高考时文同源阅读之人与自然话题1 任务单-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

Dogs seem to understand that words represent specific objects. Studies suggest, although some dogs can fetch a wide range of different objects at once command, you do well on such test in the lab. In addition, it's unclear if dogs understand words as object names rather than instructions. To explore this question, mariana borrow and advice loan university in buddhist hungry and her colleagues tested eighteen dogs from a wide range of breeds. Their owners chose five objects familiar to each dog. In the test, they said the name of an object and then show the dog either the name, the object or a different object. Each dog's brain waves were monitored by electro o and c pilot graphene EG to see whether there was a difference in activity when the dog owner said ball but showed stick, for example, compared with when the word and the object were the same, the researchers found that the EEG signals were different when the objects didn't match, and the effect was stronger for words that the individual dogs knew well. This is similar to results seen in humans and suggests that dogs know that certain words represent certain objects. Susan hazel at the university of Adelaide, australia, says the study adds to the knowledge of dog cognition. I think dogs understand more and less than what we realize, says hazel. This research shows dogs appear to make a mental representation of a word they know, for example, above, which is not at all surprising to most dog owners who know how their dogs understand some words. Dog cognition is now one of the most studied areas around the world, says hazel. I love all the research on dogs, but would love to see more on other animals. We live closely with cats, rabbits, horses. 人与动物：动物也有意识 同源话题 2024新课标|卷B篇 说明文|难度：中|约340词|建议用时：7 分钟 In recent years, scientists have discovered interesting things about animals that suggest they might have awareness. For example, bees have been seen playing with wooden balls, which suggests they might do things just for fun. Similarly, wrasses have shown signs of recognizing themselves in mirrors. They react to their own reflections as if they see themselves as other fish, a behavior previously thought to be seen only in more complex animals. Octopuses have also surprised researchers with behaviors that suggest they understand their environment and remember past experiences. They avoid places where they' ve been hurt before, showing memory and decision-making based on past events. These discoveries, made in the last five years, show evidence that many species, not just mammals and birds, may have some level of consciousness and personal experiences. Prompted by these findings, a group of top researchers working on animal cognition came together to issue“The New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness”. This declaration states that birds and mammals definitely experience consciousness, and that there's a realistic possibility that all vertebrates(脊椎动物), including reptiles, amphibians, and fish, share this trait(特点). It also suggests that even animals without backbones, like insects, might also have some form of consciousness. This shift challenges long-standing scientific belief that animals are purely mechanical beings without emotions or awareness. It marks a new era where recognizing and understanding the potential awareness of animals could affect how we ethically and legally treat them. Laws about animal welfare, which have historically focused on visible behaviors rather than internal experiences, may need to change to reflect this new understanding. Jonathan Birch, a philosophy professor involved in the declaration, mentioned the excitement among researchers about studying animal minds. He emphasized the importance of considering animals' ability to sense their surroundings, feel emotions, and possibly have self-awareness. This broader perspective not only improves our scientific knowledge but also raises important ethical questions about how we interact with and care for the animals that share our world. 1. What have scientists discovered recently? A. More animals might possess awareness. B. Sea animals are smarter than mammals. C. Birds have some level of consciousness. D. Bees play with wooden balls unconsciously. 2. What does the underlined phrase“Prompted by” mean in Paragraph 3? A. Warned by. B. Inspired by. C. Shocked by. D. Discouraged by. 3. What can be inferred from the shift in Paragraph 4? A. Animals were thought to be emotional. B. People used to neglect and mistreat animals. C. People wish to call for intense animal protection. D. Regulations may begin to consider animals' inner world. 4. Why does the author mention Birch's words in the end? A. To prove the declaration to be correct. B. To analyze how animals' sensation works. C. To highlight the significance of the discovery. D. To call on people to protect endangered animals 参考答案与深度解析 【文前导读】本文主要说明了科学家近年发现一些低等动物也有意识，打破了旧的观念。这种转变将对动物保护事业产生重要影响，让人们更多地关注动物的心理。文章基本框架如下： Part 1(Paras.1-2) 利用实例表明动物拥有意识。 Part 2(Para.3) 点明研究者们相较于以往的新发现。 Part 3(Para.4) 新发现促使人们转变以往对待动物的方式。 Part 4(Para.5) 利用科学家的话证实新发现的重要意义。 1.细节理解题。 由第一段中的“In recent years, scientists have discovered interesting things about animals that suggest they might have awareness. For example, bees... wrasse...”和第二段中的“Octopuses...”可知，近年来，科学家发现了一些有趣的动物特征，表明它们可能拥有意识，下文又拿蜜蜂、隆头鱼、章鱼举例说明。综上可知，科学家近来发现了更多的动物拥有意识。答案：A 释疑难Q：为什么本题不选C呢? A:根据第二段中的“These discoveries, made in the last five years, show evidence that many species, not just mammals and birds, may have some level of consciousness and personal experiences”可知，C项表述是正确的，但这不是研究重点，该句强调的重点在于“不仅仅是哺乳类动物和鸟类，还有许多物种可能有某种程度的意识和自我体验”，故排除C而选A。 2.词义猜测题。根据画线词前后的内容可知，这些在过去五年中的发现表明，许多物种(不仅仅是哺乳动物和鸟类)可能都具有一定程度的意识和自我体验。正是受这些发现所启发，一群动物认知领域的顶尖研究人员共同发表了《纽约动物意识宣言》。该宣言指出，鸟类和哺乳动物肯定具有意识，而且很可能所有脊椎动物，包括爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类，都具有这种特征。所以画线词意为“受……启发”。答案：B 3.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Laws about animal welfare, which have historically focused on visible behaviors rather than internal experiences, may need to change to reflect this new understanding”可知，有关动物福利的法律历来侧重于可见的行为而不是内在体验，可能需要改变以反映这种新的认识。结合上文可推出，这种新的认识指的是动物也有意识。故D项(法规或许开始考虑动物的内心世界)符合题意。答案：D 4.写作意图题。根据 Birch教授强调的内容可知，人们要考虑动物感知周围环境、感受情绪以及可能具有自我意识的能力的重要性；再结合最后一句话可知，这种更广阔的视角不仅提升了我们的科学知识，而且提出了关于我们如何与和我们共享世界的动物互动以及照顾动物的重要伦理问题，由此推出，引用教授的言论是为了强调这个发现有伟大的意义。答案：C 反复精读·积累速记 · 二次精读·词汇速记 · 核心词 recognize v. 认出 emphasize v. 强调 interact v. 交流 shift n. 改变,转移,转换,变换 mark v. 标志 sensation n. 感觉,知觉 inner adj. 内心的 · 障碍词 consciousness n. 意识 [conscious 有意识的 +-ness ······的性质] declaration n. 宣言 [ declare 宣称+-ation……行为] previously adv. 先前地 [previous 先前的+-ly] unconsciously adv. 无意识地 [un-不+ conscious 有意识的+-ly] mistreat v. 虐待 [mis-坏(或错)的,糟糕(或错误)地+ treat 对待] long-standing adj. 存在已久的 [long长久地+ stand 站立+-ing] mechanical adj. 机械般的,无思想的 ethically adv.合乎伦理地,伦理上 · 熟词生义 issue 熟义：n.问题 文中义：v.宣布，公布，发出 · 核心短语 call for 要求,需要 call on sb. to do sth.号召某人做某事 · 三次精读·长难句分析 长难句 They react to their own reflections as if they see themselves as other fish, a behavior previously thought to be seen only in more complex animals.(Para.1) 剖析 本句句子主干为 They react to their own reflections, as if 引导方式状语从句,a behavior作前面句子的同位语,过去分词短语“previously thought... animals”作后置定语,修饰 behavior。 翻译 它们对自己的影像做出反应，就好像它们看到的是其他鱼一样，这种行为以前被认为只出现在更复杂的动物中。 参考译文： 人与动物：动物也有意识 近年来，科学家们在动物身上发现了一些有趣的现象，表明它们可能具有意识。例如，有人看到蜜蜂在玩木球，这表明它们可能只是为了好玩。同样，隆头鱼也有在镜子中认出自己的迹象。它们对自己的倒影做出反应，仿佛看到自己是其他鱼类，而这种行为以前被认为只出现在更复杂的动物身上。 八爪鱼的行为也让研究人员大吃一惊，这些行为表明它们了解自己所处的环境，并能记住过去的经历。它们会避开曾经受过伤害的地方，这表明它们的记忆和决策是基于过去的事件。这些发现都是在过去五年中取得的，它们表明，不仅是哺乳动物和鸟类，许多物种都可能具有某种程度的意识和个人经历。 在这些发现的推动下，一群从事动物认知研究的顶尖研究人员共同发表了《纽约动物意识宣言》。该宣言指出，鸟类和哺乳动物肯定会有意识，而且包括爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类在内的所有脊椎动物都有可能具有这种特征。它也表明，即使像昆虫这样没有脊椎的动物也可能具有某种形式的意识。 长期以来，科学界一直认为动物是没有情感和意识的纯机械生命，这一观点受到了挑战。它标志着一个新时代的到来，认识和理解动物的潜在意识可能会影响我们在道德和法律上对待动物的方式。有关动物福利的法律历来关注的是动物的可见行为而非内在体验，这些法律可能需要改变，以反映这种新的认识。 参与宣言的哲学教授Jonathan Birch提到了研究人员对研究动物思想的兴奋之情。他强调了考虑动物感知周围环境、感受情绪以及可能具有自我意识的能力的重要性。这种更广阔的视角不仅能提高我们的科学知识，还提出了一些重要的伦理问题，即我们如何与和共享我们世界的动物互动并关爱它们。 第 1 页 共 3 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 动物研究：狗能理解单词代表物体 同源题源 2022 新课标|卷 D篇 说明文|难度: 中|约300词|建议用时: 7分钟 Dogs seem to understand that words represent specific objects, studies suggest. Although some dogs can fetch a wide range of different objects at one's command(指令), few do well on such tests in the lab. In addition, it is unclear if dogs understand words as object names, rather than instructions. To explore this question, Marianna Boros at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, Hungary, and her colleagues tested 18 dogs from a wide range of breeds (品种). Their owners chose five objects familiar to each dog. In the test, they said the name of an object and then showed the dog either the named object or a different object. Each dog's brainwaves were monitored via electroencephalography (EEG) to see whether there was a difference in activity when the dog's owner said“ball”, but showed a stick, for example, compared with when the word and the object were the same. The researchers found that the EEG signals were different when the objects didn't match and the effect was stronger for words that the individual dogs knew well. This is similar to results seen in humans and suggests that dogs know that certain words represent certain objects. Susan Hazel at the University of Adelaide, Australia, says the study adds to the knowledge of dog cognition( 认知). “I think dogs both understand more and less than what we realize,” says Hazel. “This research shows dogs appear to make a mental representation of a word they know—— for example, a ball—— which is not at all surprising to most dog owners who know how their dogs understand some words. “Dog cognition is now one of the most studied areas around the world,” says Hazel. “I love all the research on dogs, but would love to see more on other animals we live closely with—— cats, rabbits, horses.” 1. What did the study aim to investigate? A. The ability of dogs to learn new words. B. The relationship between dogs and their owners. C. The impact of different objects on dogs' behavior. D. The understanding of words as object names by dogs. 2. How did the researchers reach their conclusion? A. By classifying the breeds of dogs. B. By investigating the hobbies of dogs. C. By observing the behavior of dogs. D. By analyzing the brain activity of dogs. 3. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The process of the research. B. The description of the causes. C. The variety of the experiment. D. The classification of methods. 4. What can we learn from what Susan Hazel says? A. Dogs rely only on spoken instructions. B. Dogs understand words better than humans do. C. Dogs form mental representations of words they know. D. Dogs have limited cognitive abilities compared to other animals. 参考答案与深度解析 【文前导读】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，狗似乎能理解单词代表特定的物体。研究者通过监测狗的脑电波，发现当狗听到与展示的物体不匹配的词语时，其脑电波会有所不同。这暗示狗知道某些词语代表特定的物体。这项研究对于理解狗的认知能力做出了贡献。 1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句中的“it is unclear if dogs understand words as object names, rather than instructions”及第三段的“To explore this question... tested 18 dogs”可知,该研究旨在探索狗是否理解单词代表物体名称。答案：D 2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段,尤其是其中的“Each dog's brainwaves were monitored via electroencephalography (EEG)”可知,每只狗的脑电波在这项测试中都通过脑电描记法监测,再结合第四段的内容可知，研究人员是通过分析狗的大脑活动得出结论的。答案：D ●释疑难 Q：为什么本题不选C项呢? A：部分考生看到第三段第一句，尤其是“tested 18 dogs”就想当然地认为对狗进行测试，得出结论肯定要观察狗的行为，从而误选C项，忽视了后文对研究相关内容的介绍。 3.段落大意题。根据文章第三段的内容可知，研究人员选择了18只不同品种的狗，让它们的主人选择熟悉的物体，并使用脑电描记法监测狗的脑电波。通过比较物体名称与实际展示物体一致和不一致时狗的脑电波，研究人员能够观察到狗的脑电活动的差异。由此可知，该段在介绍研究的过程。答案：A 4.推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中 SusanHazel的发言可知，她认为这项研究增加了对狗的认知的相关知识，并表示狗似乎会对它们认识的单词形成心理表征(大脑中对外界事物的思维和认知的内部表达方式)。因此，我们可以得出狗对它们知道的单词形成心理表征的结论，选项C与此一致。答案：C 反复精读·积累速记 · 二次精读·词汇速记 · 核心词 represent v. 代表 fetch v. 去拿,取 monitor v. 监视,跟踪调查 instruction n. 指示,命令 signal n. 信号 match v. 相配 individual adj. 单独的,个别的 mental adj. 思想的,精神的 investigate v. 调查,研究 impact n. 巨大影响 description n. 描写 limited adj. 有限的 · 障碍词 unclear adj. 不清楚的,不确定的 [ un-不+ clear 清楚的] brainwave n. 脑电波 [ brain 大脑+ wave波浪] representation n. 表现,表现形式 [ represent代表 +-ation] classification n. 归类,分类 [ classify分类+-ation] · 熟词生义 specific 熟义: adj. 明确的,具体的 文中义: adj. 特定的 · 核心短语 a wide range of 广泛的 at sb.'s command 服从某人的支配 compared with 与……相比 add to 使增加 · 三次精读·长难句分析 长难句 Each dog's brainwaves were monitored via electroencephalography (EEG) to see whether there was a difference in activity when the dog's owner said“ball”, but showed a stick, for example, compared with when the word and the object were the same.( Para.3) 剖析 本句句子主干为 Each dog's brainwaves were monitored, via electroencephalography (EEG)作方式状语，后面的不定式作目的状语，其中 whether引导的从句作 see的宾语，在宾语从句中第一个 when引导时间状语从句，在时间状语从句中 but连接两个动词短语“said‘ball’”和“showed a stick”, “compared with...”为状语,其后为 when 引导的宾语从句(与第一个 when引导的时间状语从句进行对比)。 翻译 通过脑电描记法(EEG)监测每只狗的脑电波，看看比如当狗的主人说“球”但显示一根棍子时，与单词和物体相同时相比，(脑电)活动是否存在差异。 参考译文： 动物研究：狗能理解单词代表物体 研究表明，狗似乎能理解词语代表特定的物体。 虽然有些狗能按指令叼来各种不同的物品，但很少有狗能在实验室的此类测试中取得好成绩。此外，目前还不清楚狗是否能将单词理解为物体名称，而不是指令。 为了探究这个问题，匈牙利布达佩斯罗兰大学的Marianna Boros和她的同事测试了 18 只不同品种的狗。它们的主人为每只狗选择了五件熟悉的物品。在测试中，他们说出一个物体的名称，然后让狗看这个被点名的物体或另一个不同的物体。通过脑电图（EEG）监测每只狗的脑电波，以观察当狗的主人说“球”但展示一根棍子时，狗的脑电波活动是否与说“球”和展示相同物体时的脑电波活动不同。 研究人员发现，当对象不匹配时，脑电信号就会不同，而且对个别狗熟悉的单词的影响更大。这与在人类身上看到的结果相似，表明狗知道某些词代表某些物体。 澳大利亚阿德莱德大学的Susan Hazel说，这项研究增加了人们对狗认知的了解。Hazel说：“我认为狗的理解能力比我们意识到的要强，也比我们意识到的要弱。”这项研究表明，狗似乎会对它们认识的单词——例如球——进行心理表征，这对于大多数知道自己的狗如何理解某些单词的狗主人来说一点也不奇怪。 “狗的认知现在是全世界研究最多的领域之一。”Hazel说。“我喜欢所有关于狗的研究，但也希望看到更多关于其他与我们生活密切的动物——猫、兔子和马的研究。” 第 1 页 共 5 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$In recent years, scientists have discovered interesting things about animals that suggest they may have awareness. For example, bees have been seen playing with wooden balls, which suggest that they might do things just for fun. Similarly, races have shown signs of recognizing themselves in mirrors. They react their own reflections as if they see themselves as other fish, a behavior previously thought to be seen only in more complex animals. Octopuses have also surprised researchers with behaviors that suggest they understand their environment and remember past experiences. They avoid places where they've been hurt before showing memory and decision making based on past events. These discoveries made in the last five years show evidence that many species, not just mammals and birds, may have some level of consciousness and personal experiences. Prompted by these findings, a group of top researchers working on animal cognition came together to issue the new york declaration on animal consciousness. This declaration states that birds and mamas definitely experiences consciousness, and that there's a realistic possibility that all vertebrates, including reptiles and Vivians and fish, share this trade. IT also suggests that even animals without backbones like insects, might also have some form of consciousness. This shift chAllenges long standing scientific belief that animals are purely mechanical beans without emotions or awareness. IT Marks a new error, or recognizing and understanding the potential awareness of animals could affect how we ethical and legally treat them. Laws about animal welfare, which have historically focused on visible behaviors rather than internal experiences, may need a change to reflect this new understanding. JoNathan birch of philosophy professor involved in the declaration, mention the excitement among researchers about standing animal minds. He emphasize the importance of considering animals ability to sense their surroundings, feel emotions and possibly have self awareness. This broader perspective not only improves our scientific knowledge, but also raises important ethical questions about how we interact with and care for the animals that share our world.