Unit 4 Exploring literature（知识清单）英语译林版2020必修第二册

Unit 4 Exploring literature 单词 1. devote vt. 致力于；献身→devoted adj. 忠实的，忠诚的；挚爱的→devotion n. 奉献；挚爱；忠诚 2. earnest adj. 非常认真的；诚实的，真诚的 3. butterfly n. 蝴蝶 4. literature n. 文学，文学作品 5. shell n. 贝壳；壳 6. appeal vi. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁，恳求→appealing adj. 有吸引力的；恳求的 7. determine vt. 确定；支配；决心 vi. 决心→determined adj. 坚定的；下定决心的→determination n. 决心；决定 8. significant adj. 有重要意义的，显著的→significance n. 意义；重要性→significantly adv. 显著地；意味深长地 9. description n. 描述，形容，说明→describe vt. 描写；形容；描绘 10. sensitive adj. 感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的→sense n. & v. 感觉 11. soul n. 灵魂；心性，内心 12. reflect vt. & vi. 反映，显示；映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思→reflection n. 反映；思考；(声、光、热等的)反射；映像 13. capable adj. 有能力，有才能；能力强的 14. awaken vt. & vi. 唤起，被唤起；(使)醒来 15. launch vt. 使(船)下水；开始从事，发动 n. 上市；发射，发起 16. permanence n. 永久，持久性→permanent adj. 永久的 17. contain vt. 包含，含有，容纳 18. element n. 要素，基本部分 19. universal adj. 普遍的，共同的；普遍存在的 20. summary n. 总结，概括，概要→summaris(z)e v. 总结，概括；概述 21. feature n. 特色，特征 vt. 以……为特色，是……的特征 22. author n. 作者，作家 23. therefore adv. 因此，所以 24. issue n. 重要议题，争论的问题；问题，担忧；(报刊)一期 vt. 宣布，公布 25. novel n. (长篇)小说 26. upper adj. 上部的；上面的 27. gap n. 差距；间隙 28. context n. (事情发生的)背景，环境，来龙去脉；上下文，语境 29. specific adj. 特定的；明确的，具体的 30. particular adj. 特别的，格外的；特指的；挑剔的→particularly adv. 特别，尤其 32. topic n. 话题；题目；标题 33. collection n. (同类)收藏品；作品集；募捐→collect vt. 收集；募捐→collector n. 收集者；收藏家 34. section n. 部分，部门；部件，散件 35. mean adj. 吝啬的，小气的；不善良的，刻薄的 36. transport vt. 运输，运送 n. 交通运输系统；交通车辆；运输→transportation n. 运输；交通工具，运输工具 37. turkey n. 火鸡；火鸡肉 38. generosity n. 慷慨，大方，宽宏大量→generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的 39. chapter n. 章节；篇章 40. poetry n. 诗集，诗歌→poet n. 诗人→poem n. 诗；韵文 41. stage n. 舞台；阶段；步骤 vt.上演，举办 42. autobiography n. 自传 43. biography n. 传记，传记作品 44. extremely adv. 极其，非常，极端→extreme adj. 极其的；极端的 n. 极端；极限 45. destroy vt. 摧毁，毁灭，破坏 46. defeat vt. 击败，战胜 n. 失败，战败；击败 47. attempt vt. & n. 努力，尝试，试图→attempted adj. 未遂的，企图的 48. straighten vt. 挺直；(使)变直，变正 49. strain n. 用劲，使力；压力，拉力；重负 49. alongside adv. 在……旁边；与……一起 50. accomplish vt. 完成→accomplishment n. 成就；成绩；完成→accomplished adj. 技艺高超的，熟练的 51. noble adj. 贵族的，高贵的；崇高的；宏伟的 52. confused adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的→confusing adj. 令人困惑的；难懂的→confuse vt. 使困惑/迷惑不解→confusion n. 困惑；混淆 53. weave vi. & vt. (weaved, weaved)迂回行进，穿行；(wove, woven)编 54. mushy adj. 糊状的，软而稠的 55. flash n. 闪光；闪现 vt. & vi.(使)闪光；(使)闪现 短语 1. devote oneself to 致力，专心，献身 2. in store (for sb.) 即将发生(在某人身上)，等待着(某人) 3. in summary 总的来说 4. draw on 凭借，利用 5. ought to 应该，应当 6. in particular 尤其，特别 7. clear up (头脑)清醒；使整洁，清理 8. be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 9. appeal to 对……有吸引力；向……呼吁 10. be capable of 有能力；能够 11. pull on 拉动 12. hold on 坚持；抓住 13. take on 呈现；承担 14. get over 克服 15. bring...to one’s attention 使某人注意…… 熟词生义 1. The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 吸引力 2. She is not satisfied with the decision and plans to appeal. 上诉，申诉 3. Sports have become an important form of entertainment，appealing to both men and women. 吸引 4. The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. 呼吁，恳请 5. Hearing the disappointing news, he was too sad to contain himself. 忍住，抑制 6. It contains a lot of pictures taken during my childhood. It keeps a record of my birth at the hospital，my first smile and my first walk. 包含 7. The new stadium being constructed now can contain 2,000 people. 容纳 8. The police have issued an appeal for witnesses to the traffic accident. 发出，宣布，公布 9. Tu Youyou discovered a novel method to extract the useful substance. 新颖的 10. The local theatre group is staging a production of Hamlet. 上演，举办 11. I have a helpful and sensitive friend. 善解人意的，体贴的 12. She is very sensitive about her appearance. 敏感的 13. She needs time to reflect on your suggestion. 仔细思考 14. His face was reflected in the mirror. 映出(影像) 15. That choice reflects your good taste of beauty. 反映 16. The glass appears to reflect light naturally. 反射 句型 1. be doing...when...正在做……这时…… A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个孩子和一名男子正在海滩上散步，这时孩子发现了一枚贝壳，把它放到了耳边。 2. not... but... What amazed the child was not a new world, but the unnoticed music of the old. 让孩子惊奇的不是一个新的世界而是那些没有被注意的古老的音乐。 3. 全部倒装 Behind every book is a man, behind the man is the race，and behind the race are the natural and social environments. 每本书背后都有一个人，此人身后是一个族群，这个族群背后是自然和社会环境。 4. where 引导定语从句，修饰一个表示抽象地点的名词 In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 总之，我们现在已经到了想要欣赏和理解文学的阶段。 5. 否定词位于句首的部分倒装 Never have I seen a greater，or more beautiful，or a calmer or more noble thing than you，brother. 我从来没有见过比你更庞大、更美丽、更冷静或更高贵的家伙，兄弟。 6. with复合结构 The fish righted himself and swam off again slowly with the great tail weaving in the air. 鱼正正身子，又慢慢地游开，大尾巴在海面上绕来绕去。 语法 情态动词 1、can、could 2、may、might 3、must、have to 4、shall、should 5、will、would 6、should、ought to 一、词汇清单 知识点1 devote oneself to致力，专心，献身 【教材原句】My meaning simply is...that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely... (教材P43) 我的意思很简单……无论我致力于什么，我都会全身心投入…… 【拓展】 (1)devote oneself to sth./doing sth. 献身于……；致力于…… devote one's life/time/money/energy to sth./doing sth. 把某人的一生/时间/金钱/精力奉献于…… (2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的 be devoted to sth./doing sth. 专心于；奉献于…… (3)devotion n. 关爱；关照；奉献；忠诚 【写作佳句】These days, he is devoting his time and energy to collecting information about the anonymous donors. 这些天, 他把他的时间和精力都花在了收集匿名捐赠人的信息上。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. A great person is someone who devotes his/her life to helping(help) others. 2. The dog had such devotion(devote) to his master that it would not leave him, even when he was dead. 3. He has been devoting himself(him)to serving the country and people. 句式升级 4. She devoted herself to practicing and became one of the world’s best swimmers. →Devoting herself to practicing, she became one of the world’s best swimmers. (现在分词短语作状语)  →Devoted to practicing, she became one of the world’s best swimmers. (过去分词短语作状语)  知识点2 appeal vi. 有吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 n.吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 【教材原句】Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. (教材P44) 让一首小歌进入耳朵,或一本好书沁入心田,我们就会发现一个新世界,一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。 【拓展】 (1)appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人提出呼吁或请求 appeal to sb. to do sth. 恳求/呼吁某人做某事 (2)make an appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人提出呼吁或请求 make an appeal to sb. to do sth. 呼吁/恳求某人做某事 (3)appealing adj. 有吸引力的；恳求的(表情或语气) 【写作佳句】Therefore, we make an appeal to everyone to love our planet and protect the environment. 因此,我们呼吁大家爱护我们的地球,保护环境。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The government appealed to the International Charity to help(help) the people suffering from the floods. 2. There was a sense of humour to what he did that I found very appealing(appeal). 完成句子 3.作者向我们呼吁要对动物更加友好。 →The author appeals to us to be kinder to animals. (appeal v. ) →The author makes an appeal to us to be kinder to animals. (appeal n) 知识点3 determine vt. 确定; 支配; 决心 vi. 决心 【教材原句】The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. (教材P44) 第一步是确定它的一些重要特质。 【拓展】 (1)determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定(做)某事 determine to do sth. 决定做某事(表示动作) (2)determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的 be determined to do sth. 决心做某事(表示状态) (3)determination n. 决心 【写作佳句】With Mother’s Day approaching, Tod determined to buy his mother a gift with his pocket money. 随着母亲节的临近, 托德决定用他的零花钱给妈妈买一份礼物。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I am determined to study(study) hard, or I won't be admitted into a university. 2. She determined on going(go) abroad to study. 3. Determined(determine) to visit the science museum, she set off at once. 完成句子 4. 她决定一大早就动身。 She determined on an early start/on starting early in the morning. 知识点4 description n. 描述, 形容, 说明 【教材原句】The first quality of literature is its description of truth and beauty. (教材P45) 文学的第一个品质就是对真与美的描述。 【拓展】 (1)beyond description 无法形容,无法描述 give a description of 对……进行描述/描写 (2)describe v. 描述;形容;把……称为 describe sth.to sb. 向某人描述某事 describe...as... 把……描述为/称为…… 【写作佳句】They gave a description of the missing boy to the villagers, hoping that they could offer some useful information. 他们向村民们描述了失踪男孩的情况, 希望他们能提供一些有用的信息。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Can you describe your new school to me? 2. China has been described as an “emerging economic powerhouse”. 3. The report offered very specific and accurate description(describe) of the problem. 完成句子 4. It’s quite hard to describe the view from the top of the mountain. →The view from the top of the mountain is quite beyond description.  知识点5 reflect vt. & vi. 反射(声、光、热等)；反映，显示；映出(影像)；仔细思考，沉思 【教材原句】Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds. (教材P45) 有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。 【拓展】 (1)reflect...in... 在……中映出……的影像 be reflected in 倒映在；反映在 reflect on/upon sth. 认真思考/反省某事 (2)reflection n. 反射；反映；映像 upon/on reflection 经再三考虑，仔细考虑 【写作佳句】Upon reflection, we decided to change our plan. 仔细考虑后，我们决定改变我们的计划。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. She could see her face reflected in the water. 2. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. 完成句子 3.人们的生活方式反映在语言上。 People's lifestyles are reflected in languages. 知识点6 contain vt. 包含, 含有, 容纳 【教材原句】To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. (教材P45) 要做到这一点,它应该包含两个因素:普遍的兴趣和个人风格。 【拓展】 (1)contain oneself　　 克制自我;控制自己的情绪 (2)container n. 容器 【写作佳句】During the Spring Festival, a lucky charm and a red pocket which contains lucky money will be given to everyone. 春节期间,每个人都会收到一个吉祥饰物和一个装着好运钱的红包。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Food will last longer if kept in the airtight container(contain). 2. She could hardly contain herself(her) with delight when she opened the parcel. 用include和contain完成句子 3. There are three boxes in the room, including a red one, which contains ten books. 知识点7 summary n. 总结, 概括, 概要 【教材原句】In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man’s thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul. (教材P45) 总之,文学是以真与美的形式表现生活的,是人类思想感情的书面记录,是人类灵魂的历史。 【拓展】 (1)make a summary 做总结 in summary 概括地说,总的来说(相当于in a word) (2)summarize v. 总结,概述 (3)sum n. 款项,总数 a sum of 一笔 sum up 计算出……的总数;总结;概括 to sum up=in sum 总而言之 【写作佳句】Our teachers often make a summary in time before the end of class. 我们的老师经常下课前及时总结。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Basically, the article can be summarized(summarize) in three sentences.  2. Will you please sum up the main idea of the text in your own words? 一句多译 3.总之, 我希望你不要辜负你父母的期望。 In summary/To sum up/In sum, I hope you can live up to your parents’ expectations.  知识点8 draw on 凭借, 利用 【教材原句】No doubt drawing on his own experiences, Cao Xueqin gives a detailed description of what life was like at that time. (教材P47) 曹雪芹无疑是根据自己的亲身经历,对当时的生活进行了详细的描述。 【拓展】 draw up　　　起草,草拟 draw back 退缩,收回 draw in (火车等)进站,到达;吸引;(白昼)渐短 draw out 取出;(白昼)长起来;拉长;使畅所欲言 draw near 靠近,临近 【写作佳句】As the final exam is drawing near, the students are busy preparing for it. 随着期末考试的临近, 学生们正忙着做准备。 【经典练】 用draw的短语填空 1. The new film has drawn in large crowds. 2. He didn’t know the story, so he drew on his imagination. 3. She drew the interview out to over an hour. 4. I’ll have my lawyer draw up a contract and we’ll go from there.  知识点9 particular adj. 特别的,格外的;特指的;挑剔的 【教材原句】Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials... (教材P48) 老师尤其能对有趣的阅读材料提供建议…… 【拓展】 be particular about/over　 对……挑剔;讲究 in particular=particularly 特别,尤其 【写作佳句】Our government attaches great importance to all aspects of development, education in particular. 我们的政府非常重视各方面的发展,尤其是教育。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. She likes fruit and apples in particular. 2. Julia is very particular about the kitchen — everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 3. As is well known, red is a particularly(particular) popular colour in China. 完成句子 这种食物营养丰富,特别是含有大量维生素。 →This kind of food is rich in nutrition, and in particular/ particularly it contains a lot of vitamins.  知识点 10 mean adj. 吝啬的, 小气的; 不善良的, 刻薄的 【教材原句】The book’s main character is Scrooge, a rich but mean old man. (教材P49) 这本书的主人公是斯克鲁奇,一个富有却吝啬的老人。 【拓展】 【写作佳句】He is always mean with money but generous in helping others. 他在花钱方面总是吝啬, 但帮助他人很慷慨。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Making good use of time means spending(spend) time in doing something good or useful instead of something useless or unnecessary. 2. Most of the English words have several meanings(mean). 3. Her husband is very mean about/with money. 4. Don’t be so mean to your little brother! 完成句子 我昨天本打算来看你的, 但发生了一件意想不到的事。  I had meant to come to see you yesterday, but something unexpected happened to me. 知识点11 attempt vt. & n. 尝试，努力，试图；企图 【教材原句】After coming in empty­handed for eighty­four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish. (教材P53) 在两手空空84天后，圣地亚哥试图捕一条大鱼。 【拓展】 (1) (2)make an attempt to do/at doing sth. 试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 【点津】attempt to do sth.相当于try to do sth.,意为“尽力做某事”,但不一定成功;而succeed in doing sth./manage to do sth.意为“成功地做某事”。 【写作佳句】The boys made an attempt to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents. 男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Dale took his mother's advice, tried desperately and after several attempts(attempt) finally made it. 2. I'll attempt to answer(answer) all the questions you've asked. 完成句子 3.我试图说服她，但是徒劳无果。 I've attempted to convince her/ made an attempt to convince her / at convincing her, but in vain. 知识点12 confused adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的 【教材原句】Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. (教材P54) 他想，现在你的脑子有点糊涂了。 【拓展】 (1)be confused about/with/by sth. 对……感到困惑 get/be confused 迷糊的 (2)confuse vt. 使迷惑；使为难 confuse A with/and B　把A与B混淆 (3)confusing adj. 令人困惑的 (4)confusion n. 混乱；混淆 in confusion困惑地，不知所措地 【写作佳句】I do hope that the road sign I have placed at the crossroads will be helpful to whoever feels confused or gets lost there. 我真的希望我放在十字路口的路标能对在那里感到困惑或迷路的人有所帮助。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. In one week he was the confused(confuse) owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 2. The author takes novel reading as a way to get away from a confusing(confuse) world. 3. Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about/with/by the Chinese customs, I am writing to put forward some advice. 4. Confused(confuse), I simply based my decision on the ratings. 5. For example, there are huge quantities of reference books which I am often confused to choose(choose) from. 6. Because of the confusion(confuse), Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. 知识点13 be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 【教材原句】He had been on the point of feeling himself go each time. (教材P54) 每次他都感觉自己快要垮了。 【拓展】 (1)be about to do sth.when...＝be on the point of doing sth.when... 正要做某事，这时突然…… (2)be doing sth.when... 正在做某事，这时突然…… (3)had (just) done sth.when... 刚做了某事，这时突然…… 【写作佳句】She was on the point of leaving the house when someone knocked at the door. 她正要离开家，这时有人敲门。 【经典练】 完成句子 我正要给他打电话，这时他进来了。 →I was on the point of calling him when he came in. →I was about to call him when he came in. →I had just got up and was about to cook my breakfast when the telephone rang loudly. 二、语法清单 情态动词 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并说出黑体部分情态动词的意思 1. “What shall I read?” You might have asked yourself this question more than once. 2.If you are not sure what to read, you can get ideas from different sources, but it is also important to develop your own taste. 3.To start with, ask your friends, parents and teachers to recommend what books you ought to read. 4.However, you must also decide for yourself what kind of books to read. 【精讲·语法知识】 [知识精要] 一、can、could 1. 表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。 2. 表示请求许可。could语气比can更委婉。 3. 表示客观可能性。 4. 表示推测时，can只用于否定句和疑问句中，could可用于各种句式中。can表示推测的可能性比could大。 二、may、might 1. 表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉，并不是过去式。否定回答时可用can't或mustn't，表示“不可以，禁止”。用May I. ..？征询对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I. ..？在口语中更常见。 2. 用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 3. 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 4. may的固定搭配：may/might as well表示“还是……为好，不妨……”。 三、must、have to 1. 表示必须、必要。在回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn't (禁止，不准)，而用needn't或don't have to (不必)。 2. must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。 3. 表示推测、可能性(用于肯定的陈述句)。 4. must还用来表示“非要；偏要；偏偏”。 四、shall、should 1. shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见。 2. shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心。 3. should常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪，意为“竟然，竟会”。 五、will、would 1. 表示请求、建议等，其中would更委婉。 2. will表示现在反复发生的动作或某种倾向，would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”之意。 六、should、ought to 1. should，ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。 2. 表示推测。should，ought to为客观推测，must为主观推测。 七、虚拟语气 1. can/could have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做而实际未能做某事”，是虚拟语气；在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定，表示推测。 2. may/might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，但语气稍弱，意思是“可能，或许”，不用于疑问句中。might所表示的可能性比may小。 3. must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，语气较强，意思是“一定，肯定”，其疑问、否定形式用can，can't代替。 4. should/ought to have done表示“本来应该做，而实际上没有做的事情”，其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”，含有责备的意思。 5. needn't have done表示“做了本来不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句。 6. 在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句中用过去完成时，主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即would/could/should/might have done。 【经典练】　 用适当的情态动词填空 1. — It’s nearly a quarter to eight. Beth hasn’t turned up yet. — She ________ have forgotten the time. Why don’t I call and see what happened? 【答案】can/could/may/might 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——快到七点四十五分了，贝丝还没出现。——她可能/也许忘记了时间。我为什么不打电话看看发生了什么事？根据句意可知，此处表示对过去发生事情的推测，且把握性不大，表示“可能/也许已经做了某事”，所以应用can/could/may/might have done结构。故填can/could/may/might。 2. Technology is supposed to make our lives easier, but it ________ also be depressing at times. 【答案】can/could/may/might 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：科技理应让我们的生活更轻松，但它有时也会让人沮丧。根据句意可知，此处表示可能性，应用情态动词can、could、may或might。故填can/could/may/might。 3. People ________ talk on a mobile phone while they are driving. 【答案】mustn’t 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：禁止人们在开车时打电话。根据句意及常识可知，此处表示“禁止”，应用情态动词must的否定形式mustn’t。故填mustn’t。 4. Parents ________ put the things like knives and medicine away in the house to keep children safe. 【答案】should 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：为了保证孩子的安全, 父母应该把家里的刀子和药品之类的东西收起来。根据句意可知, 此处表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”, 应用 should。故填should。 5. I remember that every Saturday night Mama ________(sit) down by the kitchen table and count out the money Papa had brought home in the little envelope. 【答案】would sit 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我记得每个星期六晚上，妈妈都会坐在厨房的桌子旁，数爸爸带回家的钱。根据“I remember that every Saturday night”以及“had brought”可知，此处描述的是过去经常发生的习惯性动作，使用“would + 动词原形”表示过去的习惯或经常性动作。故填would sit。 6. Only when we learn to live in harmony with nature ________ we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet. 【答案】can/will 【详解】考查情态动词和部分倒装。句意：只有当我们学会与自然和谐相处时，我们才能停止对野生动物和我们的星球的威胁。only修饰状语从句位于句首，句子应用部分倒装。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。根据“Only when we learn to live in harmony with nature”和“we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet”可知，此处是指才能停止对野生动物和我们的星球的威胁，应用情态动词can或will表示“能够，会”。故填can/will。 7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ________ work hard. 【答案】should/ought to/must/have to 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：如果你想学会流利地说英语，你应该/必须努力学习。空后的谓语动词为原形，空处应用情态动词，“学会流利地说英语”需要“努力学习”，因此此处表示“应该”或“必须”努力学习，“应该”应用should或ought to，“必须”应用must或have to。故填should/ought to/must/have to。 8. No reader ________ take a book out of the library without permission of the librarian. 【答案】shall 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：未经图书管理员许可，任何读者不得将书带出图书馆。空处表示“禁止，不得”，应用情态动词shall，用于第二、三人称时，表示命令、威胁、许诺、警告、规定等。故填shall。 9. I ________ worry about my weekend — I always have my plans ready before it comes. 【答案】needn’t 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我不必担心我的周末——我总是在周末到来之前就把计划准备好了。设空处应填情态动词，再结合句意，“不必”是needn’t。故填needn’t。 10. You have to ________(think) through what might happen before you make a decision. 【答案】think 【详解】考查动词。句意：在作决定之前你必须全面考虑各种可能性。have to 为情态动词，意为“不得不”，其后接动词原形。故填think。 11. Using supercomputer, many labs are now conducting experiments that couldn’t ________(be) possible in the past. 【答案】have been 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：许多实验室现在使用超级计算机进行过去不可能实现的实验。根据couldn’t和in the past可知，这里是对过去情况的否定推测，应用couldn’t have done，意思是“过去不可能……”。故填have been。 三、写作清单 推荐信 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是写一封推荐信。推荐信是向收信人推荐人物或事物(物品、地方、旅游线路等)，并说明理由的一种信件。属于“三段式”作文的一种。 【积累·写作素材】 1. Learning you want to read a Chinese novel, I can't wait to write to recommend a classical novel A Dream in Red Mansions to you. 得知你想读中国小说，我迫不及待地写信向你推荐一部经典小说《红楼梦》。 2. Please allow me to introduce one of my best friends to you. 请允许我向你介绍一位我最好的朋友。 3. Since you have long been interested in Chinese culture, I think Beijing Language and Culture University is an ideal place for you. 既然你对中国文化很感兴趣，我认为北京语言大学是你理想的地方。 4. The reason why I recommend...is that... 我推荐……的原因是…… 5. There are rich places of interest in Xi'an, so it is worth visiting. 西安有丰富的名胜古迹，所以值得参观。 6. So I hold the belief that...be (am/is/are) quite suitable for the post. 所以我认为……很适合这个职位。 7. Thanks for your attention and hope to receive your reply. 多谢你的关注，希望能收到你的回复。 8. I would be grateful if you could give her some help. 如果你能给她提供一些帮助，我将不胜感激。 9. I'll be more than happy if you can take my suggestions/ideas into consideration. 如果你能考虑我的建议/想法，我会非常高兴。 【示例·分步写作】 假如你是晨光中学的李津,你的英国外教Alex打算在寒假里发起“英语经典诵读(English Classics for Recitation)”活动,现就诵读书目征求你校学生的意见。请根据以下提示给Alex写一封电子邮件: 1.你打算推荐的一本书; 2.推荐的原因; 3.希望从活动中有何收获。 注意:1.词数不少于80; 2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文—推荐经典作品 人称 以第一人称和第三人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 第一段：开门见山说明推荐的经典作品。 第二段：简要介绍，说明原因。 第三段：总结结论。 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1. 打算 intend to 2. 开展活动 launch an activity 3. 英语经典诵读English Classics for Recitation 4.感到荣幸 feel honored 5.有机会做某事 have the chance to do sth. 6. 推荐一本书 recommend a book 7. 在于lie in 8. 存在 exist 句子翻译 1.我听说你打算开展一项名为“英语经典诵读”的活动。 I heard that you intend to launch an activity called English Classics for Recitation.  2.能有机会发表我的意见,我感到非常荣幸。 I feel much honored to have the chance to make my voice heard.  3.我想推荐的书是《简·爱》。 The book I’d like to recommend is Jane Eyre.  4.作为19世纪出版的经典小说之一,《简·爱》的语言和简的性格都很美。 As one of the classic novels published in the 19th century, its beauty not only lies in the language, but also exists in the characteristics of Jane.  5.我坚信,女主人公简勤奋、善良和追求独立自由的品质一定会深深地打动读者。 I firmly believe that the heroine Jane’s diligence, kindness and pursuit of independence and freedom will surely touch the readers deeply.  6.我希望这次活动对我们的成长非常有益。 I hope the activity will be of great benefit to our growth /be greatly beneficial to our growth. 7.我们不仅可以学到很多知识,而且可以拓宽我们的视野。 We will not only learn much knowledge but also broaden our horizons. 第三步：词句升级 8.用分词作状语合并句1和句2。 Hearing that you intend to launch an activity called English Classics for Recitation, I feel much honored to have the chance to make my voice heard.  9. 用倒装句改句子7 Not only will we learn much knowledge but also we will broaden our horizons. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Alex, 　　I’m Li Jin, a student at Chenguang High School. Hearing that you intend to launch an activity called English Classics for Recitation, I feel much honored to have the chance to make my voice heard. 　　The book I’d like to recommend is Jane Eyre. As one of the classic novels published in the 19th century, its beauty not only lies in the language, but also exists in the characteristics of Jane. I firmly believe that the heroine Jane’s diligence, kindness and pursuit of independence and freedom will surely touch the readers deeply. 　　I hope the activity will be of great benefit to our growth. We will not only learn much knowledge but also broaden our horizons. Yours sincerely, Li Jin ( 9 / 17 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Exploring literature 单词 1. ________ vt. 致力于；献身→________ adj. 忠实的，忠诚的；挚爱的→________ n. 奉献；挚爱；忠诚 2. ________ adj. 非常认真的；诚实的，真诚的 3. ________ n. 蝴蝶 4. ________ n. 文学，文学作品 5. ________ n. 贝壳；壳 6. ________ vi. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁，恳求→________ adj. 有吸引力的；恳求的 7. ________ vt. 确定；支配；决心 vi. 决心→________ adj. 坚定的；下定决心的→________ n. 决心；决定 8. ________ adj. 有重要意义的，显著的→________ n. 意义；重要性→________ adv. 显著地；意味深长地 9. ________ n. 描述，形容，说明→________ vt. 描写；形容；描绘 10. ________ adj. 感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的→________ n. & v. 感觉 11. ________ n. 灵魂；心性，内心 12. ________ vt. & vi. 反映，显示；映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思→________ n. 反映；思考；(声、光、热等的)反射；映像 13. ________ adj. 有能力，有才能；能力强的 14. ________ vt. & vi. 唤起，被唤起；(使)醒来 15. ________ vt. 使(船)下水；开始从事，发动 n. 上市；发射，发起 16. ________ n. 永久，持久性→________ adj. 永久的 17. ________ vt. 包含，含有，容纳 18. ________ n. 要素，基本部分 19. ________ adj. 普遍的，共同的；普遍存在的 20. ________ n. 总结，概括，概要→________ v. 总结，概括；概述 21. ________ n. 特色，特征 vt. 以……为特色，是……的特征 22. ________ n. 作者，作家 23. ________ adv. 因此，所以 24. ________ n. 重要议题，争论的问题；问题，担忧；(报刊)一期 vt. 宣布，公布 25. ________ n. (长篇)小说 26. ________ adj. 上部的；上面的 27. ________ n. 差距；间隙 28. ________ n. (事情发生的)背景，环境，来龙去脉；上下文，语境 29. ________ adj. 特定的；明确的，具体的 30. ________ adj. 特别的，格外的；特指的；挑剔的→________ adv. 特别，尤其 32. ________ n. 话题；题目；标题 33. ________ n. (同类)收藏品；作品集；募捐→________ vt. 收集；募捐→________ n. 收集者；收藏家 34. ________ n. 部分，部门；部件，散件 35. ________ adj. 吝啬的，小气的；不善良的，刻薄的 36. ________ vt. 运输，运送 n. 交通运输系统；交通车辆；运输→________ n. 运输；交通工具，运输工具 37. ________ n. 火鸡；火鸡肉 38. ________ n. 慷慨，大方，宽宏大量→________ adj. 慷慨的；大方的 39. ________ n. 章节；篇章 40. ________ n. 诗集，诗歌→________ n. 诗人→________ n. 诗；韵文 41. ________ n. 舞台；阶段；步骤 vt.上演，举办 42. ________ n. 自传 43. ________ n. 传记，传记作品 44. ________ adv. 极其，非常，极端→________ adj. 极其的；极端的 n. 极端；极限 45. ________ vt. 摧毁，毁灭，破坏 46. ________ vt. 击败，战胜 n. 失败，战败；击败 47. ________ vt. & n. 努力，尝试，试图→________ adj. 未遂的，企图的 48. ________ vt. 挺直；(使)变直，变正 49. ________ n. 用劲，使力；压力，拉力；重负 49. ________ adv. 在……旁边；与……一起 50. ________ vt. 完成→________ n. 成就；成绩；完成→________ adj. 技艺高超的，熟练的 51. ________ adj. 贵族的，高贵的；崇高的；宏伟的 52. ________ adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的→________ adj. 令人困惑的；难懂的→________ vt. 使困惑/迷惑不解→________ n. 困惑；混淆 53. ________ vi. & vt. (________,________)迂回行进，穿行；(________, ________)编 54. ________ adj. 糊状的，软而稠的 55. ________ n. 闪光；闪现 vt. & vi.(使)闪光；(使)闪现 短语 1. ________________致力，专心，献身 2. ________________即将发生(在某人身上)，等待着(某人) 3. ________________总的来说 4. ________________凭借，利用 5. ________________应该，应当 6. ________________尤其，特别 7. ________________(头脑)清醒；使整洁，清理 8. ________________正要做某事 9. _____________对……有吸引力；向……呼吁 10. ________________有能力；能够 11. ________________拉动 12. ________________坚持；抓住 13. ________________呈现；承担 14. ________________克服 15. ________________使某人注意…… 熟词生义 1. The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. ________ 2. She is not satisfied with the decision and plans to appeal. ________ 3. Sports have become an important form of entertainment，appealing to both men and women. ________ 4. The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. ________ 5. Hearing the disappointing news, he was too sad to contain himself. ________ 6. It contains a lot of pictures taken during my childhood. It keeps a record of my birth at the hospital，my first smile and my first walk. ________ 7. The new stadium being constructed now can contain 2,000 people. ________ 8. The police have issued an appeal for witnesses to the traffic accident. ________ 9. Tu Youyou discovered a novel method to extract the useful substance. ________ 10. The local theatre group is staging a production of Hamlet. ________ 11. I have a helpful and sensitive friend. ________ 12. She is very sensitive about her appearance. ________ 13. She needs time to reflect on your suggestion. ________ 14. His face was reflected in the mirror. ________ 15. That choice reflects your good taste of beauty. ________ 16. The glass appears to reflect light naturally. ________ 句型 1. be doing...when...正在做……这时…… A child and a man ________________ on the beach ________ the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个孩子和一名男子正在海滩上散步，这时孩子发现了一枚贝壳，把它放到了耳边。 2. not... but... What amazed the child was ________ a new world, ________ the unnoticed music of the old. 让孩子惊奇的不是一个新的世界而是那些没有被注意的古老的音乐。 3. 全部倒装 ________________________________, behind the man is the race，and behind the race are the natural and social environments. 每本书背后都有一个人，此人身后是一个族群，这个族群背后是自然和社会环境。 4. where 引导定语从句，修饰一个表示抽象地点的名词 In a word, we have now reached ________________ we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 总之，我们现在已经到了想要欣赏和理解文学的阶段。 5. 否定词位于句首的部分倒装 ________________ a greater，or more beautiful，or a calmer or more noble thing than you，brother. 我从来没有见过比你更庞大、更美丽、更冷静或更高贵的家伙，兄弟。 6. with复合结构 The fish righted himself and swam off again slowly ________________________________. 鱼正正身子，又慢慢地游开，大尾巴在海面上绕来绕去。 语法 情态动词 1、can、could 2、may、might 3、must、have to 4、shall、should 5、will、would 6、should、ought to 一、词汇清单 知识点1 devote oneself to致力，专心，献身 【教材原句】My meaning simply is...that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely... (教材P43) 我的意思很简单……无论我致力于什么，我都会全身心投入…… 【拓展】 (1)devote oneself to sth./doing sth. 献身于……；致力于…… devote one's life/time/money/energy to sth./doing sth. 把某人的一生/时间/金钱/精力奉献于…… (2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的 be devoted to sth./doing sth. 专心于；奉献于…… (3)devotion n. 关爱；关照；奉献；忠诚 【写作佳句】These days, he is devoting his time and energy to collecting information about the anonymous donors. 这些天, 他把他的时间和精力都花在了收集匿名捐赠人的信息上。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. A great person is someone who devotes his/her life to ________(help) others. 2. The dog had such ________(devote) to his master that it would not leave him, even when he was dead. 3. He has been devoting ________(him)to serving the country and people. 句式升级 4. She devoted herself to practicing and became one of the world’s best swimmers. →________________, she became one of the world’s best swimmers. (现在分词短语作状语)  →________________, she became one of the world’s best swimmers. (过去分词短语作状语)  知识点2 appeal vi. 有吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 n.吸引力; 申诉; 呼吁 【教材原句】Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. (教材P44) 让一首小歌进入耳朵,或一本好书沁入心田,我们就会发现一个新世界,一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。 【拓展】 (1)appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人提出呼吁或请求 appeal to sb. to do sth. 恳求/呼吁某人做某事 (2)make an appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人提出呼吁或请求 make an appeal to sb. to do sth. 呼吁/恳求某人做某事 (3)appealing adj. 有吸引力的；恳求的(表情或语气) 【写作佳句】Therefore, we make an appeal to everyone to love our planet and protect the environment. 因此,我们呼吁大家爱护我们的地球,保护环境。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The government appealed to the International Charity ________(help) the people suffering from the floods. 2. There was a sense of humour to what he did that I found very ________(appeal). 完成句子 3.作者向我们呼吁要对动物更加友好。 →The author ________________ be kinder to animals. (appeal v. ) →The author ________________ be kinder to animals. (appeal n) 知识点3 determine vt. 确定; 支配; 决心 vi. 决心 【教材原句】The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. (教材P44) 第一步是确定它的一些重要特质。 【拓展】 (1)determine on/upon (doing) sth. 决定(做)某事 determine to do sth. 决定做某事(表示动作) (2)determined adj. 坚决的；有决心的 be determined to do sth. 决心做某事(表示状态) (3)determination n. 决心 【写作佳句】With Mother’s Day approaching, Tod determined to buy his mother a gift with his pocket money. 随着母亲节的临近, 托德决定用他的零花钱给妈妈买一份礼物。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I am determined ________(study) hard, or I won't be admitted into a university. 2. She determined on ________(go) abroad to study. 3. ________(determine) to visit the science museum, she set off at once. 完成句子 4. 她决定一大早就动身。 She ________________ an early start/on starting early in the morning. 知识点4 description n. 描述, 形容, 说明 【教材原句】The first quality of literature is its description of truth and beauty. (教材P45) 文学的第一个品质就是对真与美的描述。 【拓展】 (1)beyond description 无法形容,无法描述 give a description of 对……进行描述/描写 (2)describe v. 描述;形容;把……称为 describe sth.to sb. 向某人描述某事 describe...as... 把……描述为/称为…… 【写作佳句】They gave a description of the missing boy to the villagers, hoping that they could offer some useful information. 他们向村民们描述了失踪男孩的情况, 希望他们能提供一些有用的信息。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Can you describe your new school ________ me? 2. China has been described ________ an “emerging economic powerhouse”. 3. The report offered very specific and accurate ________(describe) of the problem. 完成句子 4. It’s quite hard to describe the view from the top of the mountain. →The view from the top of the mountain is quite ________________.  知识点5 reflect vt. & vi. 反射(声、光、热等)；反映，显示；映出(影像)；仔细思考，沉思 【教材原句】Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds. (教材P45) 有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。 【拓展】 (1)reflect...in... 在……中映出……的影像 be reflected in 倒映在；反映在 reflect on/upon sth. 认真思考/反省某事 (2)reflection n. 反射；反映；映像 upon/on reflection 经再三考虑，仔细考虑 【写作佳句】Upon reflection, we decided to change our plan. 仔细考虑后，我们决定改变我们的计划。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. She could see her face ________ in the water. 2. Sunlight ________ may relieve global warming. 完成句子 3.人们的生活方式反映在语言上。 People's lifestyles ________________ languages. 知识点6 contain vt. 包含, 含有, 容纳 【教材原句】To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. (教材P45) 要做到这一点,它应该包含两个因素:普遍的兴趣和个人风格。 【拓展】 (1)contain oneself　　 克制自我;控制自己的情绪 (2)container n. 容器 【写作佳句】During the Spring Festival, a lucky charm and a red pocket which contains lucky money will be given to everyone. 春节期间,每个人都会收到一个吉祥饰物和一个装着好运钱的红包。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Food will last longer if kept in the airtight ________(contain). 2. She could hardly contain ________(her) with delight when she opened the parcel. 用include和contain完成句子 3. There are three boxes in the room, ________ a red one, which ________ ten books. 知识点7 summary n. 总结, 概括, 概要 【教材原句】In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty, the written record of man’s thoughts and feelings, and the history of the human soul. (教材P45) 总之,文学是以真与美的形式表现生活的,是人类思想感情的书面记录,是人类灵魂的历史。 【拓展】 (1)make a summary 做总结 in summary 概括地说,总的来说(相当于in a word) (2)summarize v. 总结,概述 (3)sum n. 款项,总数 a sum of 一笔 sum up 计算出……的总数;总结;概括 to sum up=in sum 总而言之 【写作佳句】Our teachers often make a summary in time before the end of class. 我们的老师经常下课前及时总结。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Basically, the article can ________(summarize) in three sentences.  2. Will you please sum ________ the main idea of the text in your own words? 一句多译 3.总之, 我希望你不要辜负你父母的期望。 ________________________________, I hope you can live up to your parents’ expectations.  知识点8 draw on 凭借, 利用 【教材原句】No doubt drawing on his own experiences, Cao Xueqin gives a detailed description of what life was like at that time. (教材P47) 曹雪芹无疑是根据自己的亲身经历,对当时的生活进行了详细的描述。 【拓展】 draw up　　　起草,草拟 draw back 退缩,收回 draw in (火车等)进站,到达;吸引;(白昼)渐短 draw out 取出;(白昼)长起来;拉长;使畅所欲言 draw near 靠近,临近 【写作佳句】As the final exam is drawing near, the students are busy preparing for it. 随着期末考试的临近, 学生们正忙着做准备。 【经典练】 用draw的短语填空 1. The new film ________________ large crowds. 2. He didn’t know the story, so he ________________ his imagination. 3. She ________ the interview ________ to over an hour. 4. I’ll have my lawyer ________ a contract and we’ll go from there.  知识点9 particular adj. 特别的,格外的;特指的;挑剔的 【教材原句】Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials... (教材P48) 老师尤其能对有趣的阅读材料提供建议…… 【拓展】 be particular about/over　 对……挑剔;讲究 in particular=particularly 特别,尤其 【写作佳句】Our government attaches great importance to all aspects of development, education in particular. 我们的政府非常重视各方面的发展,尤其是教育。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. She likes fruit and apples ________ particular. 2. Julia is very particular ________ the kitchen — everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 3. As is well known, red is a ________(particular) popular colour in China. 完成句子 这种食物营养丰富,特别是含有大量维生素。 →This kind of food is rich in nutrition, and ________________ it contains a lot of vitamins.  知识点 10 mean adj. 吝啬的, 小气的; 不善良的, 刻薄的 【教材原句】The book’s main character is Scrooge, a rich but mean old man. (教材P49) 这本书的主人公是斯克鲁奇,一个富有却吝啬的老人。 【拓展】 【写作佳句】He is always mean with money but generous in helping others. 他在花钱方面总是吝啬, 但帮助他人很慷慨。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Making good use of time means ________(spend) time in doing something good or useful instead of something useless or unnecessary. 2. Most of the English words have several ________(mean). 3. Her husband is very mean ________ money. 4. Don’t be so mean ________ your little brother! 完成句子 我昨天本打算来看你的, 但发生了一件意想不到的事。  I ________________________________ yesterday, but something unexpected happened to me. 知识点11 attempt vt. & n. 尝试，努力，试图；企图 【教材原句】After coming in empty­handed for eighty­four days, Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish. (教材P53) 在两手空空84天后，圣地亚哥试图捕一条大鱼。 【拓展】 (1) (2)make an attempt to do/at doing sth. 试图做某事 at the first attempt 第一次尝试 【点津】attempt to do sth.相当于try to do sth.,意为“尽力做某事”,但不一定成功;而succeed in doing sth./manage to do sth.意为“成功地做某事”。 【写作佳句】The boys made an attempt to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents. 男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Dale took his mother's advice, tried desperately and after several ________(attempt) finally made it. 2. I'll attempt ________(answer) all the questions you've asked. 完成句子 3.我试图说服她，但是徒劳无果。 I've ________________________________, but in vain. 知识点12 confused adj. 糊涂的，迷惑的；不清楚的，混乱的 【教材原句】Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. (教材P54) 他想，现在你的脑子有点糊涂了。 【拓展】 (1)be confused about/with/by sth. 对……感到困惑 get/be confused 迷糊的 (2)confuse vt. 使迷惑；使为难 confuse A with/and B　把A与B混淆 (3)confusing adj. 令人困惑的 (4)confusion n. 混乱；混淆 in confusion困惑地，不知所措地 【写作佳句】I do hope that the road sign I have placed at the crossroads will be helpful to whoever feels confused or gets lost there. 我真的希望我放在十字路口的路标能对在那里感到困惑或迷路的人有所帮助。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. In one week he was the ________(confuse) owner of a cone five hundred feet high. 2. The author takes novel reading as a way to get away from a ________(confuse) world. 3. Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused ________ the Chinese customs, I am writing to put forward some advice. 4. ________(confuse), I simply based my decision on the ratings. 5. For example, there are huge quantities of reference books which I am often confused ________(choose) from. 6. Because of the ________(confuse), Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. 知识点13 be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 【教材原句】He had been on the point of feeling himself go each time. (教材P54) 每次他都感觉自己快要垮了。 【拓展】 (1)be about to do sth.when...＝be on the point of doing sth.when... 正要做某事，这时突然…… (2)be doing sth.when... 正在做某事，这时突然…… (3)had (just) done sth.when... 刚做了某事，这时突然…… 【写作佳句】She was on the point of leaving the house when someone knocked at the door. 她正要离开家，这时有人敲门。 【经典练】 完成句子 我正要给他打电话，这时他进来了。 →________________________________ when he came in. →________________________________ when he came in. →I ________________________________ my breakfast when the telephone rang loudly. 二、语法清单 情态动词 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并说出黑体部分情态动词的意思 1. “What shall I read?” You might have asked yourself this question more than once. 2.If you are not sure what to read, you can get ideas from different sources, but it is also important to develop your own taste. 3.To start with, ask your friends, parents and teachers to recommend what books you ought to read. 4.However, you must also decide for yourself what kind of books to read. 【精讲·语法知识】 [知识精要] 一、can、could 1. 表示能力。can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。 2. 表示请求许可。could语气比can更委婉。 3. 表示客观可能性。 4. 表示推测时，can只用于否定句和疑问句中，could可用于各种句式中。can表示推测的可能性比could大。 二、may、might 1. 表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉，并不是过去式。否定回答时可用can't或mustn't，表示“不可以，禁止”。用May I. ..？征询对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I. ..？在口语中更常见。 2. 用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 3. 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 4. may的固定搭配：may/might as well表示“还是……为好，不妨……”。 三、must、have to 1. 表示必须、必要。在回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn't (禁止，不准)，而用needn't或don't have to (不必)。 2. must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。 3. 表示推测、可能性(用于肯定的陈述句)。 4. must还用来表示“非要；偏要；偏偏”。 四、shall、should 1. shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见。 2. shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心。 3. should常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪，意为“竟然，竟会”。 五、will、would 1. 表示请求、建议等，其中would更委婉。 2. will表示现在反复发生的动作或某种倾向，would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”之意。 六、should、ought to 1. should，ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。 2. 表示推测。should，ought to为客观推测，must为主观推测。 七、虚拟语气 1. can/could have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做而实际未能做某事”，是虚拟语气；在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定，表示推测。 2. may/might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，但语气稍弱，意思是“可能，或许”，不用于疑问句中。might所表示的可能性比may小。 3. must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测，语气较强，意思是“一定，肯定”，其疑问、否定形式用can，can't代替。 4. should/ought to have done表示“本来应该做，而实际上没有做的事情”，其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”，含有责备的意思。 5. needn't have done表示“做了本来不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句。 6. 在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句中用过去完成时，主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即would/could/should/might have done。 【经典练】　 用适当的情态动词填空 1. — It’s nearly a quarter to eight. Beth hasn’t turned up yet. — She ________ have forgotten the time. Why don’t I call and see what happened? 2. Technology is supposed to make our lives easier, but it ________ also be depressing at times. 3. People ________ talk on a mobile phone while they are driving. 4. Parents ________ put the things like knives and medicine away in the house to keep children safe. 5. I remember that every Saturday night Mama ________(sit) down by the kitchen table and count out the money Papa had brought home in the little envelope. 6. Only when we learn to live in harmony with nature ________ we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet. 7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ________ work hard. 8. No reader ________ take a book out of the library without permission of the librarian. 9. I ________ worry about my weekend — I always have my plans ready before it comes. 10. You have to ________(think) through what might happen before you make a decision. 11. Using supercomputer, many labs are now conducting experiments that couldn’t ________(be) possible in the past. 三、写作清单 推荐信 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是写一封推荐信。推荐信是向收信人推荐人物或事物(物品、地方、旅游线路等)，并说明理由的一种信件。属于“三段式”作文的一种。 【积累·写作素材】 1. Learning you want to read a Chinese novel, I can't wait to write to recommend a classical novel A Dream in Red Mansions to you. 得知你想读中国小说，我迫不及待地写信向你推荐一部经典小说《红楼梦》。 2. Please allow me to introduce one of my best friends to you. 请允许我向你介绍一位我最好的朋友。 3. Since you have long been interested in Chinese culture, I think Beijing Language and Culture University is an ideal place for you. 既然你对中国文化很感兴趣，我认为北京语言大学是你理想的地方。 4. The reason why I recommend...is that... 我推荐……的原因是…… 5. There are rich places of interest in Xi'an, so it is worth visiting. 西安有丰富的名胜古迹，所以值得参观。 6. So I hold the belief that...be (am/is/are) quite suitable for the post. 所以我认为……很适合这个职位。 7. Thanks for your attention and hope to receive your reply. 多谢你的关注，希望能收到你的回复。 8. I would be grateful if you could give her some help. 如果你能给她提供一些帮助，我将不胜感激。 9. I'll be more than happy if you can take my suggestions/ideas into consideration. 如果你能考虑我的建议/想法，我会非常高兴。 【示例·分步写作】 假如你是晨光中学的李津,你的英国外教Alex打算在寒假里发起“英语经典诵读(English Classics for Recitation)”活动,现就诵读书目征求你校学生的意见。请根据以下提示给Alex写一封电子邮件: 1.你打算推荐的一本书; 2.推荐的原因; 3.希望从活动中有何收获。 注意:1.词数不少于80; 2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文—推荐经典作品 人称 以第一人称和第三人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 第一段：开门见山说明推荐的经典作品。 第二段：简要介绍，说明原因。 第三段：总结结论。 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1. 打算 ________________ 2. 开展活动 ________________ 3. 英语经典诵读________________ 4.感到荣幸 ________________ 5.有机会做某事 ________________ 6. 推荐一本书 ________________ 7. 在于________________ 8. 存在 ________________ 句子翻译 1.我听说你打算开展一项名为“英语经典诵读”的活动。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 2.能有机会发表我的意见,我感到非常荣幸。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 3.我想推荐的书是《简·爱》。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 4.作为19世纪出版的经典小说之一,《简·爱》的语言和简的性格都很美。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 5.我坚信,女主人公简勤奋、善良和追求独立自由的品质一定会深深地打动读者。 ________________________________________________________________________________  6.我希望这次活动对我们的成长非常有益。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 7.我们不仅可以学到很多知识,而且可以拓宽我们的视野。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 第三步：词句升级 8.用分词作状语合并句1和句2。 ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. 用倒装句改句子7 ________________________________________________________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 15 / 15 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$