Unit 5 Human and Nature 关系副词引导的定语从句及词语后缀（单元核心语法精练）英语北大师版2019必修第二册

Unit 5 Human and Nature 核心语法精练（关系副词引导的定语从句及词语后缀） 目录 1 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 1 二、词语后缀 3 B 考点夯基·专项突破 6 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 6 二、选词填空 9 三、单句改错 9 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 10 题型一 完形填空 10 题型二 阅读理解 110 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 先行词类型 在从句中作用 可替换的关系代词结构 例句 语法要点 when 表示时间的名词（如 time, day, year, moment 等） 作时间状语（指代先行词表示的时间） 介词+which（如 at which, in which） 1. I still remember the day when I first met her.（我还记得第一次见到她的那天。） 2. This is the moment when we should take action.（这是我们应该采取行动的时刻。） -先行词必须是具体时间概念，不可用于指代抽象 “时间”（如 “时光” 需用其他表达）。 -从句谓语通常是延续性动词或表状态的动词（如 meet, take action）。 where 表示地点的名词（如 place, city, country, house 等） 作地点状语（指代先行词表示的地点） 介词+which（如 in which, at which） 1. This is the village where I grew up.（这是我长大的村庄。） 2. He showed me the library where he found the rare book.（他带我看了他找到那本珍本书的图书馆。） -先行词除具体地点外，还可指抽象 “场所”（如 situation, case, point 等，意为 “在这种情况下”）。 例：We’ve reached a point where we need to make a decision.（我们到了需要做决定的时刻。） why 表示原因的名词（仅 reason） 作原因状语（指代先行词 reason） for which 1. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation?（你知道他拒绝邀请的原因吗？） 2. That’s the reason why I left early.（那就是我提前离开的原因。） -先行词只能是 “reason”，不可用于其他表原因的名词。 -若 reason 在从句中作主语或宾语，需用 that/which（如 The reason that he gave is not true. 他给出的理由不真实。） 1. 补充说明： 2. 关系副词的本质： 关系副词本质上是 “介词+关系代词” 的简化形式（如 when = in/at which，where = in/at which，why = for which），但使用时更强调 “状语功能”，避免句子冗余。 1. 与关系代词的区别： 关系代词（that, which, who 等）在从句中作主语或宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语（时间、地点、原因），从句主谓结构完整（不缺主语/宾语）。 例： · 正确（关系副词，作状语）：This is the house where he lives.（从句 “he lives” 主谓完整，缺地点状语） · 正确（关系代词，作宾语）：This is the house that he bought.（从句 “he bought” 缺宾语，that 指代 house） 省略情况： 关系副词一般不可省略（若省略会导致从句逻辑不完整），而关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。 例：He told me the year （that） he was born.（that 作宾语，可省略） 但不可说：He told me the year he was born.（需用 when，否则缺时间状语） 二、词语后缀 后缀类型 具体后缀 构词功能（加在何种词后） 含义/作用 例词（原词→派生词） 说明（用法/注意事项） 名词后缀 -er 动词/ 名词 1. 指 “做某事的人”；2. 指 “物” teach→teacher（教师）；cooker（厨具） 部分指人，部分指工具（如 “cook” 本身可指人，“cooker” 特指厨具）。 -or 动词 指 “做某事的人（尤指职业）” act→actor（演员）；invent→inventor（发明家） 多对应 “较正式/专业的职业”，与 “-er” 无绝对区分，需积累。 -ist 名词/动词 指 “从事某领域的人；信仰者” art→artist（艺术家）；social→socialist（社会主义者） 常与 “学科、信仰、职业” 相关（如 “biologist” 生物学家）。 -ee 动词 指 “动作的承受者” employ→employee（雇员）；interview→interviewee（被采访者） 与 “-er/or（施动者）” 对应（如 employer 雇主 vs employee 雇员）。 -ment 动词 表示 “动作的结果；状态；过程” develop→development（发展）；agree→agreement（协议） 多数为抽象名词，强调 “动作的产物或状态”。 -ion/-tion/-sion 动词 表示 “动作；过程；结果” act→action（行动）；invent→invention（发明）；decide→decision（决定） 是动词变名词的高频后缀，拼写随原词发音变化（如 “-t” 结尾动词多接 “-ion”）。 -ance/-ence 动词/形容词 表示 “状态；性质；行为” appear→appearance（外貌）；different→difference（差异） “-ance” 多接在以 “-ant” 结尾的词后，“-ence” 多接在以 “-ent” 结尾的词后。 名词后缀 -ness 形容词 表示 “性质；状态” happy→happiness（幸福）；kind→kindness（善良） 直接将形容词转化为抽象名词，强调 “特征或状态”。 -ity 形容词（多为 “-able/-ible” 结尾） 表示 “性质；状态；程度” possible→possibility（可能性）；able→ability（能力） 比 “-ness” 更正式，多对应长形容词（如 “electric”→“electricity”）。 -hood 名词/形容词 表示 “时期；身份；状态” child→childhood（童年）；neighbor→neighborhood（邻里） 强调 “抽象的身份或阶段”（如 “manhood” 成年期）。 -dom 名词/形容词 1. 表示 “领域；状态”；2. “集合体” king→kingdom（王国）；free→freedom（自由） 可指 “具体范围”（如 kingdom）或 “抽象状态”（如 freedom）。 动词后缀 -ize/-ise 名词/形容词 表示 “使…… 化；使成为……” real→realize（实现）；modern→modernize（使现代化） 英式拼写常用 “-ise”，美式多用 “-ize”（如 realise/realize）。 -en 形容词/名词 1. 表示 “使…… 变得”；2. “变得” wide→widen（拓宽）；length→lengthen（加长） 部分可作不及物动词（如 “the river widens” 河流变宽）。 -ify 名词/形容词 表示 “使……；使具有…… 性质” pure→purify（净化）；class→classify（分类） 派生词多为及物动词（如 “simplify” 简化，“simplify the problem” 简化问题）。 形容词后缀 -able/-ible 动词 表示 “可…… 的；能…… 的” read→readable（易读的）；permit→permissible（允许的） “-able” 更常见，“-ible” 多为拉丁语源词（如 “visible” 可见的）。 形容词后缀 -ful 名词 表示 “充满…… 的；具有…… 的” hope→hopeful（有希望的）；care→careful（仔细的） 反义词常用 “-less”（如 hopeful→hopeless）。 -less 名词 表示 “无…… 的；缺乏…… 的” home→homeless（无家可归的）；use→useless（无用的） 与 “-ful” 对应，强调 “否定或缺失”。 -ous 名词 表示 “充满…… 的；具有…… 特征的” danger→dangerous（危险的）；fame→famous（著名的） 多接在抽象名词后，构成描述 “特征” 的形容词。 -y 名词 表示 “多…… 的；像…… 的；有…… 的” cloud→cloudy（多云的）；taste→tasty（美味的） 可描述 “状态”（如 “sleepy” 困倦的）或 “特征”（如 “hairy” 多毛的）。 -ish 名词/形容词 1. 表示 “像…… 的；有…… 特征的”；2. “略…… 的” child→childish（孩子气的）；red→reddish（微红的） 可指 “贬义的特征”（如 “foolish” 愚蠢的）或 “轻微程度”。 -ive 动词/名词 表示 “有…… 倾向的；与…… 相关的” act→active（活跃的）；create→creative（有创造力的） 多对应 “动作相关的特征”（如 “inventive” 有发明才能的）。 副词后缀 -ly 形容词 表示 “…… 地；以…… 方式” quick→quickly（快速地）；happy→happily（快乐地） 多数形容词加 “-ly” 变副词，但 “friendly”“lovely” 是形容词（易混淆）。 -ward(s) 名词/形容词 表示 “向…… 方向” east→eastward（向东）；home→homeward（向家的方向） “-ward” 和 “-wards” 通用（如 “forward”=“forwards”）。 数词后缀 -teen 基数词（3-9） 表示 “十几” three→thirteen（十三）；five→fifteen（十五） 仅用于 “13-19” 的构成，注意拼写（如 “fourteen” 而非 “fourtyteen”）。 -ty 基数词（2-9） 表示 “几十” two→twenty（二十）；six→sixty（六十） 用于 “20-90” 的构成，注意 “forty”（四十）无 “u”。 -th 基数词（4 及以上） 表示 “第……（序数词）” four→fourth（第四）；twelve→twelfth（第十二） 1-3 序数词特殊（first, second, third），其余多由 “基数词 +-th” 构成。 否定后缀 -less 名词（见形容词后缀） 表示 “无…… 的”（否定意义） job→jobless（失业的）；fear→fearless（无畏的） 本质是形容词后缀，但核心作用是 “否定”，需单独记忆。 补充说明： 1. 后缀的 “多功能性”：部分后缀可跨类型（如 “-y” 既可是形容词后缀 “cloudy”，也可构成名词 “difficulty”），需结合原词和词义判断。 2. 拼写变化：部分后缀加在原词后需变拼写（如 “-able” 加在 “change” 后为 “changeable”，保留 “e”；“-ion” 加在 “explain” 后为 “explanation”，去 “i” 加 “a”）。 3. 特殊情况：少数后缀无规律（如 “-ment” 加在 “move” 后为 “movement”，而非 “movment”），需积累常见词。 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．That’s the reason he lied to his parents. 2．The reason I fell asleep so quickly is I was tired. 3．He has reached a stage he can speak English fluently. 4．Gift shops in museums people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends used to be the last stop of each visit. 5．In the context of globalization, cultural exchanges have become increasingly frequent, the preservation of local traditions faces unique challenges that were not present in the past. 6．Traditional festivals offer an atmosphere family bonds are strengthened. 7．The country he lives has multiple official languages. 8．Cafes often create a cozy atmosphere people can relax and connect with others. 9．Mrs Black went back to the same place she had found the ring. 10．She found herself in a position she had to make a difficult choice. 11．The museum ancient artifacts are displayed attracts millions of visitors. 12．I will always remember the hours we lived together. 13．It is a challenging job you are doing something serious but interesting. 14．Have you ever faced a time things looked dark and you had no hope at all? 15．The reason I’d like to take part in the competition of the Tang poetry recitation is that I want to learn more about Tang poems. 16．That was the day it took six hours to break my soul. 17．The environment children grow up influences their character. 18．Is this the room they lived last winter? 19．There was a time I was a very self-centered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. 20．This is the place I can’t agree. 21．In a word, we reached a point we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 22．The place this happens is a valley, a world away from any television studio. 23．When I first came to the club I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. 24．This is the house he lived two years ago. 25．I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation they will not be judged by the color of their skin. 26．I still live in the place I was born. 27．The reason he didn’t go to school yesterday was that he was ill. 28．Teenagers are going through a stage everything seems strange and new to them. 29．The company invests in countries renewable energy is dominant, aiming to reduce carbon emission. 30．In cases nature and human ingenuity coexist harmoniously, we find sustainable solutions that ensure a bright future for our planet. 31．Jordon’s skills were (impress) and his moves were graceful. 32．People were (shock), and another big quake shook the city again. 33．John stood with a (help) expression by the side of the road as his car broke down and he had no idea how to fix it. 34．When you feel shaky, sweaty, with your heart beating quickly, taking a deep breath will be (help). 35．All teachers and students are required to be present at the (give) place before 8 a. m. 36．Volunteers are more (like) to look after their own health and are more focused on adding physical activity into their lives. 37．You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won’t result in a (use) response. 38． (relate) problems will be discussed in learning process. 39．Today we gather here to (grand) celebrate the International Women's Day. 40．A nearby volcano erupted (violent), sending out quantities of molten rock and boiling mud. 41． (consequent), she understood it and became interested in Chinese traditional culture. 42．A minivan with liquor runs (frequent) between the inn and the country club. 43．Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks (regular). relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. 44．We begin to see the (connect) of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. 45．In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as so advanced that it is (distinguish) from humans. 46．The delay in delivery has put us to great （convenience）. 47．I shall never forget watching the sunrise over the sea-it was (forget)! 48．Many stars, which are out of the solar system, are (visible) without a telescope. 49．His illness caused him to lose his (memorize). 50．Most people here are (willing) to give up their cars. They don’t want to use buses instead. 51．If one is late for a job interview, it is (likely) that he will get the job. 52．Some comedians tell jokes about the way people (behavior). 53．My father bought me an （electricity） guitar as my birthday present . 54．Due to the widespread （apply） of this medical technology，more diseases can be discovered and treated at an early stage. 55．Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street (entertain). 二、选词填空 1．I can never forget the day (on which/in which) we worked together. 2．Last summer we visited Hangzhou, (in which/as which) we stayed for one week. 3．This is the reason (with which /for which) he didn’t come to the meeting. 4．The engineer (with who/with whom) my father works is about 50 years old. 5．The pen (with which /by which) he is writing is mine. 6．Can you lend me the book (about which/with which) you talked the other day? 7．This is the website (where/which) I can find some interesting stories. 8．That is not the way (in which/with which) I do it. 9．This is the magazine (which/from which) I copied the paragraph. 10．That is the day (which/on which) I’ll never forget. 三、单句改错 1．More high buildings have appeared, that are modern and beautiful. 2．Lee MinHo, which music and films are loved by many teenagers, was invited to perform in the 2014 Spring Festival. 3．Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position. 4．You can go to your host family that you can experience the Chinese way of life． 5．One day the city mouse, whom lived in a big house, wrote a letter to the country mouse inviting him for a visit. 6．The glorious moment would live in my mind that our football team won the championship. 7．Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to that you are traveling. 8．So I decided to leave home for New York, which I might have a better chance to find a good job. 9．The people of Chu whom mourned Qu’s death threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the day of his death. 10．All which you have to do is to press the button. 题型一 完形填空 （2025高一·全国·专题练习）Years ago, I lived in the English midlands and would walk the same route along the local canal each evening. On winter mornings, I would see the 1 sight of bird flocks dancing across the landscape, a distant cacophony (刺耳的嘈杂声) 2 above the fields. They were jackdaws (寒鸦), the smallest member of the crow family. Research led by Masters student Alex Dibnah asked: Why are jackdaws so loud when they 3 ? Then he began to work with a team. The team’s 4 was that the morning calls might be a jackdaw version of “ 5 ”. Each individual’s call might 6 as an “I’m in!”, helping them coordinate (协调) their 7 . To test this, the researchers artificially 8 call levels during the jackdaws’ morning cacophony using speakers at their sleeping sites. When extra calls were played, the jackdaws 9 earlier, showing they use calls as a voting system. Individual jackdaws 10 from leaving with the flock because they get more social information like where to find food. They can also maximize their time spent finding food and they’re less 11 predation (捕食). This sort of decision-making isn’t 12 to jackdaws — it’s been reported in other species as well. So, the cacophony of jackdaws in the morning is a clever way to 13 a large group. If you’re   14 by the noise, find comfort in the fact that the louder they get, the sooner they’ll leave you in 15 . 1．A．frightening B．peaceful C．familiar D．unusual 2．A．fading B．stopping C．changing D．rising 3．A．fly B．gather C．appear D．return 4．A．evidence B．theory C．experiment D．difficulty 5．A．acting B．warning C．informing D．voting 6．A．play B．count C．check D．rank 7．A．movement B．progress C．gesture D．demand 8．A．created B．graded C．increased D．maintained 9．A．settled B．left C．escaped D．arrived 10．A．benefit B．learn C．suffer D．keep 11．A．in defense of B．in control of C．at risk of D．at the sight of 12．A．common B．essential C．open D．unique 13．A．join B．organize C．master D．serve 14．A．bothered B．impressed C．surprised D．fascinated 15．A．trouble B．wonder C．peace D．charge 题型二 阅读理解 Passage 1 （2025高二·全国·专题练习）Despite the bad reputation of sharks, they are crucial to the health of the marine ecosystem and can even help fight climate change. In the shallows of Shark Bay, Western Australia, seagrass is food for the sea cows, which can weigh as much as 500kg and eat roughly 40kg of seagrass a day. Sea cows are a rich source of food for tiger sharks. By keeping the sea cow population in check, tiger sharks here help the seagrass meadows thrive. A flourishing seagrass meadow stores twice as much CO2 per square mile as forests typically do on land. But tiger shark numbers are declining. Off Australia’s northeast coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are estimated to have fallen by at least 71 percent, largely due to overfishing. A reduction in tiger sharks means more seagrass consumed by herbivores (食草动物) and less carbon stored in sea vegetation. This begged the question: What if they were absent from the Shark Bay — would the seagrass-dominated ecosystem survive? To find out, researchers led by Rob Nowicki of Florida International University, spent time in Eastern Australia, where shark numbers were lower and sea cows ate seagrass largely undisturbed. “When unchecked, sea cows can rapidly destroy wide areas of seagrass,” said Nowicki. “When the seagrass recovers, the seagrass community looks different, with more tropical species dominating than before.” Those findings underlined the role that tiger sharks were playing in Shark Bay. If their populations continue to decline, the resilience of carbon-rich ocean ecosystems will likely decrease. When it comes to boosting shark numbers, there have been movements toward more sustainable fishing, but a large percentage of the industry have not changed their methods, which is a reason why the population of many marine top predators continues to decline. Aside from supporting sustainable fishing, Nowicki said the only way to truly protect marine life is to reduce our global greenhouse gas emissions. “Ultimately, if we are going to conserve our ecosystems in the centuries to come, we are going to need to solve climate change while undertaking species conservation at the same time.” 1．Why are tiger sharks vital to the marine ecosystem? A．They feed on various sea animals. B．They can store large amounts of CO2. C．They can prevent the loss of seagrass. D．They influence marine species distribution. 2．What did Rob Nowicki’s team want to find out in Eastern Australia? A．How sea cows destroy the seagrass community. B．How shark population influences the ocean ecosystem. C．What was contributing to the declining number of tiger sharks. D．What to do to recover the seagrass-dominated ecosystem. 3．What is the main reason for the population reduction of many top predators in marine ecosystems? A．Climate change. B．Water pollution. C．Loss of seagrass. D．Unsustainable fishing practices. 4．What is the ultimate way to protect sharks, according to Nowicki? A．Regulating fishing activities. B．Solving ocean pollution problems. C．Establishing natural reserves. D．Reducing our carbon footprint. Passage 2 （吉林地区普通高中友好学校联合体2024-2025学年高二下学期期末英语试卷）From time to time, Ding Peng makes his way across the waves to Zhongtiedun, an island in Zhejiang Province. He has made a point of coming back to visit it to greet and observe the Chinese crested terns (中华凤头燕鸥) over the past ten years. The medium-sized bird is 30-40 centimeters long, with gray wings and a white body. It was first discovered in Indonesia by Heinrich Bernstein in 1861. It has since been sighted only in small numbers around the world. The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. “I love the sea and my major could be of some use in protecting it,” he says. Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. Ding’s contributions were recognized by the local authorities of Ningbo this year, who named him one of the city’s “most beautiful people”. “Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says. 1．Why did the researchers feel surprised when the Chinese crested terns were found in 2000? A．They were spotted by a photographer instead of them. B．The event made them ashamed. C．They were unable to catch them. D．They thought the birds were extinct. 2．What was the main reason why Ding decided to take the job offer? A．His life experience in his hometown. B．His major. C．A good salary. D．The beautiful scenery. 3．How was Ding’s life on the islands? A．Adventurous. B．Enjoyable. C．Difficult. D．Inspiring. 4．What does Ding think of his team’s work? A．It’s fruitful. B．It’s perfect. C．It’s regrettable. D．It’s pointless. Passage 3 （内蒙古自治区包头市2024-2025学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题）Here are four of the most famous buildings from around the world. When you are going to travel, you know exactly where to go! The Lloyd’s Building The Lloyd’s Building lies in London and is Richard Rogers’ first high-tech office block. It has won many awards because of its attractive inside-out design—all its services like elevators are provided outside the building. It is said by Historic England to be “widely recognized as one of the key buildings of the modem age.” One World Trade Center One World Trade Center is in the United States, which reaches a total height of 1,776 feet. The building has 94 stories above ground, and 5 stories underground. There are 86 usable above-ground floors, of which 78 are used for office purposes. What’s more, the building has 73 elevators in total and all that’s needed to travel to the upper floors of the building is a ride within only 60 seconds. Petronas Towers The Petronas Towers lies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which has a height of 1,483 feet. The 88-floor towers are characterized by a two-story skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors. The skybridge is 58 meters long and is considered to be the highest two-story skybridge in the world. The Colosseum The Colosseum in Rome, Italy is a large amphitheater (圆形剧场) that hosted events like gladiatorial (角斗士的) games. The Colosseum, which can seat 50,000 people, towers four stories high and includes eighty entrances to the amphitheater. It is the largest ancient amphitheater ever built and is still the largest standing amphitheater in the world today. 1．Which building has outside elevators? A．The Lloyd’s Building. B．One World Trade Center. C．Petronas Towers. D．The Colosseum. 2．What do we know about One World Trade Center? A．It has some underground offices. B．There are 5 unusable floors in it in all. C．It provides 86 floors for office purposes. D．The running speed of its elevators is high. 3．Where can you visit the world’s highest two-story skybridge? A．In Britain. B．In Malaysia. C．In America. D．In Italy. Passage 4 （内蒙古自治区包头市2024-2025学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题）Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Many forms of cancers could be cured if discovered early and treated properly. But identifying it is quite an effort. Now a new study may offer an approach. Researchers in France recently found that insects, including ants, have a powerful sense of smell and can quickly learn to find out cancerous cells (细胞). The researchers experimented with 36 ants of the species Formica fusca. They first trained the ants by placing a sugar solution near the cancerous cells. Half of the ants were taught to recognize one type of cancer, and the rest were taught another. Then the ants were put near the healthy cells and the cancerous cells. It turned out that when the sugar solution was taken away, the ants could still find out the cancerous cells. In the test, the ants moved towards the cancerous cells they learned to discover, even if they had to choose between different cancer varieties. This isn’t the first time that animals’ sense of smell has been used to identify cancerous cells. Earlier studies have suggested that dogs are good at smelling out cancerous cells. “Ants equal dogs in terms of smelling abilities,” the researchers wrote. “In some regards, ants are better than dogs because they can learn extremely fast — less than 30 minutes for most ants — with a low-cost method that can be achieved by anyone after a couple of days of training, while training a dog to properly smell out cancerous cells requires several months to a year and it also costs much.” More clinical (临床的) tests must be carried out before they could be used in clinical settings like hospitals. The researchers’ next step will be to further study whether ants could make themselves useful in other real-world situations where dogs are now used. They believe that the method could possibly be adapted to other challenging tasks. 1．What can we learn about the ants in the experiment? A．They were used for curing cancer. B．They fed mainly on cancerous cells. C．They preferred healthy cells to cancerous cells. D．They could tell different cancerous cell varieties apart. 2．How are ants better than dogs according to the researchers? A．Ants have a stronger sense of smell. B．Ants have more correct results. C．Ants are much more cost-effective. D．Ants can be used for longer periods. 3．What will the researchers do next? A．Explore other possible uses of ants. B．Experiment with other species of ants. C．Use ants instead of dogs in real-world situations. D．Promote the use of ants in hospitals around the world. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Ants can identify cancerous cells. B．Cancer is a leading cause of death. C．Cancer can be cured sooner or later. D．Ants and dogs have good smelling abilities. Passage 5 （2025高二·全国·专题练习）No part of the planet is free of plastic waste, and coral reefs are no exception. A study published in Nature found that not only is every coral reef filled with plastic, but almost three-quarters of the larger items were from “ghost gear” — fishing paraphernalia such as ropes, lines and nets. Food wrappers and plastic bottles were also common. The plastic constitutes an “emerging threat” to reefs, the researchers said. The study, Plastic Pollution on the World’s Coral Reefs, examined 85 reefs at more than two-dozen locations across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic. The scientists used special diving equipment to survey in “mesophotic (中光度的)”, or twilight, zones at 30 —150 meters beneath the surface, and discovered the deeper sites had more plastic than shallower ones. There was more plastic pollution in reefs nearer to densely populated cities and markets, as well as marine protected areas, whose borders are heavily frequented by fishers. The researchers noted that plastic can spread coral disease, and that fishing lines and nets can damage the structure of reefs and thus harm fish diversity. “Our findings reveal some of the complex collective challenges we face when dealing with plastic pollution,” said Hudson Pinheiro, the study’s lead author, from the University of Sao Paulo and a research fellow at the academy. “As marine resources around the world dwindle, humans that rely on those resources are turning to deeper habitats and those closer to marine protected areas where fish remain abundant.” One potential reason for finding more plastic at greater depths could be increased wave action and turbulence (湍流) at the surface, which could drag debris deeper. Other possibilities include recreational divers removing trash from shallower reefs. The researcher stressed their findings highlight the need to expand the depth of marine protected areas, update international agreements on tackling plastic pollution, and develop low-cost, biodegradable alternatives to current fishing equipment. 1．What is the primary source of the larger plastic items found in coral reefs? A．Tourist waste. B．Industrial pollution. C．Fishing gear. D．Diving equipment. 2．What is the main focus of the study? A．The impact of plastic pollution on marine life. B．The extent of plastic pollution in coral reefs worldwide. C．The distribution of plastic waste in different ocean zones. D．The correlation between plastic pollution and fish diversity. 3．What does the underlined word “dwindle” in paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Grow rapidly. B．Reach their peak. C．Decrease gradually. D．Benefit everyone. 4．What do the researchers suggest based on their findings? A．Banning all fishing activities near coral reefs. B．Restricting access to coral reefs for recreational divers. C．Sparing no effort to clean up the plastic in the deep ocean. D．Redirecting international efforts that address plastic pollution. Passage 6 （24-25高二下·甘肃白银·期末）Drones, DNA profiling and ultra-sensitive listening devices are being used in conservation efforts safeguarding the UK’s forests as the battle to defeat biodiversity decline and manage climate change goes hi-tech. Forestry England (FE) is gathering data on the variety of wildlife in some of its 1,500 woodlands at an all-time pace and level of detail. The body is harvesting environmental DNA — genetic material left by organisms in an ecosystem — from soil, water and air samples to build a picture of the range of species across 21 forests. Results from four months of sampling have revealed more than 5,000 unique species of fungi (真菌) — more than have been found in the last century using traditional sampling methods — alongside 1,000 species of invertebrates (无脊椎动物). The data will create a new biodiversity baseline enabling FE to monitor the success of its conservation work. Meanwhile, bioacoustic (生物声学的) listening devices have been installed in four wild areas in Somerset, Dorset, North Yorkshire and Northumberland. The technology is being used to track bumblebee activity by listening to the sound of their wings in flight. Andrew Stringer, FE head of environment and nature recovery, called the fungi data and invertebrates “mind-blowing” and said the new techniques represented a step-change in its biodiversity monitoring work. “These emerging technologies mean soon we’ll have ‘weather stations for nature’ throughout the nation’s forests, telling us what is happening to nature at a level of detail we’ve never had before,” Stringer added. FE said, “The work is part of a new approach to forestry in wild spaces, putting landscape-scale nature restoration at the forefront.” Elsewhere, the Woodland Trust has been using laser scanning technology to create 3D models of some of the UK’s most famous old oaks (橡树). The project builds a digital file of these living tree legends as well as information efforts and helping scientists better understand the carbon capture potential of ancient trees. 1．What is the main advantage of using high-tech equipment in British forests? A．Identifying illegal logging quickly. B．Tracking animal migration patterns. C．Creating digital maps of forest landscapes. D．Offering rapid and detailed biodiversity data. 2．What is the purpose of the biodiversity baseline? A．For entertainment. B．For commercial use. C．To track conservation progress. D．To educate the next generation. 3．How does Andrew Stringer feel about the new techniques? A．Critical. B．Excited. C．Cautious. D．Concerned. 4．What can the digital files of the old oaks do? A．Help future conservation. B．Measure the age of ancient oaks. C．Record the history of the old trees. D．Monitor the health of ancient trees. Passage 7 （甘肃省多校2024-2025学年高二下学期期末联考考试英语试卷）Astronauts do a lot to prepare for the many things that can go wrong during space travel. But they can’t be experts in everything. That’s why NASA is testing to see if robots can fill in some of the gaps. A robot MIRA took an important step in that direction. Scientists succeeded in testing the robot’s ability to perform operations while on the International Space Station (ISS). And what’s more, they controlled the robot remotely from Earth. The robot was designed by a Lincoln, Nebraska-based company called Virtual Incision. Robots have long been used in surgery, but MIRA is the first miniature version of robotic-assisted surgery technology in development. The company said it’s about 1,000 times lighter than previous technologies, making it ideal for space travel where every pound matters. The goal of the experiment was to see if and how MIRA’s surgical capabilities would be affected by zero gravity. It attempted to perform a series of surgical tasks on simulated(模拟) human tissue while aboard the ISS, remotely controlled by six researchers in Lincoln, Nebraska. The robot performed a dissection(解剖) task common in surgeries, using its left hand to create tension in the tissue and its right to dissect the tissue with scissors. Researchers reported that the robot was able to successfully complete the task. As to the question of how zero gravity affects the robot’s surgical skills, they said it would take a few weeks or months before results were sent back to Earth. One goal of the research is to develop technology that could one day allow doctors to perform surgeries on astronauts remotely from Earth. It could also have a big impact on Earth, helping those who don’t have access to a surgeon get the help they need. 1．What is the function of Paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon. B．To introduce the topic. C．To comment on the event. D．To arouse the readers’ interest. 2．What can be known about MIRA? A．Its weight is suitable to travel to space. B．It has long been used in surgery in space. C．It has performed a surgery on human issues. D．It is the first version of robotic-assisted surgery. 3．What is the goal of the research? A．To reduce the impact of zero gravity on robots. B．To make space more inhabitable. C．To allow more doctors accessible in poor areas. D．To help with health care of astronauts in space. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Robots Can Fill in Some of the Gaps B．Doctors Controlled the Robot Remotely from Earth C．Scientists Successfully Tested the Robot’s Surgery Skills in Space D．Robots Took the Place of doctors in Surgeries 1/12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 5 Human and Nature 核心语法精练（关系副词引导的定语从句及词语后缀） 目录 1 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 1 二、词语后缀 3 B 考点夯基·专项突破 6 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 6 二、选词填空 15 三、单句改错 17 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 17 题型一 完形填空 18 题型二 阅读理解 21 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 先行词类型 在从句中作用 可替换的关系代词结构 例句 语法要点 when 表示时间的名词（如 time, day, year, moment 等） 作时间状语（指代先行词表示的时间） 介词+which（如 at which, in which） 1. I still remember the day when I first met her.（我还记得第一次见到她的那天。） 2. This is the moment when we should take action.（这是我们应该采取行动的时刻。） -先行词必须是具体时间概念，不可用于指代抽象 “时间”（如 “时光” 需用其他表达）。 -从句谓语通常是延续性动词或表状态的动词（如 meet, take action）。 where 表示地点的名词（如 place, city, country, house 等） 作地点状语（指代先行词表示的地点） 介词+which（如 in which, at which） 1. This is the village where I grew up.（这是我长大的村庄。） 2. He showed me the library where he found the rare book.（他带我看了他找到那本珍本书的图书馆。） -先行词除具体地点外，还可指抽象 “场所”（如 situation, case, point 等，意为 “在这种情况下”）。 例：We’ve reached a point where we need to make a decision.（我们到了需要做决定的时刻。） why 表示原因的名词（仅 reason） 作原因状语（指代先行词 reason） for which 1. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation?（你知道他拒绝邀请的原因吗？） 2. That’s the reason why I left early.（那就是我提前离开的原因。） -先行词只能是 “reason”，不可用于其他表原因的名词。 -若 reason 在从句中作主语或宾语，需用 that/which（如 The reason that he gave is not true. 他给出的理由不真实。） 1. 补充说明： 2. 关系副词的本质： 关系副词本质上是 “介词+关系代词” 的简化形式（如 when = in/at which，where = in/at which，why = for which），但使用时更强调 “状语功能”，避免句子冗余。 1. 与关系代词的区别： 关系代词（that, which, who 等）在从句中作主语或宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语（时间、地点、原因），从句主谓结构完整（不缺主语/宾语）。 例： · 正确（关系副词，作状语）：This is the house where he lives.（从句 “he lives” 主谓完整，缺地点状语） · 正确（关系代词，作宾语）：This is the house that he bought.（从句 “he bought” 缺宾语，that 指代 house） 省略情况： 关系副词一般不可省略（若省略会导致从句逻辑不完整），而关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。 例：He told me the year （that） he was born.（that 作宾语，可省略） 但不可说：He told me the year he was born.（需用 when，否则缺时间状语） 二、词语后缀 后缀类型 具体后缀 构词功能（加在何种词后） 含义/作用 例词（原词→派生词） 说明（用法/注意事项） 名词后缀 -er 动词/ 名词 1. 指 “做某事的人”；2. 指 “物” teach→teacher（教师）；cooker（厨具） 部分指人，部分指工具（如 “cook” 本身可指人，“cooker” 特指厨具）。 -or 动词 指 “做某事的人（尤指职业）” act→actor（演员）；invent→inventor（发明家） 多对应 “较正式/专业的职业”，与 “-er” 无绝对区分，需积累。 -ist 名词/动词 指 “从事某领域的人；信仰者” art→artist（艺术家）；social→socialist（社会主义者） 常与 “学科、信仰、职业” 相关（如 “biologist” 生物学家）。 -ee 动词 指 “动作的承受者” employ→employee（雇员）；interview→interviewee（被采访者） 与 “-er/or（施动者）” 对应（如 employer 雇主 vs employee 雇员）。 -ment 动词 表示 “动作的结果；状态；过程” develop→development（发展）；agree→agreement（协议） 多数为抽象名词，强调 “动作的产物或状态”。 -ion/-tion/-sion 动词 表示 “动作；过程；结果” act→action（行动）；invent→invention（发明）；decide→decision（决定） 是动词变名词的高频后缀，拼写随原词发音变化（如 “-t” 结尾动词多接 “-ion”）。 -ance/-ence 动词/形容词 表示 “状态；性质；行为” appear→appearance（外貌）；different→difference（差异） “-ance” 多接在以 “-ant” 结尾的词后，“-ence” 多接在以 “-ent” 结尾的词后。 名词后缀 -ness 形容词 表示 “性质；状态” happy→happiness（幸福）；kind→kindness（善良） 直接将形容词转化为抽象名词，强调 “特征或状态”。 -ity 形容词（多为 “-able/-ible” 结尾） 表示 “性质；状态；程度” possible→possibility（可能性）；able→ability（能力） 比 “-ness” 更正式，多对应长形容词（如 “electric”→“electricity”）。 -hood 名词/形容词 表示 “时期；身份；状态” child→childhood（童年）；neighbor→neighborhood（邻里） 强调 “抽象的身份或阶段”（如 “manhood” 成年期）。 -dom 名词/形容词 1. 表示 “领域；状态”；2. “集合体” king→kingdom（王国）；free→freedom（自由） 可指 “具体范围”（如 kingdom）或 “抽象状态”（如 freedom）。 动词后缀 -ize/-ise 名词/形容词 表示 “使…… 化；使成为……” real→realize（实现）；modern→modernize（使现代化） 英式拼写常用 “-ise”，美式多用 “-ize”（如 realise/realize）。 -en 形容词/名词 1. 表示 “使…… 变得”；2. “变得” wide→widen（拓宽）；length→lengthen（加长） 部分可作不及物动词（如 “the river widens” 河流变宽）。 -ify 名词/形容词 表示 “使……；使具有…… 性质” pure→purify（净化）；class→classify（分类） 派生词多为及物动词（如 “simplify” 简化，“simplify the problem” 简化问题）。 形容词后缀 -able/-ible 动词 表示 “可…… 的；能…… 的” read→readable（易读的）；permit→permissible（允许的） “-able” 更常见，“-ible” 多为拉丁语源词（如 “visible” 可见的）。 形容词后缀 -ful 名词 表示 “充满…… 的；具有…… 的” hope→hopeful（有希望的）；care→careful（仔细的） 反义词常用 “-less”（如 hopeful→hopeless）。 -less 名词 表示 “无…… 的；缺乏…… 的” home→homeless（无家可归的）；use→useless（无用的） 与 “-ful” 对应，强调 “否定或缺失”。 -ous 名词 表示 “充满…… 的；具有…… 特征的” danger→dangerous（危险的）；fame→famous（著名的） 多接在抽象名词后，构成描述 “特征” 的形容词。 -y 名词 表示 “多…… 的；像…… 的；有…… 的” cloud→cloudy（多云的）；taste→tasty（美味的） 可描述 “状态”（如 “sleepy” 困倦的）或 “特征”（如 “hairy” 多毛的）。 -ish 名词/形容词 1. 表示 “像…… 的；有…… 特征的”；2. “略…… 的” child→childish（孩子气的）；red→reddish（微红的） 可指 “贬义的特征”（如 “foolish” 愚蠢的）或 “轻微程度”。 -ive 动词/名词 表示 “有…… 倾向的；与…… 相关的” act→active（活跃的）；create→creative（有创造力的） 多对应 “动作相关的特征”（如 “inventive” 有发明才能的）。 副词后缀 -ly 形容词 表示 “…… 地；以…… 方式” quick→quickly（快速地）；happy→happily（快乐地） 多数形容词加 “-ly” 变副词，但 “friendly”“lovely” 是形容词（易混淆）。 -ward(s) 名词/形容词 表示 “向…… 方向” east→eastward（向东）；home→homeward（向家的方向） “-ward” 和 “-wards” 通用（如 “forward”=“forwards”）。 数词后缀 -teen 基数词（3-9） 表示 “十几” three→thirteen（十三）；five→fifteen（十五） 仅用于 “13-19” 的构成，注意拼写（如 “fourteen” 而非 “fourtyteen”）。 -ty 基数词（2-9） 表示 “几十” two→twenty（二十）；six→sixty（六十） 用于 “20-90” 的构成，注意 “forty”（四十）无 “u”。 -th 基数词（4 及以上） 表示 “第……（序数词）” four→fourth（第四）；twelve→twelfth（第十二） 1-3 序数词特殊（first, second, third），其余多由 “基数词 +-th” 构成。 否定后缀 -less 名词（见形容词后缀） 表示 “无…… 的”（否定意义） job→jobless（失业的）；fear→fearless（无畏的） 本质是形容词后缀，但核心作用是 “否定”，需单独记忆。 补充说明： 1. 后缀的 “多功能性”：部分后缀可跨类型（如 “-y” 既可是形容词后缀 “cloudy”，也可构成名词 “difficulty”），需结合原词和词义判断。 2. 拼写变化：部分后缀加在原词后需变拼写（如 “-able” 加在 “change” 后为 “changeable”，保留 “e”；“-ion” 加在 “explain” 后为 “explanation”，去 “i” 加 “a”）。 3. 特殊情况：少数后缀无规律（如 “-ment” 加在 “move” 后为 “movement”，而非 “movment”），需积累常见词。 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．That’s the reason he lied to his parents. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：那就是他对父母撒谎的原因。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词替代先行词在从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why。故填why。 2．The reason I fell asleep so quickly is I was tired. 【答案】 why that 【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：我这么快就睡着的原因是我累了。先行词为reason，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作原因状语，关系副词为why，第二个空为表语从句，句意和句子结构完整，连接词为that，故填why；that。 3．He has reached a stage he can speak English fluently. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他已经达到了能够流利说英语的阶段。定语从句修饰先行词stage，在从句作地点状语，故填where。 4．Gift shops in museums people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends used to be the last stop of each visit. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：博物馆里人们会为自己和朋友购买纪念品的礼品店，过去常常是每次参观的最后一站。Gift shops in museums是先行词，在从句中充当地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。故填where。 5．In the context of globalization, cultural exchanges have become increasingly frequent, the preservation of local traditions faces unique challenges that were not present in the past. 【答案】where 【详解】考查连词。句意：在文化交流日益频繁的全球化背景下，保护地方传统面临着前所未有的独特挑战。先行词为the context of globalization，在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故填where。 6．Traditional festivals offer an atmosphere family bonds are strengthened. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：传统节日营造了一种加强家庭纽带的氛围。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere，先行词指地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。 7．The country he lives has multiple official languages. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他居住的国家有多种官方语言。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，所以使用关系副词，先行词the country指地点，此处使用关系副词where。故填where。 8．Cafes often create a cozy atmosphere people can relax and connect with others. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：咖啡馆常常营造一种舒适的氛围，人们可以在其中放松并与他人交流。此处需要填入一个关系词来引导定语从句修饰先行词atmosphere，先行词为物，引导词在从句中作状语，应使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。故填where。 9．Mrs Black went back to the same place she had found the ring. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：布莱克夫人回到了她发现戒指的地方。空处引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词place，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词。故填where。 10．She found herself in a position she had to make a difficult choice. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她发现自己处于一个必须做出艰难抉择的境地。空格处引导定语从句，先行词是a position（表示一个抽象的地点），关系词在从句中作地点状语，因此应使用关系副词where来引导该定语从句。故填where。 11．The museum ancient artifacts are displayed attracts millions of visitors. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：展出古代文物的博物馆吸引了数百万游客。空处引导定语从句修饰先行词museum，在从句作地点状语，故填where。 12．I will always remember the hours we lived together. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将永远记得我们共同生活的时光。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，句子主句为“I will always remember the hours”，后接定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词hours，从句需补充时间状语，因此可使用关系副词when引导。故填when。 13．It is a challenging job you are doing something serious but interesting. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一份具有挑战性的工作，你要做一些严肃但有趣的事情。job为先行词。在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故填where。 14．Have you ever faced a time things looked dark and you had no hope at all? 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你是否曾经面临过这样的时刻：事情看起来黯淡无光，你完全没有希望？空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为a time，先行词在从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导该从句。故填when。 15．The reason I’d like to take part in the competition of the Tang poetry recitation is that I want to learn more about Tang poems. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想参加唐诗朗诵比赛的原因是我想更多地了解唐诗。空处引导定语从句“ I’d like to take part in the competition of the Tang poetry recitation”，先行词为The reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，需用关系副词why引导。故填why。 16．That was the day it took six hours to break my soul. 【答案】when/on which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：就是在那一天，我花了六个小时来摧毁我的灵魂。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，在此句中，“the day”是先行词，后面的“it took six hours to break my soul”是定语从句，修饰“the day”。从句中缺少时间状语，即“在那一天”，所以可以用关系副词“when 或者“介词 + 关系代词”结构“on which”来引导定语从句。故填when/on which。 17．The environment children grow up influences their character. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：孩子们成长的环境会影响他们的性格。先行词为The environment，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故填where。 18．Is this the room they lived last winter? 【答案】where/in which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是他们去年冬天住的房间吗？分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，“the room”是先行词，关系词替代先行词在后面的定语从句“they lived last winter”中作地点状语，即 “在这个房间里”，所以可以用关系副词“where”或者“介词 + 关系代词”结构“in which”来引导定语从句。故填where/in which。 19．There was a time I was a very self-centered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有一段时间，我是一个非常以自我为中心的人，但在过去的两年里，我真的改变了。空处引导定语从句，先行词是time，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导，There was a time when“曾经有一段时间……”，故填when。 20．This is the place I can’t agree. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是我不能同意的地方。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the place，且在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。 21．In a word, we reached a point we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：总之，我们达到了一个我们希望享受和理解文学的一个点。空处引导定语从句，修饰a point，先行词point意为“阶段”，为抽象地点，所以用关系副词where，故填where。 22．The place this happens is a valley, a world away from any television studio. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：发生这一切的地方是一个山谷，与任何电视演播室都相隔一个世界。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the place，引导词在在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。 23．When I first came to the club I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当我第一次来到俱乐部，在那里我遇到了很多陌生人，我非常想念我的父母。定语从句修饰先行词club，在从句作地点状语，故用where。故填where。 24．This is the house he lived two years ago. 【答案】where/in which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是他两年前住过的房子。空处引导定语从句，先行词是the house，在从句中作地点状语，用where引导或者也可用“介词+which”引导，此处是固定搭配：live in，所以用in which。故填where或者in which。 25．I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation they will not be judged by the color of their skin. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我有一个梦想，我的四个孩子有一天会生活在一个不会以肤色来评判他们的国家。分析句子可知，句子为限制性定语从句，先行词为“nation”，在从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词“where”引导从句。故填where。 26．I still live in the place I was born. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我仍然住在我出生的地方。空处引导定语从句，先行词是place，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导，故填where。 27．The reason he didn’t go to school yesterday was that he was ill. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他昨天没去上学的原因是他病了。空处引导定语从句，先行词是reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导。故填why。 28．Teenagers are going through a stage everything seems strange and new to them. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：青少年正在经历一个一切对他们来说都是陌生和新鲜的阶段。空处引导定语从句，先行词是stage，关系词替代先行词在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故填when。 29．The company invests in countries renewable energy is dominant, aiming to reduce carbon emission. 【答案】where/in which 【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：该公司投资于可再生能源占主导地位的国家，旨在减少碳排放。根据空前invests和空后is可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是countries，作地点状语，应用关系词应用where/ in which，在从句中表示“在这些国家里”。故填where/ in which。 30．In cases nature and human ingenuity coexist harmoniously, we find sustainable solutions that ensure a bright future for our planet. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在自然和人类智慧和谐共存的情况下，我们找到了可持续的解决方案，确保我们的星球有一个光明的未来。修饰先行词 cases，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，意为 “在这些情况中”，所以用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句。故填where。 31．Jordon’s skills were (impress) and his moves were graceful. 【答案】impressive 【详解】考查形容词。句意：乔丹的技术令人印象深刻，他的动作很优雅。空处作表语，结合“graceful”可知，应用impress的形容词形式impressive，意为“令人印象深刻的”。故填impressive。 32．People were (shock), and another big quake shook the city again. 【答案】shocked 【详解】考查形容词。句意：人们感到十分震惊，紧接着这座城市又遭受了另一场强烈地震的袭击。所填词作表语，用于描述主语People的状态，要在所给动词shock的结尾加上-ed变成描述人的形容词，表示“感到震惊的”。故填shocked。 33．John stood with a (help) expression by the side of the road as his car broke down and he had no idea how to fix it. 【答案】helpless 【详解】考查形容词。句意：约翰一脸无助地站在路边，因为他的车坏了，他不知道如何修理。此处需要一个形容词修饰名词“expression”（表情）。约翰的车坏了，又不知道怎么修，因此脸上露出“无助的”表情。用形容词helpless无助的，符合语境。 故填helpless。 34．When you feel shaky, sweaty, with your heart beating quickly, taking a deep breath will be (help). 【答案】helpful 【详解】考查形容词。句意：当你感到颤抖、出汗、心跳加速时，深呼吸会有帮助。空处应填形容词作表语，故填helpful。 35．All teachers and students are required to be present at the (give) place before 8 a. m. 【答案】given 【详解】考查形容词。句意：所有师生必须在上午8点前到达指定地点。空处修饰名词place，应填形容词作定语，given“指定的”，形容词，故填given。 36．Volunteers are more (like) to look after their own health and are more focused on adding physical activity into their lives. 【答案】likely 【详解】考查形容词。句意：志愿者们更注重自身健康，并且更倾向于将体育锻炼纳入自己的生活之中。根据空格前的are可知，空格处应该用形容词likely作表语，be likely to do“很可能做某事”是固定搭配。故填likely。 37．You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won’t result in a (use) response. 【答案】useful 【详解】考查形容词。句意：你可能会考虑在社交媒体上发布你想要的东西，但这可能不会得到有用的回应。设空处修饰名词response，应用形容词作定语，故填useful。 38． (relate) problems will be discussed in learning process. 【答案】Related 【详解】考查形容词。句意：相关的问题在学习过程中将会被讨论。空处需用形容词作定语修饰名词problems，relate的形容词形式为related“相关的”，置于句首，首字母大写。故填Related。 39．Today we gather here to (grand) celebrate the International Women's Day. 【答案】grandly 【详解】考查副词。句意：今天我们齐聚于此，以隆重地方式庆祝国际妇女节。副词grandly修饰动词，作状语。故填grandly。 40．A nearby volcano erupted (violent), sending out quantities of molten rock and boiling mud. 【答案】violently 【详解】考查副词。句意：附近的一座火山猛烈喷发，喷出大量的熔岩和沸腾的泥浆。修饰动词erupted，应用提示词的副词形式violently“猛烈地”作状语。故填violently。 41． (consequent), she understood it and became interested in Chinese traditional culture. 【答案】Consequently 【详解】考查副词。句意：结果，她理解了它并对中国传统文化产生了兴趣。本空修饰句子，作状语，用副词consequently意为“结果，因此”，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Consequently。 42．A minivan with liquor runs (frequent) between the inn and the country club. 【答案】frequently 【详解】考查副词。句意：一辆载着酒的小型货车频繁地往返于旅馆和乡村俱乐部之间。此处应使用副词来修饰动词runs，表示动作发生的频率。frequent是形容词，意为“频繁的”，其副词形式是frequently，意为“频繁地”。故填frequently。 43．Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks (regular). relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. 【答案】regularly 【详解】考查副词。句意：最近的研究表明，如果我们能定期短暂休息，工作效率会高得多。这能缓解日常压力，而非增添新的烦恼。空格处修饰上文的动词短语take short breaks，作状语，应该用副词形式regularly。故填regularly。 44．We begin to see the (connect) of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. 【答案】interconnectedness 【详解】考查名词。句意：我们开始看到，在我们生活的各个方面，在我们自己和宇宙中，一件事与另一件事之间的互联性。作宾语，结合句意表示 “互联性”，应用名词 interconnectedness，由前缀 inter-(相互)+connect (联系)+ 后缀 - ed+-ness 构成。故填 interconnectedness。 45．In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as so advanced that it is (distinguish) from humans. 【答案】indistinguishable 【详解】考查形容词。句意：在电影和电视的虚构世界中，人工智能（AI）被描述成非常先进，以至于与人类无法区分。结合句意，此处表示 “无法区分的”，应用形容词 indistinguishable，由前缀 in-(不，非)+distinguish (区分，辨别)+ 后缀 - able 构成，在句中作表语。故填indistinguishable。 46．The delay in delivery has put us to great （convenience）. 【答案】inconvenience 【详解】考查名词。句意：发货的延迟给我们带来了很大的不便。根据句意“发货延迟”会导致“不便”。根据形容词修饰名词，空前为形容词great,所以空处用名词作宾语。所以convenience 便利 变为 inconvenience 不便利。故填inconvenience. 47．I shall never forget watching the sunrise over the sea-it was (forget)! 【答案】unforgettable 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我永远不会忘记在海上看日出——它是令人难以忘记的。空格前“was”是系动词，后面接形容词。括号中给出的提示词动词“forget”，对应的形容词是“forgettable”意思是“易被忘记的”。但根据句意这里应该使用反义“难以忘记的”，需要添加否定前缀。故填unforgettable。 48．Many stars, which are out of the solar system, are (visible) without a telescope. 【答案】invisible 【详解】考查形容词。句意：太阳系外的许多恒星不用望远镜是看不见的。由句意可知，此处应用visible的反义词invisible(看不见的)，形容词作表语。故填invisible。 49．His illness caused him to lose his (memorize). 【答案】memory 【详解】考查名词。句意：他的病使他失去了记忆。his是形容词性物主代词，后接名词；“记忆”memorize是动词，名词为memory(记忆)。 故填memory。 50．Most people here are (willing) to give up their cars. They don’t want to use buses instead. 【答案】unwilling 【详解】考查形容词。句意：这里的大多数人都不愿意放弃他们的汽车。相反他们不想乘公共汽车。 根据语境 “They don’t want to use buses”可知，前半句应意思为“大多数人不愿意放弃他们自己的车”；willing意思为“愿意的”，“不愿意的”是其否定词，前面加前缀un-，应是unwilling。故填unwilling。 51．If one is late for a job interview, it is (likely) that he will get the job. 【答案】unlikely 【详解】考查形容词和构词法。句意：如果一个人面试迟到，他就不太可能得到工作。由If one is late for a job interview（如果一个人面试迟到）可知，如果一个人面试迟到，他就不太可能得到工作，因此空格处为“不可能的”，is后跟形容词作表语，“不可能的”的形容词为unlikely，故填unlikely。 52．Some comedians tell jokes about the way people (behavior). 【答案】behave 【详解】考查定语从句的时态。句意：一些喜剧演员以人们的行为举止为题材讲笑话。the way是先行词，后面是定语从句，people后面少谓语，故用所给词的动词形式，由主句中的tell（一般现在时）再结合语境可知从句部分也用一般现在时，主语people，指人们，结合主谓一致可知，故填behave。 53．My father bought me an （electricity） guitar as my birthday present . 【答案】electric 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我爸爸给我买了一把电吉他作为我的生日礼物。分析句子可知，设空处应填形容词作定语，修饰guitar，再结合句意应填“电动的”electric作定语。故填electric。 54．Due to the widespread （apply） of this medical technology，more diseases can be discovered and treated at an early stage. 【答案】application 【详解】考查词形转换。句意：由于这种医药技术的广泛应用，越来越多的疾病可以及早发现并且治愈了。分析句子可知，形容词widespread后用名词，此空为“应用”的意思，且为不可数名词，故填application。 55．Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street (entertain). 【答案】entertainment 【详解】考查词性转换。句意：在卖礼物的各种商店里一边闲逛，一边欣赏现场音乐秀和漂亮的街头娱乐。根据句中的show，可知此空填名词。故答案为entertainment。 二、选词填空 1．I can never forget the day (on which/in which) we worked together. 2．Last summer we visited Hangzhou, (in which/as which) we stayed for one week. 3．This is the reason (with which /for which) he didn’t come to the meeting. 4．The engineer (with who/with whom) my father works is about 50 years old. 5．The pen (with which /by which) he is writing is mine. 6．Can you lend me the book (about which/with which) you talked the other day? 7．This is the website (where/which) I can find some interesting stories. 8．That is not the way (in which/with which) I do it. 9．This is the magazine (which/from which) I copied the paragraph. 10．That is the day (which/on which) I’ll never forget. 【答案】 1．on which 2．in which 3．for which 4．with whom 5．with which 6．about which 7．where 8．in which 9．from which 10．which 【解析】1．考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记我们一起工作的那一天。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是day，此处指“在那一天”，表示具体的某一天用介词on，故填on which。 2．考查定语从句。句意：去年夏天我们去了杭州，在那里待了一个星期。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是Hangzhou，此处指“在杭州”，应用介词in，故填in which。 3．考查定语从句。句意：这就是他没有来开会的原因。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是reason，此处指“由于这个原因”，应用介词for，故填for which。 4．考查定语从句。句意：和我父亲一起工作的工程师大约50岁。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是engineer，指人，此处指“和工程师一起工作”，应用介词with，关系词在从句中作介词with的宾语，应用关系代词whom，故填with whom。 5．考查定语从句。句意：他写作正在用的那支笔是我的。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是pen，此处指“他写作正在使用的那只笔”，表示“使用”用介词with，故填with which。 6．考查定语从句。句意：你能把你前几天谈到的那本书借给我吗？分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是book，表示“谈论某物”使用动词短语talk about sth，故此处使用介词about，故填about which。 7．考查定语从句。句意：这是我可以找到一些有趣故事的网站。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是website，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导，故填where。 8．考查定语从句。句意：那不是我做事的方式。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是way，关系词在从句中作状语，定语从句可用that或in which引导，或者省略关系词，故填in which。 9．考查定语从句。句意：这就是我从其中抄下那个段落的杂志。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是magazine，此处指“从杂志上抄写段落”，应用“介词from+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作介词from的宾语，应用关系代词which，故填from which。 10．考查定语从句。句意：那是我永远不会忘记的一天。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是day，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词which，故填which。 三、单句改错 1．More high buildings have appeared, that are modern and beautiful. 2．Lee MinHo, which music and films are loved by many teenagers, was invited to perform in the 2014 Spring Festival. 3．Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position. 4．You can go to your host family that you can experience the Chinese way of life． 5．One day the city mouse, whom lived in a big house, wrote a letter to the country mouse inviting him for a visit. 6．The glorious moment would live in my mind that our football team won the championship. 7．Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to that you are traveling. 8．So I decided to leave home for New York, which I might have a better chance to find a good job. 9．The people of Chu whom mourned Qu’s death threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the day of his death. 10．All which you have to do is to press the button. 【答案】 1．that→which 2．which→whose 3．which→that 4．that→where 5．whom→who 6．that→when 7．that→which 8．which→where 9．whom→who/that 10．which→that 【解析】1．考查定语从句。句意：出现了更多现代而美丽的高楼大厦。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词More high buildings，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故将that改为which。 2．考查定语从句。句意：李敏镐，他的音乐和电影受到许多青少年的喜爱，被邀请在2014年春节演出。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词Lee MinHo，指人，在定语从句中作定语，修饰名词music and films，需用关系代词whose引导，表示所属关系。故将which改为whose。 3．考查定语从句。句意：请把您掌握的有关这个职位候选人的所有信息发送给我们。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the information，指物，先行词前有限定词all修饰，需用关系代词that引导。故将which改为that。 4．考查定语从句。句意：你可以去寄宿家庭体验中国的生活方式。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词your host family，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用连接副词where引导。故将that改为where。 5．考查定语从句。句意：有一天，住在豪宅里的城市老鼠给乡下老鼠写了一封信，邀请他来参观。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词the city mouse，在这个寓言化的语境中，拟人化的老鼠指人，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who引导。故将whom改为who。 6．考查定语从句。句意：足球队赢得冠军的辉煌时刻将永远留在我的记忆中。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词The glorious moment，在定语从句中作时间状语，需用关系副词when引导。故将that改为when。 7．考查定语从句。句意：熟悉你将要旅行的国家的当地法律和习俗。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the countries，指物，在定语从句中作宾语，且位于介词to后面，需用关系代词which引导。故将that改为which。 8．考查定语从句。句意：所以我决定离开家去纽约，在那里我可能会有更好的机会找到一份好工作。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词New York，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故将which改为where。 9．考查定语从句。句意：楚国人民每年在屈原去世的那天都会往河里扔米饭来喂他的灵魂。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词The people of Chu，指人，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who或that引导。故将whom改为who/that。 10．考查定语从句。句意：你所需要做的就是按下按钮。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是all，为不定代词，不定代词后的定语从句只能用that而不能用which引导，在定语从句中作宾语，需用关系代词that引导。故将which改为that。 题型一 完形填空 （2025高一·全国·专题练习）Years ago, I lived in the English midlands and would walk the same route along the local canal each evening. On winter mornings, I would see the 1 sight of bird flocks dancing across the landscape, a distant cacophony (刺耳的嘈杂声) 2 above the fields. They were jackdaws (寒鸦), the smallest member of the crow family. Research led by Masters student Alex Dibnah asked: Why are jackdaws so loud when they 3 ? Then he began to work with a team. The team’s 4 was that the morning calls might be a jackdaw version of “ 5 ”. Each individual’s call might 6 as an “I’m in!”, helping them coordinate (协调) their 7 . To test this, the researchers artificially 8 call levels during the jackdaws’ morning cacophony using speakers at their sleeping sites. When extra calls were played, the jackdaws 9 earlier, showing they use calls as a voting system. Individual jackdaws 10 from leaving with the flock because they get more social information like where to find food. They can also maximize their time spent finding food and they’re less 11 predation (捕食). This sort of decision-making isn’t 12 to jackdaws — it’s been reported in other species as well. So, the cacophony of jackdaws in the morning is a clever way to 13 a large group. If you’re   14 by the noise, find comfort in the fact that the louder they get, the sooner they’ll leave you in 15 . 1．A．frightening B．peaceful C．familiar D．unusual 2．A．fading B．stopping C．changing D．rising 3．A．fly B．gather C．appear D．return 4．A．evidence B．theory C．experiment D．difficulty 5．A．acting B．warning C．informing D．voting 6．A．play B．count C．check D．rank 7．A．movement B．progress C．gesture D．demand 8．A．created B．graded C．increased D．maintained 9．A．settled B．left C．escaped D．arrived 10．A．benefit B．learn C．suffer D．keep 11．A．in defense of B．in control of C．at risk of D．at the sight of 12．A．common B．essential C．open D．unique 13．A．join B．organize C．master D．serve 14．A．bothered B．impressed C．surprised D．fascinated 15．A．trouble B．wonder C．peace D．charge 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了寒鸦在早晨聚集时发出嘈杂声的原因，这是一种聪明的组织群体的方式。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在冬日的早晨，我常看见熟悉的景象：成群的寒鸦在田野上空飞舞，远处田野上刺耳的聒噪声此起彼伏。A. frightening令人恐惧的；B. peaceful和平的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. unusual不寻常的。根据前文“Years ago, I lived in the English midlands and would walk the same route along the local canal each evening.”可知，因为作者多年生活在同一个地方，所以会看到熟悉的景象。故选C项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在冬日的早晨，我常看见熟悉的景象：成群的寒鸦在田野上空飞舞，远处田野上刺耳的聒噪声此起彼伏。A. fading褪色；B. stopping停止；C. changing改变；D. rising(声音)变响，变大。根据前文“bird flocks dancing across the landscape”可知，成群的寒鸦在田野上飞舞，发出刺耳的嘈杂声，声音从田野上升起，此起彼伏。故选D项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：硕士生Alex Dibnah领导的研究提出了一个问题：为什么寒鸦聚集时如此吵闹？A. fly飞；B. gather聚集；C. appear出现；D. return返回。根据前文“I would see the 1 sight of bird flocks dancing across the landscape, a distant cacophony (刺耳的嘈杂声) 2 above the fields.”可知，寒鸦在聚集时会发出刺耳的嘈杂声，所以这里研究的是为什么寒鸦聚集时如此吵闹。故选B项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：该团队的理论是，早晨的叫声可能是寒鸦版的“投票”。A. evidence证据；B. theory理论；C. experiment实验；D. difficulty困难。根据后文“that the morning calls might be a jackdaw version of...”可知，这是该团队提出的一种理论，用来解释寒鸦发出叫声的原因。故选B项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该团队的理论是，早晨的叫声可能是寒鸦版的“投票”。A. acting行动；B. warning警告；C. informing通知；D. voting投票。根据后文“Each individual’s call might 6 as an “I’m in!””和“showing they use calls as a voting system”可知，早晨的叫声可能是寒鸦在“投票”。故选D项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每只寒鸦的叫声都可以看作是“我加入！”，帮助它们协调行动。A. play玩；B. count看作，认为；C. check检查；D. rank排名。根据后文“as an “I’m in!””可知，每个寒鸦的叫声都可以看作在表示“我加入”。故选B项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：每只寒鸦的叫声都可以看作是“我加入！”，帮助它们协调行动。A. movement行动；B. progress进步；C. gesture手势；D. demand要求。根据前文“Each individual’s call might 6 as an “I’m in!””可知，寒鸦的叫声可理解为在表达“我加入”某项活动，这也是在协调行动。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了验证这一点，研究人员在寒鸦睡觉的地方用扬声器人为地增加了早晨的嘈杂声。A. created创造；B. graded分级；C. increased增加；D. maintained维护。根据后文“using speakers”和“When extra calls were played”可推知，研究人员用扬声器是为了增加了早晨的嘈杂声。故选C项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当播放额外的叫声时，寒鸦离开得更早，这表明它们使用叫声作为投票系统。A. settled解决；B. left离开；C. escaped逃跑；D. arrived到达。根据最后一段中“the fact that the louder they get, the sooner they’ll leave you”可知，越大声，寒鸦会越早离开，所以用扬声器播放额外的声音时，它们离开得更早。故选B项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：单个的寒鸦从和群体一起离开中受益，因为它们能获得更多的社交信息，比如在哪里能找到食物。A. benefit受益；B. learn学习；C. suffer遭受；D. keep保持。根据后文“because they get more social information like where to find food”可知，单个的寒鸦能获得更多有用信息，所以它们从中受益。故选A项。 11．考查介词短语辨析。句意：它们还可以最大限度地利用寻找食物的时间，而且被捕食的风险也更小。A. in defense of防御；B. in control of控制；C. at risk of有……的危险；D. at the sight of一看见。根据前文和“They can also maximize their time spent finding food”可知，这里在讲单个寒鸦从群体中获得的好处，所以，它们“被其它狩猎者捕食的风险也更小”，也是益处之一。故选C项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种决策并不是寒鸦独有的——在其他物种中也有报道。A. common共同的；B. essential基本的；C. open开放的；D. unique独特的。根据后文“it’s been reported in other species as well”可知，这种决策并不是寒鸦独有的。故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：确实，寒鸦清晨的聒噪，实则是庞大群体高效协作的智慧体现。A. join加入；B. organize组织；C. master掌握；D. serve服务。根据前文“Each individual’s call might 6 as an “I’m in!”, helping them coordinate (协调) their 7 .”可知，寒鸦通过叫声来协调行动，所以早晨寒鸦的聒噪是一种组织大群体的聪明方式。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你被噪音打扰了，那就从这样一个事实中找到安慰吧：它们越吵，离开得就越快，让你恢复平静。A. bothered打扰；B. impressed使印象深刻；C. surprised使惊讶；D. fascinated使着迷。根据后文“by the noise”和“find comfort in the fact that...”可知，被寒鸦的噪音困扰，所以才会想去找到安慰。故选A项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你被噪音打扰了，那就从这样一个事实中找到安慰吧：它们越吵，离开得就越快，让你恢复平静。A. trouble麻烦；B. wonder奇迹；C. peace平静；D. charge费用。根据前文“the sooner they’ll leave you...”可知，寒鸦离开，你就能恢复平静。故选C项。 题型二 阅读理解 Passage 1 （2025高二·全国·专题练习）Despite the bad reputation of sharks, they are crucial to the health of the marine ecosystem and can even help fight climate change. In the shallows of Shark Bay, Western Australia, seagrass is food for the sea cows, which can weigh as much as 500kg and eat roughly 40kg of seagrass a day. Sea cows are a rich source of food for tiger sharks. By keeping the sea cow population in check, tiger sharks here help the seagrass meadows thrive. A flourishing seagrass meadow stores twice as much CO2 per square mile as forests typically do on land. But tiger shark numbers are declining. Off Australia’s northeast coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are estimated to have fallen by at least 71 percent, largely due to overfishing. A reduction in tiger sharks means more seagrass consumed by herbivores (食草动物) and less carbon stored in sea vegetation. This begged the question: What if they were absent from the Shark Bay — would the seagrass-dominated ecosystem survive? To find out, researchers led by Rob Nowicki of Florida International University, spent time in Eastern Australia, where shark numbers were lower and sea cows ate seagrass largely undisturbed. “When unchecked, sea cows can rapidly destroy wide areas of seagrass,” said Nowicki. “When the seagrass recovers, the seagrass community looks different, with more tropical species dominating than before.” Those findings underlined the role that tiger sharks were playing in Shark Bay. If their populations continue to decline, the resilience of carbon-rich ocean ecosystems will likely decrease. When it comes to boosting shark numbers, there have been movements toward more sustainable fishing, but a large percentage of the industry have not changed their methods, which is a reason why the population of many marine top predators continues to decline. Aside from supporting sustainable fishing, Nowicki said the only way to truly protect marine life is to reduce our global greenhouse gas emissions. “Ultimately, if we are going to conserve our ecosystems in the centuries to come, we are going to need to solve climate change while undertaking species conservation at the same time.” 1．Why are tiger sharks vital to the marine ecosystem? A．They feed on various sea animals. B．They can store large amounts of CO2. C．They can prevent the loss of seagrass. D．They influence marine species distribution. 2．What did Rob Nowicki’s team want to find out in Eastern Australia? A．How sea cows destroy the seagrass community. B．How shark population influences the ocean ecosystem. C．What was contributing to the declining number of tiger sharks. D．What to do to recover the seagrass-dominated ecosystem. 3．What is the main reason for the population reduction of many top predators in marine ecosystems? A．Climate change. B．Water pollution. C．Loss of seagrass. D．Unsustainable fishing practices. 4．What is the ultimate way to protect sharks, according to Nowicki? A．Regulating fishing activities. B．Solving ocean pollution problems. C．Establishing natural reserves. D．Reducing our carbon footprint. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是鲨鱼（特别是虎鲨）对海洋生态系统健康的重要性，以及它们在应对气候变化方面的潜在作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Sea cows are a rich source of food for tiger sharks. By keeping the sea cow population in check, tiger sharks here help the seagrass meadows thrive. (海牛是虎鲨丰富的食物来源。通过控制海牛的数量，这里的虎鲨帮助海草草地茁壮成长。)”可知，虎鲨对海洋生态系统至关重要是因为它们可以防止海草的流失。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“A reduction in tiger sharks means more seagrass consumed by herbivores (食草动物) and less carbon stored in sea vegetation. This begged the question: What if they were absent from the Shark Bay — would the seagrass-dominated ecosystem survive? (虎鲨数量的减少意味着食草动物消耗的海草更多，海洋植被中储存的碳更少。这就引出了一个问题：如果鲨鱼湾没有了海草，这个以海草为主的生态系统还能生存吗？)”和第四段“To find out, researchers led by Rob Nowicki of Florida International University, spent time in Eastern Australia, where shark numbers were lower and sea cows ate seagrass largely undisturbed. (为了找到答案，佛罗里达国际大学的Rob Nowicki领导的研究人员在澳大利亚东部呆了一段时间，那里鲨鱼数量较少，海牛吃海草基本上不受干扰。)”可知，Rob Nowicki的团队想在东澳大利亚发现鲨鱼数量如何影响海洋生态系统。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“When it comes to boosting shark numbers, there have been movements toward more sustainable fishing, but a large percentage of the industry have not changed their methods, which is a reason why the population of many marine top predators continues to decline. (在增加鲨鱼数量方面，已经有了更可持续的捕鱼运动，但该行业的很大一部分人并没有改变他们的方法，这就是许多海洋顶级食肉动物的数量继续下降的原因。)”可知，海洋生态系统中许多顶级食肉动物数量减少的主要原因是不可持续的捕鱼行为。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Aside from supporting sustainable fishing, Nowicki said the only way to truly protect marine life is to reduce our global greenhouse gas emissions. (Nowicki说，除了支持可持续渔业，真正保护海洋生物的唯一途径是减少全球温室气体排放。)”可知，Nowicki认为，保护鲨鱼的最终方法是减少我们的碳足迹。故选D。 Passage 2 （吉林地区普通高中友好学校联合体2024-2025学年高二下学期期末英语试卷）From time to time, Ding Peng makes his way across the waves to Zhongtiedun, an island in Zhejiang Province. He has made a point of coming back to visit it to greet and observe the Chinese crested terns (中华凤头燕鸥) over the past ten years. The medium-sized bird is 30-40 centimeters long, with gray wings and a white body. It was first discovered in Indonesia by Heinrich Bernstein in 1861. It has since been sighted only in small numbers around the world. The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. “I love the sea and my major could be of some use in protecting it,” he says. Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. Ding’s contributions were recognized by the local authorities of Ningbo this year, who named him one of the city’s “most beautiful people”. “Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says. 1．Why did the researchers feel surprised when the Chinese crested terns were found in 2000? A．They were spotted by a photographer instead of them. B．The event made them ashamed. C．They were unable to catch them. D．They thought the birds were extinct. 2．What was the main reason why Ding decided to take the job offer? A．His life experience in his hometown. B．His major. C．A good salary. D．The beautiful scenery. 3．How was Ding’s life on the islands? A．Adventurous. B．Enjoyable. C．Difficult. D．Inspiring. 4．What does Ding think of his team’s work? A．It’s fruitful. B．It’s perfect. C．It’s regrettable. D．It’s pointless. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了丁鹏以及其团队为保护中华凤头燕鸥所付出的努力并产生良好效果的事迹。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The birds were spotted in 1937 on islands around Qingdao, Shandong Province, and it was not until 2000 that a bird photographer spotted them on the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, which immediately caused a storm in international ornithology (鸟类学) circles for researchers assumed that the birds had already died out. (1937年，人们在山东青岛附近的岛屿上发现了这种鸟，直到2000年，一位鸟类摄影师在福建沿海的马祖列岛发现了它们，这一消息立即在国际鸟类学界引起了轩然大波，因为研究人员认为这种鸟已经灭绝了)”可知，研究人员在2000年发现中华凤头燕鸥时感到惊讶是因为他们认为这种鸟已经灭绝了。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Born in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Ding grew up seeing barren (贫瘠的) mountains and sandstorms, and had an awareness of environmental protection at an early age. That was why, after graduating from university in 2012, he readily took a job offer from the Jiushan Islands National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang. (丁出生在甘肃兰州，从小在荒山和沙尘暴中长大，从小就有环保意识。这就是为什么2012年大学毕业后，他欣然接受了浙江韭山列岛国家自然保护区的工作机会)”可知，丁鹏决定接受这份工作的主要原因是他在家乡的生活经历让他早有环保意识。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Looking back at his life on the islands, Ding admits that it was very tough. There was no electricity to charge mobile phones and no air conditioner during the hot summer, and drinking water was sent in by supply ships. The worst was the loneliness, though things took a turn for the better in 2017, when more volunteers came to join the bird protection team. (回顾在岛上的生活，丁鹏坦言那段日子十分艰难。没有电给手机充电，炎热的夏天也没有空调，饮用水要靠补给船运送。最糟糕的是孤独，不过 2017 年情况有了好转，更多志愿者加入了护鸟队伍)”可知，丁鹏在岛上生活艰难。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Everything was worth it, now that more people are aware of the importance of protecting the birds, and now that the number of the birds is on the rise,” Ding says.(丁鹏说：“一切都是值得的，因为现在更多人意识到了保护这些鸟类的重要性，而且它们的数量也在不断增加。”)”可推知，丁鹏认为他们的工作是富有成效的。故选A项。 Passage 3 （内蒙古自治区包头市2024-2025学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题）Here are four of the most famous buildings from around the world. When you are going to travel, you know exactly where to go! The Lloyd’s Building The Lloyd’s Building lies in London and is Richard Rogers’ first high-tech office block. It has won many awards because of its attractive inside-out design—all its services like elevators are provided outside the building. It is said by Historic England to be “widely recognized as one of the key buildings of the modem age.” One World Trade Center One World Trade Center is in the United States, which reaches a total height of 1,776 feet. The building has 94 stories above ground, and 5 stories underground. There are 86 usable above-ground floors, of which 78 are used for office purposes. What’s more, the building has 73 elevators in total and all that’s needed to travel to the upper floors of the building is a ride within only 60 seconds. Petronas Towers The Petronas Towers lies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which has a height of 1,483 feet. The 88-floor towers are characterized by a two-story skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors. The skybridge is 58 meters long and is considered to be the highest two-story skybridge in the world. The Colosseum The Colosseum in Rome, Italy is a large amphitheater (圆形剧场) that hosted events like gladiatorial (角斗士的) games. The Colosseum, which can seat 50,000 people, towers four stories high and includes eighty entrances to the amphitheater. It is the largest ancient amphitheater ever built and is still the largest standing amphitheater in the world today. 1．Which building has outside elevators? A．The Lloyd’s Building. B．One World Trade Center. C．Petronas Towers. D．The Colosseum. 2．What do we know about One World Trade Center? A．It has some underground offices. B．There are 5 unusable floors in it in all. C．It provides 86 floors for office purposes. D．The running speed of its elevators is high. 3．Where can you visit the world’s highest two-story skybridge? A．In Britain. B．In Malaysia. C．In America. D．In Italy. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍的是世界上最著名的四座建筑。 1．细节理解题。根据The Lloyd’s Building部分“It has won many awards because of its attractive inside-out design—all its services like elevators are provided outside the building.(该建筑因其别具一格的内外颠倒设计而荣获众多奖项——其所有服务设施，如电梯等，均设置在建筑外部。)”可知，The Lloyd’s Building有室外电梯。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据One World Trade Center部分“What’s more, the building has 73 elevators in total and all that’s needed to travel to the upper floors of the building is a ride within only 60 seconds.(更重要的是，该建筑共有73部电梯，只需在60秒内乘坐电梯即可到达大楼的高层。)”可知，One World Trade Center的电梯运行速度快。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据Petronas Towers部分“The skybridge is 58 meters long and is considered to be the highest two-story skybridge in the world.(这座天桥长58米，被认为是世界上最高的两层天桥。)”和“The Petronas Towers lies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(双子星塔坐落于马来西亚吉隆坡)”可知，在马来西亚可以参观世界上最高的两层天桥。故选B。 Passage 4 （内蒙古自治区包头市2024-2025学年高一下学期7月期末英语试题）Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Many forms of cancers could be cured if discovered early and treated properly. But identifying it is quite an effort. Now a new study may offer an approach. Researchers in France recently found that insects, including ants, have a powerful sense of smell and can quickly learn to find out cancerous cells (细胞). The researchers experimented with 36 ants of the species Formica fusca. They first trained the ants by placing a sugar solution near the cancerous cells. Half of the ants were taught to recognize one type of cancer, and the rest were taught another. Then the ants were put near the healthy cells and the cancerous cells. It turned out that when the sugar solution was taken away, the ants could still find out the cancerous cells. In the test, the ants moved towards the cancerous cells they learned to discover, even if they had to choose between different cancer varieties. This isn’t the first time that animals’ sense of smell has been used to identify cancerous cells. Earlier studies have suggested that dogs are good at smelling out cancerous cells. “Ants equal dogs in terms of smelling abilities,” the researchers wrote. “In some regards, ants are better than dogs because they can learn extremely fast — less than 30 minutes for most ants — with a low-cost method that can be achieved by anyone after a couple of days of training, while training a dog to properly smell out cancerous cells requires several months to a year and it also costs much.” More clinical (临床的) tests must be carried out before they could be used in clinical settings like hospitals. The researchers’ next step will be to further study whether ants could make themselves useful in other real-world situations where dogs are now used. They believe that the method could possibly be adapted to other challenging tasks. 1．What can we learn about the ants in the experiment? A．They were used for curing cancer. B．They fed mainly on cancerous cells. C．They preferred healthy cells to cancerous cells. D．They could tell different cancerous cell varieties apart. 2．How are ants better than dogs according to the researchers? A．Ants have a stronger sense of smell. B．Ants have more correct results. C．Ants are much more cost-effective. D．Ants can be used for longer periods. 3．What will the researchers do next? A．Explore other possible uses of ants. B．Experiment with other species of ants. C．Use ants instead of dogs in real-world situations. D．Promote the use of ants in hospitals around the world. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Ants can identify cancerous cells. B．Cancer is a leading cause of death. C．Cancer can be cured sooner or later. D．Ants and dogs have good smelling abilities. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要说明了法国研究人员发现蚂蚁具有强大的嗅觉能力，能够通过训练快速识别癌细胞，且在某些方面比狗更具优势，未来或可应用于医疗诊断等现实场景。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In the test, the ants moved towards the cancerous cells they learned to discover, even if they had to choose between different cancer varieties.(在测试中，蚂蚁向它们学会发现的癌细胞移动，即使它们必须在不同的癌症品种之间做出选择。)”可知，实验中的蚂蚁可以区分不同种类的癌细胞。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In some regards, ants are better than dogs because they can learn extremely fast — less than 30 minutes for most ants — with a low-cost method that can be achieved by anyone after a couple of days of training, while training a dog to properly smell out cancerous cells requires several months to a year and it also costs much.(在某些方面，蚂蚁比狗学得好，因为它们学得非常快——大多数蚂蚁不到30分钟就能学会——只要训练几天，任何人都可以用一种低成本的方法学会，而训练一只狗正确嗅出癌细胞需要几个月到一年的时间，而且成本也很高。)”可知，蚂蚁比狗好是因为蚂蚁的成本效益高得多。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The researchers’ next step will be to further study whether ants could make themselves useful in other real-world situations where dogs are now used.(研究人员接下来的步骤将是进一步研究蚂蚁是否能在其他目前由狗来承担任务的现实场景中发挥作用。)”可知，研究人员下一步要探索蚂蚁的其他可能用途。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“In the test, the ants moved towards the cancerous cells they learned to discover, even if they had to choose between different cancer varieties.(在测试中，蚂蚁向它们学会发现的癌细胞移动，即使它们必须在不同的癌症品种之间做出选择。)”可知，这篇文章的主要内容是蚂蚁能识别癌细胞。故选A。 Passage 5 （2025高二·全国·专题练习）No part of the planet is free of plastic waste, and coral reefs are no exception. A study published in Nature found that not only is every coral reef filled with plastic, but almost three-quarters of the larger items were from “ghost gear” — fishing paraphernalia such as ropes, lines and nets. Food wrappers and plastic bottles were also common. The plastic constitutes an “emerging threat” to reefs, the researchers said. The study, Plastic Pollution on the World’s Coral Reefs, examined 85 reefs at more than two-dozen locations across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic. The scientists used special diving equipment to survey in “mesophotic (中光度的)”, or twilight, zones at 30 —150 meters beneath the surface, and discovered the deeper sites had more plastic than shallower ones. There was more plastic pollution in reefs nearer to densely populated cities and markets, as well as marine protected areas, whose borders are heavily frequented by fishers. The researchers noted that plastic can spread coral disease, and that fishing lines and nets can damage the structure of reefs and thus harm fish diversity. “Our findings reveal some of the complex collective challenges we face when dealing with plastic pollution,” said Hudson Pinheiro, the study’s lead author, from the University of Sao Paulo and a research fellow at the academy. “As marine resources around the world dwindle, humans that rely on those resources are turning to deeper habitats and those closer to marine protected areas where fish remain abundant.” One potential reason for finding more plastic at greater depths could be increased wave action and turbulence (湍流) at the surface, which could drag debris deeper. Other possibilities include recreational divers removing trash from shallower reefs. The researcher stressed their findings highlight the need to expand the depth of marine protected areas, update international agreements on tackling plastic pollution, and develop low-cost, biodegradable alternatives to current fishing equipment. 1．What is the primary source of the larger plastic items found in coral reefs? A．Tourist waste. B．Industrial pollution. C．Fishing gear. D．Diving equipment. 2．What is the main focus of the study? A．The impact of plastic pollution on marine life. B．The extent of plastic pollution in coral reefs worldwide. C．The distribution of plastic waste in different ocean zones. D．The correlation between plastic pollution and fish diversity. 3．What does the underlined word “dwindle” in paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Grow rapidly. B．Reach their peak. C．Decrease gradually. D．Benefit everyone. 4．What do the researchers suggest based on their findings? A．Banning all fishing activities near coral reefs. B．Restricting access to coral reefs for recreational divers. C．Sparing no effort to clean up the plastic in the deep ocean. D．Redirecting international efforts that address plastic pollution. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍发表于《自然》杂志的一项关于全球珊瑚礁塑料污染的研究，研究发现珊瑚礁普遍存在塑料污染，较大塑料物品多来自“幽灵渔具”，靠近人口密集城市、市场及海洋保护区的珊瑚礁塑料污染更严重，塑料对珊瑚礁及鱼类多样性有危害，还探讨了深海塑料多的原因，并基于研究结果提出相关建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A study published in Nature found that not only is every coral reef filled with plastic, but almost three-quarters of the larger items were from “ghost gear” — fishing paraphernalia such as ropes, lines and nets.(发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究发现，不仅每个珊瑚礁都充满了塑料，而且几乎四分之三的较大物品来自“幽灵渔具”——如绳索、钓线和渔网等捕鱼用具)”可知，在珊瑚礁中发现的较大塑料物品的主要来源是渔具。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study, Plastic Pollution on the World’s Coral Reefs, examined 85 reefs at more than two-dozen locations across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic.(这项名为《世界珊瑚礁的塑料污染》的研究，对印度洋、太平洋和大西洋20多个地点的85个珊瑚礁进行了调查)”可知，研究范围广泛，研究旨在探究全球珊瑚礁塑料污染的程度。故选B项。 3．词义猜测题。根据第六段“As marine resources around the world dwindle, humans that rely on those resources are turning to deeper habitats and those closer to marine protected areas where fish remain abundant.(随着全球海洋资源dwindle，依赖这些资源的人类正转向更深的栖息地以及更靠近鱼类仍然丰富的海洋保护区)”可知，因为海洋资源减少，人类才会转向其他地方寻找资源，“dwindle”意思是“逐渐减少”，与“Decrease gradually”同义。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The researcher stressed their findings highlight the need to expand the depth of marine protected areas, update international agreements on tackling plastic pollution, and develop low-cost, biodegradable alternatives to current fishing equipment.(研究人员强调，他们的发现凸显了扩大海洋保护区深度、更新应对塑料污染的国际协议以及开发低成本、可生物降解的替代现有捕鱼设备的必要性)”可知，研究人员基于发现建议重新引导应对塑料污染的国际努力，更新国际协议。故选D项。 Passage 6 （24-25高二下·甘肃白银·期末）Drones, DNA profiling and ultra-sensitive listening devices are being used in conservation efforts safeguarding the UK’s forests as the battle to defeat biodiversity decline and manage climate change goes hi-tech. Forestry England (FE) is gathering data on the variety of wildlife in some of its 1,500 woodlands at an all-time pace and level of detail. The body is harvesting environmental DNA — genetic material left by organisms in an ecosystem — from soil, water and air samples to build a picture of the range of species across 21 forests. Results from four months of sampling have revealed more than 5,000 unique species of fungi (真菌) — more than have been found in the last century using traditional sampling methods — alongside 1,000 species of invertebrates (无脊椎动物). The data will create a new biodiversity baseline enabling FE to monitor the success of its conservation work. Meanwhile, bioacoustic (生物声学的) listening devices have been installed in four wild areas in Somerset, Dorset, North Yorkshire and Northumberland. The technology is being used to track bumblebee activity by listening to the sound of their wings in flight. Andrew Stringer, FE head of environment and nature recovery, called the fungi data and invertebrates “mind-blowing” and said the new techniques represented a step-change in its biodiversity monitoring work. “These emerging technologies mean soon we’ll have ‘weather stations for nature’ throughout the nation’s forests, telling us what is happening to nature at a level of detail we’ve never had before,” Stringer added. FE said, “The work is part of a new approach to forestry in wild spaces, putting landscape-scale nature restoration at the forefront.” Elsewhere, the Woodland Trust has been using laser scanning technology to create 3D models of some of the UK’s most famous old oaks (橡树). The project builds a digital file of these living tree legends as well as information efforts and helping scientists better understand the carbon capture potential of ancient trees. 1．What is the main advantage of using high-tech equipment in British forests? A．Identifying illegal logging quickly. B．Tracking animal migration patterns. C．Creating digital maps of forest landscapes. D．Offering rapid and detailed biodiversity data. 2．What is the purpose of the biodiversity baseline? A．For entertainment. B．For commercial use. C．To track conservation progress. D．To educate the next generation. 3．How does Andrew Stringer feel about the new techniques? A．Critical. B．Excited. C．Cautious. D．Concerned. 4．What can the digital files of the old oaks do? A．Help future conservation. B．Measure the age of ancient oaks. C．Record the history of the old trees. D．Monitor the health of ancient trees. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了英国在森林保护中运用无人机、DNA分析等高科技，收集生物数据、监测物种，助力应对生物多样性下降与气候变化，推动自然恢复。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Forestry England (FE) is gathering data on the variety of wildlife in some of its 1,500 woodlands at an all-time pace and level of detail.(英格兰林业局（FE）正以前所未有的速度和详尽程度收集其 1500 多处林地内的各类野生动物数据)”可知，在英国的森林中使用高科技设备的主要优势是能提供快速且详尽的生物多样性数据。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The data will create a new biodiversity baseline enabling FE to monitor the success of its conservation work.(这些数据将形成一个新的生物多样性基准，使英格兰林业局能够监测其保护工作的成效)”可知，生物多样性基线的目的是追踪保护工作的进展情况。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Andrew Stringer, FE head of environment and nature recovery, called the fungi data and invertebrates “mind-blowing” and said the new techniques represented a step-change in its biodiversity monitoring work.(环境与自然恢复部门负责人安德鲁·斯特金称这些真菌数据和无脊椎动物的研究成果“令人惊叹”，并表示这些新的技术标志着其生物多样性监测工作迈出了重大一步)”可知，安德鲁·斯特金对这些新方法感到兴奋。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The project builds a digital file of these living tree legends as well as   information efforts and helping scientists better understand the carbon capture potential of ancient trees.(该项目将这些现存的树木传奇人物的信息以数字化形式保存下来，并收集相关资料，以帮助科学家更好地了解古老树木的碳吸收潜力)”可知，古树的碳捕获潜力属于保护工作的一部分，且数字文件的建立本身也是一种信息留存，有助于未来的保护行动。故选A。 Passage 7 （甘肃省多校2024-2025学年高二下学期期末联考考试英语试卷）Astronauts do a lot to prepare for the many things that can go wrong during space travel. But they can’t be experts in everything. That’s why NASA is testing to see if robots can fill in some of the gaps. A robot MIRA took an important step in that direction. Scientists succeeded in testing the robot’s ability to perform operations while on the International Space Station (ISS). And what’s more, they controlled the robot remotely from Earth. The robot was designed by a Lincoln, Nebraska-based company called Virtual Incision. Robots have long been used in surgery, but MIRA is the first miniature version of robotic-assisted surgery technology in development. The company said it’s about 1,000 times lighter than previous technologies, making it ideal for space travel where every pound matters. The goal of the experiment was to see if and how MIRA’s surgical capabilities would be affected by zero gravity. It attempted to perform a series of surgical tasks on simulated(模拟) human tissue while aboard the ISS, remotely controlled by six researchers in Lincoln, Nebraska. The robot performed a dissection(解剖) task common in surgeries, using its left hand to create tension in the tissue and its right to dissect the tissue with scissors. Researchers reported that the robot was able to successfully complete the task. As to the question of how zero gravity affects the robot’s surgical skills, they said it would take a few weeks or months before results were sent back to Earth. One goal of the research is to develop technology that could one day allow doctors to perform surgeries on astronauts remotely from Earth. It could also have a big impact on Earth, helping those who don’t have access to a surgeon get the help they need. 1．What is the function of Paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon. B．To introduce the topic. C．To comment on the event. D．To arouse the readers’ interest. 2．What can be known about MIRA? A．Its weight is suitable to travel to space. B．It has long been used in surgery in space. C．It has performed a surgery on human issues. D．It is the first version of robotic-assisted surgery. 3．What is the goal of the research? A．To reduce the impact of zero gravity on robots. B．To make space more inhabitable. C．To allow more doctors accessible in poor areas. D．To help with health care of astronauts in space. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Robots Can Fill in Some of the Gaps B．Doctors Controlled the Robot Remotely from Earth C．Scientists Successfully Tested the Robot’s Surgery Skills in Space D．Robots Took the Place of doctors in Surgeries 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种机器人MIRA在空间中完成对模拟人体的手术，这个机器人有望填补人类宇航员所无法做的一些空白。 1．推理判断题。根据文章的第一段内容“Astronauts do a lot to prepare for the many things that can go wrong during space travel. But they can’t be experts in everything. That’s why NASA is testing to see if robots can fill in some of the gaps.(宇航员为太空旅行中可能出现的许多问题做了很多准备。但他们不可能在所有的方面都是专家。这就是为什么美国国家航空航天局正在测试机器人是否可以填补一些空白。)”可知，第一段指出宇航员为很多事情做准备，但不可能为所有的事情做好准备，依然可能出错，最后一句提到机器人可以来填补空白，因此推断第一段的目的是导入文章的话题，讲述下文的机器人MIRA。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The company said it’s about 1,000 times lighter than previous technologies, making it ideal for space travel where every pound matters.(该公司表示，它比以前的技术轻约1000倍，使得它非常适合太空旅行，太空旅行时每一磅都很重要。)”可知，MIRA和以前的技术相比，重量轻了约1000倍，很适合每一磅都重要的太空旅行。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段第一句话“One goal of the research is to develop technology that could one day allow doctors to perform surgeries on astronauts remotely from Earth.(这项研究的一个目标是开发一种技术，有朝一日可以让医生在地球上远程为宇航员进行手术。)”可知，这个研究的目的之一是为了给空间站宇航员提供医疗保健方面的帮助。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段前两句“A robot MIRA took an important step in that direction. Scientists succeeded in testing the robot’s ability to perform operations while on the International Space Station (ISS). (MIRA机器人朝着这个方向迈出了重要的一步。科学家成功测试了机器人在国际空间站（ISS）上做手术的能力。)”以及全文内容可知，本文围绕着填补宇航员工作空白的机器人MIRA展开，第二段指出科学家成功测试了这种机器人在太空做手术的能力，下文各段是对这一事实的详细论述，因此本文的标题也应该基于这一事实。因此推断C项“科学家成功地测试了机器人在太空中的手术技能”为最佳标题。故选C项。 1/12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$