2025年中考英语复习学案 被动语态

被动语态 一、被动语态的概念 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者； 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 例如： 主动语态：I clean the room every day.（我每天打扫房间。“I”是动作“clean”的执行者） 被动语态：The room is cleaned by me every day.（房间每天被我打扫。“The room”是动作“clean”的承受者） 练习1：判断下列句子是主动语态还是被动语态 1. The cat catches the mouse.（ ） 2. The bike was repaired by my father.（ ） 3. She writes a letter.（ ） 4. The book is read by many people.（ ） 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词（V - pp）”构成，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化 。具体如下： 1. 一般现在时：am/is/are + done - I am asked to answer the question.（我被要求回答这个问题。） - He is often praised by the teacher.（他经常被老师表扬。） - They are invited to the party.（他们被邀请参加派对。） 2. 一般过去时：was/were + done - The letter was written yesterday.（这封信是昨天写的。） - She was given a present last week.（她上周收到了一份礼物。） - The windows were broken by the boys.（窗户被男孩们打破了。） 3. 一般将来时：will/shall + be + done - The work will be finished tomorrow.（这项工作明天将被完成。） - A new school will be built in our town.（我们镇上将会建一所新学校。） 4. 现在进行时：am/is/are + being + done - The room is being cleaned now.（房间现在正在被打扫。） - A bridge is being built over the river.（河上正在建一座桥。） 5. 过去进行时：was/were + being + done - The bike was being repaired at this time yesterday.（昨天这个时候自行车正在被修理。） - The plan was being discussed when I came in.（我进来的时候，计划正在被讨论。） 6. 现在完成时：have/has + been + done - The book has been translated into many languages.（这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。） - They have been told the news.（他们已经被告知了这个消息。） 7. 过去完成时：had + been + done - The work had been finished before he arrived.（在他到达之前，工作已经完成了。） - All the problems had been solved by the end of last month.（到上个月底，所有问题都已经被解决了。） 8. 情态动词：情态动词 + be + done - The homework must be handed in on time.（作业必须按时上交。） - This task can be completed by him.（这项任务可以由他完成。） 练习2：用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The classroom ______ (clean) every day. 2. The letter ______ (write) last night. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city next year. 4. The house ______ (paint) now. 5. The bike ______ (repair) at this time yesterday. 6. The work ______ (finish) yet. 7. The task ______ (complete) by the end of last week. 8. The rules must ______ (obey). 9. Rice ______ (grow) in the south of China. 10. The Great Wall ______ (visit) by many people every year. 11. The letter ______ (write) by her yesterday. 12. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city now. 13. The room ______ (clean) when I came in. 14. The work ______ (finish) by them before 5 o'clock yesterday. 15. These books ______ (not return) to the library yet. 三、使用被动语态的情况 1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁 - The window was broken.（窗户被打破了。不知道是谁打破的窗户） - The letter was sent yesterday.（信昨天被寄出去了。不知道是谁寄的信） 2. 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁 - Your homework should be handed in on time.（你的作业应该按时上交。重点强调作业要按时交，没必要指出是谁交作业） - The trees are watered every day.（树每天都被浇水。不需要说明是谁浇水） 3. 强调动作的承受者 - The boy was saved by the brave man.（这个男孩被那个勇敢的人救了。强调男孩是被救的对象） - The new building was designed by a famous architect.（这座新建筑是由一位著名建筑师设计的。强调建筑是被设计的对象） 练习3：选择正确答案 1. The pen ______ smoothly. I like it very much. A. writes B. is written C. was written D. has been written 2. A lot of waste water ______ into the river every day. A. pours B. is poured C. are poured D. poured 3. The old man ______ by the kind girl. A. looks after B. is looked after C. looked after D. was looking after 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2. 把主动语态的谓语动词变为“be + 过去分词”形式（注意be动词的时态要与原句时态一致）。 3. 把主动语态的主语放在介词by后面（如果不需要指出动作执行者，by短语可以省略） 。 例如： 主动语态：We plant many trees every year.（我们每年种很多树。） 被动语态：Many trees are planted by us every year.（很多树每年被我们种植。） 练习4：将下列主动语态句子变为被动语态 1. They clean the classroom every day. → 2. Tom bought a new bike last week. → 3. We will plant more trees next year. → 由主动语态变被动语态时应注意的问题 　　1.含有短语动词的被动语态 　　一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外，许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时，注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词，常见的这类短语动词有：take care of，look after，take off，look at，listen to，laugh at等。如： She is looking for you now. →You are being looked for by her now. They laughed at him at the meeting.→He was laughed at by them at the meeting. 　　2 .带有双宾语的动词的两种被动语态形式 　　含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，间接宾语(指人)不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。如： 　　 My mother gave me a watch on my birthday. →I was given a watch (by my mother) on my birthday.(间接宾语作了主语) 　　→A watch was given to me (by my mother) on my birthday.(直接宾语作了主语) 　　4．感官动词或使役动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, let, have, make等句型改为被动语态应注意须将不定式形式补齐，即加上to。 例如：He made the boy work for two hours yesterday. →The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday. Mother never lets me watch TV.  →I am never let to watch TV by mother. 练习5： 一、单选 1. The old man ______ well by his children. A. looks after B. is looked after C. is looking after D. looked after 2. The problem ______ by the teacher now. A. is being talked about B. is talking about C. talks about D. talked about 3. The lost boy ______ by the police yesterday. A. was looked for B. looked for C. is looked for D. looks for 4. The workers were made ______ for 12 hours a day. A. work B. to work C. working D. worked 5. The girl was seen ______ into the classroom just now. A. go B. to go C. going D. went 6. He is often heard ______ English in the morning. A. read B. to read C. reading D. reads 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The baby ______ (take care of) by her aunt every day. 2. The song ______ (listen to) by many students now. 3. His new book ______ (laugh at) by some people last week. 三、句型转换 1. My father bought me a new computer. →I ______ ______ a new computer by my father. →A new computer ______ ______ ______ me by my father. 2. The teacher taught us an English song. →We ______ ______ an English song by the teacher. →An English song ______ ______ ______ us by the teacher 四、句型转换（针对感官动词或使役动词的被动语态） 1. They let the children play in the park. →The children ______ ______ ______ play in the park by them. 2. We saw him enter the building. →He ______ ______ ______ enter the building by us. 3. The boss made the workers finish the work at once. →The workers ______ ______ ______ finish the work at once by the boss. 五、其他注意事项 1. 只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态 。例如：happen（发生）, take place（发生）, rise（上升）, come（来）等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。 2. 有些动词形式上是主动，但表示被动意义 。例如： - The book sells well.（这本书卖得很好。“sell”用主动形式表示被动意义，类似的还有write, wash, cook等动词 ，当它们与副词（如well, easily等）连用时，常用主动形式表示被动意义 ） - The food tastes delicious.（食物尝起来很美味。“taste”感官动词，主动形式表示被动意义） 3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别： - 被动语态强调动作，系表结构表示主语的状态或特征。 - 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词。 - 被动语态可以有各种时态变化，系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时。 例如： - The glass was broken by Tom.（这是被动语态，强调“玻璃被打破”这个动作，发生在过去 ） - The glass is broken.（这是系表结构，表示“玻璃现在是破的”这种状态 ） 练习5：判断下列句子是被动语态还是系表结构 1. The door is closed.（ ） 2. The door was closed by him.（ ） 3. The window is broken.（ ） 4. The window was broken by the wind.（ ） 当堂巩固练习 一、单项选择 1. The new bridge ______ in two months. A. is completed B. will be completed C. has been completed D. completed 2. These books ______ to the library on time. A. must return B. must be returned C. must returned D. must been returned 3. A lot of trees ______ in the park every year. A. plant B. planted C. are planted D. were planted 4. The classroom ______ by the students now. A. is cleaning B. is being cleaned C. was cleaned D. cleans 5. The cake ______ by my mother yesterday. It was very delicious. A. makes B. made C. was made D. is made 6. The bike ______ yet. A. hasn't repaired B. hasn't been repaired C. wasn't repaired D. isn't repaired 7. The museum ______ many times by the tourists. A. visits B. visited C. has visited D. has been visited 8. The homework ______ before 5 o'clock this afternoon. A. must finish B. must be finished C. can finish D. can be finishing 9. English ______ all over the world. A. speaks B. is spoken C. is speaking D. spoke 10. The windows ______ just now. A. clean B. are cleaned C. were cleaned D. will be cleaned 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The floor ______ (sweep) every day. 2. The letter ______ (send) to my friend last week. 3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city next year. 4. The house ______ (paint) at the moment. 5. The work ______ (finish) yet. 6. The old man ______ (take) to the hospital yesterday. 7. This kind of machine ______ (make) in Shanghai. 8. These flowers should ______ (water) twice a week. 9. The meeting ______ (hold) next Monday. 10. My bike ______ (repair) by my father now. 三、句型转换 1. They clean the classroom every day. (改为被动语态) →The classroom ______ ______ by them every day. 2. Tom bought a new bike last week. (改为被动语态) →A new bike ______ ______ by Tom last week. 3. We will plant more trees next year. (改为被动语态) →More trees ______ ______ ______ by us next year. 4. The workers are building a new bridge. (改为被动语态) →A new bridge ______ ______ ______ by the workers. 5. She has finished her homework. (改为被动语态) →Her homework ______ ______ ______ by her. 四、短文填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式 。 A new library 1. ______ (build) in our school last year. There are thousands of books in it. Every day, the library 2. ______ (clean) carefully by the librarians. Students 3. ______ (allow) to borrow books from it. The rules say that the books 4. ______ (must return) on time. If a book 5. ______ (not return) in time, the student will have to pay for it. Now, the library 6. ______ (love) by all the students because it provides a good place for us to study. 五、阅读理解 阅读短文，根据短文内容判断下列句子的正误（T/F） 。 The Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2560 BC. It was built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu. The pyramid is very big. It is made of huge stones. Each stone is very heavy. It is said that it took thousands of people many years to build it. Now it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world. Many people from different countries come to visit it every year. ( ) 1. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2560 BC. ( ) 2. It was built as a palace for the Pharaoh Khufu. ( ) 3. The pyramid is made of small stones. ( ) 4. It took thousands of people many years to build the pyramid. ( ) 5. Few people come to visit the Great Pyramid of Giza every year. 参考答案： 练习1：1. 主动语态 2. 被动语态 3. 主动语态 4. 被动语态 练习2：1. is cleaned 2. was written 3. will be built 4. is being painted 5. was being repaired 6. has been finished 7. had been completed 8. be obeyed 9. is grown 10. is visited 11. was written 12. is being built 13. was being cleaned 14. had been finished 15. haven't been returned 练习3：1. A（write 在此处用主动形式表示被动意义，类似的还有 sell, wash 等动词与副词连用时 ） 2. B 3. B 练习4：1.The classroom is cleaned by them every day. 2.A new bike was bought by Tom last week. 3. More trees will be planted by us next year. 练习5： 一、单项选择 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. is taken care of 2. is being listened to 3. was laughed at 三、句型转换 1. was bought；was bought for 2. were taught；was taught to 四、句型转换 1. were let to 2. was seen to 3. were made to 练习五答案：1. 系表结构 2. 被动语态 3. 系表结构 4. 被动语态 当堂巩固练习答案 一、单项选择 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. is swept 2. was sent 3. will be built 4. is being painted 5. hasn't been finished 6. was taken 7. is made 8. be watered 9. will be held 10. is being repaired 三、句型转换 1. is cleaned 2. was bought 3. will be planted 4. is being built 5. has been finished 四、短文填空 1. was built 2. is cleaned 3. are allowed 4. must be returned 5. isn't returned 6. is loved 五、阅读理解 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$