专题03阅读理解之说明文-2026年高考英语题型破解秘籍+技能升华训练

专题03阅读理解之说明文 破解秘籍 四大题型破解技巧 眼见为真真题再现 技能提升训练 破解秘籍 抓住核心与结构 说明文的最终目的不是抒情，而是客观、清晰、准确地解释事物、阐述事理、传播知识。读文章时，要时刻思考：这篇文章的核心概念是什么？它从哪几个方面进行了说明？ 两条主线：理清逻辑与层次 逻辑线：即文章组织和展开的方式。通常遵循：提出主题 → 分点阐述（现象-原因-结果、问题-解决方案、总述-分述、对比、分类等）→ 总结/展望的结构。 层次线：即文章说明的各个侧面或要点。这是高考考查的重点。常见的层次有：定义、特征、成因、功能、影响、案例、数据等。 做题技巧：边读边用笔简单划出主题句、定义句、转折句、总结句以及表顺序、因果、转折的逻辑关系词（如：firstly, because, however, therefore, for example等）。 四大题型破解技巧 1. 主旨大意题 常见问法 What is the main idea of the passage? What does the passage mainly talk about? What is the purpose of the writer? The best title for the passage would be “______”. 破解技巧： 重点阅读首段和尾段，说明文的主旨通常在这里直接点明。 关注文中反复出现的关键词或核心概念，主旨往往围绕它们展开。 答案通常是高度概括性的陈述，能覆盖全文各个说明要点，而非某个细节。 2. 细节理解题 常见问法 According to the passage, when/where/who/what/why/how...? Which of the following is (NOT) true? What is the role of ...? 破解技巧 定位：根据题干中的关键词（专有名词、数字、特殊术语）迅速定位到原文的具体句子或段落。 比对：将选项与原文信息进行逐字比对。答案往往是原文的同义转述 (Paraphrasing)。正确选项会换一种说法表达相同意思。 排除：果断排除文中未提及（无中生有） 和与文意相反（正反混淆） 的选项。 3. 推理判断题 常见问法 What can we infer from the passage? The writer probably agrees that... What is the author’s attitude towards...? What would be the best next step for ...? 破解技巧 答案不会直接写在原文里，需要根据文中给出的事实、数据或观点进行一步逻辑推导。 紧扣原文信息，避免“想当然”。推理必须基于文本证据。 分析作者的用词倾向（如褒义词或贬义词）来判断其态度。 4. 词义猜测题 常见问法 The word “...” in Paragraph X probably means ______. The underlined word “...” can be best replaced by ______. 破解技巧 上下文线索：通过附近的定义、解释、举例或同位语来猜测。寻找“that is”, “meaning”, “such as”等信号词。 逻辑关系：利用并列（and）、转折（but）、因果（because） 等关系推断。生词的含义往往与其并列词意义相近，与转折词意义相反。 构词法：分析前缀、后缀和词根来推测词性和大意。 眼见为真真题再现 （2025·全国一卷·高考真题·阅读理解D篇） 文章主旨：本文介绍了一项新研究，发现将自来水煮沸并过滤这种简单廉价的方法可以有效去除其中的微塑料，并讨论了该方法的原理、局限性及其潜在应用价值。 1. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】直接定位到第一段。作者没有引用专家的话（A），没有给微塑料下定义（B），也没有提供任何具体数据（D）。而是通过列举“深海中、喜马拉雅山上、火山岩内、海鸟胃里、南极积雪中甚至人体内”都存在微塑料这些实例（examples）来呈现微塑料污染的普遍性。 【答案】C 2. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】题干关键词“determines the effectiveness”对应原文第三段首句“this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate”。水的硬度（hardness）正是由碳酸钙（calcium carbonate）等矿物质的含量决定的。文中明确对比了高碳酸钙含量（硬水）和低碳酸钙含量（软水）的处理效果差异，直接证明了A项正确。冷却时间（B）、过滤频率（C）文中未提及。塑料类型（D）是研究的局限性（只研究了三种），而非决定煮沸法效率的关键因素，关键因素是水的硬度。 【答案】A 3. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 【题型判断】推理判断题 【解题思路】题干指向第四段。作者在提出“减少微塑料暴露是一项日益困难的任务”后，随即用“即使是被认为很干净的瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比想象的高10到1000倍”这一事实作为论据。其目的是为了支持前文的观点，即强调微塑料污染无处不在、难以避免，从而说明问题的严重性（B）。作者并非讨论塑料回收（A）、过度使用纯水的危险（C）或污水处理难度（D）。 【答案】B 4. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】定位到最后一段Gauchotte-Lindsay的话。“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”（我们应该研究升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料）。这是一个基于当前研究发现（煮沸法能有效去除微塑料）而提出的将研究成果付诸实践的建议，即“潜在的应用”（D）。她不是在建议新的研究方法（A）、未来的研究方向（B）或需要更多研究人员（C），而是建议将现有发现应用到大型市政设施中。 【答案】D 破解技巧总结： 主旨大意题/写作手法题：通览全段，判断作者使用了何种手段（举例、对比、下定义等）来引入或阐述主题。 细节理解题：根据题干关键词（如determines, effectiveness）快速定位原文，找到信息句，进行同义转换比对。 推理判断题：理解特定细节（如提及瓶装水）在上下文中的功能，是支持论点、提供例证还是引出下文。 词义猜测/观点理解题：精准定位人物发言，直接理解其语句的意图和含义，避免过度推断。 技能提升训练 （一） （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 4．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. （二） （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 5．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 6．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 7．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. （三） （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 9．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 10．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 11．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home （四） （2025·浙江·高考真题）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 13．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 14．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 15．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. （五） （2025·广西南宁·模拟预测）As DeepSeek, the latest AI phenomenon, thunders into public awareness, social media platforms are being transformed into creative classrooms where just about everything imaginable is taught by using the software—from designing wedding invitations to using Photoshop, teaching math and telling fortunes. One is on social media platform Xiaohongshu, also known as RedNote. Titled Learning to Use DeepSeek in One Minute, it received more than 11,000 likes in just 10 days. Among the tutorials (教程),one released by Tsinghua University’s Metaverse (元宇宙) Culture Laboratory team—DeepSeek from Beginner to Mastery 2025—stands out. The 104-page document, which covers theory and practical skills, is a detailed instruction for mastering DeepSeek and applying its full potential. It’s designed both for beginners and advanced users. The guide provides strategies for creating requirements that enhance AI performance. It also includes case studies illustrating how to apply DeepSeek to meet various needs. Team leader Shen Yang, a professor at Tsinghua University’s School of Journalism and Communication and its College of AI, said human-computer dialogue is essential for progress. “Even though AI’s capacity to understand human intentions has improved significantly, humans still need to clearly express their needs,” he said. “The combination of open-source software and inclusive applications is meaningful.” By providing free tutorials, for example, the team can deliver the power of AI to everyone, allowing each person to use and master it, rather than being dominated by it. A social media influencer using the name Zhinan Shanhe posted a four-episode video tutorial of DeepSeek on Douyin and Xiaohongshu. The videos have been popular, gaining hundreds of thousands of likes. The 30-year-old man from Shanghai works in the AI industry and he has mastered many AI tools. “Before DeepSeek, I mostly used foreign AI models, which are not so user-friendly for Chinese people,” he said. “But the capabilities of DeepSeek are charming. It is powerful and also completely free, which is a blessing for its users.” 17．What can be inferred in paragraph 1 about DeepSeek? A．It is widely implemented in many aspects. B．It can predict the future precisely. C．It is used to teach nearly all imaginative topics. D．It is transformed into creative classrooms. 18．What can we learn from Shen Yang’s statements when using AI? A．Users are blessed with the free software. B．Clear instructions from human are necessary. C．AI does better in reasoning than humans. D．AI can fully understand human intentions. 19．What is the target of the free tutorials provided by Tsinghua University’s team? A．To advance AI capabilities. B．To increase the popularity of DeepSeek. C．To help people better understand AI theory. D．To promote and cultivate mass AI mastery. 20．What is the best title for the passage? A．AI: A New Revolution in the Digital World B．DeepSeek: Reforming Social Media and AI Learning C．Tutorials: Fundamental Keys to Mastering DeepSeek D．Social Media: The Platform for AI Education and Promotion （六） （2025·广西南宁·模拟预测）Does an apple a day keep diseases away? There has never been a clear answer agreeable to the whole medical profession. However, recent research may finally provide some insights. A team of nine researchers based at Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China gathered more than 200 apple-related medical studies from the past decades. They painstakingly dug into these studies and ultimately published their reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. This comprehensive study shows the width of medical reports addressing a wide range of health questions, winding up with a thought-provoking (引人深思的) statement: “In conclusion, the effects of apples and apple derivatives (衍生物), like apple juice, on disease risk reduction are both challenging and encouraging.” Apples appeal to diverse audiences, ranging from scientists to anyone with a genuine taste for apples. They offer both tantalization and mystery, even — perhaps especially — to scientists studying the complexities of the human brain. A research team in Belgium makes a connection to apples while discussing how “activities of daily living are difficult to perform in a lab or clinic”. This idea briefs the challenge of translating everyday experiences into scientific inquiry. Moreover, a specific Japanese study explains the complexities involved in apple-centric research. The study presents a photograph with the words, “A subject, lying in an MRI (功能性磁共振成像) environment, performs a mock-peeling (模拟削皮) task while observing his hands, an apple, and a plastic knife model through a mirror.” Though these studies reveal significant difficulties, they do not stop progress. “Chewing yellow apples,” an Iranian study published in 2021 suggests, “was discovered to be a more effective method in reducing dental diseases than chewing red apples or using toothbrushes.” This finding not only underlines the potential health benefits of apples but also invites further exploration into how various types of apples might contribute to overall well-being. The quest to answer whether an apple a day keeps diseases away continues, with each study adding another layer to our understanding of this beloved fruit. 21．How did the researchers at Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine conduct their study? A．By gathering a wide variety of apples. B．By carrying out apple-related experiments. C．By analyzing previous apple-centric studies. D．By addressing health problems with apples. 22．What does the underlined word “tantalization” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Annoyance. B．Confusion. C．Appeal. D．Nutrition. 23．Which concept is highlighted in paragraph 3? A．The challenge of apple-related research. B．The connection between apples and the human brain. C．The health benefits of apples confirmed by MRI technology. D．The complexities of how apples affect the human brain medically. 24．What viewpoint does the writer hold regarding the apple-related studies? A．They are innovative and practical. B．They are low-efficient but engaging. C．They are significant and comprehensive. D．They are challenging but hold great potential. （七） （2025·广西南宁·一模）With their stiff leaves and large flowers, bromeliads can add drama to a plant stand or window sill. Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air. Paints, furniture, photocopiers and printers, cleaning supplies and dry-cleaned clothes can all release volatile organic chemicals, or VOCs. Chronic VOC exposure poses serious health risks, from dizziness and asthma to potential organ damage and cancer. But certain types of greenery can suck the pollutants up, which keeps them safely away from us. Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others. Only two VOCs, dichloromethane and trichloromethane were ignored by all plants. Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals. Of course, a house, or even a bedroom, is much bigger than the container Niri and his team used. But their work suggests people might breathe easier if they can figure out what type and how many plants it takes to clean the air in a room. This is important because indoor air usually has three to five times greater concentrations of VOCs than outdoor air. Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon. With bottles of nail polish and remover, the air in those salons tends to have high levels of VOCs, he notes. While special air filtering machines might do the same job as green plants, they cost a lot more, Niri says. And they are nowhere near as pretty as a bromeliad, especially one in bloom. 25．What is one of Niri’s findings about bromeliads? A．They beat machines in air cleaning. B．They lead in VOCs removal during tests. C．They absorb most pollutants in a room. D．They break down VOCs through enzymes. 26．What does Webe Kadima try to explain in paragraph 3? A．The necessity to solve air pollution. B．The pollutant removal process of plants. C．The medical value of plants’ enzymes. D．The absorption capability of different plants. 27．What will be the focus of Niri’s research? A．Designing cheap air-filtering device. B．Researching blooming bromeliads. C．Repeating the tests in various salons. D．Testing plant performance in larger space. 28．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Plants: Efficient VOCs Remover B．Enzyme: Air Pollution Solution C．Bromeliads: Nature’s Air Purifier D．Nail Salons: Indoor VOCs Producer （八） （2025·浙江·一模）Ecotourism has become an increasingly popular way for travelers to explore the world while minimizing their environmental impact. Unlike traditional tourism, which often focuses on luxury accommodations and crowded attractions, ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local communities. The core principles of ecotourism include minimizing environmental damage, respecting local cultures, and supporting conservation efforts. Travelers engaging in ecotourism activities typically visit protected areas such as national parks, wildlife reserves, or remote communities. They participate in activities like bird watching, hiking, or learning about traditional crafts from local residents. These experiences not only allow travelers to connect with nature but also contribute to the preservation of fragile ecosystems. One successful example of ecotourism is the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. Faced with threats from over-tourism in the 20th century, the government implemented strict regulations to protect the unique wildlife and landscapes. Today, visitors to the Galapagos must follow designated routes, be accompanied by certified guides, and pay a conservation fee that funds environmental protection projects. This approach has helped maintain the islands’ biodiversity while providing income for local communities through tourism. Another example is Costa Rica, often regarded as a leader in ecotourism. The country has transformed its natural resources into a sustainable tourism industry, with over 25% of its land protected in national parks and reserves. Tourists can explore rainforests, observe sea turtles nesting, or stay in eco-lodges that use renewable energy and support local farmers. This model has not only preserved Costa Rica’s natural beauty but also reduced poverty in rural areas by creating jobs in tourism. However, ecotourism is not without challenges. Some destinations market themselves as “eco-friendly” without implementing meaningful conservation measures, a practice known as “greenwashing.” Travelers must be cautious and research companies before booking to ensure their tourism dollars support genuine environmental and community initiatives. Additionally, even well-managed ecotourism can have negative impacts if visitor numbers exceed the carrying capacity of an area, leading to habitat disturbance or increased waste. To practice responsible ecotourism, experts recommend choosing small-scale, locally owned accommodations, participating in guided tours led by local experts, and following the “leave no trace” principle by taking all trash with you and avoiding damage to plants and wildlife. By making informed choices, travelers can enjoy meaningful experiences while helping to protect the planet for future generations. 29．What is the main difference between ecotourism and traditional tourism? A．Ecotourism focuses on luxury accommodations. B．Ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel and environmental conservation. C．Traditional tourism only visits natural areas. D．Traditional tourism requires following strict regulations. 30．Why does the author mention the Galapagos Islands? A．To show the negative effects of over-tourism. B．To introduce a popular luxury travel destination. C．To provide a successful example of ecotourism. D．To explain how to get certified as an ecotourism guide. 31．What does the word “greenwashing” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Making false claims about being environmentally friendly. B．Using green colors in tourism advertisements. C．Planting trees to offset carbon emissions from travel. D．Implementing strict environmental protection measures. 32．What is recommended for responsible ecotourism according to the text? A．Choosing large international hotel chains. B．Exploring natural areas without a guide. C．Leaving trash in designated areas. D．Selecting locally owned accommodations. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03阅读理解之说明文 破解秘籍 四大题型破解技巧 眼见为真真题再现 技能提升训练 破解秘籍 抓住核心与结构 说明文的最终目的不是抒情，而是客观、清晰、准确地解释事物、阐述事理、传播知识。读文章时，要时刻思考：这篇文章的核心概念是什么？它从哪几个方面进行了说明？ 两条主线：理清逻辑与层次 逻辑线：即文章组织和展开的方式。通常遵循：提出主题 → 分点阐述（现象-原因-结果、问题-解决方案、总述-分述、对比、分类等）→ 总结/展望的结构。 层次线：即文章说明的各个侧面或要点。这是高考考查的重点。常见的层次有：定义、特征、成因、功能、影响、案例、数据等。 做题技巧：边读边用笔简单划出主题句、定义句、转折句、总结句以及表顺序、因果、转折的逻辑关系词（如：firstly, because, however, therefore, for example等）。 四大题型破解技巧 1. 主旨大意题 常见问法 What is the main idea of the passage? What does the passage mainly talk about? What is the purpose of the writer? The best title for the passage would be “______”. 破解技巧： 重点阅读首段和尾段，说明文的主旨通常在这里直接点明。 关注文中反复出现的关键词或核心概念，主旨往往围绕它们展开。 答案通常是高度概括性的陈述，能覆盖全文各个说明要点，而非某个细节。 2. 细节理解题 常见问法 According to the passage, when/where/who/what/why/how...? Which of the following is (NOT) true? What is the role of ...? 破解技巧 定位：根据题干中的关键词（专有名词、数字、特殊术语）迅速定位到原文的具体句子或段落。 比对：将选项与原文信息进行逐字比对。答案往往是原文的同义转述 (Paraphrasing)。正确选项会换一种说法表达相同意思。 排除：果断排除文中未提及（无中生有） 和与文意相反（正反混淆） 的选项。 3. 推理判断题 常见问法 What can we infer from the passage? The writer probably agrees that... What is the author’s attitude towards...? What would be the best next step for ...? 破解技巧 答案不会直接写在原文里，需要根据文中给出的事实、数据或观点进行一步逻辑推导。 紧扣原文信息，避免“想当然”。推理必须基于文本证据。 分析作者的用词倾向（如褒义词或贬义词）来判断其态度。 4. 词义猜测题 常见问法 The word “...” in Paragraph X probably means ______. The underlined word “...” can be best replaced by ______. 破解技巧 上下文线索：通过附近的定义、解释、举例或同位语来猜测。寻找“that is”, “meaning”, “such as”等信号词。 逻辑关系：利用并列（and）、转折（but）、因果（because） 等关系推断。生词的含义往往与其并列词意义相近，与转折词意义相反。 构词法：分析前缀、后缀和词根来推测词性和大意。 眼见为真真题再现 （2025·全国一卷·高考真题·阅读理解D篇） 文章主旨：本文介绍了一项新研究，发现将自来水煮沸并过滤这种简单廉价的方法可以有效去除其中的微塑料，并讨论了该方法的原理、局限性及其潜在应用价值。 1. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】直接定位到第一段。作者没有引用专家的话（A），没有给微塑料下定义（B），也没有提供任何具体数据（D）。而是通过列举“深海中、喜马拉雅山上、火山岩内、海鸟胃里、南极积雪中甚至人体内”都存在微塑料这些实例（examples）来呈现微塑料污染的普遍性。 【答案】C 2. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】题干关键词“determines the effectiveness”对应原文第三段首句“this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate”。水的硬度（hardness）正是由碳酸钙（calcium carbonate）等矿物质的含量决定的。文中明确对比了高碳酸钙含量（硬水）和低碳酸钙含量（软水）的处理效果差异，直接证明了A项正确。冷却时间（B）、过滤频率（C）文中未提及。塑料类型（D）是研究的局限性（只研究了三种），而非决定煮沸法效率的关键因素，关键因素是水的硬度。 【答案】A 3. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 【题型判断】推理判断题 【解题思路】题干指向第四段。作者在提出“减少微塑料暴露是一项日益困难的任务”后，随即用“即使是被认为很干净的瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比想象的高10到1000倍”这一事实作为论据。其目的是为了支持前文的观点，即强调微塑料污染无处不在、难以避免，从而说明问题的严重性（B）。作者并非讨论塑料回收（A）、过度使用纯水的危险（C）或污水处理难度（D）。 【答案】B 4. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【题型判断】细节理解题 【解题思路】定位到最后一段Gauchotte-Lindsay的话。“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”（我们应该研究升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料）。这是一个基于当前研究发现（煮沸法能有效去除微塑料）而提出的将研究成果付诸实践的建议，即“潜在的应用”（D）。她不是在建议新的研究方法（A）、未来的研究方向（B）或需要更多研究人员（C），而是建议将现有发现应用到大型市政设施中。 【答案】D 破解技巧总结： 主旨大意题/写作手法题：通览全段，判断作者使用了何种手段（举例、对比、下定义等）来引入或阐述主题。 细节理解题：根据题干关键词（如determines, effectiveness）快速定位原文，找到信息句，进行同义转换比对。 推理判断题：理解特定细节（如提及瓶装水）在上下文中的功能，是支持论点、提供例证还是引出下文。 词义猜测/观点理解题：精准定位人物发言，直接理解其语句的意图和含义，避免过度推断。 技能提升训练 （一） （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 4．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 （二） （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 5．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 6．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 7．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.  (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 （三） （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 9．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 10．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 11．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】9．D 10．D 11．C 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 12．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 （四） （2025·浙江·高考真题）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 13．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 14．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 15．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 16．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．D 16．B 【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 16．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 （五） （2025·广西南宁·模拟预测）As DeepSeek, the latest AI phenomenon, thunders into public awareness, social media platforms are being transformed into creative classrooms where just about everything imaginable is taught by using the software—from designing wedding invitations to using Photoshop, teaching math and telling fortunes. One is on social media platform Xiaohongshu, also known as RedNote. Titled Learning to Use DeepSeek in One Minute, it received more than 11,000 likes in just 10 days. Among the tutorials (教程),one released by Tsinghua University’s Metaverse (元宇宙) Culture Laboratory team—DeepSeek from Beginner to Mastery 2025—stands out. The 104-page document, which covers theory and practical skills, is a detailed instruction for mastering DeepSeek and applying its full potential. It’s designed both for beginners and advanced users. The guide provides strategies for creating requirements that enhance AI performance. It also includes case studies illustrating how to apply DeepSeek to meet various needs. Team leader Shen Yang, a professor at Tsinghua University’s School of Journalism and Communication and its College of AI, said human-computer dialogue is essential for progress. “Even though AI’s capacity to understand human intentions has improved significantly, humans still need to clearly express their needs,” he said. “The combination of open-source software and inclusive applications is meaningful.” By providing free tutorials, for example, the team can deliver the power of AI to everyone, allowing each person to use and master it, rather than being dominated by it. A social media influencer using the name Zhinan Shanhe posted a four-episode video tutorial of DeepSeek on Douyin and Xiaohongshu. The videos have been popular, gaining hundreds of thousands of likes. The 30-year-old man from Shanghai works in the AI industry and he has mastered many AI tools. “Before DeepSeek, I mostly used foreign AI models, which are not so user-friendly for Chinese people,” he said. “But the capabilities of DeepSeek are charming. It is powerful and also completely free, which is a blessing for its users.” 17．What can be inferred in paragraph 1 about DeepSeek? A．It is widely implemented in many aspects. B．It can predict the future precisely. C．It is used to teach nearly all imaginative topics. D．It is transformed into creative classrooms. 18．What can we learn from Shen Yang’s statements when using AI? A．Users are blessed with the free software. B．Clear instructions from human are necessary. C．AI does better in reasoning than humans. D．AI can fully understand human intentions. 19．What is the target of the free tutorials provided by Tsinghua University’s team? A．To advance AI capabilities. B．To increase the popularity of DeepSeek. C．To help people better understand AI theory. D．To promote and cultivate mass AI mastery. 20．What is the best title for the passage? A．AI: A New Revolution in the Digital World B．DeepSeek: Reforming Social Media and AI Learning C．Tutorials: Fundamental Keys to Mastering DeepSeek D．Social Media: The Platform for AI Education and Promotion 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．D 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍最新AI工具DeepSeek走红后，社交媒体成其教学平台，及相关教程与专家观点。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“As DeepSeek, the latest AI phenomenon, thunders into public awareness, social media platforms are being transformed into creative classrooms where just about everything imaginable is taught by using the software—from designing wedding invitations to using Photoshop, teaching math and telling fortunes.(随着最新的人工智能热门产品 DeepSeek 迅速进入公众视野，社交媒体平台正转变为创意课堂，通过该软件教授几乎所有能想到的内容——从设计婚礼请柬、使用Photoshop，到教数学、占卜。)”可知，DeepSeek被应用于设计、软件使用、教学、占卜等多个领域，由此可推断它在诸多方面被广泛应用。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Even though AI’s capacity to understand human intentions has improved significantly, humans still need to clearly express their needs,(尽管人工智能理解人类意图的能力已大幅提升，但人类仍需清晰表达自己的需求，)”可知，沈洋认为使用人工智能时，人类给出清晰的指令是必要的。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“By providing free tutorials, for example, the team can deliver the power of AI to everyone, allowing each person to use and master it, rather than being dominated by it.(例如，通过提供免费教程，该团队可以将人工智能的力量传递给每个人，让每个人都能使用并掌握它，而不是被它所主导。)”可知，清华大学团队提供免费教程的目标是推广并培养大众对人工智能的掌握能力。故选D项。 20．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇介绍最新AI工具DeepSeek引发关注，社交媒体平台因此转变为教授其使用方法的创意课堂；随后具体介绍小红书、抖音上的相关教程，以及清华大学团队编写的指南和专家观点，既体现了DeepSeek对社交媒体的影响，也展现了其在AI学习领域的作用。因此“DeepSeek：改革社交媒体与AI学习”最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 （六） （2025·广西南宁·模拟预测）Does an apple a day keep diseases away? There has never been a clear answer agreeable to the whole medical profession. However, recent research may finally provide some insights. A team of nine researchers based at Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China gathered more than 200 apple-related medical studies from the past decades. They painstakingly dug into these studies and ultimately published their reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. This comprehensive study shows the width of medical reports addressing a wide range of health questions, winding up with a thought-provoking (引人深思的) statement: “In conclusion, the effects of apples and apple derivatives (衍生物), like apple juice, on disease risk reduction are both challenging and encouraging.” Apples appeal to diverse audiences, ranging from scientists to anyone with a genuine taste for apples. They offer both tantalization and mystery, even — perhaps especially — to scientists studying the complexities of the human brain. A research team in Belgium makes a connection to apples while discussing how “activities of daily living are difficult to perform in a lab or clinic”. This idea briefs the challenge of translating everyday experiences into scientific inquiry. Moreover, a specific Japanese study explains the complexities involved in apple-centric research. The study presents a photograph with the words, “A subject, lying in an MRI (功能性磁共振成像) environment, performs a mock-peeling (模拟削皮) task while observing his hands, an apple, and a plastic knife model through a mirror.” Though these studies reveal significant difficulties, they do not stop progress. “Chewing yellow apples,” an Iranian study published in 2021 suggests, “was discovered to be a more effective method in reducing dental diseases than chewing red apples or using toothbrushes.” This finding not only underlines the potential health benefits of apples but also invites further exploration into how various types of apples might contribute to overall well-being. The quest to answer whether an apple a day keeps diseases away continues, with each study adding another layer to our understanding of this beloved fruit. 21．How did the researchers at Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine conduct their study? A．By gathering a wide variety of apples. B．By carrying out apple-related experiments. C．By analyzing previous apple-centric studies. D．By addressing health problems with apples. 22．What does the underlined word “tantalization” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Annoyance. B．Confusion. C．Appeal. D．Nutrition. 23．Which concept is highlighted in paragraph 3? A．The challenge of apple-related research. B．The connection between apples and the human brain. C．The health benefits of apples confirmed by MRI technology. D．The complexities of how apples affect the human brain medically. 24．What viewpoint does the writer hold regarding the apple-related studies? A．They are innovative and practical. B．They are low-efficient but engaging. C．They are significant and comprehensive. D．They are challenging but hold great potential. 【答案】21．C 22．C 23．A 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨“一天一苹果能否远离疾病”，介绍相关研究进展、挑战及苹果对健康的潜在益处。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of nine researchers based at Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China gathered more than 200 apple-related medical studies from the past decades. They painstakingly dug into these studies and ultimately published their reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. (中国天津中医药大学的一个由9名研究人员组成的团队收集了过去几十年中200多项与苹果相关的医学研究。他们煞费苦心地深入研究这些研究，最终将他们的综述发表在《食品科学与营养》杂志上。)”可知，天津中医药大学的研究人员是通过分析以往以苹果为核心的研究来开展他们的研究的。故选C项。 22．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Apples appeal to diverse audiences, ranging from scientists to anyone with a genuine taste for apples. They offer both tantalization and mystery, even — perhaps especially — to scientists studying the complexities of the human brain. (苹果吸引着不同的人群，从科学家到任何真正喜欢苹果的人。它们既带来tantalization，又带来神秘感，即使是——也许尤其是——对研究人类大脑复杂性的科学家来说。)”可知，提到苹果“吸引”不同人群，后文“tantalization”与“mystery（神秘感）”并列，且应与“appeal（吸引力）”语义相关。结合选项，“tantalization”最可能意为“吸引力”，与“Appeal”相符。故选C项。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This idea briefs the challenge of translating everyday experiences into scientific inquiry. Moreover, a specific Japanese study explains the complexities involved in apple-centric research. (这一观点简要说明了将日常经验转化为科学研究的挑战。此外，一项特定的日本研究解释了以苹果为核心的研究中所涉及的复杂性。)”可知，第三段重点强调了与苹果相关的研究面临的挑战——包括将日常经验转化为科学研究的困难，以及研究本身的复杂性。故选A项。 24．推理判断题。根据第二段“This comprehensive study shows the width of medical reports addressing a wide range of health questions, winding up with a thought-provoking statement: “In conclusion, the effects of apples and apple derivatives (衍生物), like apple juice, on disease risk reduction are both challenging and encouraging.”(这项全面的研究展示了涉及广泛健康问题的医学报告的广度，最后得出了一个发人深省的结论：“总之，苹果和苹果衍生物，如苹果汁，在降低疾病风险方面的效果既具有挑战性，又令人鼓舞。”)”以及第四段“Though these studies reveal significant difficulties, they do not stop progress. (尽管这些研究揭示了重大困难，但它们并没有阻止进展。)”可知，作者认为与苹果相关的研究虽然面临着很大的困难，但也在不断取得进展，发现了苹果在健康方面的潜在益处。故选D项。 （七） （2025·广西南宁·一模）With their stiff leaves and large flowers, bromeliads can add drama to a plant stand or window sill. Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air. Paints, furniture, photocopiers and printers, cleaning supplies and dry-cleaned clothes can all release volatile organic chemicals, or VOCs. Chronic VOC exposure poses serious health risks, from dizziness and asthma to potential organ damage and cancer. But certain types of greenery can suck the pollutants up, which keeps them safely away from us. Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others. Only two VOCs, dichloromethane and trichloromethane were ignored by all plants. Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals. Of course, a house, or even a bedroom, is much bigger than the container Niri and his team used. But their work suggests people might breathe easier if they can figure out what type and how many plants it takes to clean the air in a room. This is important because indoor air usually has three to five times greater concentrations of VOCs than outdoor air. Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon. With bottles of nail polish and remover, the air in those salons tends to have high levels of VOCs, he notes. While special air filtering machines might do the same job as green plants, they cost a lot more, Niri says. And they are nowhere near as pretty as a bromeliad, especially one in bloom. 25．What is one of Niri’s findings about bromeliads? A．They beat machines in air cleaning. B．They lead in VOCs removal during tests. C．They absorb most pollutants in a room. D．They break down VOCs through enzymes. 26．What does Webe Kadima try to explain in paragraph 3? A．The necessity to solve air pollution. B．The pollutant removal process of plants. C．The medical value of plants’ enzymes. D．The absorption capability of different plants. 27．What will be the focus of Niri’s research? A．Designing cheap air-filtering device. B．Researching blooming bromeliads. C．Repeating the tests in various salons. D．Testing plant performance in larger space. 28．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Plants: Efficient VOCs Remover B．Enzyme: Air Pollution Solution C．Bromeliads: Nature’s Air Purifier D．Nail Salons: Indoor VOCs Producer 【答案】25．B 26．B 27．D 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍凤梨科植物在清除空气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）方面表现出色，及其净化空气的原理和相关研究计划。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others.(化学家Vadoud Niri发现，在76升的容器中，一株凤梨科植物能清除空气中至少80%的六种不同挥发性有机化合物。他的团队用八种挥发性有机化合物对五种室内植物进行了测试，发现凤梨科植物的表现优于其他植物。)”可知，Niri关于凤梨科植物的发现之一是在测试中它们在清除挥发性有机化合物方面领先。故选B项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals.(药用化学家Webe Kadima解释说，植物从空气中吸收挥发性有机化合物。这些气体通过植物叶子和茎上的微小开口进入。一旦进入，植物的酶会将挥发性有机化合物分解成更小的无害化学物质。)”可知，Webe Kadima在第三段试图解释植物清除污染物的过程。故选B项。 27．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon.(Niri说，他计划测试在一个普通大小的房间里需要多少室内植物才能净化空气。之后，他将在一家美甲沙龙重复这个实验。)”可知，Niri的研究重点将是测试植物在更大空间里的表现。故选D项。 28．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air.(尽管这些植物并非是最引人注目的室内植物，但一些污染研究专家却愿意认可它们的作用。他们的最新研究结果表明，这些植物是净化空气的能手。)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要围绕凤梨科植物展开，介绍了其在清除空气中挥发性有机化合物方面的出色能力、净化原理以及相关研究，因此“凤梨科植物：大自然的空气净化器”最适合作为本文标题。故选C项。 （八） （2025·浙江·一模）Ecotourism has become an increasingly popular way for travelers to explore the world while minimizing their environmental impact. Unlike traditional tourism, which often focuses on luxury accommodations and crowded attractions, ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local communities. The core principles of ecotourism include minimizing environmental damage, respecting local cultures, and supporting conservation efforts. Travelers engaging in ecotourism activities typically visit protected areas such as national parks, wildlife reserves, or remote communities. They participate in activities like bird watching, hiking, or learning about traditional crafts from local residents. These experiences not only allow travelers to connect with nature but also contribute to the preservation of fragile ecosystems. One successful example of ecotourism is the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. Faced with threats from over-tourism in the 20th century, the government implemented strict regulations to protect the unique wildlife and landscapes. Today, visitors to the Galapagos must follow designated routes, be accompanied by certified guides, and pay a conservation fee that funds environmental protection projects. This approach has helped maintain the islands’ biodiversity while providing income for local communities through tourism. Another example is Costa Rica, often regarded as a leader in ecotourism. The country has transformed its natural resources into a sustainable tourism industry, with over 25% of its land protected in national parks and reserves. Tourists can explore rainforests, observe sea turtles nesting, or stay in eco-lodges that use renewable energy and support local farmers. This model has not only preserved Costa Rica’s natural beauty but also reduced poverty in rural areas by creating jobs in tourism. However, ecotourism is not without challenges. Some destinations market themselves as “eco-friendly” without implementing meaningful conservation measures, a practice known as “greenwashing.” Travelers must be cautious and research companies before booking to ensure their tourism dollars support genuine environmental and community initiatives. Additionally, even well-managed ecotourism can have negative impacts if visitor numbers exceed the carrying capacity of an area, leading to habitat disturbance or increased waste. To practice responsible ecotourism, experts recommend choosing small-scale, locally owned accommodations, participating in guided tours led by local experts, and following the “leave no trace” principle by taking all trash with you and avoiding damage to plants and wildlife. By making informed choices, travelers can enjoy meaningful experiences while helping to protect the planet for future generations. 29．What is the main difference between ecotourism and traditional tourism? A．Ecotourism focuses on luxury accommodations. B．Ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel and environmental conservation. C．Traditional tourism only visits natural areas. D．Traditional tourism requires following strict regulations. 30．Why does the author mention the Galapagos Islands? A．To show the negative effects of over-tourism. B．To introduce a popular luxury travel destination. C．To provide a successful example of ecotourism. D．To explain how to get certified as an ecotourism guide. 31．What does the word “greenwashing” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Making false claims about being environmentally friendly. B．Using green colors in tourism advertisements. C．Planting trees to offset carbon emissions from travel. D．Implementing strict environmental protection measures. 32．What is recommended for responsible ecotourism according to the text? A．Choosing large international hotel chains. B．Exploring natural areas without a guide. C．Leaving trash in designated areas. D．Selecting locally owned accommodations. 【答案】29．B 30．C 31．A 32．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了生态旅游的特点、原则、成功案例、挑战及负责任生态旅游的建议。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Unlike traditional tourism, which often focuses on luxury accommodations and crowded attractions, ecotourism emphasizes responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local communities.(与传统旅游往往注重豪华住宿和拥挤景点不同，生态旅游强调对自然区域进行负责任的旅行，以保护环境并改善当地社区的福祉)”可知，生态旅游与传统旅游的主要区别在于生态旅游强调负责任的旅行和环境保护。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“One successful example of ecotourism is the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador.(生态旅游的一个成功例子是厄瓜多尔的加拉帕戈斯群岛)”可知，作者提到加拉帕戈斯群岛是为了提供一个生态旅游的成功例子。故选C。 31．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Some destinations market themselves as “eco-friendly” without implementing meaningful conservation measures, a practice known as “greenwashing.”(一些旅游目的地将自己宣传为‘环保’，但实际上并没有采取有意义的保护措施，这种做法被称为“greenwashing”)”可知，“greenwashing”指的是虚假宣传环保的行为，即“声称自己环保但实际上并非如此”。故选A。 32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“To practice responsible ecotourism, experts recommend choosing small-scale, locally owned accommodations, participating in guided tours led by local experts, and following the “leave no trace” principle by taking all trash with you and avoiding damage to plants and wildlife.(为了实践负责任的生态旅游，专家建议选择当地拥有的小型住宿，参加由当地专家带领的导游，并遵循‘不留痕迹’的原则，随身携带所有垃圾，避免损害植物和野生动物)”可知，文本建议选择当地拥有的住宿以实践负责任的生态旅游。故选D。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$