第一部分 必修第三册 UNIT4 Scientists who changed the world（Word教参）-【优化指导】2026年高考英语一轮复习高中总复习·第1轮（译林版）

[对应学生用书P107] 分层单词 一、写作词汇——写词形 1．trial n．试用，试验；审讯，审判；考验 vi.& vt.测试，试验 2．household adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的 n．一家人，家庭 3．postpone vt.延迟，延期 4．sufficient adj.足够的，充足的 5．data n．数据，资料，材料 6．error n．错误，差错 7．wisdom n．智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智 8．theory n．学说，论；原理；看法，意见 9．thunderstorm n．雷雨，雷暴 10．ribbon n．带子，丝带；带状物 11．charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管 12．publish vt.出版，发行；发表；公布 二、阅读词汇——明词义 1．republic n．共和国，共和政体 2．province n．省，省份 3．broad adj.广泛的；宽阔的，广阔的；概括的；开阔的 4．herb n．药草，香草；草本 5．penicillin n．青霉素，盘尼西林 6．bacteria n．(sing.bacterium)细菌 7．metal n．金属 8．electric adj.电的，发电的，电动的 9．bang n．突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击 vi.& vt.砸；砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞 10．standout adj.突出的 n．突出的人(或物) 11．atomic adj.原子能的；原子的 12．bomb n．炸弹；核武器 vt.轰炸 13．evil n．罪恶，罪行；害处，坏处 adj.恶毒的；有害的；恶魔的 14．credit n．赞扬，认可；信用 vt.存入金额；把……归于 15．moral adj.道德的；道义上的；品行端正的 n．品行，道德；寓意 16．negate vt.取消，使无效；否认，否定 17．intellectual adj.脑力的；有才智的，智力发达的 n．知识分子，脑力劳动者 18．authority n．权威，权力；官方 19．evolution n．进化；演变，发展 三、拓展词汇——灵活用 1．intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指→intention n．意图→intended adj.计划的，有意的 2．experiment n．实验，试验；尝试，实践 vi.做试验，进行实验；尝试→experimental adj.试验性的 3．container n．容器；集装箱，货柜→contain vt.包含；控制 4．wisdom n．智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智→wise adj.明智的；有智慧的→wisely adv.聪明地 5．illustrate vt.说明，解释；加插图于→illustration n．说明；插图→illustrative adj.说明的 6．limited adj.有限的→limit vt.限制 n．限度→unlimited adj.无限制的 7．responsibility n．责任，负责；职责，义务→responsible adj.负责的→irresponsible adj.不负责的 8．declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报→declaration n．宣告；公告 9．surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→surrounding adj.周围的；附近的→surroundings n．环境 10．favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒→favourable adj.赞同的；有利的→favourite adj.特别喜爱的 11．survive v．生存；继续存在；比……活得长→survival n．生存，存活；残存物，幸存事物→survivor n．幸存者 12．benefit n．利益 v．有益于；有助于→beneficial adj.有益的， 有用的 13．conduct vt.& vi.组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止→conductor n．指挥家；售票员；导体 14．accident n．意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→accidental adj.意外的→accidentally adv.意外地 15．indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→indication n．指示；象征 16．intelligent adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→intelligence n．智力 17．politics n．政治→political adj.政治的→politician n．政治家，从政者；投机经营者 18．electricity n．电，电能→electric adj.电的；发电的，电动的→electrical adj.有关电的；电力的→electronic adj.电子的 19．involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加→involved adj.有关的；卷入的；复杂的→involvement n．参与；牵连 20．science n．科学→scientist n．科学家→scientific adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的 21．apply vt.& vi.应用；申请；涂；有关→application n．申请；应用→applicant n．申请人 22．ignore v．忽视→ignorance n．无知→ignorant adj.无知的→ignorantly adv.无知地 23．permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证→permission n．许可 24．mystery n．神秘；神秘的人(或事物)；悬疑作品→mysterious adj.神秘的 25．nation n．国家→national adj.国家的→nationality n．国籍；民族→international adj.国际的 26．marry v．娶；嫁→marriage n．结婚，婚姻；已婚状态→married adj.已婚的；婚姻的 常用短语 1．refer to 查阅，参考；提到，谈及 2．speed up (使)加速 3．pay off 成功，奏效，达到目的 4．through trial and error 反复试验 5．by accident 偶然，意外地 6．with a bang 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响 7．let sb. down 使某人失望 8．as to 关于，至于 9．take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然 10．put forward 提出，提议，建议 经典句型 1．教材原句： However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources were limited. 句型：It is/was＋adj.(＋for/of sb.) to do sth. 翻译：然而，由于研究资源有限，很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 2．教材原句： The story goes like this: Franklin had found lightning interesting for years, believing it was actually electricity. 句型：find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 翻译：故事是这样的：多年来，富兰克林发现闪电很有趣，他认为它实际上是电。 [对应学生用书P109] 词汇精讲 1　　intend vt.& vi.想要，计划；意指 [归纳拓展] ①intend (sb./sth.) to do sth. 想要(某人/某物)做某事 intend that .../it is intended that ... 计划/打算…… ②intention n．打算；意图；目的 intention of doing sth.＝intention to do sth. 做某事的意图 intention that ... ……的意图 ③intended adj.打算的；计划的 be intended for ... 为……打算/设计的 be intended to be/do ... 打算/计划成为/做…… be intended as ... 作为……而打算/设计 ④intentional adj.故意的，有意的，存心的 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①(2022·新高考 Ⅰ 卷)The GPNP is intended to provide(provide) stronger protection for all the species. ②Using emojis can add humour and feeling, keeping intention(intend) clear. ③But when Dennis Williams received a text that clearly wasn't intended for him, he did something special. [考点进阶]　一句多译 ④为了在繁忙的世界中提供一点乐趣、自由和成就，它现在是双月刊。 →To provide a bit of fun，freedom and achievement in the busy world，it is now published bimonthly.(非谓语动词作目的状语) →With the intention of providing a bit of fun，freedom and achievement in the busy world，it is now published bimonthly.(介词短语) ⑤他表明自己要成为世界上最好的高尔夫球选手(golfer)。 →He declared his intention to become/of becoming the best golfer in the world． →He declared his intention that he would become the best golfer in the world． →He declared that he intended to become the best golfer in the world． 2　　limited adj.有限的 [归纳拓展] ①be limited to 局限于…… ②limit vt.限制；限定 limit ...to ... 把……限制在……内 ③limit n．限度；极限 within limits 在一定限度内 set a limit on 对……设定限度 There is a/no limit to ... ……是有限的/无限的。 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①There is a limit to one's life, but no limit to serving(serve) the people. ②To people who are used to the limited(limit) choice of apples in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence. [考点进阶]　完成句子 　③作为一个成年人，我将把有限的时间花在有意义的事情上。 As an adult, I will spend my limited time on meaningful things. 3　　surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围； 与……紧密相关 [归纳拓展] ①surround ...with ... 用……包围/围绕…… be surrounded by/with ... 被……包围 ②surrounding adj.周围的 ③surroundings n．环境(指周围的具体的物质环境) [考点初探]　单句填空 ①And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding(surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. ②Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded(surround) by his family. ③(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co­existence with its surroundings(surround). [考点进阶]　句式升级 ④The tall building in the distance is home to my father's company. The tall building is surrounded by a great many big trees. →The tall building surrounded by a great many big trees in the distance is home to my father's company.(分词作定语) →The tall building which is surrounded by a great many big trees in the distance is home to my father's company. (定语从句) 4　　indicate vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出 [归纳拓展] ①indicate sth. (to sb.) (向某人)指出/暗示某事 indicate that/wh­clause 表示……；示意…… ②indication n．表明；标示；迹象 ③indicator n．指示者；信号；标志；迹象 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①Each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate(indicate) a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. ②The warm­hearted tourist took out a map and indicated the right route to us. ③He indicated that an indicator should give me some indication of how I did in the test.(indicate) [考点进阶]　完成句子 ④调查表明，该条约的支持者仍然占大多数。 Surveys indicate that supporters of the treaty are still in the majority． 5　　favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒 [归纳拓展] ①ask sb. a favour 请某人帮忙 do sb. a favour 给某人以恩惠；帮助某人 in favour of 支持；赞同 in one's favour 有利于某人 show favour to 偏袒 ②favourable adj.赞同的；有利的 ③favourite adj.最喜欢的 ④unfavourable adj.不利的 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①Opportunity favours(favour) those with a curious mind. ②Favourable(favour) policies are in effect to encourage employees' professional development. ③(2023·全国甲卷)Put off watching your favourite(favour) show until the weekend or wait 10 extra minutes before going for that cake. [考点进阶]　一句多译 ④我写信是想请你帮我润色一下我们的英文剧本。 →I'm writing to ask you to help me polish our English play.(help) →I'm writing to ask you to do me a favour to polish our English play. (favour n．) 6　　charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管 [归纳拓展] ①charge sb.for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb.with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事 ②take charge of 掌管/负责…… in charge of 控制/管理…… in the charge of 受……的管理/照顾 ③free of charge 免费 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①The children were left in the charge of a nurse. ②He was charged with making strange speeches. ③He offered to fix bikes free of charge for anyone who needed it. [考点进阶]　一句多译 ④老板不在时汤姆负责这家公司。 →The company is in the charge of Tom while the boss is away. →Tom is in charge of the company while the boss is away. →Tom takes charge of the company while the boss is away. 7　　involve vt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加 [归纳拓展] ①involve ...in ... 使……卷入……；使……专注于……；使……参加…… involve doing ... 包含做…… ②involved adj.参与的；复杂的 be/get involved in 参与；卷入；专注于 be/get involved with ...与……有关；涉及…… [考点初探]　单句填空 ①Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves(involve) spending quite a lot of time with students. ②The more people are involved(involve)，the better the ocean environment is. ③The main road through the city was blocked for three hours today after an accident involving(involve) two lorries. [考点进阶]　完成句子 ④此外，我们还参加了各种有趣的活动，如学习包中国饺子、放鞭炮等。 Furthermore, we have been involved in various interesting activities, such as learning to make Chinese dumplings, playing firecrackers and so on. ⑤为了使聚会更有趣，让每个人都参与进来，我们为筷子比赛的获奖者准备了特别的礼物。 To make the party more interesting and get everyone involved, we've prepared special gifts for winners of our chopstick competition. 8　　permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证 [归纳拓展] ①permit doing sth. 允许做某事 permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 weather/time permitting＝if weather/time permits 天气/时间允许的话 ②permission n．准许；许可；批准；许可证 ask for permission 请求许可 without permission(＝without being permitted) 未经许可 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①We do not permit smoking(smoke) in the office. ②The government has already permitted the company to use(use) special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. ③(2024·新课标 Ⅱ 卷)Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission(permit) to participate. [考点进阶]　一句多译 ④时间允许的话，我希望有更多的空闲时间与朋友们一起度过，这样我们能有更好的关系。 →Time permitting, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship.(独立主格结构) →If time permits, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship.(条件状语从句) 9　　declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报 [归纳拓展] ①declare sb./sth. to be 宣布某人或某物成为…… declare for/against 表示赞成/反对 declare war (on) (向……)宣战 declare ... open/closed 宣布……开始/结束 ②declaration n．宣布；声明；宣言 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①Scientists have decided to declare war on AIDS in order to make a breakthrough in treating it. ②After the earthquake, the President declared(declare) a three­day period of mourning, the first­ever event of its kind for ordinary people. ③We human beings experience a great liberalization and open­mindedness, which is declared(declare) in our daily attitude to the olds, females, especially disabled populations. ④“The Declaration(declare) of Independence” was made in America in 1776. [考点进阶]　完成句子 ⑤2024年巴黎奥运会宣布开幕的那一刻，全世界沸腾了。 The moment Paris 2024 Olympic Games was declared open，the whole world cheered. ⑥开场的几段讲话听上去更像是战争宣言而不是和平倡议。 The opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than peace initiatives. 10　　take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然 [归纳拓展] ①take one's time 别着急；慢慢来 ②take sth. seriously 重视某事；严肃对待某事 ③take ...as ... 把……当作…… ④take sb./sth. for example 举例说明，拿某人/某物举例 ⑤take sth. into consideration/account 把……考虑在内 ⑥take it easy 放轻松；休息 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①Don't take it for granted that you should ask your parents for money. ②It's nice to lie down and take it easy after a hard day's work. ③Believe it or not, I always take your advice seriously(serious). [考点进阶]　完成句子 ④我们中的一些人认为我们在会见外国学生时穿校服是理所当然的。 Some of us take it for granted that we should wear school uniforms when meeting the foreign students. ⑤信不信由你，我把他当作自己最好的朋友。 Believe it or not, I take him as my best friend． 句型精析 1　　It is/was＋adj.(＋for/of sb.) to do sth. [归纳拓展] ①“It is＋adj.＋for sb. to do sth.”句式中，作表语的形容词说明不定式行为的性质和特点，常见的有easy、 important、 difficult、 possible、 necessary等。 ②“It is＋adj.＋of sb. to do sth.”句式中，作表语的形容词说明不定式的逻辑主语的品行、性格等，常见的有kind、 nice、 good、 stupid、 silly、 careful、 careless等。 [考点初探]　单句填空 ①It is more convenient for him to walk directly. ②It is clever of him to come down without ropes. ③It is unwise to expect(expect) your child to follow your path. [考点进阶]　完成句子 ④你在考试中犯这么多的错误真是太粗心了。 It is careless of you to make so many mistakes in the exam. 2　　find＋宾语＋宾语补足语 [归纳拓展] “find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构形式归纳： ①find＋n./pron.＋宾语补足语，意思是“发现……处于……状态” ②find＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语(表示状态或方式) ③find＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动或正在进行) ④find＋宾语＋过去分词(表示被动或完成) [考点初探]　单句填空 ①When he arrived, he found all the work finished(finish). ②I found him doing(do) his homework when I entered the room. [考点进阶]　句式升级 ③She found that her husband was surrounded by letters and he was looking very worried. →She found her husband surrounded by letters and looking very worried. (过去分词和现在分词作宾语补足语) [对应学生用书P114] 一、单词拼写 1．(2023·全国甲卷)So，it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges(收费) when I've moved out. 2．His only chance of survival(生存) was a heart transplant. 3．The hills rise green and sheer above the broad(宽阔的) river. 4．Allow sufficient(足够的) time to get there. 5．Something that is beneficial(有益的) helps people or improves their lives. 6．(2024·新课标 Ⅱ 卷)I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park's pond，surrounded(包围) by blooming flowers. 7．Record profits in the retail market indicate(表明) a boom in the economy. 8．He's a highly intelligent(有才智的) man. 9．They have arrested a number of leading opposition politicians(政治家). 10．The negotiations have been conducted(实施) in a positive manner. 二、单句填空 1．If cancers are spotted early, there's a high chance of survival(survive). 2．She went through her notebook for extracts(extract). 3．Day after day he experimented(experiment) and drew different pictures of the mouse that he had known. 4．The ball game was postponed(postpone) because of rain. 5．She has danced, choreographed, lectured(lecture) and taught all over the world. 6．A red sky at night indicates(indicate) that the following day will be fine. 7．She was only 17 at the time and the experience moulded(mould) her personality. 8．They found a bacterium(bacteria) visible to the human eyes. 9．The house was surrounded(surround) by high walls. 三、短语填空 1．Some of us always take it for granted(认为……是理所当然)that our parents or grandparents should take care of us. 2．If you don't know the exact meaning of the word, you may refer to(查阅) the dictionary. 3．We had a long debate as to(关于) whether we should spend so much money on space technology. 4．Why is it that you've come out against the proposal he put forward(提出)? 5．As far as I know, the government will speed up(加速) the pace of our economic reform. 6．But it was quite by accident(偶然) that I discovered the deep meaning of his words. 7．All those weeks of studying will pay off(成功) when you take the exam. 8．You let me down(使我失望) doing a thing like that. 9．Like many animals, people also learn to swim through trial and error(反复试验). 10．This term started with a bang(有强烈影响) for our class. 四、完成句子 1．因此，保护他们对我们来说是值得的。 Therefore, it is worthwhile for us to preserve them. 2．有人发现一群孩子正在操场上玩耍。 A group of children were found playing on the playground． 3．正是他勇敢的心和坚定的信念能够让不寻常的事情发生。(强调句型) It was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen. 4．他同意了。两年后，我作为年龄最大的学生成员负责广播俱乐部的工作。 He approved the idea, and two years later I am in charge of the radio club as the oldest student member. 5．不要理所当然地认为你的父母应该照顾你。 Don't take it for granted that your parents should take care of you. 五、教材语法填空 In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou referred 1.to the strengths of both Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and pointed out that there 2.is(be) great potential for future advances if scientists make good use of these strengths. Their efforts to conduct research in both fields may 3.finally(final) pay off. A good example to illustrate this point is the discovery of qinghaosu, which is intended as 4.an effective treatment for malaria. The Chinese herb qinghao, from 5.which qinghaosu comes, has been used to cure diseases for almost 2，000 years. However, 6.it was not until the 1970s that Tu succeeded in discovering qinghaosu, after many failed experiments. By then, the fight against malaria had achieved only 7.limited(limit) success. Since the discovery of qinghaosu, the 8.survival(survive) rate of malaria patients has increased by around 30%. Without her sufficient knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, Tu might never 9.have discovered(discover) qinghaosu. It is important that scientists continue to explore both fields. With broad research, many more medical discoveries like qinghaosu are likely 10.to be made(make). 六、话题写作 结合本单元主题，使用本单元词汇与句型写一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。 1．科技节定于上午8点到11点在操场上举行。(be scheduled to do sth.) 2．科技节持续3个小时。(last) 3．它的目的是鼓励我们学生进行创造性思考并与他人分享我们的作品。(whose; as well as) 4．各种各样的小器具在我们的日常生活中用处很大。(be of great use) 5．一些优秀的学生发明家会介绍他们的技术小工具的功能，并当场示范。(on the spot) 6．我认为参加这个活动是有意义的。(动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语) [参考范文] The Science and Technology Festival is scheduled to take place on the playground from 8 a．m. to 11 a．m. The festival lasts three hours whose purpose is to encourage us students to think creatively as well as share our works with others. Various gadgets are of great use in our daily life. Some excellent student inventors will introduce the functions of their technology gadgets and perform them on the spot. I think it meaningful to take part in this activity. [对应学生用书P116] 一、一词多义之conduct [金题速练] (1)To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments.开展 (2)The manner in which he conducted his public life is great.组织；安排 (3)Just last year, I was conducting a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door.主持 (4)Dennis had recently begun a successful career: conducting opera in Europe.指挥 (5)The sport has a strict code of conduct.行为规范 (6)The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.带领 (7)Water conducts heat faster than air.传导 (8)Your conduct is not consistent with what you say.行为；举止 [相关词块] (1)conduct an interview/a test进行面试/测试 (2)conduct a concert 指挥音乐会 (3)conduct an experiment 开展实验 (4)conduct sb. to sp.把某人领到某地 (5)conductor n．乐队指挥；售票员 [图说词义] In a time full of temptation, more than ever, we need to cling to our principles of conduct. 在充满诱惑的时代，我们比以往任何时候都更要坚持自己的行为准则。 二、一词多义之indicate [金题速练] (1)“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，” Dr.Livingstone says. 表明 (2)Lisa took out a map and indicated which the quickest road was to us.指出 (3)In his letter he indicated to us (that) he was willing to cooperate.暗示；表明 (4)You are allowed 20 kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket.注明；写明 (5)Always indicate before moving into another lane.打转向灯 [名师点津] [相关短语] (1)indicate ... to sb.给某人指出…… (2)as ...indicate 正如……所示 (3)indicate left 打左转向 [图说词义] Kingston upon Thames, as the name indicates, is situated on the banks of the Thames.正如其名称所示，泰晤士河畔金斯顿位于泰晤士的河畔。 [课时作业(十二)见P326] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$