句法基础篇——句子成分及句子结构-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习配套课件（译林版）

板块二　句法 专项提能 语法篇 句法基础篇——句子成分及句子结构 【真题试做】——感悟高考中的语法 一、句子成分 1.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)So, what are they learning?_________ (basic), how to describe a panda’s life. It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop to see the pandas settle into their new home. Basically and 2.(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 3.(2023·浙江1月卷)The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ___________(space) homes and walled gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers. means spacious 二、句子结构 1.(2024·浙江1月卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. 2.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford­-upon­-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 3.(2022·全国乙卷)The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation cultural exchanges. or who and 一、句子成分 考点 1　主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语或从句来充当。 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. 这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。 (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. 翻土、除草和收割卷心菜对中学生来说听起来是一项艰巨的工作。 To save money is impossible now. 现在要攒钱是不可能的了。 The sick and the wounded were sent home. 病号以及伤员被送回了家。 When we are going to have the English test has not been decided. 我们什么时候举行英语考试还没有决定。 [特别提醒]　动词原形不能直接作句子主语,常要把它们变成动词不定式或动名词,使其具有名词功能后才能用来作句子的主语。 考点 2 谓语 谓语可以用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征。实义动词(短语)可以单独作谓语,有时态、人称和单复数的变化；系动词不能单独作谓语,系表结构才可以作谓语；助动词和情态动词也不能单独作谓语,“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”可以作谓语。 (2024·全国甲卷)They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. 它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境,并注意任何危险的迹象。 We can make full use of the extensive educational resources online to broaden the horizons. 我们可以充分利用网上广泛的教育资源来开阔眼界。 I have been reading the book all the time. 我一直在读这本书。 The English programme is widely popular among us students. 英语课程在我们学生中广受欢迎。 Your idea sounds great. 你的想法听起来很棒。 [特别提醒]　谓语动词一定要注意使用正确的时态和语态,并且和主语在人称和单复数方面必须保持一致,即：主谓一致。 考点 3　宾语 1.宾语是动作的对象,作宾语的一般为名词、代词或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 (2023·全国乙卷)I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment. 我错过了很多美丽的日落/日出,因为我只在最佳时刻前五分钟到达现场。 If you concentrate on what you don’t have, you will never, ever have enough. 如果你专注于你没有的东西,你永远不会有足够的东西。 Don’t forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. 别忘了赞美你的朋友提供的美味食物。 I enjoy listening to pop music. 我喜欢听流行音乐。 2.双宾语 有些动词可接双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。常见的可接双宾语的动词有tell、teach、bring、send、buy、pass、return、offer、pay、award等。 Please pass me the book. ＝Please pass the book to me. 请把这本书递给我。 He bought her some flowers. ＝He bought some flowers for her. 他给她买了许多花。 [特别提醒]　动词原形不能直接作句子宾语,常要把它们变成动词不定式或动名词,使其具有名词功能后才能用来作句子的宾语。 考点 4　表语 说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态,与系动词一起构成复合谓语,一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。 (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger. 这次飞行平安无事,Tiffy是一位出色的乘客。 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). 约翰为自己设定的任务是从一些污泥中去除有害物质。 Our camera dropped and our lives were in danger. 我们的相机掉在了地上,并且我们的生命处于危险中。 My hobby is playing the piano. 我的爱好是弹奏钢琴。 What I would like to stress is that it is looking for new members at the moment. 我想要强调的是目前它正在寻找新的成员。 考点 5　补语 补足语是用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语；补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句等。 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)...but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. 但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦,因此她能够使它再活五个月。 (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The program invites guests to talk about certain topics, aimed at broadening students’ horizons. 该节目邀请嘉宾谈论某些特定话题,旨在拓宽学生们的眼界。 All in all,my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer. 总而言之,我的责任感会使我成为一名合格的志愿者。 I found myself in a foreign country, with no one to turn to. 我发现自己身处异国他乡,没有人可以求助。 He was caught cheating in the exam. 他考试作弊被抓了。 考点 6　定语 定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语,它常和名词构成名词短语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前,而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词和从句等。 (2024·九省联考)For this reason, it is wise to avoid quick, sudden movements near your birds. 因此,避免在鸟类附近快速、突然地移动是明智的。 (2024·浙江1月卷)Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. 在该地区务农的Norman Stienwand多年来一直就这一问题在公众会议上发言。 (2024·九省联考)However,there are ways to win an argument every time. 然而,每次都有赢得争论的方法。 The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. 站在树下的女孩是他的女儿。 His father works in a shoe factory. 他的父亲在一家鞋厂工作。 考点 7　状语 　状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、形容词、不定式、分词、从句等来充当。 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. 当 John Todd还是个孩子的时候,他喜欢探索他家周围的树林,观察大自然是如何解决问题的。(表示时间) Tired and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. 安迪和鲁比是最先到达泰山山顶的人,筋疲力尽,气喘吁吁。(表示状态) He waited to see the result of the game. 他等着看比赛结果。(表示目的) Living in the country, they have few amusements. 因为住在农村,他们几乎没有什么娱乐活动。(表示原因) Given more time and money, we would have done the work better. 要是有更多的时间和钱,我们本可以把工作做得更好。(表示条件) It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting. 雨下得很大,他们不得不推迟运动会。(表示结果) 考点 8　同位语 对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释说明,并与该名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。 We young people should respect the old. 我们年轻人应该尊重老年人。 He himself will do the experiment. 他本人将做这个实验。 The news that he has won the competition is true. 他赢得这个比赛的消息是真的。 It turned out that the young fellow I had helped was its general manager, the most powerful person in the company. 原来我帮助过的那个年轻人是公司的总经理,是公司里最有权势的人。 二、句子结构 英语句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 考点 1　简单句 只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。简单句的基本句型有五种。 1.主语＋不及物动词　　　　　　　　S＋vi. 2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语 S＋vt.＋O 3.主语＋系动词＋表语 S＋v.＋P 4.主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 S＋vt.＋IO＋DO 5.主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 S＋vt.＋O＋C The weather is very cold here. (S＋v.＋P) His father has gone abroad. (S＋vi.) I usually do my homework at home in the evening. (S＋vt.＋O) Father bought me a new bicycle. (S＋vt.＋IO＋DO) I’ll have all my clothes washed this afternoon. (S＋vt.＋O＋C) 考点 2　并列句 并列句由两个或两个以上的句子并列而成,句子之间要有并列连词,如and、but、so、or、for、yet、not only...but also、when、while 等连接。 (2024·浙江1月卷)My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. 我的手机在里面,但幸运的是,街对面有一个电话亭。 Take a map with you, and you will find your way easily. 带上地图,你会很容易找到路的。 Some students were responsible for picking the watermelons; some students put the watermelons into the baskets while others carried the baskets filled with watermelons to the specified place. 一些同学负责摘西瓜；一些同学把西瓜放到筐子里,而其他人则把装满西瓜的筐子搬到指定的地方。 考点 3　复合句 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。英语中有三大从句,即：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句(也叫形容词性从句)、状语从句(也叫副词性从句)。 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.(状语从句) 自去年3月该项目启动以来,骑手们已经印刷了近2万篇短篇小说和诗歌。 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.(定语从句) 这座美丽的建筑名为Glasshouse,位于一个新花园的中心,这个新花园展示了丝绸之路如何影响英国花园,即使在现代也是如此。 Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(宾语从句；定语从句) 几千年来,他们开始减少对可以从野外狩猎或采集到的东西的依赖,更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的作物。 There is no denying that so many fantastic characters have been created by ancient Chinese novelists.(同位语从句) 毋庸置疑,中国古代的小说家创造了许多了不起的人物。 考点针对训练 Ⅰ.语法与教材 1.(人教必修一)No matter what you want to learn, it is important ____________(decide) on your goal before you make a plan. 2.(外研必修一)I woke up early rushed out of the door in my eagerness to get to know my new school. 3.(译林选必一)I can picture my bedroom (decorate) with posters of Fab Four smiling down at me... to decide and decorated 4.(人教选必一)Albert Einstein...is often considered one of the smartest men ever lived. 5.(外研必修三)It is still not known if he (succeed)in reaching the top of Qomolangma before it took his life. 6.(北师大选必一)We’re hard-wired in, but we’re more disconnected ______ever. 7.(人教选必二) we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand, and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other. who/that succeeded What than 8.(译林选必二)Does it annoy you to see cars (block) the road like weeds when you are travelling? 9.(译林选必三) (spend) some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts’ health. 10.(外研选必二)But on (reflect), I can see how much of my time had been occupied with checking my phone. blocking Spending reflection Ⅱ.语法与高考 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。作者在文章中介绍了自己和熔岩探险队一起攀登乞力马扎罗山的经历,并感激熔岩探险队成员对自己的帮助。 I climbed Kilimanjaro with Lava Expeditions (探险队) during the rainy season. I 1.____________ (fly) to Nairobi in Kenya and spent several days there. At my hotel in Nairobi I met the rest of the group with whom I would spend the next week. We all travelled on the bus together for 2.____________ 8­-hour journey into Tanzania and then Arusha, a quiet place. 1.答案：flew 解析：考查动词的时态。根据后面的“and spent several days there”可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填flew。 解析：考查冠词。根据语境可知，这里表示“一段8小时的旅程”，且8­-hour 的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。 After we arrived at our hotel in Arusha, we had dinner and a few drinks. Then we 3.____________ (introduce) to more members including Taddeus Minja, the main guide, 4.____________ was very experienced—climbing Kilimanjaro runs in the generations of his family. 3.答案：were introduced 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。 句意：然后我们被介绍给更多的成员，包括主要向导Taddeus Minja，他非常有经验——攀登乞力马扎罗山是他家族几代人延续下来的传统。分析句子可知，设空处为谓语部分，主语we与动词introduce之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语we为复数，故填were introduced。 4.答案：who 解析：考查定语从句。设空处无提示词，空前有逗号，且逗号前面的句子意思完整，不缺成分，而空后句子缺少主语，故推测设空处引导非限制性定语从句。修饰先行词guide，从句缺少主语，指人，故填who。 The next day the Lava Expeditions members checked if we had the correct and enough clothing for our expedition on Kilimanjaro. Only one person needed to bring 5.____________ (many) clothes. 5.答案：more 解析：考查比较级。结合语境可知，此处表示“更多的”，应用比较级more。 After that we set off, 6.____________ (walk) in the rain through the beauty of the rainforest, all the way to the first camp. I was happy the next few days as the view was so 7.____________ (wonder) and changed every day. I suffered a little during the trip and I felt so tired. But the members of Lava Expeditions provided me with lots of encouragement, which was one of the best 8.____________ (memory). Finally we reached the top of Kilimanjaro in bright blue skies. 6.答案：walking 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在那之后我们出发了，在雨中穿过美丽的雨林，一路走到第一个营地。分析句子可知，本句中已有谓语set off，因此，设空处应用非谓语动词。walk与其逻辑主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填walking。 7.答案：wonderful 解析：考查词性转换。句意：在接下来的几天里，我很高兴，因为景色是如此美妙，每天都在变化。设空处作表语，表示“奇妙的，美好的”，故填wonderful。 8.答案：memories 解析：考查名词复数。句意：但熔岩探险队的成员给了我很多鼓励，这是我最美好的回忆之一。memory作“回忆，记忆”讲时，为可数名词，且one of后接名词复数形式，故填memories。 I felt excited about climbing Kilimanjaro and the feeling didn’t change during my trip. The fellow members of Lava Expeditions looked 9.____________ me so well that I was 10.____________ (deep) thankful for their help.   9.答案：after 解析：考查介词。句意：熔岩探险队的同伴们把我照顾得很好，我对他们的帮助深表感谢。look after意为“照顾”。 10.答案：deeply 解析：考查词性转换。设空处修饰形容词thankful，应用副词形式，故填deeply。 Ⅲ.语法与写作 根据中文提示补全作文,并注意其中句子成分和句子结构的使用。 Hello,everyone! I would like to share with you my first travel abroad.1._________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (去年暑假,我和几个同学一起参加了与一所美国学校的交流项目).During our visit,we stayed in host families,2._______________ ____________________________________(这给了我们一个了解美国社会的机会). Last summer vacation,I,together with several classmates, took part in_an exchange program with_an American school opportunity to learn about American society which gave us an The main part of our program was 3.______________________ _____ (体验学校生活).4. (与中国学生相比),American students have less homework and fewer exams. 5._______________________________________________________ (但我们也有很多共同点,比如对篮球的狂热).When the visit was over,I had made friends with some American students,who became very interested in Chinese culture.6.__________________________ ___________________________ (美国学生也从这个项目中获益匪浅). to experience the school life Compared with Chinese students But we also have a lot in common,like being crazy about basketball The American students also benefited much from the program $$