400 km/h would shorten the journey from Beijing to Shanghai to 2.5 hours.(2025·滨州高三二模)
4.Among the over 5,000 precious relics (excavate)from the ruins,the most eye-catching is the Golden Sun Bird.(2025·九江高三二模)
5.They recorded the performances and posted the video clips of the class on social media platforms, (receive) millions of views and likes from netizens.(2025·南昌高三三模)
6.In the north,with large fields (do) for the season,farmers can take a break.(2025·太原高三一模)
7.During his 30-minute speech (title) A Zoo’s Pursuit,Shen showcased the successful changes that he had performed.(2025·济宁高三二模)
8.Later,both Lijiang and Huaping governments (sponsor) her with much money for many years,Zhang’s school was completed,becoming the first free all-girls high school in China.(2025·鹰潭高三二模)
9.She gets up at 5:00 am and is always the first one among all the stuff (arrive) at school.She also checks how the classes are going three times a day.(2025·鹰潭高三二模)
10. (strike) by the beauty of the moment we sat there,feeling proud to have witnessed such a magical sight.(2025·广东大湾区高三二模)
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1. ,
they got up immediately and rushed to the mouth of the cave,without putting on their shoes.
听到熟悉的声音,他们立即起身,没有穿鞋就冲到洞口。
2.I explained the situation,
.
我解释了情况,对意外的结果感到尴尬和害怕。
3.Ruby immediately got the other girls to help her lift the tree trunk from Lily’s leg,
.
鲁比立刻让其他女孩帮她把树干从莉莉腿上抬起来,却发现她的腿断了。
4. ,
I fingered the letter and read it word for word.
用颤抖的双手抚摸着那封信,我逐字逐句地读着。
5.Finally,during the afternoon break,some excellent sample essays
can be played.
最后,在下午的休息时间,可以播放一些学生发表的优秀文章。
Ⅲ.语篇提能练
Let children learn 1. (judge) their own work.A child 2. (learn) to talk does not learn by 3. (correct) all the time.If 4. (correct) too much,he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language.Bit by bit,he makes the right changes 5. (make) his language like other people’s.In the same way,children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk,run,climb,ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6. (skill) people,and slowly make the 7. (need) changes.But in school,teachers never give a child a chance 8. (find) out his mistakes for himself,even fewer chances for him to correct himself.They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 9. (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10. (make) to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out,with the help of other children if he wants it,what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
参考答案
考点一
1.focusing Filled 2.(1)Growing (2)Having been bitten
考点二
1.Lying;waiting encountering 2.Educated
3.(1)To enjoy (2)to find (3)to learn
考点三
1.celebrating 2.surrounded packed 3.to study
4.reading 5.to get 6.to fulfil
考点四
1.to drop to stay 2.reading taking 3.to give waiting
考点五
1.(1)to invest to be admitted (2)put
2.striking swimming 3.surprised
考点六
1.(1)To use (2)to be (3)to teach
2.(1)Creating (2)keeping (3)tiring (4)exploring
3.amazed
【典例1】 to share [句意:在中秋节期间,家庭成员常常欢聚一堂,享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知,句子为简单句,且谓语动词为gather,空处应填非谓语动词;再根据句意可知,此处应用不定式作目的状语。]
【典例2】 spent [句意:吉姆已经退休,但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系,且此处表示一个已完成的动作,所以用过去分词作后置定语。]
达标检测
Ⅰ.1.to meet 2.dating 3.traveling 4.excavated
5.receiving 6.done 7.titled 8.having sponsored
9.to arrive 10.Struck
Ⅱ.1.Hearing the voice they were familiar with 2.feeling embarrassed and frightened by the unexpected outcome 3.only to find her leg was broken 4.With my trembling hands 5.published by students
Ⅲ.1.to judge 2.learning 3.being corrected 4.corrected 5.to make 6.skilled 7.needed 8.to find 9.to notice 10.made
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