Lesson 9 动词的时态（讲义）-2024-2025学年通用版英语六年级下册

Lesson 9 动词的时态（讲义） 2024-2025学年通用版英语六年级下册 时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴, 它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。根据动作发生的时间可以分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式；根据动作发生的方式可分为一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来, 就构成了以下16种时态形式。（以动词do为例） 动词用来表示动作发生时间的各种形式称为时态, 在不同时间发生的动作, 要用不同形式的动词来表示, 因此每说一句话都要考虑时态问题, 动词要用适当的形式。在这里我们介绍四个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时和一般过去时。 一、一般现在时 一般现在时是英语所有时态中用得最普遍的一种时态, 它主要表示经常性或习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词形式为动词原形, 当主语是第三人称单数时, 动词原形后加s或es。 （一）一般现在时的构成 1. be动词的一般现在时：主语+be（am, is, are）+. . . 2. have的一般现在时：主语+have/has . . . 第三人称单数用has外；其他人称一律用have。 3. 实义动词的一般现在时：主语+动词原形/动词原形+（e）s+其他, 用法见下表： 第三人称单数用does（动词加-s）形式外；其他人称一律用do（动词原形）。 （二）一般现在时的用法 1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作。 We play basketball after school. 我们放学以后打篮球。 In the morning, Tom drinks milk, and his parents drink coffee. 早上汤姆喝牛奶, 他的父母喝咖啡。 In the spare time, Kitty and Jill go to the volleyball club. Lucy goes to the basketball club. 在空闲时间Kitty和Jill参加排球俱乐部。Lucy参加篮球俱乐部。 2. 表示主语存在的状态、习惯特征、性格、能力等。 My mother is a teacher of Rainbow Primary school. 我妈妈是彩虹小学的老师。 She is good at swimming. 她擅长游泳。 Our teacher is very helpful. 我们的老师非常乐于助人。 3. 表示客观事实和普遍真理等不受时间限制的客观存在。 Fish live in the water. 鱼儿生活在水里。 Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。 The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 Light travels faster than sound. 光的传播速度比声音的传播速度要快。 4. 表示一个按规定、计划、安排要发生的动作 The trains leaves Shanghai at five. 火车五点离开上海。 The final exam takes place next month. 期末考试下个月举行。 （三）常与一般现在时连用的词及短语 1. always 总是/usually通常/often 常常/sometimes 有时候/never从不等频率副词用在主语之后, 动词之前。 We often play basketball after school. 我们经常放学后打篮球。 Dad never does the housework. 爸爸从不做家务。 2. every day （week, month, spring . . . ）每天（周, 月, 春天……）/ once （twice, three times . . . ）a month 一个月一次/两次/三次……/ on Sundays, Mondays . . . 在周日/周一等表达频率的词用在句尾。 Tom visits his grandparents in Beijing twice a year. 汤姆每年拜访在北京的爷爷奶奶两次。 I play chess with my grandfather on Saturdays. 周六我和爷爷一起下棋。 Tips： 在when/as soon as引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中, 当主句表示将来意义时, 从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 而不能直接使用将来时态。 He will call his mother as soon as he arrives in Hong Kong. 他一到达香港, 就会给他妈妈打电话。 When he comes tomorrow, I will let you know. 他明天一来, 我就通知你。 If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home and play chess. 如果明天下雨, 我们将呆在家里下棋。 Exercises 9. 1 Think and write （写出下列单词的正确形式） play plays playing played shop ____________ study ____________ watch ____________ cook ____________ drive ____________ cut ____________ write ____________ swim ____________ go ____________ have ____________ sing ____________ lie ____________ 9. 2 Think and write （用这些词语造句, 将动词变成正确的形式（do或does）） 1. always/early/Sue/get up ____________________________________ 2. basketball/I/play/on Monday afternoon ____________________________________ 3. work/my mother/hard/usually ____________________________________ 4. Jenny/every month/nice clothes/buy ____________________________________ 5. dinner/we/have/sometimes/at 7：30 ____________________________________ 6. television/Tom/watch/once a week ____________________________________ 7. like/chocolate/children/usually ____________________________________ 8. Julia/soft drinks/drink/never ____________________________________ 二、现在进行时 现在进行时就是指目前正在进行或发生的动作。谓语动词形式由助动词be+现在分词构成。 （一）现在进行时的构成：主语+be 动词+现在分词 …… I' m listening to music in my bedroom. 我正在卧室里听音乐。 He' s playing football on the playground. 他正在操场上踢足球。 They' re having lunch in the restaurant. 他们正在饭店里吃饭。 — Who is knocking at the door？谁在敲门？ — It's me. 是我。 （二）现在进行时的用法 1. 表示此时此刻正在进行或发生的动作。 经常与now, today, at this moment等时间状语连用, 有时与It's six o'clock. / look/listen 等词连用, 表示“现在”这个意思。 Tom is reading a book now. 汤姆这会儿正在看一本书。 Students are playing basketball on the playground. 学生们正在操场上打篮球。 Please be quiet！The baby is sleeping. 请保持安静！小宝宝正在睡觉。 The students from Rainbow Primary School are visiting the old people in the old people's home today. 今天, 彩虹小学的学生正在拜访敬老院的老人们。 It's 2：00 pm. The students are having an English class. 现在是下午两点, 学生们正在上英语课。 Listen！The birds are singing beautifully. 听！鸟儿唱得真好听。 2. 在现阶段正在进行的动作, 但不一定说话时动作正在进行中, 经常与these days, this week, at present等时间状语连用。 Lucy is writing a novel these days. Lucy最近在写一本小说。 We' re building a new bridge over the Yangtze River. 我们正在长江上建造一座大桥。 These years Tom is teaching English and learning Chinese in Shanghai. 这些年汤姆在上海一边教英语一边学中文。 At present, we' re planning a party for Children's Day. 目前我们正在为儿童节策划一个派对。 3. 有时用现在进行时态表示有计划、将来的动作。 常用的动词有：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, begin, close, fly, move等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排, 一般有一个表示未来的时间状语。 My father is leaving for New York next Monday. 爸爸下周一将去纽约。 The train is coming soon. 火车快要来了。 My family is moving to Beijing next month. 下个月, 我们一家要搬去北京。 The old library is closing next week. 这个老图书馆将下周关闭。 Ivy is moving to a large house in the suburb soon. Ivy马上要搬到郊县的大房子去了。 4. 现在进行时态与always, forever, never, all the time等副词一起用, 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作, 含有“赞叹”、“厌恶”、“惊讶”、“不满”等感情色彩。 She 's always helping people. 她总是经常帮助别人。（赞扬） He 's always causing trouble. 他总是制造麻烦。（不满） He 's always making noise in the class. 他总是在课堂中发出噪音。（不满） The little boy is forever asking questions. 这个小男孩老是没完没了问问题。（惊讶） 5. 进行时态主要用于表示有意识的动作。 某些动词通常不用进行时态而只用一般现在时。如表示感觉的动词：feel, sound, smell, taste, look等；如表示感情和情绪的动词：like, hate, dislike, love, mind, care等；如表示精神活动的动词：agree, understand, think, trust, want, mean, hope, forget, believe等。 I'm knowing him. （×） I know him. （√） I'm believing I can fly. （×） I believe I can fly. （√） He's seeing the birds in the sky. （×） He sees the birds in the sky. （√） My mum is liking chicken. （×） My mum likes chicken. （√） I'm agreeing with you. （×） I agree with you. （√） Tips： 感官动词feel, look, smell, taste后接表示主语的情感或身体或精神状况的形容词（happy, sad, nice, good, hot, cold, awful, delicious）时, 通常只用一般现在时, 但在表示具体做某件事的时候, 可用现在进行时。如： 感觉 动作 The flowers look beautiful. I am looking for a T-shirt. 花朵 看上去 很漂亮。 我 正在寻找 一件T恤衫。 The chicken wings smell delicious. The little girl is smelling the flower. 鸡翅 闻起来 香极了。 小女孩 正在闻 花朵。 The coffee tastes bitter. I am tasting the coffee. 咖啡 尝起来 是苦的。 我 正在品尝 咖啡。 Exercises 9. 3 Look and write （请看图片, 写一些关于Young的句子。要求用上He's . . . ing. 或He isn't . . . ing. 的句式） 1. （have breakfast） Young isn't having breakfast. 2. （read a book） ____________________. 3. （lie on the floor） ____________________. 4. （write a letter） ____________________. 5. （wear a T-shirt） ____________________. 6. （cry） ____________________. 7. （sit on a chair） ____________________. 8. （smile） ____________________. 三、一般将来时 一般将来时表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。可以用will/shall+do（动词原形）, be going to+do（动词原形）等形式表示。 （一）主语+will/shall+do（动词原形） shall用于第一人称（I, we）之后, 可缩写为'll, 在现代英语中, 常被will 所代替, will可用于任何人称之后, 其缩写形式也为'll。 We shall clean the classroom. 我们将要打扫我们的教室。 （注：we shall=we'll） I shall see a film with my friends tonight. 今晚我将和伙伴一起看电影。（注：I shall=I'll） We will have a class party next week. 下周我们将举行一个班级派对。（注：we will=we'll） He' ll take a long vacation in Miami next year. 明年他将到迈阿密度假。（注：he'll=he will） The game will begin at 7：00. 比赛将在七点开始。 The children will be back in a few minutes. 孩子们几分钟后就回来。 （二）主语+be （am, is, are）going to+do（动词原形） I' m going to play basketball with my classmates. 我将要和我的同学打篮球。 They' re going to build a new school in their town next year. 明年他们将在镇上建一所新的学校。 Tom and his parents are going to move to New York City next month. 汤姆和他的父母一个月后将搬家到纽约。 Jerry is going to save a lot of money and buy a new car. Jerry打算存很多钱, 然后买一辆新车。 Tips： 一般不常把动词go和come用于be going to结构中, 而常用现在进行时来代替be going to结构, 即通常不用I'm going to go to而用I'm going, 不用I'm going to come. , 而用I'm coming。 Sissi is going to the toy shop with her brother. Sissi将要和弟弟一起去玩具店。 I'm going home. 我马上就要回家了。 I'm coming. 我马上就来了。 （三）表示将来动作的其他形式 1. 用现在进行时表示短暂将来（详细内容见现在进行时） Mr. Young is leaving for New York City with his wife next Monday. 杨先生和他的妻子下周一将去纽约。 The aeroplane is flying in two minutes. Please fasten your seat-belt. 飞机还有两分钟就要起飞了。请系好你的安全带。 2. be about to+do（动词原形）, 表示就要做或正好要做的事, 往往暗含有一种时间上的巧合。因此通常不再与表示具体时间的状语连用 We 're about to have lunch. 我们正打算要吃午饭了。 The plane is about to take off. 飞机即将要起飞了。 My grandpa is about to retire. He's planning to travel around the world. 我爷爷即将退休, 他打算去周游世界。 3. be to+do（动词原形）, 主要表示按计划或安排要做的事 The concert is to be held this Saturday. 音乐会将在周六举行。 She is to be here at 9：00 am tomorrow. 明天上午九点她将在这里。 I' m to see Mr. Obama off at the airport this afternoon. 我明天下午将到机场为奥巴马先生送行。 4. be planning to+do（动词原形）, 表示计划要做的事情 Tom and Lucy are planning to take a trip in Thailand this summer. Tom和Lucy计划今年夏天去泰国旅行。 Young and his girlfriend are planning to get married next January. Young和他的女朋友计划明年一月份结婚。 5. 在表示时间状语从句、条件状语从句的时候, 用一般现在时表示将来（详细内容见一般现在时） （四）与一般将来时连用的时间状语 Exercises 9. 4 Read and complete （用be going to+下列动词完成句子） eat lie down give stay walk wash see wear 1. My hands are dirty. I'm going to wash them. 2. We ____fancy dresses for the Halloween Party. 3. I don't want to go home by bus. I ____home. 4. John is going to Washington D. C. next week. He ____with some friends. 5. I'm hungry. I ____this sandwich. 6. It's Sharon's birthday next week. We ____her a present. 7. There's a good film on at the City Cinema. Mum and I ____it. 8. Grandma is feeling very tired. She ____for an hour. 四、一般过去时 一般过去时主要表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态, 它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一。 （一）be动词的一般过去时：主语+be （was/were）. . . 第一人称和第三人称单数用was；其他人称一律用were。 （二）实义动词的一般过去时：主语+动词过去式 . . . The children were thirsty and tired. They ate some ice-cream. 孩子们又渴又累, 他们吃了冰淇淋。（ate为eat的过去形式, 属不规则动词） I lived in Shanghai two years ago. 两年前我住在上海。 Lucy studied English all day yesterday. Now she has a headache. Lucy昨天学了一天英语, 现在头有点疼。 I enjoyed the sunshine at the beach last year. I collected a lot of beautiful shells. 去年我在海滩边享受着阳光, 收集了很多美丽的贝壳。 My friends came to my birthday party and said “Happy birthday” to me. 我的朋友们来参加我的生日聚会, 并祝我“生日快乐”。 （came为come的过去式, said为say的过去式, 属于不规则动词） （注：在一般过去时中, was/were和行为动词过去时形式不可以同时出现在一句话中） （3） 常与一般过去时连用的词及短语： Exercises 9. 5 Think and write （写写过去（昨天/上周等）的事情） 1. Jerry always goes to work by car. Yesterday he went to work by car . 2. The children always play basketball on Sunday. They ________last Sunday. 3. Rachel eats an apple every day. She ________yesterday. 4. Miss Peggy cleans her bedroom every Monday. She ________last Monday. 5. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have a big dinner on Saturday evening. They ________last Saturday evening. 6. My father usually reads the newspapers on the subway. Yesterday morning he ________. 7. I often lose my keys. I ________last week. 8. Mrs. Lopez usually buys some meat at the butcher's. She ________yesterday morning. 9. Tom always takes a shower in the morning. This morning he ________. 10. Our friends come to see us every Friday evening. They ________last Friday. 9. 6 Look and write （根据图片和例句完成句子） study ride play sing study plant 1. Lily likes drawing very much. She draws pictures every day. She drew flowers yesterday. She is drawing pictures now. She is going to draw pictures tomorrow. 2. Julie likes ____the violin very much. ____the violin every day. ____the violin yesterday. ____the violin now. ____the violin tomorrow. 3. Brian likes ____his bicycle very much. ____his bicycle every day. ____his bicycle yesterday. ____his bicycle now. ____his bicycle tomorrow. 4. My brother likes ____very much. ____every day. ____yesterday. ____now. ____tomorrow. 5. The children like ____very much. ____every day. ____yesterday. ____now. ____tomorrow. 6. Tom likes ____very much. ____every day. ____yesterday. ____now. ____tomorrow. 9. 7 Fill in the blanks （用括号内动词的适当形式填空） 1. I ____（see）a car accident yesterday morning. The police ____（come）. 2. —I ____（call）you yesterday morning. You ____（be）not at home. —Sorry, I ____（be）in the park with my brother. 3. Bill ____（study）very hard. Look！He ____（read）books in the library. 4. Don't make noise. My grandfather ____（sleep）. He's sick. 5. The children ____（have）a party in the classroom tomorrow. 6. I always ____（drink）milk for breakfast, but yesterday morning I ____（drink）some juice. 7. It's 8：00 in the morning. The children ____（do）morning exercises on the playground. 8. Last year, Mr. and Mrs. Chen ____（go）to Beijing for a holiday. This year they ____（visit）Guilin. 9. —Listen！Mary ____（sing）. —She ____（sing）every day. 10. I ____（be）busy yesterday. I ____（fix）my bicycle. I ____（buy）some groceries. And I ____（write）e-mails to my friends. Lesson 9 动词的时态 答案 一、一般现在时 9. 1 shop shops shopping shopped study studies studying studied watch watches watching watched cook cooks cooking cooked drive drives driving drove cut cuts cutting cut write writes writing wrote swim swims swimming swam go goes going went have has having had sing sings singing sang lie lies lying lay 9. 2 1. Sue always gets up early. 2. I play basketball on Monday afternoon. 3. My mother usually works hard. 4. Jenny buys nice clothes every month. 5. We sometimes have dinner at 7：30. 6. Tom watches television once a week. 7. Children usually like chocolate. 8. Julia never drinks soft drinks. 二、现在进行时 9. 3 2. He's reading a book. 3. He isn't lying on the floor. 4. He isn't writing a letter. 5. He's wearing a T-shirt. 6. He isn't crying. 7. He's sitting on a chair. 8. He's smiling. 三、一般将来时 9. 4 2. are going to wear 3. am going to walk 4. is going to stay 5. am going to eat 6. are going to give 7. are going to see 8. is going to lie down 四、一般过去时 9. 5 2. played basketball 3. ate an apple 4. cleaned her bedroom 5. had a big dinner 6. read the newspapers on the subway 7. lost my keys 8. bought some meat at the butcher's 9. took a shower 10. came to see us 9. 6 2. playing, She plays, She played, She is playing, She is going to play 3. riding, He rides, He rode, He is riding, He is going to ride 4. swimming, He swims, He swam, He is swimming, He is going to swim 5. singing, They sing, They sang, They are singing, They are going to sing 6. playing football, He plays football, He played football, He is playing football, He is going to play football 9. 7 1. saw, came 2. called, were, was 3. studies, is reading 4. is sleeping 5. are going to have/ will have 6. drink, drank 7. are doing 8. went, are going to visit 9. is singing, sings 10. was, fixed, bought, wrote ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$