Unit 2 Getting along 句型+语音+语法 知识点清单 2025-2026学年外研版英语八年级上册

《外研版初中英语八年级上册2025新版》 Unit 2 Getting along 【句型+语音+语法】知识点清单 句型 1. Here and there, over the grass, stand beautiful flowers. ① 倒装句:状语 + 谓语 + 主语 用法: 当地点状语或方位副词(如 here, there, under the tree, on the wall 等)位于句首时,若主语为名词,则主谓完全倒装(谓语动词提前至主语前);若主语为代词,则不倒装。 倒装结构用于强调地点状语,突出主语的位置或状态。 正常语序:Beautiful flowers stand here and there over the grass. 例句: Here comes the bus! (名词主语,倒装) Here he comes! (代词主语,不倒装) Under the tree sat an old man. 树下坐着一位老人。 On the wall hang two beautiful pictures. 墙上挂着两幅漂亮的画。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 ② here and there 处处;到处 用法: 相当于 everywhere,表示事物分布零散但广泛,在句中作状语,可置于句首、句中或句尾。 例句: There are trees here and there in the park. 公园里处处有树。 Children ran here and there in the park, laughing and shouting. 孩子们在公园里四处奔跑,又笑又叫。 Pencils are lying here and there on the desk. 铅笔零散地躺在书桌上。 2. I hope the weather changes shortly. hope + (that) + 宾语从句 用法: hope 后接省略 that 的宾语从句,表达 “希望” 的内容,从句时态根据语境选择(一般现在时表客观预期,一般将来时表明确的将来)。 常见结构: hope to do sth. 希望做某事 否定形式:hope not to do sth. 注意:hope 不能用于 “hope sb. to do sth.” 结构,需用 “wish sb. to do sth.” 替代。 例句: I hope it rains tomorrow. (客观预期下雨) I hope it will rain tomorrow. (明确希望将来下雨) I hope to travel around the world one day. 我希望有朝一日能环游世界。 I hope not to be late for the meeting. 我希望开会不要迟到。 错误:I hope you to come to my birthday party. 正确:I wish you to come to my birthday party. 3. But summer never comes, nor autumn. nor 引导的否定句 用法: nor 用于连接两个否定意义的分句,前一分句需为否定形式。 后句若补充完整谓语,需用部分倒装结构:nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 /be 动词 + 主语 + 主要动词。 在非正式语境或文学作品中,可省略助动词和动词,仅用 nor + 名词(依赖上下文理解)。 完整倒装:But summer never comes, nor does autumn (come). 例句: He doesn’t like swimming, nor do I. 他不喜欢游泳,我也不喜欢。 I haven’t read the book, nor has she. 我没读过这本书,她也没读过。 4. The trees are so happy that they have covered themselves with flowers. so... that... 如此…… 以至于…… 用法: 引导结果状语从句,so 后接形容词或副词,that 后接从句,表明主句动作导致的结果。 拓展: such... that...:such 后接名词短语。 so that:引导目的状语从句,意为 “以便;为了”,从句中常使用 can、could、will、would 等情态动词。 例句: She is so tired that she can’t walk any further. 她如此疲惫,以至于再也走不动了。 She spoke so quietly that I could hardly hear her. 她说话声音如此小,以至于我几乎听不见。 They are such interesting books that I want to read them again. 它们是如此有趣的书,以至于我想再读一遍。 He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus. 他早起以便能赶上第一班公交车。 5. How kind I’ve been! How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语! 用法: 强调形容词或副词的程度,若主语和谓语为 “it is/they are”,可省略。 拓展: What 引导的感叹句结构: What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语! What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! 例句: How beautiful (it is)! 多么漂亮啊! How fast he runs! 他跑得多么快啊! What a lovely dog it is! 多么可爱的一只狗啊! What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊! What delicious food it is! 多么美味的食物啊! 6. Two families, the Browns and the Greens, argued over the dividing line between their houses. ① 同位语 用法: the Browns and the Greens是Two families的同位语,对其进行具体解释说明。 同位语是对前面名词(或名词短语)进行解释说明的成分,与被说明的名词在语法上处于同等地位,通常用逗号隔开。 例句: The novel, Pride and Prejudice, is a classic of English literature. 小说《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学的经典之作。 The capital of China, Beijing, is a historic city. 中国的首都 — 北京,是一座历史悠久的古城。 My best friend, Lily, is coming over tonight. 我最好的朋友,莉莉,今晚要过来。 ② argue over sth. 就某事争论 用法: 表示 “就某事争论”,与 argue about sth. 常可互换; argue with sb. 表示 “和某人争吵”。 例句: Let’s not argue about/over small details. 咱们不要在细枝末节上争论了。 I wish you two would stop arguing with each other! 我希望你们两个不要再吵了! 7. In return, these people decided to do the same thing. ① in return 作为回报;作为回应 用法: 表明某一行为是对之前事情的回应或回报,可置于句首、句中或句尾。 可单独使用或接宾语(in return for sth.)。 例句: She helped me with my work, and I gave her a gift in return. 她帮我完成工作,我送了份礼物作为回报。 He lent me his bike, and in return, I invited him to dinner. 他把自行车借给了我,作为回报,我邀请他吃晚餐。 He gave me an apple in return for a piece of chocolate. 他给了我一个苹果,作为交换一块巧克力的回报。 ② decide to do sth. 决定做某事 用法: 固定搭配,表示经过思考后做出决定,否定形式为 decide not to do sth.; decide 后可接 that 宾语从句,不可接动名词。 例句: I decided to learn a new language this year. 我决定今年学习一门新语言。 They decided not to go on a trip because of the bad weather. 因为糟糕的天气,他们决定不去旅行了。 We decided that w e would start the project immediately. 我们决定立即启动这个项目。 She decided that she wanted to live in France. 她决定要住在法国。 错误:She decided going to the park. 正确:She decided to go to the park. 8. And so came the lane between the two houses. 倒装句 用法: 此句为完全倒装句。正常语序应该是“And so the lane between the two houses came.”。 当句子主语较长,尤其在没有宾语的情况下 ,为了避免句子结构上 “头重脚轻”,使句子节奏更平衡、表意更清晰,常采用倒装结构,将状语提前,把主语置于谓语之后。 例句: On the desk lies a book full of colorful pictures and interesting stories. 书桌上放着一本满是彩色图片和有趣故事的书。 9. The people there still keep the poem in mind. keep sb./sth. in mind 把某人 / 某事记在心上 用法: 该短语表示将某人或某事牢记于心,常用于提醒或强调对某人或某事物的重视。 bear ... in mind:用法和 “keep ... in mind” 相似,意思几乎完全相同,可互换。 remember sth: 更通用,较简单直接地表达 “记住”,可以指瞬间想起或持续记住。 例句: Keep your safety in mind when you travel. 你旅行时要牢记安全。 She bore his advice in mind while making the decision. 她做决定时把他的建议记在了心里。 Remember to lock the door. 记得锁门。 语音 辅音 /h/ 发音技巧: 双唇微微张开,自然呵气,气流通过声门时产生轻微摩擦,声带不振动。 清辅音,发音时喉咙无振动感。 字母组合: h 单独发音:hole /h l/(洞)、heart /h t/(心脏)、head /hed/(头)。 wh 组合发音:who /hu /(谁)、whom /hu m/(谁,宾格)、whose /hu z/(谁的)。 例词: hole /h l/ 洞 who /hu / 谁 heart /h t/ 心脏 head /hed/ 头 whom /hu m/ 谁(宾格) whose /hu z/ 谁的 语法 现在完成时(二) 1. for 和 since 的用法 ① 现在完成时表示某一行为或状态从过去某时开始,一直持续到现在,可能刚刚结束,也可能继续下去。 ②现在完成时常与 for + 时间段或 since 引导的时间状语(从句)连用。 【例句】 Jim has studied Chinese for five years. 吉姆学习汉语五年了。 They have worked here since three years ago. 他们自从三年前就在这里工作。 I have taught English since I came to this school. 自从我来到这所学校,我就教英语。 【注意】 ① for 接时间段,since 后接过去的时间点或从句。 ② 现在完成时可以用 how long 提问。 【例句】 — How long have you lived here? 你住在这里多久了? — For six years. / Since six years ago. 六年了。/ 自从六年前(就住在这里)。 2. 非延续性动词的意义和用法 ① 定义:英语中有些动词(如 come, go, begin, start, die, buy, borrow, sell)表示的动作不能延续,被称为非延续性动词(或短暂性动词)。 ② 非延续性动词的意义 在现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用(否定句除外),若与时间段连用通常要借助以下两种方式: ③ 非延续性动词的用法 将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词(用与其意义相对应的 “be + 形容词 / 副词” 或 “be + 介词短语” ) begin/start be on go there be there come back be back come here be here open be open close be closed die be dead marry be married finish be over go to bed be in bed leave be away return be back get out be out fall asleep be asleep lose be lost fall ill be ill 【例句】 这部电影上映 10 分钟了。 The film has begun for 10 minutes. ( ) The film has been on for 10 minutes. (√) 用与其意义相对应的延续性动词或短语。 borrow keep put on wear become be get to know know buy have catch a cold have a cold receive have go to sleep sleep 【例句】 那本书我借了一个月了。 I have borrowed that book for one month. ( ) I have kept that book for one month. (√) 【助记】非延续性动词不能延,肯定句中不连时间段; be 加形 / 副把位占,keep,have 常顶班。 3. 时态转换 ① 用一般过去时替换现在完成时,时间状语也应作相应的变化。 【例句】 She has been away from Shanghai for twenty years. 她已经离开上海二十年了。 She left Shanghai twenty years ago. 她二十年前就离开了上海。 ② 将现在完成时的句子改为 “It’s + 时间段 + since 从句 (动词用过去式) .”。 【例句】 She has been away from school for one year. 她已经离开学校一年了。 It’s one year since she left school. 她离开学校一年了。 4. 必须使用现在完成时的特殊句型 ① It is the + 序数词 + time (that) + 主语 + have/has + 过去分词. 强调 “迄今为止第几次经历某事” 【例句】 It’s the first time (that) I have visited Beijing. 这是我第一次来北京。 It’s the fourth time (that) he has failed the exam. 这是他第四次考试不及格了。 ② This is the + 最高级形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主语 + have/has + 过去分词. 表示 “迄今为止最…… 的……” 【例句】 This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read. 这是我读过最有趣的书。 This is the funniest joke (that) I have ever heard. 这是我听过最好笑的笑话。 5. 常见结构对比 ① have/has been to 意为 “去过某地 (已回) ”,可与 once, twice, three times, never, ever 等时间状语连用。 【例句】 My father has been to Beijing twice. 我爸爸去过北京两次。 I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。 ② have/has gone to 意为 “去了某地 (尚未返回) ”,说话时某人已经离开此地。 【例句】 — Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里? — He isn’t here. He has gone to Qingdao. 他不在这里。他去了青岛。 Tom has gone to London for a meeting. 汤姆去伦敦开会了。 目前仍在伦敦 ③ have/has been in 意为 “在某地待了多久”,常与时间状语连用。 【例句】 I have been in Shanghai for three years. 我在上海已经待了三年了。 She has been in London since 2020. 她自 2020 年起一直在伦敦。 I haven’t been in this city before. 我以前没在这座城市待过。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$