Unit 4 Exploring poetry（知识清单）英语译林版2020选择必修第一册

Unit 4 Exploring poetry 单词 1. ________ adj. 贫瘠的，不毛的；不结果实的 2. ________ adj. 结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的→________ v. 将……冷冻，冻僵→________ adj. 严寒的，冰冻的 3. ________ vt. 含有……的意思，暗示，暗指→________ n. 含义；暗示；影响 4. ________ n. 方面，侧面；规模，程度；维 5. ________ n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 vt. 抓紧；领会，理解 6. ________ vt. 发现，查明，侦察出→________ n. 发现→________ n. 侦探→________ n. 探测器 7. ________ n. 押韵词；押韵 vt. 使押韵 vi. 和……同韵 8. ________ adj. 复杂的，难懂的 n. 建筑群；复合体；情结 9. ________ adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的→________ vt. & vi. 反驳; 与……相矛盾→________ n. 矛盾, 不一致 10. ________ n. 线索，提示；迹象 11. ________ vt. 把(动物)关在笼中 n. 笼子 12. ________ n. (鸟的)啼啭；颤音 vt. 欢快地高声说 vi. 发颤音 13. ________ vt. 解释，阐释；把……理解为，领会；演绎 vi. 口译→________ n. 解释, 阐释→________ n. 口译者, 译员 14. ________ n. 耐心，忍耐力→________ adj. 忍耐的，耐心的 n. 病人→________ adv. 耐心地 15. ________ adv. 到旁边，在旁边；留，存；除……之外 16. ________ adj. 偏远的，偏僻的；遥远的，久远的；远亲的 17. ________ vt. 奖励，奖赏 n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金→________ adj. 值得的, 有益的 18. ________ adj. 持续不断的→________ adv. 不断地；始终，一直 19. ________ adj. 符合逻辑的；必然的，合乎情理的→________ adv. 逻辑上；符合逻辑地 20. ________ adj. 内心的，隐藏的；里面的，内部的 21. ________ vt. 注意到，意识到；将……理解为，将……视为 22. ________ n. 薄雾，水汽→________ adj. 有雾的，由水汽的 23. ________ n. 事实，实际经历；现实，实际情况→________ adj. 真正的；确实的；真实存在的→________ adv. 真正地；实际上 24. ________ n. 小说家→________ n. 小说 adj. 新颖的 25. ________ n. 理想；典范 adj. 完美的，理想的 26. ________ adj. 死板的，僵硬的；固执的，僵化的 27. ________ vt. (underwent, undergone)经历，经受 28. ________ n. 工业化 29. ________ vt. 拥护，支持，提倡 n. 拥护者，支持者；辩护律师 30. ________ n. 看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心→________ v. 相信 31. ________ n. 区，行政区；地区，区域 32. ________ n. 时代，年代 33. ________ vi. 分叉，岔开；分歧，相异；偏离 34. ________ vi. & vt. (bent，bent) (使)拐弯，弯曲 n. 拐弯，弯道 35. ________ n. 声明，宣称；所有权；索赔 vt. 宣称，声称；要求；索取；获得 36. ________ vi. & vt. (trod, trodden)踩，踏； 踩碎，践踏；行走，步行 37. ________ n. & vi. 叹气，叹息 38. ________ adv. 因此，由此 39. ________ vi. & vt. 敢于，胆敢；激(某人做某事) 40. ________ n. 居民，居住者 41. ________ adj. 引人注目的，显著的；妩媚动人的，标致的 42. ________ (also characterise) vt. 是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画 43. ________ n. 儒家，儒学，孔子学说 44. ________ n. 道教，道家 45. ________ n. 传说，传奇故事；传奇人物 46. ________ vt. 偶然碰到，意外地遇见；遭遇，碰到 n. 相遇，遭遇，冲突 47. ________ vt. 培养，助长；抚养，滋养 48. ________ adj. 众多的，许多的 49. ________ adj. 荣耀的，光荣的；壮丽 的，辉煌的 50. ________ n. (贸易和经济活动的)激增，繁荣 vi. 迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛 51. ________ n. 稳定(性)，稳固(性)→________ adj. 稳定的；牢固的；稳重的→________ adv. 稳定地 52. ________ adj. 宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的→________ vt. 容忍→________ n. 容忍 53. ________ n. 自由 54. ________ adj. 不受约束的，自由的 55. ________ n. 生命力，活力，热情 56. ________ vt. & vi. 成为……的特征，使有别于；区分，辨别；认出；使出众→________ adj. 卓越的；著名的；高贵的；受尊重的 57. ________ n. 夸张，夸大 58. ________ n. 暗喻，隐喻 59. ________ adj. 典型的，有代表性的 n. 典型人物，代表性人物；代表→________ vt. 代表；描绘 60. ________ n. 霜；霜冻，严寒天气 61. ________ vt. (cast, cast)投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投，抛；选派角色 n. 全体演员；投，抛 62. ________ vt. 欠(情)；欠(债)；归功于；归因于 63. ________ n. 人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务 64. ________ vt. & vi. 深深吸引，迷住→________ adj. 迷人的，吸引人的 65. ________ vt. (usually passive)给……命名；使享有权利，使符合资格 66. ________ vt. 把……归咎于，责怪，指责 n. 责任，责备，指责 67. ________ n. 津贴，补助；限额；零花钱 68. ________ n. 巨大成功，重大成就， 伟大胜利vi. 打败，战胜，成功 69. ________ n. 冒名顶替者，冒名行骗者 70. _______ adj. 不饶人的，不宽容的；棘手的 短语 1. ________________发现，搜集，查明 2. ________________把……放一边；留出 3. ________________与某事终止关联，破除 4. ________________体谅；考虑到，估计到 5. ________________让自己熟悉 6. ________________根源在于；植根于 7. ________________使……有别于…… 8. ________________给……注入活力 9. ________________与……密不可分 10. ________________是……的代表；是……的典型 11. ________________被视为……，被认为是…… 12. ________________被……迷住；被……深深吸引 熟词生义 1. At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened. ________ 2. You should grasp every opportunity to express your strong point and put your heart into it. ________ 3. The boy was so frightened that he grasped his mum’s hand. ________ 4. These complex formulas are beyond the grasp of the average pupils. ________ 5. Although no one really got a clear look at the mysterious creature, Xue Junlin, a local photographer, claimed that its head looked like a horse. ________ 6. The police said that if no one claimed the watch, you could keep it. ________ 7. Because the accident had not been her fault, Barbara was able to claim damages. ________ 8. Hurricane Sandy has claimed thousands of lives. ________ 9. The twin sisters had striking good looks, which earned many people’s affection. ________ 10. We are all entitled to equal protection under the law. ________ 11. I would like to acknowledge my debt to my teacher. ________ 句型 1. as if 引导方式状语从句 Second, approach the poem ________________ you were an explorer in an unfamiliar landscape. 第二，走进诗歌，就像你是一个置身于陌生风景中的探索者。 2. 主语＋be＋adj. ＋to do Poems ________________ are often less interesting than those that constantly reveal deeper and previously unrecognized meanings. 相比容易理解的诗，那些不断展现更加深刻的、先前未发现的意义的诗常常更加有趣。 3. as long as 引导条件状语从句 ________________ the journey of poetry reading makes you feel something or lets you perceive another level of meaning, it will have been worth your effort. 只要读诗之旅能让你有所感触，或使你领悟到另一层含义，那你的努力就是值得的。 4. It＋be＋过去分词＋that. . . ________________ this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years. 人们认为这首诗是李白十几岁时写的。 5. 过去分词短语作状语with介词短语作原因状语 ________________________________, Li Bai left home and started to travel around in his early twenties. 在强烈的探险欲和游历欲的驱使下，李白二十几岁便离家去周游。 6. with介词短语作原因状语 ________________________________________________, Li Bai is widely recognized as the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan. 超尘脱俗的想象、强烈情感的自由抒发和对语言的精通，使李白被公认为是继屈原之后的最伟大的浪漫主义诗人。 语法 非谓语动词综述 1.动词不定式和动名词 2.现在分词 3.过去分词 一、词汇清单 知识点1 frozen adj. 结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的 【教材原句】Life is a barren field frozen with snow. (教材p43) 生命是冰雪覆盖的不毛之地。 【拓展】 (1)freezing adj. 冰点以下的；结冰的；极冷的n.冰点 freezing point冰点 freezing cold 非常冷 above/below freezing 在冰点以上/下 (2)freeze v. (使)结冰，凝固；冷藏；冰冻；(因恐惧等而)呆住 freeze (...) to death (使……)冻死 【写作佳句】One boy, aged about 11, looks frozen with fright. 一个大约11岁的男孩吓得一动不动。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. It was so cold that the river had ________(freeze). 2. His smile ________(freeze) when he heard what I said. 3. On a ________ cold night, the little match girl was ________ to death in a street corner. (freeze) 完成句子 4.这些植物必须放置于零度以上光照充足的地方。 These plants must be stored in the light at ________________ temperature. 知识点2 grasp vt. & n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 【教材原句】Even if its true meaning appears to be beyond your grasp, you can always say something about how the poem sounds when you read it aloud. (教材p44) 即使你似乎无法理解诗歌的真正含义，也总是可以说说这首诗在朗读时听起来如何。 【拓展】 (1)grasp that/wh­从句理解…… grasp sb.by the hand/arm抓住某人的手/手臂 grasp a chance/an opportunity抓住机会 (2)have a grasp of sth.理解某事 beyond one's grasp超出某人的理解能力 【写作佳句】The mother grasped her daughter by the arm. 那位母亲抓紧她女儿的胳膊。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Lacking ________ good grasp of English listening, I had no choice but  to look at the subtitles provided all through the play. 2. If the meaning is ________ your grasp, you can ask the teacher for help. 完成句子 3.如果你想提高你的英语口语，你应该在日常生活中抓住每次练习的机会。 If you want to polish up your spoken English, you are supposed ________________________ in your daily life. 知识点3 contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的 【教材原句】This combination is often complex or even contradictory. (教材p45) 这种组合通常是复杂的，甚至是矛盾的。 【拓展】 (1)be contradictory to sth. 与……相矛盾 (2)contradict vt. 反驳；否定；与……矛盾；与……抵触 contradict oneself 自相矛盾 (3)contradiction n. 反驳；矛盾 in contradiction to 与……相矛盾；与……相违背 【写作佳句】The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 这些诗歌可能没有道理，甚至看起来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学习和背诵。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. You've just contradicted ________(you), so I didn't agree with you. 2. There is a ________(contradict) between the two sets of figures. 3. It was contradictory ________ the existing facts. 同义句转换 4. This is a contradiction of what you said before. →This ________________ what you said before. →This ________________ what you said before. 知识点4 patience n. 耐心, 忍耐力 【教材原句】Third, if you are still struggling to interpret the meaning of a poem even with much painstaking effort, just have some patience. (教材p45) 第三, 如果你下了很大的功夫还是纠结于理解一首诗的意思, 那就耐心一点吧。 【拓展】 (1)have little/no patience with sb. 　　　 对某人没有耐心, 不能忍受某人 lose/run out of patience (with sb. ) 　　 (对某人)失去耐心 with patience 耐心地 (2)patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人 be patient with. . . 对……耐心 (3)patiently adv. 耐心地 【写作佳句】 As we all know, Chinese learning calls for a large amount of patience as well. 众所周知，汉语学习也需要大量的耐心。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Teaching children with special needs requires ________(patient) and understanding. 2. I could do nothing but wait ________ patience.   完成句子 3. 我认为你应该对周围的人要有耐心。 I think you should try to ________________ the people around you.   知识点5 reward n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金 vt.奖励，奖赏 【教材原句】This may seem difficult at first, but when you finally make your great discovery, your efforts will be rewarded. (教材p45) 一开始可能很难，但是当你最终有了伟大的发现，你的努力将会得到回报。 【拓展】 (1)give/offer a reward for (doing) sth. 为(做)某事而给报酬/奖赏 in reward (for) 作为(对……的)报答/奖赏 (2)reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因为(做了)某事而回报某人 reward sb.with sth. 奖赏某人某物 [易混辨析]reward/award reward 名词 指赏金、酬金或一些非金钱的报酬，多指对某人的工作或服务等的报答 动词 表示“报答，酬谢” award 名词 指奖品、奖金，其义与prize近似。指一种官方的奖励行为，往往指对在工作中取得成就或完成所提出要求的人而进行的一种奖励，强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少，还可指某种奖项 【写作佳句】It is rewarding that we should make joint efforts to create a harmonious society. 我们应该共同努力，创建和谐社会，这是非常有意义的。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. They rewarded him ________ saving the child last month. 2. She started singing to the baby and was rewarded ________ a smile. 同义句转换 3. I’m more than willing to show you around Beijing as a reward for your generous help. →I’m more than willing to show you around Beijing ________________. 知识点6 advocate vt. 拥护, 支持, 提倡 n. 拥护者, 支持者, 辩护律师 【教材原句】Instead, they advocated going back to nature. (教材p48) 相反，他们主张回归自然。 【拓展】 (1)advocate + that从句　　 主张…… advocate doing sth. 　　 提倡做某事 advocate sb. to do sth. It is advocated that... 主张/提倡……[从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”] (2)an advocate of sth. 某事的提倡者 【写作佳句】It is advocated that we (should) use cloth bags or shopping baskets more than plastic bags. 人们提倡我们应该更多地使用布袋或购物篮，而不是塑料袋。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Many people advocate ________(build) more hospitals in the area. 2. He is ________ advocate of green travel. 3. I advocate everyone ________(make) it their duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment. 完成句子 4. 提倡人人过低碳生活来保护我们的环境。 ________________ all people (should) live a low-carbon life to protect our environment. 知识点7 belief n. 看法, 信念; 信仰; 相信, 信心 【教材原句】The poets also wrote about individual feelings and beliefs. (教材p48) 诗人也写个人的感情和信仰。 【拓展】 (1)It is one’s belief that. . . 某人相信 beyond belief　　　　　 (因太大﹑太难﹑太可怕等)难以置信 hold the belief that. . . 相信, 认为 (2)believe vt. & vi. 相信 believe in 相信 it is believed that. . . 人们相信 【写作佳句】I hold the belief that honesty is the most important quality. 我认为, 诚实是最重要的品质。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. There is a general ________(believe) that things will soon get better. 2. I believe ________ him, but I don’t believe what he said just now. 完成句子 3. 我们相信医疗保健的改善会带来更加茁壮、繁荣的经济。 ________________ improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. 知识点8 set sth. aside把……放一边；留出 【教材原句】So if you do not get it, set the poem aside and come back to it later. (教材p45) 所以如果你没有读懂这首诗，就把它放在一边，过会儿再来读。 【拓展】 set aside 留出，存储 set out 出发，开始 set about doing sth. 开始做某事 set off 出发；使爆炸；引发；激起 【写作佳句】We set aside some money for repairs. 我们存了一些钱作为修理费用。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The peasants set ________ making preparations for spring sowing. 2. On a nice weekend we set ________ for the hills. 3. Try to set ________ at least an hour each day for learning. 4. If you want to catch that train we'd better set ________ for the station immediately. 完成句子 5.这里禁止生火，以防他们放烟火。 Fires are forbidden here in case they ________________. 知识点9 break with sth. 与某事终止关联, 破除 【教材原句】The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules;…(教材p48) 浪漫主义者的目标是打破18世纪的理想: 他们拒绝遵守死板的规则; …… 【拓展】 break with sb. 　 与某人绝交 break out (战争、火灾、瘟疫等)爆发 break up 打碎, 分开; (关系)破裂, 分手 break through (取得)突破, 冲破 break down 发生故障, 失败 break into 闯入 break in 打断, 闯入 【易混辨析】break into 和break in都表示“闯入”, 前者是及物动词短语, 可以带宾语, 可用于被动语态。后者是不及物动词短语, 不能带宾语, 也不能用于被动语态。 【写作佳句】We should try our best to break with old tradition. 我们应该尽力破除旧习惯。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Last night, my house was broken ________ and the computer was stolen. 2. A big fire broke ________ in the hotel. Fortunately, no one was killed. 3. Julia broke ________ with her boyfriend last week. 4. 印刷机总是出故障, 所以我们得经常修理。 The printing machines are always ________________ so we have to repair them often.   知识点10 tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的 【教材原句】This open and tolerant atmosphere allowed Li Bai the liberty to develop a free and unconstrained personality, which, in turn, had a huge impact on his poetic production. (教材p54) 这种开放、宽容的氛围，使李白有了自由自在、无拘无束的个性，对他的诗歌创作产生了巨大的影响。 【拓展】 (1)be tolerant of 对……宽容；容忍…… (2)tolerate vt. 忍受，容忍 tolerate (doing) sth. 容忍/容许(做)某事 (3)tolerance n. 容忍 show tolerance towards sb.容忍某人 [名师点津]表示“容忍，忍受”的单词或短语还有bear、 stand、 put up with等。 【写作佳句】Try to be tolerant of the emotions of those around you, and you will also benefit from it. 试着宽容你周围人的情绪，你也会从中受益。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. As a teacher, you need to show tolerance ________ your students' carelessness in study. 2. I couldn't tolerate ________(interrupt) when I was editing my book. 3. We must learn to be tolerant ________ different cultures especially when we live in a multi­cultural society. 一句多译 4.我不能容忍被嘲笑。 →________________________________.(tolerate) →________________________________.(bear/stand) →________________________________.(put up with) 知识点11 distinguish vt. & vi. 区分，辨别，分清 vt. 使有别于，成为……的特征，使具有……特色；使出 【教材原句】...and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets. (教材p54) ……这使他有别于其他山水诗人。 【拓展】 (1)distinguish... from... 将……与……区别开 distinguish between... and...(＝tell the difference between... and...) 区分……和…… distinguish oneself (as...) (作为……)表现突出 (2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；杰出的 be distinguished for (＝be famous for) 因……而出名 distinguishing adj. 有区别的 【写作佳句】You should learn to distinguish between right and wrong. 你应该学会明辨是非。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The twins are so alike; it's difficult to distinguish one ________ the other. 2. Honestly speaking, I admire your ________(distinguish) achievements. 3. The Chinese nation is distinguished ________ its diligence and courage. 4. Lang Ping has already distinguished herself ________ a great volleyball coach in the world. 同义句转换 5. It could make it hard for people to tell the difference between virtual reality and reality. →It could make it hard for people to ________________________________. 知识点12 representative n. 代表 adj. 典型的，有代表性的 【教材原句】The poem below, written in his fifties, is representative of his romantic style. (教材p54) 下面这首诗写于他50多岁的时候，是他浪漫主义风格的代表。 【拓展】 represent vt. 代表，表示；象征；描绘；宣称；说明 represent... as... 把……描绘成…… represent sb.to be/as 宣称某人是/为…… represent sth.to sb. 向某人说明/传达某事 【写作佳句】They will meet representatives from industry and the government next Tuesday. 下周二他们将会见产业界和政府的代表。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. In the afternoon, you together with some of our student ________(represent) are going to visit the Haihe River and enjoy the beautiful scenery there. 2. I can represent it ________ you by metaphors (隐喻). 完成句子 3. 她宣称她的妈妈是世界上最好的母亲。 She ________________________________ the kindest mother in the world. 知识点13 owe vt. 欠(情、债等)；归功于 【教材原句】Generations of poets, both in China and abroad, owe a debt to his inspirational poems. (教材p54) 一代又一代的中外诗人都得益于他那鼓舞人心的诗歌。 【拓展】 owe sb.sth.＝owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 owe... to... 把……归功于；归因于 owing to 因为；由于 owe it to sb. that... 多亏了某人…… [名师点津]如果owe的宾语是动词不定式或名词性从句，可使用it作形式宾语，将充当真正宾语的动词不定式或名词性从句放在句尾。 【写作佳句】I owe my great progress in English to you. 我把在英语方面取得的巨大进步归功于您。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. These early settlers owed their survival ________ hard work and determination to succeed. 2. I owe ________ to you that I finished my work ahead of time. 3. Owing ________ the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours. 同义句转换 4. The country owes foreign countries billions of dollars because of the financial crisis. →The country ________________________________ because of the financial crisis. 知识点14 blame vt. 责备，把……归咎于 【教材原句】If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you... (教材p55) 如果所有人都失去理智，咒骂你，你仍能保持头脑清醒…… 【拓展】 (1)blame sb.for (doing) sth. 因(做了)某事而责备某人 blame sth.on... 把某事归咎于…… be to blame (for...) 应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备 (2)take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任 put/lay the blame for sth.on sb. 把某事的责任推到某人身上 [名师点津]在be to blame (for)短语中，不定式用主动语态表示被动含义。 【写作佳句】When getting along with others, we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes. After all，many times we are also to blame. So instead of blaming others, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place. 当和其他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于其他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责其他人。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I don't blame you ________ making bad comments to your teacher. 2. You should take the blame ________ what you have done. 3. Don't always blame your own failure ________ others. 4. To be honest, it was Su's fault, but Li was also ________(blame). 同义句转换 5. He blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher. →________________________________________________________________.(blame sb.for) →________________________________________________________________.(blame n. ) 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并思考黑体部分的功能与构成: 1. The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules. 2. During that time, England was undergoing a process called industrialization. 3. Large factories were being built and people were made to work long hours. 4. Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature, the poetry of the Romantic era is one of the greatest treasures in Western literature. 【精讲·语法知识】 非谓语动词综述 一.动词不定式 1. 作主语 2. 作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help (2)在某些动词如find、 think、 consider、 feel、 make、 believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。 3. 作宾语补语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补语，如ask、 want、 invite、 get、 force、 expect、 allow、 persuade、 order、 warn、 remind、 prefer、 cause、 permit、 forbid、 advise、 teach等。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补语： 一感 (feel)，二听(hear、 listen to)，三让(let、have、 make)，五看 (see、 notice、 observe、 watch、 look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。 4. 作定语 不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。 5. 作状语 (1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。 (2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to、 too...to...、 only to等。 (3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad、 happy、 frightened、 surprised等。 (4)作目的状语，此时的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。 6. 作表语 (二)疑问词＋不定式 不定式与疑问词who、 which、 when、 where、 how、 what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 [名师点津]在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 (三)动词不定式的时态和语态 1. 动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法 时态 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 to do to be done 进行时 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be doing — 完成时 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done 完成进行时 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing — 2. 动词不定式语态四注意 (1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 (2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。 (3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。 (4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味) There is nothing to be done.(某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常) (四)不定式符号to的保留问题 有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列词语后：expect、 prefer、 care、 mean、 forget、 want、 wish、 hope、 would like (love)、 try以及be glad/happy等后。 式结构中含有be、 have、 have been，这些词要保留。 【经典练】 一、语法填空 1. The China Anti-Doping Agency (CHINADA) would like to use this open and shared platform ________(share) our new practices. 2. He hurriedly rushed to the station only ________(inform) that the train would arrive late. 3. I’m surprised ________(know) that we can keep flowers blooming by removing the water with a process like air drying or pressing. 4. It’s not easy ________(be) the CEO of Meta these days. Mark Zuckerberg is reminded of that most mornings the second he wakes up. 5. Instead, he tries ________(do) anything physical that requires complete concentration — his goal is ________(be) fully engaged physically and intellectually to the point where he can’t afford ________(focus) on anything else. 6. Like most of us, I try ________(be) mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was ________(make) a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. 7. More than admiring scenery, the mentor told children ________(identify) rocks and some plant species in the reserve. 8. In a study ________(look) at runners who covered the same distance on a treadmill(跑步机) and outdoors, the group that ran inside were said ________(consume) less energy than the outside group. 9. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work ________(complete) in class or short assignments ________(complete) at home, both of which will be graded. 10. Henry said that he would leave me ________(finish) all the work, and the words left me ________(wonder) about his real purpose. 11. Jan was so inspired by the people she met online that she decided to start an IT club to teach older people how ________(use) computers and the Internet. (所给词的适当形式填空) 二. 动词­ing和动词­ed形式 动词­ing形式和动词­ed形式在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补语，其具体用法如下： 1. 作表语 (1)动词­ed形式作表语表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态；而动词­ing形式作表语多表示事物具有的特性。 (2)充当表语的词语(过去分词)通常加在系动词后面。常见系动词： be 动词：is/am/are/was/were 一“好像”：seem 二“保持”：keep，remain 三“变化”：become, get, turn 五“感官”：look, sound, taste, feel, smell 2. 作定语 动词­ing形式作定语表示主动、进行；动词­ed形式作定语，表示被动、完成。 [名师点津](1)单个的过去分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前；过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。有些过去分词表示特定含义，单独作定语也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：left(剩余的)、given(所给的)、concerned (有关的)等。另外，单个过去分词作定语修饰代词时，应该放在被修饰的词后面。 (2)有些过去分词作定语既可前置也可后置，意义不变，但有些过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同，则意义也不相同。 3. 作状语 动词­ing形式(现在分词)和动词­ed形式(过去分词)在句中作状语时通常作原因、时间、伴随、条件、结果、让步状语等。主语与动词­ing形式(现在分词)在逻辑上存在主谓关系，主语与动词­ed形式(过去分词)在逻辑上存在动宾关系。 [名师点津]动词­ing 形式和动词­ed 形式的独立主格结构： 动词­ing 形式短语(现在分词短语)和动词­ed 形式短语(过去分词短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，但有时它们可以有自己的独立主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关系时，用动词­ing 形式；当逻辑主语与其后的动词是被动关系时，用动词­ed 形式。 Time permitting, we can complete the project. 如果时间允许，我们就能完成这个项目。(逻辑主语time与 permit 存在主动关系，独立主格结构作条件状语) 4. 作宾语补语 (1)宾语补语与宾语是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，用动词­ing形式。 宾语补语与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用动词­ed形式。 (2)可接­ing分词作宾语补语的动词有： a. 感知觉动词：feel、 hear、 look at、 listen to、 notice、 observe、 sense、 see、 watch。 b. 动词get、 have、 keep、 leave、 send、set等。 c. 现在分词用在“with ＋宾语＋宾语补语”这一结构中，现在分词与宾语之间是主谓关系。 (3)可接­ed分词作宾语补语的动词有： a. 表示感观或心理状态的词，如see、 hear、 feel、 watch、 notice、 think、 consider、 find。 b. 表示“致使”或者“保持某种状态”意义的动词，如make、 get、 have、 keep、 leave等词。 c. 表示希望、请求、命令的词，如want、wish、 like。 【经典练】　 一、语法填空 1. Before choosing to study online, consider whether you’re a self-motivated learner and if the material seems interesting enough to keep you ________(go). 2. Kiefer himself suffered exposure ________(clean) up Enowatek Atoll, and for a while thereafter was ruled medically unable to have children. 3. ________(stuff) with natural beauty and modern resources, this city attracts a constant stream of visitors. 4. At that time, an unusual sign from the ________(murder) couple arrested the detective’s attention. 5. Stories like Miller’s aren’t unusual, said Keith Kiefer, national commander of the National Association of Atomic Veterans. Since 1979, his organization has fought to gain recognition and compensation for those ________(expose) to ionizing radiation as part of ________(they) military service. 6. The friend ________ is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands ________(place) on the friend ________ has moved.) 7. Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist ideology ________(create) by a famous Taoist ________(name) Zhang Sanfeng, in the early years of the Ming Dynasty. 8. Orange trees make great gifts and you see them many times ________(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 9. ________(give) that there is some volatility ________(tie) to the commodities market, experts recommend investing in commodities through a ________(diversify) investment vehicle, such as a mutual fund or ETF. 10. Next time you find yourself ________(engross) in a nature documentary and listen to a bear making its way through a ________(snow-fill) landscape or a lion eating its prey, thank the foley artists. ________(name) after the 1920s Hollywood pioneer Jack Foley, these experts weave in realistic sounds at the editing stage and synchronise them to an animal’s movements. 三、写作清单 写一篇诗评 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是写诗歌评论。每当我们读完一篇小说、散文或一首诗歌时，我们或多或少都会有一些感想。如果我们把这些感想写出来，这就成了评论。下面我们就以读完一首诗歌为例，来学习一下写诗歌评论的方法。 第一步：我们要列出有关这首诗歌的信息，如作者、写作时间、背景及感情色彩等； 第二步：把列举的内容连接成句，然后再连句成篇即可。 【积累·写作素材】 1. It's clear that poetic and pictorial splendor was especially paid attention to... 2. Ancient poets were good at creating... 3. I want to know something about the rhythm of... 4. By concentrating on this specific moment, the author vividly shows... 5. In the end, the poet directly expresses... 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Andy将要参加中文诗歌朗诵比赛(recitation contest)，发邮件向你询问下面这首诗歌的含义。请你回复邮件，介绍该诗歌的主要内容、表达的思想感情和写作手法。 游子吟 作者：孟郊(唐) 慈母手中线，游子身上衣。 临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归。 谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Andy, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-诗歌评论 人称 以第三人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 ①介绍英国朋友Andy将要参加中文诗歌朗诵比赛的事件，引出主题； ②介绍唐诗《游子吟》的主要内容、表达的思想感情和写作手法； ③希望能得到对方的回复。 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1.参加________________ 2.中文诗歌朗诵比赛________________ 3.唐朝________________ 4.描写了一个场景________________ 5.做衣服________________ 6.母亲对孩子深深的爱________________ 7.使从事于；使忙碌于________________ 8.集中精力于；全神贯注于________________ 9.在某种程度上 ________________ 10.盼望，期待________________ 句子翻译 1.听说你要参加中国诗歌朗诵比赛，因此我写信给你提供一些关于将要展示的这首诗的信息。 ________________________________________________________________________________. 2.通过对这一特定时刻的关注，作者将这一时刻比作温暖无私的太阳，生动地表达了母亲对孩子深深的爱。 ________________________________________________________________________________. 3.以上就是我对这首广为流传的诗的了解，希望对你有所帮助。 ________________________________________________________________________________. 第三步：词句升级 4.用非谓语结构改写句1。 ________________________________________________________________________________. 5.用表语从句和定语从句升级句3。 ________________________________________________________________________________. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Andy, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua ( 2 / 19 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Exploring poetry 单词 1. barren adj. 贫瘠的，不毛的；不结果实的 2. frozen adj. 结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的→freeze v. 将……冷冻，冻僵→freezing adj. 严寒的，冰冻的 3. imply vt. 含有……的意思，暗示，暗指→implication n. 含义；暗示；影响 4. dimension n. 方面，侧面；规模，程度；维 5. grasp n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 vt. 抓紧；领会，理解 6. detect vt. 发现，查明，侦察出→detection n. 发现→detective n. 侦探→detector n. 探测器 7. rhyme n. 押韵词；押韵 vt. 使押韵 vi. 和……同韵 8. complex adj. 复杂的，难懂的 n. 建筑群；复合体；情结 9. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的→contradict vt. & vi. 反驳; 与……相矛盾→contradiction n. 矛盾, 不一致 10. clue n. 线索，提示；迹象 11. cage vt. 把(动物)关在笼中 n. 笼子 12. trill n. (鸟的)啼啭；颤音 vt. 欢快地高声说 vi. 发颤音 13. interpret vt. 解释，阐释；把……理解为，领会；演绎 vi. 口译→interpretation n. 解释, 阐释→interpreter n. 口译者, 译员 14. patience n. 耐心，忍耐力→patient adj. 忍耐的，耐心的 n. 病人→patiently adv. 耐心地 15. aside adv. 到旁边，在旁边；留，存；除……之外 16. remote adj. 偏远的，偏僻的；遥远的，久远的；远亲的 17. reward vt. 奖励，奖赏 n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金→rewarding adj. 值得的, 有益的 18. constant adj. 持续不断的→constantly adv. 不断地；始终，一直 19. logical adj. 符合逻辑的；必然的，合乎情理的→logically adv. 逻辑上；符合逻辑地 20. inner adj. 内心的，隐藏的；里面的，内部的 21. perceive vt. 注意到，意识到；将……理解为，将……视为 22. mist n. 薄雾，水汽→misty adj. 有雾的，由水汽的 23. reality n. 事实，实际经历；现实，实际情况→real adj. 真正的；确实的；真实存在的→really adv. 真正地；实际上 24. novelist n. 小说家→novel n. 小说 adj. 新颖的 25. ideal n. 理想；典范 adj. 完美的，理想的 26. rigid adj. 死板的，僵硬的；固执的，僵化的 27. undergo vt. (underwent, undergone)经历，经受 28. industrialization n. 工业化 29. advocate vt. 拥护，支持，提倡 n. 拥护者，支持者；辩护律师 30. belief n. 看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心→believe v. 相信 31. district n. 区，行政区；地区，区域 32. era n. 时代，年代 33. diverge vi. 分叉，岔开；分歧，相异；偏离 34. bend vi. & vt. (bent，bent) (使)拐弯，弯曲 n. 拐弯，弯道 35. claim n. 声明，宣称；所有权；索赔 vt. 宣称，声称；要求；索取；获得 36. tread vi. & vt. (trod, trodden)踩，踏； 踩碎，践踏；行走，步行 37. sigh n. & vi. 叹气，叹息 38. hence adv. 因此，由此 39. dare vi. & vt. 敢于，胆敢；激(某人做某事) 40. dweller n. 居民，居住者 41. striking adj. 引人注目的，显著的；妩媚动人的，标致的 42. characterize(also characterise) vt. 是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画 43. Confucianism n. 儒家，儒学，孔子学说 44. Taoism n. 道教，道家 45. legend n. 传说，传奇故事；传奇人物 46. encounter vt. 偶然碰到，意外地遇见；遭遇，碰到 n. 相遇，遭遇，冲突 47. nourish vt. 培养，助长；抚养，滋养 48. numerous adj. 众多的，许多的 49. glorious adj. 荣耀的，光荣的；壮丽 的，辉煌的 50. boom n. (贸易和经济活动的)激增，繁荣 vi. 迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛 51. stability n. 稳定(性)，稳固(性)→stable adj. 稳定的；牢固的；稳重的→stably adv. 稳定地 52. tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的→tolerate vt. 容忍→tolerance n. 容忍 53. liberty n. 自由 54. unconstrained adj. 不受约束的，自由的 55. vitality n. 生命力，活力，热情 56. distinguish vt. & vi. 成为……的特征，使有别于；区分，辨别；认出；使出众→distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；高贵的；受尊重的 57. exaggeration n. 夸张，夸大 58. metaphor n. 暗喻，隐喻 59. representative adj. 典型的，有代表性的 n. 典型人物，代表性人物；代表→represent vt. 代表；描绘 60. frost n. 霜；霜冻，严寒天气 61. cast vt. (cast, cast)投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投，抛；选派角色 n. 全体演员；投，抛 62. owe vt. 欠(情)；欠(债)；归功于；归因于 63. debt n. 人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务 64. fascinate vt. & vi. 深深吸引，迷住→fascinating adj. 迷人的，吸引人的 65. entitle vt. (usually passive)给……命名；使享有权利，使符合资格 66. blame vt. 把……归咎于，责怪，指责 n. 责任，责备，指责 67. allowance n. 津贴，补助；限额；零花钱 68. triumph n. 巨大成功，重大成就， 伟大胜利vi. 打败，战胜，成功 69. impostor n. 冒名顶替者，冒名行骗者 70. unforgiving adj. 不饶人的，不宽容的；棘手的 短语 1. dig up发现，搜集，查明 2. set sth aside把……放一边；留出 3. break with sth 与某事终止关联，破除 4. make allowance for体谅；考虑到，估计到 5. familiarize oneself with让自己熟悉 6. be rooted in根源在于；植根于 7. distinguish. . . from. . . 使……有别于…… 8. breathe vitality into 给……注入活力 9. be inseparable from 与……密不可分 10. be representative of 是……的代表；是……的典型 11. be recognized as 被视为……，被认为是…… 12. be fascinated by 被……迷住；被……深深吸引 熟词生义 1. At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened. v. 完全理解，领会 2. You should grasp every opportunity to express your strong point and put your heart into it. v. 抓住机会 3. The boy was so frightened that he grasped his mum’s hand. v. 抓牢，握紧 4. These complex formulas are beyond the grasp of the average pupils. n. 理解力 5. Although no one really got a clear look at the mysterious creature, Xue Junlin, a local photographer, claimed that its head looked like a horse. v. 声称 6. The police said that if no one claimed the watch, you could keep it. 认领 7. Because the accident had not been her fault, Barbara was able to claim damages. 索赔 8. Hurricane Sandy has claimed thousands of lives. 夺去(生命) 9. The twin sisters had striking good looks, which earned many people’s affection. 妩媚动人的 10. We are all entitled to equal protection under the law. 使……享有权利 11. I would like to acknowledge my debt to my teacher. 情义，恩情 句型 1. as if 引导方式状语从句 Second, approach the poem as if you were an explorer in an unfamiliar landscape. 第二，走进诗歌，就像你是一个置身于陌生风景中的探索者。 2. 主语＋be＋adj. ＋to do Poems that are easy to understand are often less interesting than those that constantly reveal deeper and previously unrecognized meanings. 相比容易理解的诗，那些不断展现更加深刻的、先前未发现的意义的诗常常更加有趣。 3. as long as 引导条件状语从句 As long as the journey of poetry reading makes you feel something or lets you perceive another level of meaning, it will have been worth your effort. 只要读诗之旅能让你有所感触，或使你领悟到另一层含义，那你的努力就是值得的。 4. It＋be＋过去分词＋that. . . It is believed that this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years. 人们认为这首诗是李白十几岁时写的。 5. 过去分词短语作状语with介词短语作原因状语 Driven by a burning desire for adventure and travel, Li Bai left home and started to travel around in his early twenties. 在强烈的探险欲和游历欲的驱使下，李白二十几岁便离家去周游。 6. with介词短语作原因状语 With his extraordinary imagination, free expression of strong feelings and mastery of language, Li Bai is widely recognized as the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan. 超尘脱俗的想象、强烈情感的自由抒发和对语言的精通，使李白被公认为是继屈原之后的最伟大的浪漫主义诗人。 语法 非谓语动词综述 1.动词不定式和动名词 2.现在分词 3.过去分词 一、词汇清单 知识点1 frozen adj. 结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的 【教材原句】Life is a barren field frozen with snow. (教材p43) 生命是冰雪覆盖的不毛之地。 【拓展】 (1)freezing adj. 冰点以下的；结冰的；极冷的n.冰点 freezing point冰点 freezing cold 非常冷 above/below freezing 在冰点以上/下 (2)freeze v. (使)结冰，凝固；冷藏；冰冻；(因恐惧等而)呆住 freeze (...) to death (使……)冻死 【写作佳句】One boy, aged about 11, looks frozen with fright. 一个大约11岁的男孩吓得一动不动。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. It was so cold that the river had frozen(freeze). 2. His smile froze(freeze) when he heard what I said. 3. On a freezing cold night, the little match girl was frozen to death in a street corner. (freeze) 完成句子 4.这些植物必须放置于零度以上光照充足的地方。 These plants must be stored in the light at above freezing temperature. 知识点2 grasp vt. & n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 【教材原句】Even if its true meaning appears to be beyond your grasp, you can always say something about how the poem sounds when you read it aloud. (教材p44) 即使你似乎无法理解诗歌的真正含义，也总是可以说说这首诗在朗读时听起来如何。 【拓展】 (1)grasp that/wh­从句理解…… grasp sb.by the hand/arm抓住某人的手/手臂 grasp a chance/an opportunity抓住机会 (2)have a grasp of sth.理解某事 beyond one's grasp超出某人的理解能力 【写作佳句】The mother grasped her daughter by the arm. 那位母亲抓紧她女儿的胳膊。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Lacking a good grasp of English listening, I had no choice but  to look at the subtitles provided all through the play. 2. If the meaning is beyond your grasp, you can ask the teacher for help. 完成句子 3.如果你想提高你的英语口语，你应该在日常生活中抓住每次练习的机会。 If you want to polish up your spoken English, you are supposed to grasp every opportunity to practise it in your daily life. 知识点3 contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的 【教材原句】This combination is often complex or even contradictory. (教材p45) 这种组合通常是复杂的，甚至是矛盾的。 【拓展】 (1)be contradictory to sth. 与……相矛盾 (2)contradict vt. 反驳；否定；与……矛盾；与……抵触 contradict oneself 自相矛盾 (3)contradiction n. 反驳；矛盾 in contradiction to 与……相矛盾；与……相违背 【写作佳句】The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 这些诗歌可能没有道理，甚至看起来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学习和背诵。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. You've just contradicted yourself(you), so I didn't agree with you. 2. There is a contradiction(contradict) between the two sets of figures. 3. It was contradictory to the existing facts. 同义句转换 4. This is a contradiction of what you said before. →This contradicts what you said before. →This is contradictory to what you said before. 知识点4 patience n. 耐心, 忍耐力 【教材原句】Third, if you are still struggling to interpret the meaning of a poem even with much painstaking effort, just have some patience. (教材p45) 第三, 如果你下了很大的功夫还是纠结于理解一首诗的意思, 那就耐心一点吧。 【拓展】 (1)have little/no patience with sb. 　　　 对某人没有耐心, 不能忍受某人 lose/run out of patience (with sb. ) 　　 (对某人)失去耐心 with patience 耐心地 (2)patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人 be patient with. . . 对……耐心 (3)patiently adv. 耐心地 【写作佳句】 As we all know, Chinese learning calls for a large amount of patience as well. 众所周知，汉语学习也需要大量的耐心。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Teaching children with special needs requires patience(patient) and understanding. 2. I could do nothing but wait with patience.   完成句子 3. 我认为你应该对周围的人要有耐心。 I think you should try to be patient with the people around you.   知识点5 reward n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金 vt.奖励，奖赏 【教材原句】This may seem difficult at first, but when you finally make your great discovery, your efforts will be rewarded. (教材p45) 一开始可能很难，但是当你最终有了伟大的发现，你的努力将会得到回报。 【拓展】 (1)give/offer a reward for (doing) sth. 为(做)某事而给报酬/奖赏 in reward (for) 作为(对……的)报答/奖赏 (2)reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因为(做了)某事而回报某人 reward sb.with sth. 奖赏某人某物 [易混辨析]reward/award reward 名词 指赏金、酬金或一些非金钱的报酬，多指对某人的工作或服务等的报答 动词 表示“报答，酬谢” award 名词 指奖品、奖金，其义与prize近似。指一种官方的奖励行为，往往指对在工作中取得成就或完成所提出要求的人而进行的一种奖励，强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少，还可指某种奖项 【写作佳句】It is rewarding that we should make joint efforts to create a harmonious society. 我们应该共同努力，创建和谐社会，这是非常有意义的。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. They rewarded him for saving the child last month. 2. She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile. 同义句转换 3. I’m more than willing to show you around Beijing as a reward for your generous help. →I’m more than willing to show you around Beijing in reward for your generous help. 知识点6 advocate vt. 拥护, 支持, 提倡 n. 拥护者, 支持者, 辩护律师 【教材原句】Instead, they advocated going back to nature. (教材p48) 相反，他们主张回归自然。 【拓展】 (1)advocate + that从句　　 主张…… advocate doing sth. 　　 提倡做某事 advocate sb. to do sth. It is advocated that... 主张/提倡……[从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”] (2)an advocate of sth. 某事的提倡者 【写作佳句】It is advocated that we (should) use cloth bags or shopping baskets more than plastic bags. 人们提倡我们应该更多地使用布袋或购物篮，而不是塑料袋。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Many people advocate building(build) more hospitals in the area. 2. He is an advocate of green travel. 3. I advocate everyone to make(make) it their duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment. 完成句子 4. 提倡人人过低碳生活来保护我们的环境。 It is advocated that all people (should) live a low-carbon life to protect our environment. 知识点7 belief n. 看法, 信念; 信仰; 相信, 信心 【教材原句】The poets also wrote about individual feelings and beliefs. (教材p48) 诗人也写个人的感情和信仰。 【拓展】 (1)It is one’s belief that. . . 某人相信 beyond belief　　　　　 (因太大﹑太难﹑太可怕等)难以置信 hold the belief that. . . 相信, 认为 (2)believe vt. & vi. 相信 believe in 相信 it is believed that. . . 人们相信 【写作佳句】I hold the belief that honesty is the most important quality. 我认为, 诚实是最重要的品质。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. There is a general belief(believe) that things will soon get better. 2. I believe in him, but I don’t believe what he said just now. 完成句子 3. 我们相信医疗保健的改善会带来更加茁壮、繁荣的经济。 It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. 知识点8 set sth. aside把……放一边；留出 【教材原句】So if you do not get it, set the poem aside and come back to it later. (教材p45) 所以如果你没有读懂这首诗，就把它放在一边，过会儿再来读。 【拓展】 set aside 留出，存储 set out 出发，开始 set about doing sth. 开始做某事 set off 出发；使爆炸；引发；激起 【写作佳句】We set aside some money for repairs. 我们存了一些钱作为修理费用。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The peasants set about making preparations for spring sowing. 2. On a nice weekend we set out for the hills. 3. Try to set aside at least an hour each day for learning. 4. If you want to catch that train we'd better set off for the station immediately. 完成句子 5.这里禁止生火，以防他们放烟火。 Fires are forbidden here in case they set the fireworks off. 知识点9 break with sth. 与某事终止关联, 破除 【教材原句】The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules;…(教材p48) 浪漫主义者的目标是打破18世纪的理想: 他们拒绝遵守死板的规则; …… 【拓展】 break with sb. 　 与某人绝交 break out (战争、火灾、瘟疫等)爆发 break up 打碎, 分开; (关系)破裂, 分手 break through (取得)突破, 冲破 break down 发生故障, 失败 break into 闯入 break in 打断, 闯入 【易混辨析】break into 和break in都表示“闯入”, 前者是及物动词短语, 可以带宾语, 可用于被动语态。后者是不及物动词短语, 不能带宾语, 也不能用于被动语态。 【写作佳句】We should try our best to break with old tradition. 我们应该尽力破除旧习惯。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. Last night, my house was broken into and the computer was stolen. 2. A big fire broke out in the hotel. Fortunately, no one was killed. 3. Julia broke up with her boyfriend last week. 4. 印刷机总是出故障, 所以我们得经常修理。 The printing machines are always breaking down so we have to repair them often.   知识点10 tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的 【教材原句】This open and tolerant atmosphere allowed Li Bai the liberty to develop a free and unconstrained personality, which, in turn, had a huge impact on his poetic production. (教材p54) 这种开放、宽容的氛围，使李白有了自由自在、无拘无束的个性，对他的诗歌创作产生了巨大的影响。 【拓展】 (1)be tolerant of 对……宽容；容忍…… (2)tolerate vt. 忍受，容忍 tolerate (doing) sth. 容忍/容许(做)某事 (3)tolerance n. 容忍 show tolerance towards sb.容忍某人 [名师点津]表示“容忍，忍受”的单词或短语还有bear、 stand、 put up with等。 【写作佳句】Try to be tolerant of the emotions of those around you, and you will also benefit from it. 试着宽容你周围人的情绪，你也会从中受益。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. As a teacher, you need to show tolerance towards your students' carelessness in study. 2. I couldn't tolerate being interrupted(interrupt) when I was editing my book. 3. We must learn to be tolerant of different cultures especially when we live in a multi­cultural society. 一句多译 4.我不能容忍被嘲笑。 →I can't tolerate being made fun of.(tolerate) →I can't bear/stand being made fun of.(bear/stand) →I can't put up with being made fun of.(put up with) 知识点11 distinguish vt. & vi. 区分，辨别，分清 vt. 使有别于，成为……的特征，使具有……特色；使出 【教材原句】...and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets. (教材p54) ……这使他有别于其他山水诗人。 【拓展】 (1)distinguish... from... 将……与……区别开 distinguish between... and...(＝tell the difference between... and...) 区分……和…… distinguish oneself (as...) (作为……)表现突出 (2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；杰出的 be distinguished for (＝be famous for) 因……而出名 distinguishing adj. 有区别的 【写作佳句】You should learn to distinguish between right and wrong. 你应该学会明辨是非。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. The twins are so alike; it's difficult to distinguish one from the other. 2. Honestly speaking, I admire your distinguished(distinguish) achievements. 3. The Chinese nation is distinguished for its diligence and courage. 4. Lang Ping has already distinguished herself as a great volleyball coach in the world. 同义句转换 5. It could make it hard for people to tell the difference between virtual reality and reality. →It could make it hard for people to distinguish between virtual reality and reality. 知识点12 representative n. 代表 adj. 典型的，有代表性的 【教材原句】The poem below, written in his fifties, is representative of his romantic style. (教材p54) 下面这首诗写于他50多岁的时候，是他浪漫主义风格的代表。 【拓展】 represent vt. 代表，表示；象征；描绘；宣称；说明 represent... as... 把……描绘成…… represent sb.to be/as 宣称某人是/为…… represent sth.to sb. 向某人说明/传达某事 【写作佳句】They will meet representatives from industry and the government next Tuesday. 下周二他们将会见产业界和政府的代表。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. In the afternoon, you together with some of our student representatives(represent) are going to visit the Haihe River and enjoy the beautiful scenery there. 2. I can represent it to you by metaphors (隐喻). 完成句子 3. 她宣称她的妈妈是世界上最好的母亲。 She represents her mother as/to be the kindest mother in the world. 知识点13 owe vt. 欠(情、债等)；归功于 【教材原句】Generations of poets, both in China and abroad, owe a debt to his inspirational poems. (教材p54) 一代又一代的中外诗人都得益于他那鼓舞人心的诗歌。 【拓展】 owe sb.sth.＝owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 owe... to... 把……归功于；归因于 owing to 因为；由于 owe it to sb. that... 多亏了某人…… [名师点津]如果owe的宾语是动词不定式或名词性从句，可使用it作形式宾语，将充当真正宾语的动词不定式或名词性从句放在句尾。 【写作佳句】I owe my great progress in English to you. 我把在英语方面取得的巨大进步归功于您。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. These early settlers owed their survival to hard work and determination to succeed. 2. I owe it to you that I finished my work ahead of time. 3. Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours. 同义句转换 4. The country owes foreign countries billions of dollars because of the financial crisis. →The country owes billions of dollars to foreign countries because of the financial crisis. 知识点14 blame vt. 责备，把……归咎于 【教材原句】If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you... (教材p55) 如果所有人都失去理智，咒骂你，你仍能保持头脑清醒…… 【拓展】 (1)blame sb.for (doing) sth. 因(做了)某事而责备某人 blame sth.on... 把某事归咎于…… be to blame (for...) 应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备 (2)take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任 put/lay the blame for sth.on sb. 把某事的责任推到某人身上 [名师点津]在be to blame (for)短语中，不定式用主动语态表示被动含义。 【写作佳句】When getting along with others, we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes. After all，many times we are also to blame. So instead of blaming others, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place. 当和其他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于其他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责其他人。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 1. I don't blame you for making bad comments to your teacher. 2. You should take the blame for what you have done. 3. Don't always blame your own failure on others. 4. To be honest, it was Su's fault, but Li was also to blame(blame). 同义句转换 5. He blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher. →He blamed the teacher for the failure of his exam.(blame sb.for) →He put/laid the blame for the failure of his exam on the teacher.(blame n. ) 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并思考黑体部分的功能与构成: 1. The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules. 2. During that time, England was undergoing a process called industrialization. 3. Large factories were being built and people were made to work long hours. 4. Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature, the poetry of the Romantic era is one of the greatest treasures in Western literature. 【精讲·语法知识】 非谓语动词综述 一.动词不定式 1. 作主语 2. 作宾语 (1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help (2)在某些动词如find、 think、 consider、 feel、 make、 believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。 3. 作宾语补语 (1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补语，如ask、 want、 invite、 get、 force、 expect、 allow、 persuade、 order、 warn、 remind、 prefer、 cause、 permit、 forbid、 advise、 teach等。 (2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补语： 一感 (feel)，二听(hear、 listen to)，三让(let、have、 make)，五看 (see、 notice、 observe、 watch、 look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。 4. 作定语 不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。 5. 作状语 (1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。 (2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to、 too...to...、 only to等。 (3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad、 happy、 frightened、 surprised等。 (4)作目的状语，此时的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。 6. 作表语 (二)疑问词＋不定式 不定式与疑问词who、 which、 when、 where、 how、 what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 [名师点津]在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 (三)动词不定式的时态和语态 1. 动词不定式的时态和语态的构成和用法 时态 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 to do to be done 进行时 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be doing — 完成时 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done 完成进行时 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing — 2. 动词不定式语态四注意 (1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。 (2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。 (3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。 (4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味) There is nothing to be done.(某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常) (四)不定式符号to的保留问题 有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列词语后：expect、 prefer、 care、 mean、 forget、 want、 wish、 hope、 would like (love)、 try以及be glad/happy等后。 式结构中含有be、 have、 have been，这些词要保留。 【经典练】 一、语法填空 1. The China Anti-Doping Agency (CHINADA) would like to use this open and shared platform ________(share) our new practices. 【答案】to share 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国反兴奋剂中心(CHINADA)愿意利用这个开放和共享的平台来分享我们的新做法。“使用……做某事”结构为use sth. to do sth.,此处应用不定式作目的状语。故填to share。 2. He hurriedly rushed to the station only ________(inform) that the train would arrive late. 【答案】to be informed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他匆忙地赶到车站，结果被告知火车晚点了。设空处作结果状语，表示意外的结果，用不定式；且inform和He之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故使用不定式的被动式。故填to be informed。 3. I’m surprised ________(know) that we can keep flowers blooming by removing the water with a process like air drying or pressing. 【答案】to know 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我很惊讶地发现，我们可以通过像风干或压榨这样的方法去除水分来保持鲜花盛开。“be surprised to do sth.”为固定搭配，表示“对做某事感到惊讶”，其中动词不定式“to do sth.”作原因状语，用来说明惊讶的原因。故填to know。 4. It’s not easy ________(be) the CEO of Meta these days. Mark Zuckerberg is reminded of that most mornings the second he wakes up. 【答案】to be 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这年头当Meta的首席执行官可不容易。马克·扎克伯格在大多数早晨一醒来就会想起这件事。此处为it be adj. to do sth.，不定式作真正主语，故填to be。 5. Instead, he tries ________(do) anything physical that requires complete concentration — his goal is ________(be) fully engaged physically and intellectually to the point where he can’t afford ________(focus) on anything else. 【答案】to do; to be; to focus 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：相反，他试图做任何需要全神贯注的体力活动——他的目标是在身体和智力上完全投入，达到无法再专注于其他事情的程度。第一空：根据空前的tries可知，此处考查固定搭配try to do sth.，意为“试图做某事”，所以空处需用动词不定式to do。第二空：根据空前的is可知，此处需用动词不定式to be作表语。第三空：根据空前的can’t afford可知，此处考查固定搭配can’t afford to do sth.，意为“负担不起做某事；没有能力做某事”，所以空处需用动词不定式to focus。故填①to do②to be③to focus。 6. Like most of us, I try ________(be) mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was ________(make) a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. 【答案】to be; to make 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：和我们大多数人一样，我努力留意那些会被浪费掉的食物。芝麻菜本可以做成一份美味的绿色沙拉，为烤鸡晚餐增色。分析句子可知，第一空应填不定式to be，在句中作“try”的宾语，构成固定搭配“try to do sth.”，表示“努力做某事”；第二空应填不定式to make，作表语，用于说明主语The arugula当时的计划或用途。故填①to be；②to make。 7. More than admiring scenery, the mentor told children ________(identify) rocks and some plant species in the reserve. 【答案】to identify 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：导师告诉孩子们，除了欣赏风景，还要识别保护区里的岩石和一些植物物种。tell sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“告诉某人做某事”，所以空处应用动词不定式形式作宾语补足语。故填to identify。 8. In a study ________(look) at runners who covered the same distance on a treadmill(跑步机) and outdoors, the group that ran inside were said ________(consume) less energy than the outside group. 【答案】looking; to consume 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在一项研究中，研究人员观察了在跑步机上和户外跑相同距离的跑步者，据说在室内跑步的组比在室外跑步的组消耗的能量更少。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词were said，第一个空格处需填非谓语动词修饰名词study。逻辑主语study与动词look之间是主动关系，因此应用现在分词looking作后置定语。而第二空处的sb be said to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“据说某人做某事”，第二空填动词不定式to consume作主语补足语。故填looking；to consume。 9. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work ________(complete) in class or short assignments ________(complete) at home, both of which will be graded. 【答案】to be completed; to be completed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，我会不时地布置一些小组作业在课堂上完成，或者布置一些短期的家庭作业，这两项作业都将进行评分。句子谓语动词是will assign，第一空和第二空均应用非谓语动词，结合“assign”可知，assign的常见用法为assign ... to do sth.“分配……做某事”，complete与其逻辑主语group work之间是被动关系，所以第一空和第二空均应用动词不定式的被动式作后置定语。故填①to be completed②to be completed。 10. Henry said that he would leave me ________(finish) all the work, and the words left me ________(wonder) about his real purpose. 【答案】to finish; wondering 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：Henry说他要让我完成所有的工作，他的话让我不知道他的真实目的。分析句子结构可知，第一空在句中作宾补，因finish和宾语me是逻辑上的主谓关系且表示动作还没有发生，此时用不定式作宾补；第二空作宾补，因wonder和宾语me是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示正在发生的动作，故用动词-ing形式作宾补。所以答案为 to finish ；wondering 。 11. Jan was so inspired by the people she met online that she decided to start an IT club to teach older people how ________(use) computers and the Internet. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to use 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：Jan受到她在网上认识的人的启发，决定成立一个IT俱乐部，教老年人如何使用电脑和互联网。此处为“疑问词 + 不定式”结构，其作用相当于名词，how to use表示“如何使用”，在句中作teach的宾语。故填to use。 二. 动词­ing和动词­ed形式 动词­ing形式和动词­ed形式在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补语，其具体用法如下： 1. 作表语 (1)动词­ed形式作表语表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态；而动词­ing形式作表语多表示事物具有的特性。 (2)充当表语的词语(过去分词)通常加在系动词后面。常见系动词： be 动词：is/am/are/was/were 一“好像”：seem 二“保持”：keep，remain 三“变化”：become, get, turn 五“感官”：look, sound, taste, feel, smell 2. 作定语 动词­ing形式作定语表示主动、进行；动词­ed形式作定语，表示被动、完成。 [名师点津](1)单个的过去分词作定语通常放在被修饰词之前；过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。有些过去分词表示特定含义，单独作定语也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：left(剩余的)、given(所给的)、concerned (有关的)等。另外，单个过去分词作定语修饰代词时，应该放在被修饰的词后面。 (2)有些过去分词作定语既可前置也可后置，意义不变，但有些过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同，则意义也不相同。 3. 作状语 动词­ing形式(现在分词)和动词­ed形式(过去分词)在句中作状语时通常作原因、时间、伴随、条件、结果、让步状语等。主语与动词­ing形式(现在分词)在逻辑上存在主谓关系，主语与动词­ed形式(过去分词)在逻辑上存在动宾关系。 [名师点津]动词­ing 形式和动词­ed 形式的独立主格结构： 动词­ing 形式短语(现在分词短语)和动词­ed 形式短语(过去分词短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，但有时它们可以有自己的独立主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关系时，用动词­ing 形式；当逻辑主语与其后的动词是被动关系时，用动词­ed 形式。 Time permitting, we can complete the project. 如果时间允许，我们就能完成这个项目。(逻辑主语time与 permit 存在主动关系，独立主格结构作条件状语) 4. 作宾语补语 (1)宾语补语与宾语是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，用动词­ing形式。 宾语补语与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用动词­ed形式。 (2)可接­ing分词作宾语补语的动词有： a. 感知觉动词：feel、 hear、 look at、 listen to、 notice、 observe、 sense、 see、 watch。 b. 动词get、 have、 keep、 leave、 send、set等。 c. 现在分词用在“with ＋宾语＋宾语补语”这一结构中，现在分词与宾语之间是主谓关系。 (3)可接­ed分词作宾语补语的动词有： a. 表示感观或心理状态的词，如see、 hear、 feel、 watch、 notice、 think、 consider、 find。 b. 表示“致使”或者“保持某种状态”意义的动词，如make、 get、 have、 keep、 leave等词。 c. 表示希望、请求、命令的词，如want、wish、 like。 【经典练】　 一、语法填空 1. Before choosing to study online, consider whether you’re a self-motivated learner and if the material seems interesting enough to keep you ________(go). 【答案】going 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在选择在线学习之前，考虑一下你是否是一个自我激励的学习者，以及这些材料是否足够有趣，能让你坚持下去。动词短语keep sb. doing“使某人持续进行某动作”符合题意，因此用go的现在分词形式，作宾语补足语。故填going。 2. Kiefer himself suffered exposure ________(clean) up Enowatek Atoll, and for a while thereafter was ruled medically unable to have children. 【答案】cleaning 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：基弗本人在清理埃诺瓦泰克环礁时受到了辐射影响，此后有一段时间，医生诊断他无法生育。空白处在句子中作状语，且与其逻辑主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词形式。故填 cleaning。 3. ________(stuff) with natural beauty and modern resources, this city attracts a constant stream of visitors. 【答案】Stuffed 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这个城市充满了自然美景和现代资源，吸引了源源不断的游客。句子已有谓语动词attracts，空处需填非谓语动词作状语，stuff“填满，塞满”与逻辑主语this city之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式，且句首首字母需大写。故填Stuffed。 4. At that time, an unusual sign from the ________(murder) couple arrested the detective’s attention. 【答案】murdered 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当时，这对被谋杀的夫妇身上一个不寻常的迹象引起了侦探的注意。此处为非谓语动词作定语修饰名词“couple”，murder是动词，意为“谋杀”，与couple之间为被动关系，所以此处使用其过去分词murdered。故填murdered。 5. Stories like Miller’s aren’t unusual, said Keith Kiefer, national commander of the National Association of Atomic Veterans. Since 1979, his organization has fought to gain recognition and compensation for those ________(expose) to ionizing radiation as part of ________(they) military service. 【答案】exposed; their 【详解】考查非谓语动词和代词。句意：美国国家原子能退伍军人协会全国负责人基思·基弗表示，像米勒这样的故事并不罕见。自1979年以来，他的组织一直在为那些在服兵役时遭受电离辐射的人争取认可和补偿。分析句子可知，该句第一空为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰“those”，“those”与“expose”之间是被动关系(“那些人被暴露于……”)，因此用过去分词“exposed”形式；该句第二空空格后接名词“military service”，需用形容词性物主代词“their”。故填①exposed；②their。 6. The friend ________ is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands ________(place) on the friend ________ has moved.) 【答案】who; placed; who 【详解】考查定语从句和非谓语动词。句意：留下来的朋友需要对搬到别处的朋友所承担的所有额外时间需求保持敏感。分析第一个空可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词是“The friend”，指人，且从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词who；分析第二个空可知，设空处作后置定语修饰“all the additional time demands”，“demands”与“place”之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词placed；分析第三个空可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词是“the friend”，指人，且从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词who。故填①who；②placed；③who 7. Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist ideology ________(create) by a famous Taoist ________(name) Zhang Sanfeng, in the early years of the Ming Dynasty. 【答案】were created; named 【详解】考查被动语态和非谓语动词。句意：基于道家思想的武当武术是由明代初年一位名叫张三丰的著名道士创立的。分析句子结构可知，第一空作谓语动词，主语Wudang martial arts与动词create之间是被动关系，且根据in the early years of the Ming Dynasty可知动作发生在过去，因此应用一般过去时的被动语态。martial arts为复数形式，be 动词用were，故第一空填were created。而第二空需填非谓语动词，逻辑主语Taoist与动词name之间是被动关系，因此应用过去分词named作后置定语。故填were created；named。 8. Orange trees make great gifts and you see them many times ________(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 【答案】decorated 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：橙子树是极好的礼物选择，而且你经常会看到它们被红色信封装饰，并附有吉祥的祝福语。此处decorate与them构成被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。故填decorated。 9. ________(give) that there is some volatility ________(tie) to the commodities market, experts recommend investing in commodities through a ________(diversify) investment vehicle, such as a mutual fund or ETF. 【答案】Given; tied; diversified 【详解】考查非谓语动词和形容词。句意：鉴于大宗商品市场存在一定的波动性，专家建议通过多元化的投资工具，如共同基金或交易所交易基金，投资大宗商品。分析句子可知，第一空应填given，构成固定搭配“given that”，表示“鉴于，考虑到”，引导原因状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写；第二空作后置定语修饰volatility，动词tie与volatility构成动宾关系，应填过去分词tied；第三空修饰名词investment vehicle短语，应填形容词diversified，作前置定语，意为“多元化的”。故填①Given；②tied；③diversified。 10. Next time you find yourself ________(engross) in a nature documentary and listen to a bear making its way through a ________(snow-fill) landscape or a lion eating its prey, thank the foley artists. ________(name) after the 1920s Hollywood pioneer Jack Foley, these experts weave in realistic sounds at the editing stage and synchronise them to an animal’s movements. 【答案】engrossed; snow-filled; Named 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：下次当你沉浸在一部自然纪录片中，听到一只熊在积雪覆盖的原野中穿行或者一只狮子正在进食猎物的声音时，要感谢那些拟音师。这些专家以20世纪20年代的好莱坞先驱杰克・福利命名，他们在剪辑阶段融入逼真的音效，并将其与动物的动作同步。第一空所在的部分为“find+宾语+宾补”结构，engross与“yourself”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，填过去分词表被动，所以第一空填engrossed；第二空为非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词“landscape”，“landscape”与snow-fill之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作定语，所以第二空填snow-filled；第三空为非谓语动词作状语，动词name与“these experts”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词作状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写，所以第三空填Named。答填①engrossed；②snow-filled；③Named。 三、写作清单 写一篇诗评 【点拨·写作技巧】 本单元的写作任务是写诗歌评论。每当我们读完一篇小说、散文或一首诗歌时，我们或多或少都会有一些感想。如果我们把这些感想写出来，这就成了评论。下面我们就以读完一首诗歌为例，来学习一下写诗歌评论的方法。 第一步：我们要列出有关这首诗歌的信息，如作者、写作时间、背景及感情色彩等； 第二步：把列举的内容连接成句，然后再连句成篇即可。 【积累·写作素材】 1. It's clear that poetic and pictorial splendor was especially paid attention to... 2. Ancient poets were good at creating... 3. I want to know something about the rhythm of... 4. By concentrating on this specific moment, the author vividly shows... 5. In the end, the poet directly expresses... 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Andy将要参加中文诗歌朗诵比赛(recitation contest)，发邮件向你询问下面这首诗歌的含义。请你回复邮件，介绍该诗歌的主要内容、表达的思想感情和写作手法。 游子吟 作者：孟郊(唐) 慈母手中线，游子身上衣。 临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归。 谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Andy, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-诗歌评论 人称 以第三人称为主 时态 一般现在时为主 框架 ①介绍英国朋友Andy将要参加中文诗歌朗诵比赛的事件，引出主题； ②介绍唐诗《游子吟》的主要内容、表达的思想感情和写作手法； ③希望能得到对方的回复。 第二步：要点翻译 词汇翻译 1.参加take part in 2.中文诗歌朗诵比赛a Chinese poetry recitation contest 3.唐朝Tang Dynasty 4.描写了一个场景describe a scene 5.做衣服make clothes 6.母亲对孩子深深的爱a mother's deep love for her child 7.使从事于；使忙碌于be occupied in 8.集中精力于；全神贯注于concentrate on 9.在某种程度上 in a way 10.盼望，期待look forward to 句子翻译 1.听说你要参加中国诗歌朗诵比赛，因此我写信给你提供一些关于将要展示的这首诗的信息。 I know that you are going to take part in a Chinese poetry recitation contest, so I'm writing to offer you some information about the poem to be presented. 2.通过对这一特定时刻的关注，作者将这一时刻比作温暖无私的太阳，生动地表达了母亲对孩子深深的爱。 By concentrating on this specific moment, the author vividly shows a mother's deep love for her child by comparing it to the warm and selfless sun. 3.以上就是我对这首广为流传的诗的了解，希望对你有所帮助。 That's all I know about this popular poem, and I hope it will be helpful to you. 第三步：词句升级 4.用非谓语结构改写句1。 Knowing that you are going to take part in a Chinese poetry recitation contest, I'm writing to offer you some information about the poem to be presented. 5.用表语从句和定语从句升级句3.。 All the above is what I know about the widely circulated poem, which I hope will help you in a way. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Andy, Knowing that you are going to take part in a Chinese poetry recitation contest, I'm writing to offer you some information about the poem to be presented. Written by a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, Meng Jiao, this poem mainly describes a scene where a mother is fully occupied in making clothes for her child who is about to leave home. By concentrating on this specific moment, the author vividly shows a mother's deep love for her child by comparing it to the warm and selfless sun. All the above is what I know about the widely circulated poem, which I hope will help you in a way. Looking forward to your good news! Yours, Li Hua ( 7 / 22 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$