Unit 3 Fit for life （知识清单）英语译林版2020选择性必修第二册

Unit 3 Fit for life 单词 1. ________ n. 外科医生 2. ________ n. 医师，内科医生 3. ________ n. 药剂师，药商；化学家→________ n. 化学→________ adj. 化学的 4. ________ n. 牙科医生 5. ________ vi. 专门研究(或从事)，专攻→________ adj. 特殊的；特别的 n. 特别活动(或节目等)；特制产品；特价 6. ________ n. 基因 7. ________ adj. 改变游戏规则的 8. ________ n. 基因组，染色体组 9. ________ n. 细胞 10. ________ n. 生物；存在；身心 11. ________ n. 寿命，有效期 12. ________ vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动→________ n. 喜爱；钟爱→________ n. 作用；影响 13. ________ vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同，合约 14. ________ n. 病毒；(计算机程序中的)病毒 15. ________ n. 癌症；邪恶，毒瘤 16. ________ vt. 找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份→________ n. 身份；本身 17. ________ vi. & vt. 联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述→________ adj. 有关系的；有关联的→________ n. 关系→________ n. 关系 18. ________ n. (pl. means)方法，方式；财富，钱财 19. ________ vt. 删去，删除 20. ________ vt. 恢复；修复；使复原，使复位 21. ________ adv. 最终；根本上 22. ________ adj. 反常的，畸形的→________ adj. 正常的，标准的 23. ________ n. 武器，手段；兵器 24. ________ adj. 十分重大的，根本的；基础的，基本的 n. 基本规律，根本法则，基础 25. ________ n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vt. & vi. 来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏 26. ________ vi. (arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生 27. ________ vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束→________ n. 限制，约束→________ adj. 受限制的 28. ________ vt. (尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能→________ n. 禁止；禁令 29. ________ n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗→________ v. 抵抗；抗拒→________ adj. 抵抗的，反抗的 30. ________ n. 流行性感冒，流感 31. ________ n. 特征，特点 adj. 典型的，独特的 32. ________ vi. & vt. 奋力对付，努力处理；摔跤 33. ________ vt. & vi. 讨论，辩论；仔细考虑，思考 n. 讨论，争论；辩论 34. ________ n. 调查发现，调研结果 35. ________ adj. 成熟的；时机成熟的 36. ________ vi. & vt. (withdrew, withdrawn)脱离(社会)，不与人交往；(使)撤回；(使)退出；停止提供 37. ________ vt. 配备；使有能力→________ n. 设备 38. ________ adj. 人工的，人造的；人为的；虚假的 39. ________ n. 肢，臂，腿 40. ________ n. 橡胶；橡皮 41. ________ adj. 外向的 42. ________ adj. 感激的，表示感谢的→________ n. 感谢；感激 43. ________ adj.有残疾的，丧失能力的→________ n. 缺陷，障碍 44. ________ adj. 传统的，习惯的；依照惯例的，遵循习俗的 45. ________ n. 皮革 46. ________ adj. 感觉的，感官的 47. ________ n. 专利，专利证书 adj. 有专利的，受专利保护的 48. ________ vt. 增加，刺激；给……提供燃料 n. 燃料 49. ________ vt. 使不安；打扰；搅乱→________ adj. 令人不安的；引起恐慌的→________ adj.感到不安的 50. ________ vt. 应付，处理，解决 51. ________ adv. 积极地，果断地；正面相撞地 adj. 迎头相撞的；正面反对的 52. ________ vt. & vi. 调整，调节；适应，习惯；整理→________ n. 调整；调节→________ adj. 可调节的 53. ________ adv. 积极地，果断地；正面相撞地 adj. 迎头相撞的；正面反对的 54. ________ (AmE centimeter) n. 厘米 55. ________ n. 针刺疗法 56. ________ n. 针；注射针；指针 57. ________ n. 证据，证明；物证，人证 vt. 证明，表明→________ adj. 明显的→________ adv.明显地，显而易见 58. ________ adj. 实心的；固体的；结实的；纯色的 59. ________ vi. & vt. 转变；交换；调班 n. 开关，闸；转变，改变 60. ________ adj. 不生锈的 61. ________ n. 钢；钢铁工业 62. ________ (AmE millimeter) n. 毫米 63. ________ n. 私人诊所；门诊部；门诊时间 64. ________ vt. 检查，检验；审查，调查；考，测试；审问→________ n. 考试；检查 65. ________ n. 舌头；语言 66. ________ n. 脉搏 vi. 搏动，跳动；洋溢着 67. ________ n. 手腕，腕关节 68. ________ n. 器官；风琴；机构，机关 69. ________ adj. 十分严重的，极为恶劣的；严厉的；艰难的 70. ________ n. 焦虑；担心；渴望→________ adj.焦虑的；担忧的；渴望的；急切的→________ adv. 焦急地；担忧地 71. ________ vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂 n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂 72. ________ n. 酒精，酒→________ adj. 酒精的；含酒精的 n. 酒鬼；嗜酒如命者 73. ________ n. 烟草 74. ________ n. 毒品；药物 75. ________ n. (pl. phenomena) 现象 76. ________ n. 物质；要点 77. ________ n. 象征；符号，代号 78. ________ adj. 分布广的，普遍的，广泛的 79. ________ n. 绷带 80. ________ n. 传染，感染→________ adj. 被感染的→________ adj. 传染的；易传染的 81. ________ n. (医院的)科，部门，局，系 短语 1. ________________涉及，与……有关 2. ________________禁止某人做某事 3. ________________努力处理，全力解决 4. ________________准备就绪 5. ________________毫无疑问，的确 6. ________________高龄 7. ________________竭尽全力做某事，不遗余力做某事 8. ________________追溯到，始于，自……至今 9. ________________在……中起关键作用 10. ________________充当/作为…… 11. ________________代替 12. ________________由……制成 13. ________________除了…… 熟词生义 1. Seeing his mother return home, the boy arose from his chair immediately. ________ 2. What problems do you think may arise when humans are cloned? ________ 3. They arose at sunrise to get an early start to the park. ________ 4/As is known to all, traffic accidents often arise from carelessness. ________ 5. Please press the switch on your right to turn the lights off. ________ 6. I can’t work next weekend—will you switch with me？________ 7. She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born. ________ 8. The ball gathered pace as it rolled down the hill. ________ 9. She stood up and began to pace up and down. ________ 10. The online classes will give students the opportunity to learn at their own pace. ________ 11. It’s a long climb, so you have to pace yourself. ________ 12. She was deeply affected by the story, tears rolling down her cheeks. ________ 13. Research suggests that warm colors can fuel our appetite. ________ 14. Henry David Thoreau was happy to withdraw from social life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of his life. ________ 句型 1. make＋it＋adj. ＋to do Ultimately，this new technology might even ________________ diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal genes early on. 最终，这项新技术甚至有可能通过及早修正异常基因来预防疾病。 2. as引导时间状语从句 ________________________________, however，questions arise about how to use it appropriately. 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 3. 独立主格 Up to now, more than 360 acupuncture points have been identified, ________________ to a different part of the body. 到目前为止，已有360多个针刺穴位被确认，每个穴位对应身体的一个不同部位。 4. there be 句型；现在分词短语作定语 For example, ________________________________, but no agreement has been reached. 例如，有几种不同的理论试图解释针灸如何缓解疼痛，但至今仍然莫衷一是。 语法 现在完成进行时 一、词汇清单 知识点1 affect vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动 【教材原句】It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases. (教材P30) 它(基因组)还包含了有助于决定我们寿命长短和影响我们患某些疾病概率的信息。 【拓展】 (1)be affected by 被……侵袭；被……感动 be affected with high fever 发高烧 (2)affection n. 感情；喜爱；慈爱 gain/win one's affections 得到某人的爱 【写作佳句】We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all volunteers who helped distribute supplies to the affected communities. 我们向所有帮助向受影响的社区分发物资的志愿者表示衷心的感谢。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. ________(affect) with a serious disease, he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery. 2. I feel much ________(affect) for my mum, whose words and actions have a positive effect on me. 句式升级 3. Many young people were deeply affected/moved by his story and began to do volunteer work for the disabled. →________________ his story, many young people began to do volunteer work for the disabled.(分词短语作状语) 知识点2 relate vt. & vi. 联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述 【教材原句】Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases，as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. (教材P30) 遗传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关，因为他们认为基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段。 【拓展】 (1)relate to 与……相关/有联系/相处，涉及；适应 relate with 符合，有关联；联系 relate...to/with... 把……与……联系起来 relate a story 讲述一个故事 (2)related adj. 相关的；有亲属关系的 be related to 与……有关 (3)relation n. 关系，联系；家人，亲属；有关 in relation to 与……有关 (4)relative n. 亲戚；有关事物 adj.相对的；有关的 【写作佳句】Besides, to get our knowledge enriched and gain a lot of pleasure, we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading. 此外，为了丰富我们的知识，获得很多乐趣，我们应该积极参与一些与阅读相关的活动。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. These two events were ________(relate) to each other. 2. He is too shy to be able to relate ________ other people. 3. He got much help from his ________(relate) and friends. 同义句转换 4. The soldier related everything that was related to him. →The soldier ________________ that ________________. (relate) →The soldier ________________________________. (relation) 知识点3 means n. 方法，方式；财富，钱财 【教材原句】Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases，as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. (教材P30) 遗传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关，因为他们认为基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段。 【拓展】 by this means 通过这种方法 by means of 借助……手段，依靠……方法 by no means 决不；一点也不(放在句首时，句子部分倒装) by all means (用于交际英语表示同意)当然可以；没问题；务必 means of (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法 [名师点津]means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若every/each/one/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 【写作佳句】Network learning has become an important means for people to acquire knowledge and solve problems. 网络学习已经成为人们获取知识、解决问题的重要途径。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Watching films is regarded as a good means ________ entertainment. 2. Students sometimes support themselves ________ means of doing part­time jobs. 3. Every possible means ________(have) been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 句式升级 4. Punishment is by no means a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically. →________________ a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically. (倒装句) 知识点4 pace n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vi. & vt.来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度， 调整节奏 【教材原句】As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace, however, questions arise about how to use it appropriately. (教材P31) 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 【拓展】 (1)at a slow/fast/gentle pace 以缓慢的/快速的/徐缓的步子出发 keep pace with 与……齐步前进；与……并驾齐驱 at a pace of 以……的速度 put through sb.'s paces 测试某人的能力 (2)pace about/up and down 踱来踱去 pace along/around 沿……踱步/围绕……踱来踱去 【写作佳句】Having realized that they had lagged behind, Jack and Henry started to quicken their pace. 杰克和亨利意识到他们落后了，就开始加快步伐。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Guangdong Province has paced the whole nation ________ the economical reform. 2. We hope to finish our work ________ a faster pace. 完成句子 3.我们必须跟上时代的步伐，否则就会落后。 We must ________________ or we will fall behind. 知识点5 arise vi.(arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生；起身，起床 【教材原句】As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace，however，questions arise about how to use it appropriately. (教材P31) 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 【拓展】 (1)arise from...从……上站起来 (2)arise from/out of...由……引起/产生 【易混辨析】arise，rise，raise 词条 词性 词义 用法 arise(arose, arisen) vi. 出现;起身;(由……)引起 很少用于位置上升，一般会解释为“(由……)引起；发生”。 rise(rose, risen) vi. 升起;增长;上升 表示人或物从低处向高处上升用rise; rise亦表示数字上升或数量增加 raise(raised, raised) vt. 举起;抚养;饲养；引起 后面要跟宾语 【写作佳句】I arose from the chair to answer the door. 我从椅子上站起来去应门。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. His voice ________ as he got angry. 2. The campaign is intended ________ public awareness of protecting our earth. 3. Unexpected difficulties ________ in the course of their experiment but they made it eventually. 4. 有一个由于缺乏沟通产生的问题。 There is a problem ________________________________. 知识点6 restrict vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束 【教材原句】Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and prevention of diseases? (教材P31) 我们是否应该将这项技术的应用限制在治疗和预防疾病方面？ 【拓展】 (1)restrict...to... 把……限制/控制在…… (2)restriction n. 限制；约束 (3)restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的；保密的 be restricted to 限于，局限 be restricted in one's movements 行动受约束 【写作佳句】For the sake of your health, I suggest you restrict yourself to one cup of coffee a day. 为了你的身体健康，我建议你限制自己每天只喝一杯咖啡。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The swimming club is open to families in the neighborhood without ________(restrict). 2. You are restricted ________ eight liters of duty­free wine. 完成句子 3.学生们被要求把投稿限制在800字。 Students are asked to ________________________________. 知识点7 prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能 【教材原句】Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies? (教材P31) 我们是否应该禁止遗传学家使用它(基因组编辑技术)来使健康的身体更加强健？ 【拓展】 (1)prohibit (doing) sth. 禁止(做)某事 prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 (2)prohibition n. 禁令；禁酒；诉讼中止令 【写作佳句】People should be prohibited from using plastic bags to reduce white pollution. 应禁止人们使用塑料袋来减少白色污染。 【易混辨析】prohibit/ forbid (1)forbid既可指个人做出的约束，也可指有关方面如国家、政府、机关等做出的规定或准则；prohibit尤指以正式规章制度的形式加以禁止。 (2)forbid后可接sth./doing/sb. to do/sb. from doing或从句作宾语，还可接双宾语；而prohibit通常与sth./doing/sb. from doing搭配。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The police prohibit ________(park) in the city centre. 2. The father forbids his children ________(go) out alone at night. 完成句子 3.游客们被禁止登上那个危险的小岛。 The tourists ________________ on the dangerous island. 知识点8 resistance n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 【教材原句】One day soon we will be able to use genome editing to increase the human resistance to colds and flus, to make people taller，to help their muscles develop faster，to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent. (教材P31) 不久的将来，我们将能够利用基因组编辑来增强人类对感冒和流感的抵抗力，使人类长得更高，促进他们的肌肉更快发育，提高他们所有的感官的敏锐程度，或使他们更聪明。 【拓展】 (1) have a resistance to... 对……有抵抗力 (2)resist vt. 抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 can't resist (doing) sth. 忍不住/禁不住做某事 (3)resistant adj.抵抗的;有抵抗力的 be resistant to...抵制…… 【写作佳句】Working out can help you build up resistance and reduce stress. 锻炼身体能帮你增强抵抗力，缓解压力。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. We anticipated that we would meet a certain amount of ________(resist) to our plan. 2. When she got to the place, she could not resist ________(go) in. 同义句转换 3. When listening to music, the boy can't help singing and dancing. →When listening to music, the boy ________________________________. 知识点9 put sth. in place 准备就绪 【教材原句】This means putting appropriate controls in place to make sure that genome editing will work to our advantage. (教材P31) 这意味着适当的管制要准备到位，以确保基因组编辑会对我们有利。 【拓展】 in place 合适/恰当的；在通常/适当的位置；就位的 out of place 不合适/恰当的；不在通常/适当的位置 in place of 代替；取代 take the place of 代替；取代 take one's place 就座；代替；取代 take place 发生，进行 【写作佳句】They put the tools of my new business in place. 他们把我干这一新行当所需要的用具安放得井井有条。 【经典练】 完成句子 1.我们没有谁能代替约翰的工作。 We had no one to ________________ John. 句型转换 2. We have arranged for another man to take his place. →We have arranged for another man ________________________________. 知识点10 without doubt 毫无疑问，的确 【教材原句】Without doubt, genome editing is one of the greatest inventions in the history of science. (教材P31) 毫无疑问，基因组编辑是科学史上最伟大的发明之一。 【拓展】 (1)beyond doubt 毫无疑问 (2)doubt (about/of) sth. 怀疑某物 in doubt 悬而未定 I have no doubt that.../I don't doubt that... 我确信…… I have doubt whether.../I doubt if/whether... 我怀疑…… There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问…… [名师点津]doubt可作动词和名词。在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后跟that引导的宾语从句(doubt v.)或同位语从句(doubt n.)；在肯定句中，后接whether或if引导的宾语从句(doubt v.)或whether引导的同位语从句(doubt n.)。 【写作佳句】There is some doubt whether their football team will win the match. 他们的足球队能否赢得这场比赛还不能确定。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I don't doubt ________ a friendly and harmonious environment is of great importance to us all. 2. I have no doubt ________ you will succeed，but I doubt ________ you have really got everything ready. 同义句转换 3. The research showed surely that smoking contributes to heart diseases. →The research showed ________________ that smoking contributes to heart diseases. 知识点11 withdraw vi. & vt. (使)撤回；撤离；(使)退出 vt. 提，取(银行账户中的款) 【教材原句】After I lost my right hand in a car accident two years ago, I began to withdraw into myself, believing I would never be able to lead a normal life again. (教材P34) 当我两年前在一起车祸中失去右手之后,我开始变得不爱与人交往,觉得自己再也不能过正常的生活了。 【拓展】 (1)withdraw from退出；撤回 (2)withdraw...from... 把……从……撤回；从……取钱 (3)withdrawal n.［U,C］撤走；取回；结束［U］退出；脱瘾期［C］(从银行账户中)取款 【写作佳句】She withdrew her hand from his angrily at the thought of what he had done. 一想到他所做的事，她就愤怒地把手从他的手中抽了回来。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. This credit card allows you to withdraw up to ＄200 a day ________ cash machines. 2. If you experience any unusual symptoms after ________(withdraw) of the treatment, then contact your doctor. 完成句子 3.他想从客人名单中撤出自己的名字。 He wanted to ________________________________ the guest list. 知识点12 equip vt. 配备;装备;使有所准备;使有能力 【教材原句】Below is a personal account given by a girl who is equipped with a robotic hand. (教材P34) 下面是一位配备有机械手的女孩的自述。 【拓展】 (1)equip … with… 　用……装备…… equip sb. for (doing) sth. /to do sth. 使某人为(做)某事而准备;使某人具备(做)某事的条件 be equipped with 配备有……(表状态) (2)equipment n. [U]设备,器材;配备,装备 a piece of equipment 一件设备 【写作佳句】We should equip our minds with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. 我们要用马列主义和毛泽东思想武装我们的头脑。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Buses equipped ________ air conditioners charge you more. 2. The high cost of ________(equip) prohibits many people from taking up their sport. 完成句子 3. 此课程旨在使学生能够胜任护理工作。 The course is designed to ________________ a career in nursing.   知识点13 grateful adj. 感激的;表示感谢的 【教材原句】I’m so grateful for all the new possibilities my robotic hand has opened up. (教材P34) 我很感激我的机械手带来的所有新可能性。 【拓展】 (1)be grateful to sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人 be grateful to do… 感谢做…… (2)gratefully adv. 感激地;感谢地 (3)gratefulness n. 感激,感恩 【写作佳句】I’m very grateful to you for your timely help while I was studying in the UK. 非常感谢我在英国学习期间你给我的及时的帮助。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I am particularly grateful to him ________ his kindness. 2. She ________(grateful) took the cup of coffee he offered her. 完成句子 3. 她似乎认为我目前有份工作就该谢天谢地了。 She seems to think I should ________________ a job at present.   知识点14 disturb vt. 使不安,打扰,搅乱 【教材原句】The figures disturb the school authorities, who have decided to tackle this problem head-on. (教材P37) 这些数字使校方感到不安，他们已决定积极处理这个问题。 【拓展】 (1)It disturbs sb. to do sth. 　 做某事令某人不安 (2)disturbing adj. 令人不安的;引起恐慌的,引起烦恼的 (3)disturbed adj. 有精神病的;心理不正常的;心神不安的 (4)disturbance n. 干扰;骚乱 【易混辨析】 disturb 指“打搅,打扰”,侧重于对某人动作或行为的干扰或干预,给别人带来较长时间的耽搁或不能专注于某事,或搅乱一种正常的状态 interrupt 指“中断,打断,打扰”,主要指对某人说话或某一活动的打扰,使对方的活动停下来,或不能继续说话 trouble 指麻烦别人,给别人造成不便 【写作佳句】It disturbed her to realise that she was alone. 她意识到自己孤身一人,心里感到很不安。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The newspaper has unearthed some ________(disturb) facts about the former president. 2. The building work is creating constant noise, dust and ________(disturb). 完成句子 3. 对不起,打扰你一下,我能跟你谈一会儿吗? I’m sorry ________________ you, but can I talk to you for a moment?  知识点15 adjust vt. & vi. 调整;调节;适应;习惯;整理 【教材原句】The school has adjusted all the lights to make sure the classrooms are well lit. (教材P37) 学校调整了所有的灯以确保教室灯光明亮。 【拓展】 (1)adjust … to (doing)… 调整……以适应(做)…… adjust to 调节;调整以适应 adjust oneself to… 使自己适应…… (2)adjustment n. 调整;调节;适应 make an adjustment/adjustments to… 对……作出调整 (3)adjustable adj. 可调节的 【写作佳句】He quickly adjusted himself to the new environment and got down to work. 他很快适应了新环境,并着手工作。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early,or they should adjust their websites ________ the needs of younger users. 2. It took him quite a while to adjust to ________(live) alone after his parents passed away. 3. We have made an ________(adjust) to our price and give you a special discount of 3 percent. 完成句子 4.她性格外向,很快就适应了大学生活。 She was outgoing and ________________ college life in a short time.   知识点16 evidence n. 证据,证明;物证,人证 vt. 证明,表明 【教材原句】There is evidence that acupuncture dates back to the Stone age, when some tools called bian were used to press areas of the body. (教材P39) 有证据表明，针灸可以追溯到石器时代，当时一些被称为“扁”的工具被用来按压身体的某些部位。 【拓展】 (1)evidence of/for sth. 某事的证明 in evidence 显眼的, 明显的,可看见的 (2)evident adj. 明显的;清楚的 It is evident that 很明显,显而易见的是 (3)evidently adv. 显然,明显地;清楚地 【写作佳句】Evidence shows that eating more fruit and vegetables is beneficial to health. 有证据表明多吃水果和蔬菜对健康有益。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. There is evidence ________ global climate is getting warmer and warmer. 2. We have found further scientific ________(evident) for this theory. 3. ________(evident), she had nothing to do with the whole affair. 完成句子 4. 很明显,中国有很多习俗。 ________________ there are many customs in China.   二、语法清单 现在完成进行时 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并思考黑体部分的功能与构成: 1. Over the past three months I have been testing out the limits of what I can do with my new hand,and it constantly surprises me. 2. Scientists have been making great progress in robotic technology in recent years,and their work on robotic limbs has really changed my life. 3. Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases,as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. 4. Despite the public argument over this technology, its possibilities have been creating much excitement throughout the entire medical community and beyond. 【精讲·语法知识】 一、结构 1. 肯定句构成：主语＋have/has＋been＋现在分词＋其他. 2. 否定句构成： 主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋现在分词＋其他. 3. 一般疑问句构成：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋现在分词＋其他？ 4. 特殊疑问句构成：特殊疑问词＋have/has＋(主语＋) been＋现在分词＋其他？ 二、用法 1. 常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。 2. 表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。 [名师点津]表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有love，like，hate，think等。 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果 现在完成进行时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续 4. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语 all day/month；this month/week/year；these days；recently/lately；in/over the past/last ＋ 时间段；since ＋时间点；for ＋ 时间段等。 【经典练】　 一、语法填空 1. Scientists have been ________(contribution) to the fight against diseases for decades. 2. It is clear that the number of undergraduates ________(increase) since 1999. 3. The building, which ________(build) for three months, will be completed next month. 4. For forty years Jane Goodall ________(help) the rest of the world understand and respect the life of wild animals. 二、完成句子 5. 他们又累又饿又渴，因为他们整个上午都在种树。 They are very tired, hungry and thirsty, because they ________________ all the morning. 6. 你刚才在哪儿？我们一直在到处找你。(完成时) Where have you been? We ________________ for you everywhere. 7. 我已经考虑这个问题很长时间了。 I ________________ this issue ________________. 8. 自从新学期开始以来，约翰一直在努力学习。 John ________________ hard since the new term began. 三、写作清单 写一篇介绍关于近视的文章 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务写一篇关于近视的文章. 介绍近视常用说明文，帮助学生了解中国学生的近视情况及其成因，并探究有效护眼的措施，即提出问题、分析问题以及提出建议或解决方案。行文时，能正确理解并使用连接词，增强语义的逻辑性，能运用合理的结构和得体的语言。 【积累·写作素材】 (1)段首句 ①I’m writing to tell you my problem which has troubled me. 我写信是想告诉你困扰我的问题。 ②Now I wonder whether I could ask you a favor. 现在我想知道你能否帮我个忙。 ③I sincerely hope that you can give me some advice on. . . 我真诚地希望你能给我一些关于……的建议。 (2)主体段落句 ①Recently it’s a bit difficult for me to see things in the distance clearly. 最近,看清楚远处的东西对我来说有点困难。 ②I think it may be because I use my eyes too much that my eyes have become short-sighted. 我想,可能是因为我用眼太多,我的眼睛变近视了。 ③Would you please give me some tips on how to use my eyes scientifically? 你能给我一些科学使用眼睛的建议吗? (3)段尾句 ①I would be grateful if you could offer me some practical advice. 如果你能给我一些实用的建议,我将不胜感激。 ②Your advice will be highly appreciated. 非常感谢您的建议。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华,最近你的视力有所下降,看不清远处的东西。请你给外籍医生Smith发邮件求助,内容包括:1. 视力困扰;2. 请求帮助;3. 表示感谢。 注意:词数80左右。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-有关近视的文章 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 第一段：引出话题。 第二段：有关近视的具体的内容。 第三段：感谢祝愿 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1.求助 ________________ 2. 保护我的眼睛 ________________ 3. 在远处 ________________ 4. 我认为 ________________ 5. 科学地 ________________ 6. 影响 ________________ 7. 感谢 ________________ 8. 实用的建议 ________________ 句子翻译 1. 我写信是想向你寻求一些关于如何保护我的眼睛的建议。 ________________________________________________________________ 2. 最近我发现很难看清楚远处的东西。 →________________________________________________________________ (it充当形式宾语)  →________________________________________________________________ (动名词作主语)  3. 我想我的眼睛可能近视了。 ________________________________________________________________ 4. 作业太多,我不得不经常用眼睛。 ________________________________________________________________ 5. 你能告诉我如何科学地使用我的眼睛吗? ________________________________________________________________ 6. 我想既可以保护我的眼睛,又不影响我的学习。 ________________________________________________________________ 7. 如果你能给我一些实用的建议,我将非常感激。 ________________________________________________________________ 第三步：词句升级 8. 用but合并句3和句4 ________________________________________________________________ 9. 用so that连接句5和句6 ________________________________________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 13 / 17 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Fit for life 单词 1. surgeon n. 外科医生 2. physician n. 医师，内科医生 3. chemist n. 药剂师，药商；化学家→chemistry n. 化学→chemical adj. 化学的 4. dentist n. 牙科医生 5. specialize vi. 专门研究(或从事)，专攻→special adj. 特殊的；特别的 n. 特别活动(或节目等)；特制产品；特价 6. gene n. 基因 7. game-changing adj. 改变游戏规则的 8. genome n. 基因组，染色体组 9. cell n. 细胞 10. being n. 生物；存在；身心 11. lifespan n. 寿命，有效期 12. affect vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动→affection n. 喜爱；钟爱→effect n. 作用；影响 13. contract vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同，合约 14. virus n. 病毒；(计算机程序中的)病毒 15. cancer n. 癌症；邪恶，毒瘤 16. identify vt. 找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份→identity n. 身份；本身 17. relate vi. & vt. 联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述→related adj. 有关系的；有关联的→relation n. 关系→relationship n. 关系 18. means n. (pl. means)方法，方式；财富，钱财 19. delete vt. 删去，删除 20. restore vt. 恢复；修复；使复原，使复位 21. ultimately adv. 最终；根本上 22. abnormal adj. 反常的，畸形的→normal adj. 正常的，标准的 23. weapon n. 武器，手段；兵器 24. fundamental adj. 十分重大的，根本的；基础的，基本的 n. 基本规律，根本法则，基础 25. pace n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vt. & vi. 来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏 26. arise vi. (arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生 27. restrict vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束→restriction n. 限制，约束→restricted adj. 受限制的 28. prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能→prohibition n. 禁止；禁令 29. resistance n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗→resist v. 抵抗；抗拒→resistant adj. 抵抗的，反抗的 30. flu n. 流行性感冒，流感 31. characteristic n. 特征，特点 adj. 典型的，独特的 32. wrestle vi. & vt. 奋力对付，努力处理；摔跤 33. debate vt. & vi. 讨论，辩论；仔细考虑，思考 n. 讨论，争论；辩论 34. finding n. 调查发现，调研结果 35. ripe adj. 成熟的；时机成熟的 36. withdraw vi. & vt. (withdrew, withdrawn)脱离(社会)，不与人交往；(使)撤回；(使)退出；停止提供 37. equip vt. 配备；使有能力→equipment n. 设备 38. artificial adj. 人工的，人造的；人为的；虚假的 39. limb n. 肢，臂，腿 40. rubber n. 橡胶；橡皮 41. outgoing adj. 外向的 42. grateful adj. 感激的，表示感谢的→gratitude n. 感谢；感激 43. disabled adj.有残疾的，丧失能力的→disability n. 缺陷，障碍 44. conventional adj. 传统的，习惯的；依照惯例的，遵循习俗的 45. leather n. 皮革 46. sensory adj. 感觉的，感官的 47. patent n. 专利，专利证书 adj. 有专利的，受专利保护的 48. fuel vt. 增加，刺激；给……提供燃料 n. 燃料 49. disturb vt. 使不安；打扰；搅乱→disturbing adj. 令人不安的；引起恐慌的→disturbed adj.感到不安的 50. tackle vt. 应付，处理，解决 51. head-on adv. 积极地，果断地；正面相撞地 adj. 迎头相撞的；正面反对的 52. adjust vt. & vi. 调整，调节；适应，习惯；整理→adjustment n. 调整；调节→adjustable adj. 可调节的 53. head-on adv. 积极地，果断地；正面相撞地 adj. 迎头相撞的；正面反对的 54. centimetre (AmE centimeter) n. 厘米 55. acupuncture n. 针刺疗法 56. needle n. 针；注射针；指针 57. evidence n. 证据，证明；物证，人证 vt. 证明，表明→evident adj. 明显的→evidently adv.明显地，显而易见 58. solid adj. 实心的；固体的；结实的；纯色的 59. switch vi. & vt. 转变；交换；调班 n. 开关，闸；转变，改变 60. stainless adj. 不生锈的 61. steel n. 钢；钢铁工业 62. millimetre (AmE millimeter) n. 毫米 63. clinic n. 私人诊所；门诊部；门诊时间 64. examine vt. 检查，检验；审查，调查；考，测试；审问→examination n. 考试；检查 65. tongue n. 舌头；语言 66. pulse n. 脉搏 vi. 搏动，跳动；洋溢着 67. wrist n. 手腕，腕关节 68. organ n. 器官；风琴；机构，机关 69. severe adj. 十分严重的，极为恶劣的；严厉的；艰难的 70. anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；渴望→anxious adj.焦虑的；担忧的；渴望的；急切的→anxiously adv. 焦急地；担忧地 71. abuse vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂 n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂 72. alcohol n. 酒精，酒→alcoholic adj. 酒精的；含酒精的 n. 酒鬼；嗜酒如命者 73. tobacco n. 烟草 74. drug n. 毒品；药物 75. phenomenon n. (pl. phenomena) 现象 76. substance n. 物质；要点 77. symbol n. 象征；符号，代号 78. widespread adj. 分布广的，普遍的，广泛的 79. bandage n. 绷带 80. infection n. 传染，感染→infected adj. 被感染的→infectious adj. 传染的；易传染的 81. department n. (医院的)科，部门，局，系 短语 1. relate to涉及，与……有关 2. prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 3. wrestle with 努力处理，全力解决 4. put sth. in place 准备就绪 5. without doubt 毫无疑问，的确 6. a ripe old age 高龄 7. go to great lengths to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事，不遗余力做某事 8. date back to 追溯到，始于，自……至今 9. play a critical role in 在……中起关键作用 10. serve as充当/作为…… 11. take the place of 代替 12. be made of 由……制成 13. in addition to 除了…… 熟词生义 1. Seeing his mother return home, the boy arose from his chair immediately. 起身 2. What problems do you think may arise when humans are cloned？ 出现 3. They arose at sunrise to get an early start to the park. 起床 4/As is known to all, traffic accidents often arise from carelessness. 由……引起 5. Please press the switch on your right to turn the lights off. n. 开关 6. I can’t work next weekend—will you switch with me？ v. 调班 7. She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born. n. 改变，转变 8. The ball gathered pace as it rolled down the hill. n. (移动的)速度 9. She stood up and began to pace up and down. v 走来走去 10. The online classes will give students the opportunity to learn at their own pace. n. 节奏 11. It’s a long climb, so you have to pace yourself. v. 确定速度；调整节奏 12. She was deeply affected by the story, tears rolling down her cheeks. v. 使感动，打动 13. Research suggests that warm colors can fuel our appetite. v. 增强，刺激 14. Henry David Thoreau was happy to withdraw from social life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of his life. v. 脱离社会，不与人交往 句型 1. make＋it＋adj. ＋to do Ultimately，this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal genes early on. 最终，这项新技术甚至有可能通过及早修正异常基因来预防疾病。 2. as引导时间状语从句 As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace, however，questions arise about how to use it appropriately. 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 3. 独立主格 Up to now, more than 360 acupuncture points have been identified, each linked to a different part of the body. 到目前为止，已有360多个针刺穴位被确认，每个穴位对应身体的一个不同部位。 4. there be 句型；现在分词短语作定语 For example, there are different theories trying to explain how it eases pain, but no agreement has been reached. 例如，有几种不同的理论试图解释针灸如何缓解疼痛，但至今仍然莫衷一是。 语法 现在完成进行时 一、词汇清单 知识点1 affect vt. 影响；侵袭，使感染；深深打动 【教材原句】It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases. (教材P30) 它(基因组)还包含了有助于决定我们寿命长短和影响我们患某些疾病概率的信息。 【拓展】 (1)be affected by 被……侵袭；被……感动 be affected with high fever 发高烧 (2)affection n. 感情；喜爱；慈爱 gain/win one's affections 得到某人的爱 【写作佳句】We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all volunteers who helped distribute supplies to the affected communities. 我们向所有帮助向受影响的社区分发物资的志愿者表示衷心的感谢。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Affected(affect) with a serious disease, he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery. 2. I feel much affection(affect) for my mum, whose words and actions have a positive effect on me. 句式升级 3. Many young people were deeply affected/moved by his story and began to do volunteer work for the disabled. →Deeply affected/moved by his story, many young people began to do volunteer work for the disabled.(分词短语作状语) 知识点2 relate vt. & vi. 联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述 【教材原句】Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases，as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. (教材P30) 遗传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关，因为他们认为基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段。 【拓展】 (1)relate to 与……相关/有联系/相处，涉及；适应 relate with 符合，有关联；联系 relate...to/with... 把……与……联系起来 relate a story 讲述一个故事 (2)related adj. 相关的；有亲属关系的 be related to 与……有关 (3)relation n. 关系，联系；家人，亲属；有关 in relation to 与……有关 (4)relative n. 亲戚；有关事物 adj.相对的；有关的 【写作佳句】Besides, to get our knowledge enriched and gain a lot of pleasure, we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading. 此外，为了丰富我们的知识，获得很多乐趣，我们应该积极参与一些与阅读相关的活动。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. These two events were related(relate) to each other. 2. He is too shy to be able to relate to other people. 3. He got much help from his relatives(relate) and friends. 同义句转换 4. The soldier related everything that was related to him. →The soldier related everything that related to him. (relate) →The soldier related everything in relation to him. (relation) 知识点3 means n. 方法，方式；财富，钱财 【教材原句】Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases，as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. (教材P30) 遗传学家一直试图找出哪些基因与哪些疾病有关，因为他们认为基因组编辑是治疗和预防疾病的一种有效手段。 【拓展】 by this means 通过这种方法 by means of 借助……手段，依靠……方法 by no means 决不；一点也不(放在句首时，句子部分倒装) by all means (用于交际英语表示同意)当然可以；没问题；务必 means of (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法 [名师点津]means用作“方式；方法”时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；若every/each/one/a means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 【写作佳句】Network learning has become an important means for people to acquire knowledge and solve problems. 网络学习已经成为人们获取知识、解决问题的重要途径。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. 2. Students sometimes support themselves by means of doing part­time jobs. 3. Every possible means has(have) been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 句式升级 4. Punishment is by no means a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically. →By no means is punishment a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically. (倒装句) 知识点4 pace n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vi. & vt.来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度， 调整节奏 【教材原句】As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace, however, questions arise about how to use it appropriately. (教材P31) 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 【拓展】 (1)at a slow/fast/gentle pace 以缓慢的/快速的/徐缓的步子出发 keep pace with 与……齐步前进；与……并驾齐驱 at a pace of 以……的速度 put through sb.'s paces 测试某人的能力 (2)pace about/up and down 踱来踱去 pace along/around 沿……踱步/围绕……踱来踱去 【写作佳句】Having realized that they had lagged behind, Jack and Henry started to quicken their pace. 杰克和亨利意识到他们落后了，就开始加快步伐。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Guangdong Province has paced the whole nation in the economical reform. 2. We hope to finish our work at a faster pace. 完成句子 3.我们必须跟上时代的步伐，否则就会落后。 We must keep pace with the times or we will fall behind. 知识点5 arise vi.(arose, arisen)发生，出现；(由……)引起，(因……)产生；起身，起床 【教材原句】As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace，however，questions arise about how to use it appropriately. (教材P31) 然而，随着这一技术不断迅速发展，出现了如何合理使用它的问题。 【拓展】 (1)arise from...从……上站起来 (2)arise from/out of...由……引起/产生 【易混辨析】arise，rise，raise 词条 词性 词义 用法 arise(arose, arisen) vi. 出现;起身;(由……)引起 很少用于位置上升，一般会解释为“(由……)引起；发生”。 rise(rose, risen) vi. 升起;增长;上升 表示人或物从低处向高处上升用rise; rise亦表示数字上升或数量增加 raise(raised, raised) vt. 举起;抚养;饲养；引起 后面要跟宾语 【写作佳句】I arose from the chair to answer the door. 我从椅子上站起来去应门。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. His voice  rose   as he got angry. 2. The campaign is intended  to raise   public awareness of protecting our earth. 3. Unexpected difficulties  arose   in the course of their experiment but they made it eventually. 4. 有一个由于缺乏沟通产生的问题。 There is a problem arising from/out of the lack of communication. 知识点6 restrict vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束 【教材原句】Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and prevention of diseases? (教材P31) 我们是否应该将这项技术的应用限制在治疗和预防疾病方面？ 【拓展】 (1)restrict...to... 把……限制/控制在…… (2)restriction n. 限制；约束 (3)restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的；保密的 be restricted to 限于，局限 be restricted in one's movements 行动受约束 【写作佳句】For the sake of your health, I suggest you restrict yourself to one cup of coffee a day. 为了你的身体健康，我建议你限制自己每天只喝一杯咖啡。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The swimming club is open to families in the neighborhood without restriction(restrict). 2. You are restricted to eight liters of duty­free wine. 完成句子 3.学生们被要求把投稿限制在800字。 Students are asked to restrict their contributions to 800 words. 知识点7 prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止；使不可能 【教材原句】Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies? (教材P31) 我们是否应该禁止遗传学家使用它(基因组编辑技术)来使健康的身体更加强健？ 【拓展】 (1)prohibit (doing) sth. 禁止(做)某事 prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 (2)prohibition n. 禁令；禁酒；诉讼中止令 【写作佳句】People should be prohibited from using plastic bags to reduce white pollution. 应禁止人们使用塑料袋来减少白色污染。 【易混辨析】prohibit/ forbid (1)forbid既可指个人做出的约束，也可指有关方面如国家、政府、机关等做出的规定或准则；prohibit尤指以正式规章制度的形式加以禁止。 (2)forbid后可接sth./doing/sb. to do/sb. from doing或从句作宾语，还可接双宾语；而prohibit通常与sth./doing/sb. from doing搭配。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The police prohibit parking(park) in the city centre. 2. The father forbids his children to go(go) out alone at night. 完成句子 3.游客们被禁止登上那个危险的小岛。 The tourists are prohibited from getting on the dangerous island. 知识点8 resistance n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 【教材原句】One day soon we will be able to use genome editing to increase the human resistance to colds and flus, to make people taller，to help their muscles develop faster，to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent. (教材P31) 不久的将来，我们将能够利用基因组编辑来增强人类对感冒和流感的抵抗力，使人类长得更高，促进他们的肌肉更快发育，提高他们所有的感官的敏锐程度，或使他们更聪明。 【拓展】 (1) have a resistance to... 对……有抵抗力 (2)resist vt. 抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 can't resist (doing) sth. 忍不住/禁不住做某事 (3)resistant adj.抵抗的;有抵抗力的 be resistant to...抵制…… 【写作佳句】Working out can help you build up resistance and reduce stress. 锻炼身体能帮你增强抵抗力，缓解压力。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. We anticipated that we would meet a certain amount of resistance(resist) to our plan. 2. When she got to the place, she could not resist going(go) in. 同义句转换 3. When listening to music, the boy can't help singing and dancing. →When listening to music, the boy can't resist singing and dancing. 知识点9 put sth. in place 准备就绪 【教材原句】This means putting appropriate controls in place to make sure that genome editing will work to our advantage. (教材P31) 这意味着适当的管制要准备到位，以确保基因组编辑会对我们有利。 【拓展】 in place 合适/恰当的；在通常/适当的位置；就位的 out of place 不合适/恰当的；不在通常/适当的位置 in place of 代替；取代 take the place of 代替；取代 take one's place 就座；代替；取代 take place 发生，进行 【写作佳句】They put the tools of my new business in place. 他们把我干这一新行当所需要的用具安放得井井有条。 【经典练】 完成句子 1.我们没有谁能代替约翰的工作。 We had no one to take the place of John. 句型转换 2. We have arranged for another man to take his place. →We have arranged for another man in place of him/to take the place of him. 知识点10 without doubt 毫无疑问，的确 【教材原句】Without doubt, genome editing is one of the greatest inventions in the history of science. (教材P31) 毫无疑问，基因组编辑是科学史上最伟大的发明之一。 【拓展】 (1)beyond doubt 毫无疑问 (2)doubt (about/of) sth. 怀疑某物 in doubt 悬而未定 I have no doubt that.../I don't doubt that... 我确信…… I have doubt whether.../I doubt if/whether... 我怀疑…… There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问…… [名师点津]doubt可作动词和名词。在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后跟that引导的宾语从句(doubt v.)或同位语从句(doubt n.)；在肯定句中，后接whether或if引导的宾语从句(doubt v.)或whether引导的同位语从句(doubt n.)。 【写作佳句】There is some doubt whether their football team will win the match. 他们的足球队能否赢得这场比赛还不能确定。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I don't doubt that a friendly and harmonious environment is of great importance to us all. 2. I have no doubt that you will succeed，but I doubt whether/if you have really got everything ready. 同义句转换 3. The research showed surely that smoking contributes to heart diseases. →The research showed beyond/without doubt that smoking contributes to heart diseases. 知识点11 withdraw vi. & vt. (使)撤回；撤离；(使)退出 vt. 提，取(银行账户中的款) 【教材原句】After I lost my right hand in a car accident two years ago, I began to withdraw into myself, believing I would never be able to lead a normal life again. (教材P34) 当我两年前在一起车祸中失去右手之后,我开始变得不爱与人交往,觉得自己再也不能过正常的生活了。 【拓展】 (1)withdraw from退出；撤回 (2)withdraw...from... 把……从……撤回；从……取钱 (3)withdrawal n.［U,C］撤走；取回；结束［U］退出；脱瘾期［C］(从银行账户中)取款 【写作佳句】She withdrew her hand from his angrily at the thought of what he had done. 一想到他所做的事，她就愤怒地把手从他的手中抽了回来。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. This credit card allows you to withdraw up to ＄200 a day from cash machines. 2. If you experience any unusual symptoms after withdrawal(withdraw) of the treatment, then contact your doctor. 完成句子 3.他想从客人名单中撤出自己的名字。 He wanted to withdraw his name from the guest list. 知识点12 equip vt. 配备;装备;使有所准备;使有能力 【教材原句】Below is a personal account given by a girl who is equipped with a robotic hand. (教材P34) 下面是一位配备有机械手的女孩的自述。 【拓展】 (1)equip … with… 　用……装备…… equip sb. for (doing) sth. /to do sth. 使某人为(做)某事而准备;使某人具备(做)某事的条件 be equipped with 配备有……(表状态) (2)equipment n. [U]设备,器材;配备,装备 a piece of equipment 一件设备 【写作佳句】We should equip our minds with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. 我们要用马列主义和毛泽东思想武装我们的头脑。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Buses equipped with air conditioners charge you more. 2. The high cost of equipment(equip) prohibits many people from taking up their sport. 完成句子 3. 此课程旨在使学生能够胜任护理工作。 The course is designed to equip students for a career in nursing.   知识点13 grateful adj. 感激的;表示感谢的 【教材原句】I’m so grateful for all the new possibilities my robotic hand has opened up. (教材P34) 我很感激我的机械手带来的所有新可能性。 【拓展】 (1)be grateful to sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人 be grateful to do… 感谢做…… (2)gratefully adv. 感激地;感谢地 (3)gratefulness n. 感激,感恩 【写作佳句】I’m very grateful to you for your timely help while I was studying in the UK. 非常感谢我在英国学习期间你给我的及时的帮助。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I am particularly grateful to him for his kindness. 2. She gratefully(grateful) took the cup of coffee he offered her. 完成句子 3. 她似乎认为我目前有份工作就该谢天谢地了。 She seems to think I should be grateful to have a job at present.   知识点14 disturb vt. 使不安,打扰,搅乱 【教材原句】The figures disturb the school authorities, who have decided to tackle this problem head-on. (教材P37) 这些数字使校方感到不安，他们已决定积极处理这个问题。 【拓展】 (1)It disturbs sb. to do sth. 　 做某事令某人不安 (2)disturbing adj. 令人不安的;引起恐慌的,引起烦恼的 (3)disturbed adj. 有精神病的;心理不正常的;心神不安的 (4)disturbance n. 干扰;骚乱 【易混辨析】 disturb 指“打搅,打扰”,侧重于对某人动作或行为的干扰或干预,给别人带来较长时间的耽搁或不能专注于某事,或搅乱一种正常的状态 interrupt 指“中断,打断,打扰”,主要指对某人说话或某一活动的打扰,使对方的活动停下来,或不能继续说话 trouble 指麻烦别人,给别人造成不便 【写作佳句】It disturbed her to realise that she was alone. 她意识到自己孤身一人,心里感到很不安。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The newspaper has unearthed some disturbing(disturb) facts about the former president. 2. The building work is creating constant noise, dust and disturbance(disturb). 完成句子 3. 对不起,打扰你一下,我能跟你谈一会儿吗? I’m sorry to disturb you, but can I talk to you for a moment?  知识点15 adjust vt. & vi. 调整;调节;适应;习惯;整理 【教材原句】The school has adjusted all the lights to make sure the classrooms are well lit. (教材P37) 学校调整了所有的灯以确保教室灯光明亮。 【拓展】 (1)adjust … to (doing)… 调整……以适应(做)…… adjust to 调节;调整以适应 adjust oneself to… 使自己适应…… (2)adjustment n. 调整;调节;适应 make an adjustment/adjustments to… 对……作出调整 (3)adjustable adj. 可调节的 【写作佳句】He quickly adjusted himself to the new environment and got down to work. 他很快适应了新环境,并着手工作。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early,or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users. 2. It took him quite a while to adjust to living(live) alone after his parents passed away. 3. We have made an adjustment(adjust) to our price and give you a special discount of 3 percent. 完成句子 4.她性格外向,很快就适应了大学生活。 She was outgoing and adjusted to college life in a short time.   知识点16 evidence n. 证据,证明;物证,人证 vt. 证明,表明 【教材原句】There is evidence that acupuncture dates back to the Stone age, when some tools called bian were used to press areas of the body. (教材P39) 有证据表明，针灸可以追溯到石器时代，当时一些被称为“扁”的工具被用来按压身体的某些部位。 【拓展】 (1)evidence of/for sth. 某事的证明 in evidence 显眼的, 明显的,可看见的 (2)evident adj. 明显的;清楚的 It is evident that 很明显,显而易见的是 (3)evidently adv. 显然,明显地;清楚地 【写作佳句】Evidence shows that eating more fruit and vegetables is beneficial to health. 有证据表明多吃水果和蔬菜对健康有益。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. There is evidence that global climate is getting warmer and warmer. 2. We have found further scientific evidence(evident) for this theory. 3. Evidently(evident), she had nothing to do with the whole affair. 完成句子 4. 很明显,中国有很多习俗。 It is evident that/Evidently there are many customs in China.   二、语法清单 现在完成进行时 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并思考黑体部分的功能与构成: 1. Over the past three months I have been testing out the limits of what I can do with my new hand,and it constantly surprises me. 2. Scientists have been making great progress in robotic technology in recent years,and their work on robotic limbs has really changed my life. 3. Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases,as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and prevention. 4. Despite the public argument over this technology, its possibilities have been creating much excitement throughout the entire medical community and beyond. 【精讲·语法知识】 一、结构 1. 肯定句构成：主语＋have/has＋been＋现在分词＋其他. 2. 否定句构成： 主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋现在分词＋其他. 3. 一般疑问句构成：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋现在分词＋其他？ 4. 特殊疑问句构成：特殊疑问词＋have/has＋(主语＋) been＋现在分词＋其他？ 二、用法 1. 常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。 2. 表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。 [名师点津]表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有love，like，hate，think等。 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果 现在完成进行时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续 4. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语 all day/month；this month/week/year；these days；recently/lately；in/over the past/last ＋ 时间段；since ＋时间点；for ＋ 时间段等。 【经典练】　 一、语法填空 1. Scientists have been ________(contribution) to the fight against diseases for decades. 【答案】contributing 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：几十年来，科学家们一直在为对抗疾病做出贡献。根据句意及“for decades”可知，此处表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，使用现在完成进行时，由“have/has been+现在分词”构成，故填contributing。 2. It is clear that the number of undergraduates ________(increase) since 1999. 【答案】has increased/has been increasing 【详解】考查时态。句意：很明显，自1999年以来，本科生的数量一直在增加。根据句中的时间状语since 1999”知，句子描述的是从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去的动作，故可以使用现在完成时“have/has + 过去分词”或现在完成进行时“have/has been + 现在分词”，主语the number of undergraduates表示“本科生的数量”，是单数概念，助动词用has。故填has increased/has been increasing。 3. The building, which ________(build) for three months, will be completed next month. 【答案】has been being built 【详解】考查动词时态和语态及主谓一致。句意：这座已经建造了三个月的大楼将于下个月完工。根据时间状语“for three months”以及“will be completed next month”可知，build这一动作从过去开始持续到现在，且可能继续持续到将来，应用现在完成进行时；在which引导的非限制性定语从句中，which指代The building，为单数名词，且与build之间为被动关系，故用现在完成进行时的被动语态，助动词用has。故填has been being built。 4. For forty years Jane Goodall ________(help) the rest of the world understand and respect the life of wild animals. 【答案】has been helping 【详解】考查时态。句意：四十年来，Jane Goodall一直在帮助世界其他地方了解和尊重野生动物的生活。根据时间状语“For forty years”可知，句子描述的是从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且有可能继续持续下去，所以应用现在完成进行时，其结构为“have/has been doing”，主语Jane Goodall是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has，help的现在分词是helping。故填has been helping。 二、完成句子 5. 他们又累又饿又渴，因为他们整个上午都在种树。 They are very tired, hungry and thirsty, because they ________________ all the morning. 【答案】have been planting trees 【详解】考查动词时态。“植树”翻译为plant trees；表示“整个上午都在……”应该用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，没有中断；主语是they，助动词用have。故填have been planting trees。 6. 你刚才在哪儿？我们一直在到处找你。(完成时) Where have you been? We ________________ for you everywhere. 【答案】have been looking 【详解】考查现在完成进行时。根据“你刚才在哪儿？”可知，“找你”这个动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，强调动作的持续性，符合现在完成进行时“have/has been doing”的用法，主语We是复数，助动词使用have，“寻找”使用动词短语look for。故填have been looking。 7. 我已经考虑这个问题很长时间了。 I ________________ this issue ________________. 【答案】have been considering; for a long time 【详解】考查动词时态和时间状语。for a long time可表示为“很长时间”作状语，consider可表示为“考虑”，根据时间状语以及句意可知，应用现在完成进行时，主语为I，故应使用have been considering。故填have been considering；for a long time。 8. 自从新学期开始以来，约翰一直在努力学习。 John ________________ hard since the new term began. 【答案】has been working/studying 【详解】考查时态。“努力学习”用短语work/study hard，since the new term began表示从新学期开始到现在的一段时间，强调动作从过去开始一直持续到现在并且有可能继续下去，所以要用现在完成进行时。故填has been working/studying。 三、写作清单 写一篇介绍关于近视的文章 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务写一篇关于近视的文章. 介绍近视常用说明文，帮助学生了解中国学生的近视情况及其成因，并探究有效护眼的措施，即提出问题、分析问题以及提出建议或解决方案。行文时，能正确理解并使用连接词，增强语义的逻辑性，能运用合理的结构和得体的语言。 【积累·写作素材】 (1)段首句 ①I’m writing to tell you my problem which has troubled me. 我写信是想告诉你困扰我的问题。 ②Now I wonder whether I could ask you a favor. 现在我想知道你能否帮我个忙。 ③I sincerely hope that you can give me some advice on. . . 我真诚地希望你能给我一些关于……的建议。 (2)主体段落句 ①Recently it’s a bit difficult for me to see things in the distance clearly. 最近,看清楚远处的东西对我来说有点困难。 ②I think it may be because I use my eyes too much that my eyes have become short-sighted. 我想,可能是因为我用眼太多,我的眼睛变近视了。 ③Would you please give me some tips on how to use my eyes scientifically? 你能给我一些科学使用眼睛的建议吗? (3)段尾句 ①I would be grateful if you could offer me some practical advice. 如果你能给我一些实用的建议,我将不胜感激。 ②Your advice will be highly appreciated. 非常感谢您的建议。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华,最近你的视力有所下降,看不清远处的东西。请你给外籍医生Smith发邮件求助,内容包括:1. 视力困扰;2. 请求帮助;3. 表示感谢。 注意:词数80左右。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-有关近视的文章 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 第一段：引出话题。 第二段：有关近视的具体的内容。 第三段：感谢祝愿 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1.求助 ask sb. for some advice 2. 保护我的眼睛 protect my eyes 3. 在远处 in the distance 4. 我认为 I think/ in my opinion/ from one’s point of view/ as far as I’m concerned 5. 科学地 scientifically 6. 影响 affect 7. 感谢 appreciate 8. 实用的建议 practical advice 句子翻译 1. 我写信是想向你寻求一些关于如何保护我的眼睛的建议。 I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to protect my eyes. 2. 最近我发现很难看清楚远处的东西。 →Recently, I find it difficult to see things in the distance clearly. (it充当形式宾语)  →Recently, I find seeing things in the distance clearly is difficult. (动名词作主语)  3. 我想我的眼睛可能近视了。 As far as I’m concerned, my eyes may be short-sighted. 4. 作业太多,我不得不经常用眼睛。 There is so much homework that I have to use my eyes a lot. 5. 你能告诉我如何科学地使用我的眼睛吗? Would you please tell me how to use my eyes scientifically?  6. 我想既可以保护我的眼睛,又不影响我的学习。 I want to protect my eyes and my studies wouldn’t be affected. 7. 如果你能给我一些实用的建议,我将非常感激。 I would appreciate it if you can give me some practical advice. 第三步：词句升级 8. 用but合并句3和句4 As far as I’m concerned, my eyes may be short-sighted, but there is so much homework that I have to use my eyes a lot. 9. 用so that连接句5和句6 Would you please tell me how to use my eyes scientifically, so that I can protect my eyes and my studies wouldn’t be affected?  第四步：连句成篇 Dear Doctor Smith, I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to protect my eyes. Recently, I find it difficult to see things in the distance clearly. As far as I’m concerned, my eyes may be short-sighted, but there is so much homework that I have to use my eyes a lot. Would you please tell me how to use my eyes scientifically, so that I can protect my eyes and my studies wouldn’t be affected? I would appreciate it if you can give me some practical advice. Yours, Li Hua ( 14 / 18 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$