Unit 5 Human and Nature 人类与自然（话题阅读精练）英语北师大版2019必修第二册

Unit 5 Human and Nature 人类与自然 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、自然灾害类： · natural disasters 自然灾害 · earth quakes 地震 · cause death 导致死亡 · Hard-to- measure damage 难以估量的损失 二、自然景观类： · natural beauty 自然美景 · snow-covered mountains 雪山 · peaceful fields 宁静的田野 · twinkling stars 闪烁的星星 三、环境问题类： · overuse natural resources 过度使用自然资源 · on the edge of extinction 濒临灭绝 · damage natural habitat 破坏自然栖息地 四、环境保护类： · environmental protection 环境保护 · protect wild life 保护野生动物 · a lecture about environmental protection 关于环保的讲座 · a sense of duty 责任感 时文拓展阅读 Farmers in Italy’s famous Tuscany are struggling to save grape and olive crops influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions. A lack of(缺乏) rainfall since spring has even influenced plants that traditionally grow well in hot and dry weather. In San Casciano in Val di Pesa, near Florence, olive trees line the hillsides. But farmers say the dry soil is preventing the trees from producing fruit normally. Tuscany is famous around the world for its olive oil and wine made from grapes. But growers in the area say dry, hot weather always has a great influence on the crops and harms(损害) production. But this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time, when the flowers were changing to fruit. Without water, many flowers fall to the ground before they can produce fruit. This year’s olive oil production could be cut by up to 60 percent. Olive growers have decided to change some of their farming methods. They have used a new watering method to make up for the lack of rainfall and high temperatures. The method works with a pipe placed under the trees to drop water little by little. The influences of weather change have harmed production and plants, but they have also created new areas in Italy where crops can be grown. A few years ago, olive farms were mainly found in hot and dry areas such as Sicily. Now, areas such as Valle d’Aosta in the far north of Italy—which is famous for its snow sports holiday places and mountains—can produce their own olive oil. Climate change is also influencing the grape crop in Tuscany. In Chianti, for example, September is normally the month for the yearly grape harvest(收获期). But with continued high temperatures, many grapes are ripening(成熟) earlier than expected. Apart from the drop in grapes caused by the current heatwave, grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events. An ice storm recently harmed 40 percent of grapes in the area. 【译文欣赏】 意大利著名的托斯卡纳地区的农民正竭力挽救受热浪和干旱影响的葡萄与橄榄作物。自春季以来，降雨量不足的问题甚至影响到了那些传统上在炎热干燥气候中长势良好的植物。 在佛罗伦萨附近的圣卡夏诺 - 瓦尔迪佩萨，橄榄树沿山坡排列。但农民们表示，干燥的土壤正阻碍橄榄树正常结果。 托斯卡纳以橄榄油和葡萄酿造的葡萄酒闻名世界。但该地区的种植者称，干燥炎热的天气总会对作物产生巨大影响，损害产量。而今年的高温和缺水恰好发生在作物生长的关键时期——花朵正处于结果的阶段。没有水分，许多花朵还未结果就凋零落地。今年的橄榄油产量可能会减少高达 60%。 橄榄种植者已决定改变部分种植方式。他们采用了一种新的灌溉方法来弥补降雨量不足和高温带来的影响：在树下铺设管道，让水分一点点渗透土壤。 气候变化虽然损害了作物产量和植物生长，但也在意大利催生出了新的农作物种植区域。几年前，橄榄园主要分布在西西里岛等炎热干燥的地区；如今，像意大利最北部的瓦莱达奥斯塔（以滑雪度假胜地和山脉闻名）这样的地方，也能产出自己的橄榄油了。 气候变化同样影响着托斯卡纳的葡萄种植。例如，在基安蒂地区，9 月通常是一年一度的葡萄收获期，但由于持续高温，许多葡萄的成熟时间比预期提前了。除了当前热浪导致的葡萄减产，葡萄种植者还得应对其他严重的天气事件 —— 最近的一场冰暴就损害了该地区 40% 的葡萄。 【词汇积累】 英文词汇/短语 中文含义 语境用法示例 heatwave n. 热浪 “struggling to save... influenced by a heatwave”（受热浪影响，竭力挽救作物） rainfall n. 降雨量 “A lack of rainfall since spring”（自春季以来降雨量不足） prevent...from... 阻止…… 做…… “dry soil is preventing the trees from producing fruit”（干燥土壤阻碍结果） production n. 产量 “harms production”（损害产量） make up for 弥补；补偿 “new watering method to make up for the lack of rainfall”（弥补降雨不足） climate change 气候变化 “The influences of weather change”（气候变化的影响） harvest n. 收获期； v. 收获 “September is normally the month for the yearly grape harvest”（9 月是收获期） ripen v. 成熟 “grapes are ripening earlier than expected” （葡萄成熟早于预期） 【知识拓展】 气候变化给托斯卡纳的农民带来了挑战 —— 减产、作物生长周期紊乱、极端天气频发，但他们没有被动承受，而是用新的灌溉方法适应环境，甚至在曾经不适宜种植的区域开辟了新的可能。这像极了生活中的 “不确定性”：我们总会遇到突如其来的 “热浪” 或 “冰暴”，但真正重要的不是等待环境变好，而是像托斯卡纳的农民一样，在变化中寻找方法 —— 用灵活的应对代替抱怨，用主动的调整代替焦虑。 就像橄榄树在缺水时会扎根更深寻找水分，人在困境中也能长出更强的 “韧性”。自然从不会只给难题，它总会在关上一扇门时，悄悄打开另一扇窗 —— 关键是我们是否愿意像种植者那样，带着耐心和智慧去发现新的可能。 【词汇延伸】 1. 近义词替换 · harm（损害）→ damage /destroy（“harm production” 可替换为 “damage production”） · struggle（竭力）→ try hard /strive（“struggling to save” 可替换为 “striving to save”） · lack（缺乏）→ shortage（“a lack of rainfall” 可替换为 “a shortage of rainfall”） 2. 反义词对比 · dry（干燥的）→ wet（湿润的） · ripen earlier（提前成熟）→ ripen later（延迟成熟） · increase production（增产）→ reduce production（减产） 3. 同主题拓展（“农业与气候” 相关） · drought（n. 干旱）、frost（n. 霜冻）、irrigation（n. 灌溉） · crop yield（作物产量）、growth cycle（生长周期）、extreme weather（极端天气） 【长难句分析】 1. Farmers in Italy’s famous Tuscany are struggling to save grape and olive crops influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions. · 结构拆解： 主干：Farmers are struggling to save grape and olive crops（农民正竭力挽救葡萄和橄榄作物）； 定语 1：in Italy’s famous Tuscany（修饰 farmers，说明地点）； 定语 2：influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions（过去分词作定语，修饰 crops，说明 “作物受热浪和干旱影响”）。 · 逻辑梳理：句子通过 “地点+动作+原因” 的结构，开篇点明核心事件 —— 托斯卡纳农民因极端天气面临作物危机。 2. But this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time, when the flowers were changing to fruit. · 结构拆解： 主干：this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time（今年的高温和缺水发生在关键时期）； 非限制性定语从句：when the flowers were changing to fruit（修饰 “an important time”，说明 “关键时期是花朵结果阶段”）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “when” 引导的从句解释 “为何今年的天气影响更严重”—— 时间恰好撞上作物生长关键期，突出了 “时机的重要性”。 3. The influences of weather change have harmed production and plants, but they have also created new areas in Italy where crops can be grown. · 结构拆解： 主干：The influences have harmed... but they have also created...（影响既损害了…… 但也创造了……）； 定语从句：where crops can be grown（修饰 “new areas”，说明 “新区域的作用是种植作物”）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “but” 表转折，强调气候变化的 “双面性”—— 既有破坏，也有新可能，为后文 “新种植区域” 做铺垫。 4. Apart from the drop in grapes caused by the current heatwave, grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events. · 结构拆解： 主干：grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events（葡萄种植者还需应对其他天气事件）； 状语：Apart from the drop in grapes（除了葡萄减产之外）； 定语：caused by the current heatwave（修饰 “the drop in grapes”，说明减产原因）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “Apart from... also...” 的结构，说明种植者面临的 “多重压力”—— 不仅有热浪，还有其他极端天气，突出问题的复杂性。 高考真题链接 （2022·全国甲卷·高考真题）Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool. C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid. 25．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds. C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes. 26．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A．How far they are able to see. B．How they track moving objects. C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．D 27．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种原产于澳大拉西亚的会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. ”（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具）根据第二段第三句“In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. ”(在实验中，戈芬的鹦鹉能够在大多数情况下仅通过视觉识别来选择合适的工具。)可知，凤头鹦鹉在实验中用工具从盒子里取坚果。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ”(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.”(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择形状)可知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。 27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”(戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)可知，文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。故选D。 1. Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：Goffin’s cockatoos have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities（戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉被证明拥有相似的形状识别能力）； 插入语：a kind of small parrot native to Australasia（一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小型鹦鹉）—— 作同位语，解释 “Goffin’s cockatoos” 的属性； 状语：to a human two-year-old（与两岁人类儿童相比）—— 介词短语作比较状语。 · 语法点：同位语插入语（补充说明主语）；被动语态（have been shown）表 “被证明”。 · 句意梳理：戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小型鹦鹉）被证明拥有与两岁人类儿童相似的形状识别能力。 2. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：the birds have proved skilful at tool use（这些鸟被证明擅长使用工具）； 让步状语从句（省略）：Though (they are) not known to use tools in the wild（尽管在野外不被认为会使用工具）——though 引导，省略主语和 be 动词； 时间状语从句（省略）：while (they are) kept in the cage（当被关在笼子里时）——while 引导，省略主语和 be 动词。 · 语法点：状语从句的省略（当主从句主语一致且从句含 be 动词时，可省略主语和 be 动词）；prove + 形容词（表 “被证明是……”）。 · 句意梳理：尽管在野外不被认为会使用工具，但这些鸟在被关在笼子里时，被证明擅长使用工具。 3. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：This ability is called an “allocentric frame of reference”（这种能力被称为 “异中心参照系”）； 定语：to recognize that...（不定式作后置定语，修饰 ability）； 宾语从句（嵌套在 recognize 后）：that a shape will need to be turned... before it will fit（形状需要在特定方向转动才能匹配）； 时间状语从句（嵌套在宾语从句中）：before it will fit（在它匹配之前）。 · 语法点：不定式作后置定语（修饰抽象名词 ability）；宾语从句嵌套时间状语从句；被动语态（is called）表定义。 · 句意梳理：这种 “识别形状需要在特定方向转动才能匹配” 的能力被称为 “异中心参照系”。 4. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：This indicates that...（这表明……）； 宾语从句：that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference（戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉确实拥有异中心参照系）； 时间状语从句（省略）：when (they are) moving objects in space（当它们在空间中移动物体时）； 比较状语：similar to two-year-old babies（与两岁婴儿相似）。 · 语法点：宾语从句中 “do” 表强调（加强 “确实” 的语气）；时间状语从句省略（主语一致时省略主语和 be 动词）。 · 句意梳理：这表明，当戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉在空间中移动物体时，它们确实拥有异中心参照系，与两岁婴儿相似。 1. 核心名词（动物与实验相关） · Goffin’s cockatoos 戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（语境：文章研究对象，一种具有认知能力的鹦鹉） · shape-recognition abilities 形状识别能力（语境：鹦鹉与人类婴儿的共同能力） · geometric shape 几何形状（语境：实验中 “钥匙” 的形状特征） · allocentric frame of reference 异中心参照系（语境：描述 “通过空间方向调整形状匹配” 的认知能力） · visual clues 视觉线索（语境：研究者下一步将验证鹦鹉是否依赖视觉线索选择形状） 2. 核心动词（实验与行为相关） · be native to 原产于（语境：Goffin’s cockatoos native to Australasia 原产于澳大拉西亚的戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉） · be shown to 被证明（语境：鹦鹉被证明拥有与婴儿相似的能力） · insert v. 插入（语境：inserting the correct “key” 插入正确的 “钥匙”） · possess v. 拥有（语境：possess an allocentric frame of reference 拥有异中心参照系） · rely on 依赖（语境：whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues 鹦鹉是否完全依赖视觉线索） 3. 核心形容词（特征与状态相关） · skilful adj. 熟练的（语境：skilful at tool use 擅长使用工具，近义词：skillful） · symmetrical adj. 对称的（语境：less symmetrical shapes 对称性较低的形状，反义词：asymmetrical） · specific adj. 特定的（语境：a specific direction 特定方向，近义词：particular） · visual adj. 视觉的（语境：visual recognition 视觉识别，对应词：tactile 触觉的） 4. 短语与固定搭配 · native to 原产于（指生物原产地） · be presented with 被给予（实验中 “被提供实验材料” 的常用表达） · let out 释放；使出来（语境：let out the nut 使坚果掉出来） · trial-and-error 反复试验（语境：where trial-and-error was used 当使用反复试验时，指通过多次尝试找到正确方法） · work out 弄清楚；查明（语境：work out whether... 查明是否……） 背景知识： 1.戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（Goffin’s cockatoos） 它们是鹦鹉科中体型较小的种类，原产于印度尼西亚和新几内亚（属于 Australasia 澳大拉西亚地区）。因高智商闻名，常被用于动物认知研究 —— 它们能通过观察学习使用工具，甚至表现出类似人类的问题解决能力（如文章中 “选择匹配形状的钥匙取坚果”）。 allocentric frame of reference（异中心参照系） 认知心理学概念，指 “不依赖自身位置，而是通过物体与外部空间的关系（如方向、形状）判断位置或操作的能力”。例如：人类婴儿将积木旋转后放入对应孔洞，就是这种能力的体现；文章中鹦鹉通过调整 “钥匙” 方向匹配 “锁孔”，也属于这一能力。 与之对应的是 “egocentric frame of reference（自我中心参照系）”，即依赖自身位置判断（如 “左手边的物体”）。 2.动物认知实验的常见逻辑 文章属于 “动物认知研究” 类说明文，这类实验通常通过 “对比”（鹦鹉与婴儿、鹦鹉与猴子）和 “具体操作”（工具使用、形状匹配）验证动物的认知能力。研究目的是探索 “动物智能与人类认知的共性”，帮助理解认知能力的进化。 阅读微技能： 1. 阅读方法（针对说明文的高效阅读） · 定位 “研究对象” 和 “核心结论”： 说明文开篇通常明确研究对象（本文第一句 “Goffin’s cockatoos... similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old”），结尾或中间会给出结论（本文 “This indicates that... similar to two-year-old babies”）。先锁定这两处，可快速把握文章主线。 · 梳理 “实验逻辑”： 实验类文章需关注 “实验材料（box, nut, keys）— 操作（select keys, insert）— 结果（choose the right tool, better than monkeys）”，用 “谁做了什么实验？得出什么结论？” 的问题串联内容，避免被细节干扰。 · 关注 “对比关系”： 文中对比是关键（鹦鹉 vs 两岁婴儿、鹦鹉 vs 猴子），用 “→” 标注对比点（如 “形状识别：鹦鹉≈两岁婴儿；试错能力：鹦鹉＞猴子”），帮助理解实验意义。 2. 解题技巧（针对常见题型的应用） · 细节题：定位 “关键词” 若题目问 “实验中鹦鹉如何获得坚果”，可通过关键词 “nut”“key” 定位到第一段 “Inserting the correct ‘key’ would let out the nut”，直接找到答案。 技巧：用名词（如 experiment, nut, key）定位，避免用形容词（易同义替换）。 · 推理题：基于 “原文表述” 推断 若题目问 “研究者下一步会做什么”，定位到最后一句 “The next step... whether... rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch”，直接根据原文 “视觉线索 vs 触觉” 推断，不加入额外联想。 技巧：推理题答案必在原文有依据，避免 “过度推断”。 · 词义猜测题：结合 “上下文逻辑” 若猜测 “allocentric frame of reference”，前文有解释 “This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned... is called...”，通过 “is called” 可知前文是该短语的定义，直接提炼即可。 技巧：关注 “be called”“refer to”“that is” 等定义类表达，它们是词义猜测的信号。 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 应用文 281 本文简单介绍了法属波利尼西亚的几个最佳岛屿。 Passage 2 七选五 说明文 252 文章主要介绍了冰震的相关信息，包括其定义、与地震的异同、发生地点、原因、感受以及是否只发生在南极洲等内容。 Passage 3 阅读理解 应用文 297 文章主要介绍了世界遗产委员会新增的四处联合国教科文组织世界遗产地的相关信息。 Passage 4 阅读理解 说明文 355 文章主要介绍地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释，强调对地震的研究意义。 Passage 5 阅读理解 新闻报道 292 文章主要讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡和道路阻塞的事件，以及季节性降雨对印尼的影响。 Passage 6 阅读理解 应用文 275 本文介绍了世界上四处壮观的瀑布，包括它们的地理位置、特色以及相关的传说故事。 Passage 7 阅读理解 应用文 318 文章主要介绍了英国几座著名的山峰及其特点，包括它们的高度、位置、攀登路线和特色等。 Passage 8 完形填空 记叙文 224 文章讲述了2004年泰国度假期间，丈夫Steve和妻子Nicola遭遇印度洋海啸袭击，被巨浪冲散，最终奇迹般生还重逢，而这场灾难共造成14国近23万人遇难。 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末）Are you ready to live the island life of your dreams? Here are some of the best islands in French Polynesia. Bora Bora The natural beauty of Bora Bora, a volcanic island, is always attracting people in. The salty lake invites lots of sea life for you to explore. And you can ride your bike to the island and go for a walk on the powder-white sand. Above all these is how private Bora Bora always feels. Even at the height of the busy season, you will still feel like you are on your own private island. Maupiti Maupiti is where a lot of French tourists spend their vacations. So, if you want to avoid crowds of Americans and instead relax with the French, this is your spot. You can spend your days eating fish caught by the locals just minutes earlier at different restaurants or swimming in the shallow waters. Rurutu Rurutu is most famous for being the BEST place in the world, where you can swim with humpback whales. Between June and November, these gentle animals come to Rurutu to rest and raise their young. If you’re lucky, you might even hear their songs in the water. Beyond the whales, Rurutu offers a unique cultural experience. You can explore ancient limestone caves, visit local artists, and participate in traditional Polynesian celebrations. Moorea If you’re looking for adventure, then Moorea is the perfect choice. It is famous for its coral（珊瑚） gardens and is one of the most beautiful diving spots in the world. But if water activities aren’t your thing, all good. Moorea also offers countless land adventures with plenty of hikes and viewpoints to explore. 1．Which group might be attracted to Bora Bora? A．Experts working on sea protection. B．Seniors expecting to meet foreigners. C．Teens planning to take biking courses. D．Adults attaching great importance to privacy. 2．Why are people advised to visit Rurutu at a certain time? A．To enjoy coral gardens. B．To enter ancient caves. C．To observe whales up close. D．To meet with famous artists. 3．Which place is suitable for tasting fresh seafood? A．Bora Bora. B．Maupiti. C．Rurutu. D．Moorea. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。本文简单介绍了法属波利尼西亚的几个最佳岛屿。 1．推理判断题。根据Bora Bora部分的描述“Above all these is how private Bora Bora always feels. Even at the height of the busy season, you will still feel like you are on your own private island.(最重要的是，波拉波拉岛总是给人一种私密的感觉。即使在旅游旺季，你也会觉得自己置身于私人岛屿上。)”可以推断，波拉波拉岛因其私密性而吸引人，因此可能吸引那些重视隐私的成年人。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据Rurutu部分的描述“Rurutu is most famous for being the BEST place in the world, where you can swim with humpback whales. Between June and November, these gentle animals come to Rurutu to rest and raise their young.(鲁鲁图以世界上最佳的地方而闻名，你可以在这里与座头鲸一起游泳。在6月到11月之间，这些温顺的动物来到鲁鲁图休息和抚养幼崽。)”可以得知，建议人们在特定时间访问鲁鲁图是为了近距离观察鲸鱼。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据Maupiti部分的描述“You can spend your days eating fish caught by the locals just minutes earlier at different restaurants or swimming in the shallow waters.(你可以在不同的餐馆里吃到当地人几分钟前刚捕捞上来的鱼，或者在浅水中游泳。)”可以得知，在莫皮蒂岛可以品尝到新鲜的海鲜。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·河南许昌·期末）If you lived in Antarctica, the continent which is the most southern area of land on the Earth, you’d get to experience icequakes nearly every day. What is an icequake? The name might make you think of earthquakes. 1 Both icequakes and earthquakes cause the ground to shake. They can both be measured by instruments called seismographs. The biggest difference between the two is how they’re caused. Many people already know what causes earthquakes. Icequakes, on the other hand, happen when water in the ground freezes (结冰) very quickly. When water freezes, it expands (膨胀). 2 In some cases, it can even cause cracks (裂缝) in the ground above. 3 Experts there say Earth’s coldest continent has had hundreds of thousands of them in recent years. They’ve also shared that most icequakes happen at night when temperatures drop. Why is Antarctica experiencing so many icequakes? You might imagine the very low temperatures are the cause. 4 Rising temperatures cause Antarctic ice to melt (融化). This makes water that can freeze again to cause an icequake. What does an icequake feel like? 5 Often, people don’t feel them at all. But they can usually hear an icequake. It makes a loud pop. Do icequakes only happen in Antarctica? No! They also take place in Greenland, most often near glaciers (冰川). You might also hear an icequake in Canada, as well as in the midwestern and northeastern United States. A．But earthquakes can often cause fires. B．In some ways, the two are very similar. C．Icequakes are common across Antarctica. D．Icequakes make a loud noise that’s hard to miss. E．Most of them are much weaker than earthquakes. F．But they are actually on the rise because of warmer weather. G．As groundwater becomes ice, it breaks up the soil and rocks around it. 【答案】1．B 2．G 3．C 4．F 5．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了冰震的相关信息，包括其定义、与地震的异同、发生地点、原因、感受以及是否只发生在南极洲等内容。 1．上文“The name might make you think of earthquakes. (这个名字可能会让你想到地震)”说明冰震的名字会让人联想到地震，空处承接上文，进一步说明冰震和地震在某些方面相似。B选项“在某些方面，这两者非常相似”符合语境。故选B。 2．上文“When water freezes, it expands (膨胀). (当水结冰时，它会膨胀)”说明水结冰时会膨胀，空处承接上文，说明水结冰膨胀后会产生什么结果。G选项“当地下水变成冰时，它会破坏周围的土壤和岩石”符合语境。故选G。 3．下文“Experts there say Earth’s coldest continent has had hundreds of thousands of them in recent years. (那里的专家说，地球上最冷的大陆近年来已经发生了数十万次冰震)”说明南极洲冰震发生频繁，空处位于段首，应是本段的主旨句，说明冰震在南极洲很常见。C选项“冰震在南极洲很常见”符合语境。故选C。 4．上文“You might imagine the very low temperatures are the cause. (你可能会认为极低的温度是原因）”说明人们可能会认为冰震是由于极低的温度引起的，下文“Rising temperatures cause Antarctic ice to melt (融化). This makes water that can freeze again to cause an icequake. (气温上升导致南极冰融化。这会产生水，水可以再次冻结，从而引发冰震)”说明气温上升也会引发冰震，空处承接上文，说明实际上冰震是由于天气变暖导致的。F选项“但实际上，由于天气变暖，它们正在增加”符合语境。故选F。 5．上文“What does an icequake feel like? (冰震是什么感觉)”说明本段主要介绍冰震的感受，下文“Often, people don’t feel them at all. (通常，人们根本感觉不到它们)”说明人们通常感觉不到冰震，空处承接上文，进一步说明冰震与地震相比，强度较弱。E选项“它们中的大多数都比地震弱得多”符合语境。故选E。 Passage 3 （21-25高一下·云南曲靖·期末）The World Heritage Committee added some sites on UNESCO’s World. Heritage List, and here are four of them. Western Ghats, India Older than the Himalayas, Western Ghats have special landscapes. Their forests actually help create India’s monsoon (季风) rains, making them one of the best places on the Earth to study how monsoons work. Besides, it’s one of the world’s top eight biodiversity hotspots. The forests here are some of the best tropical evergreen forests, sheltering over 325 endangered species of plants and animals. Chengjiang Fossil (化石) Site, China This hilly site in Yunnan Province, China, contains Chengjiang’s famous fossils. They offer the most complete record of early Cambrian ocean life, perfectly preserving both hard and soft body parts of many different creatures — both with and without backbones. These fossils show how complex ocean ecosystems first formed. It’s like a window into the Earth’s early life. Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland, Sweden This site in eastern Sweden includes seven wooden houses, representing the peak (顶峰) of the area’s wooden-building tradition in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, wealthy farmers built these big, fancy homes with specially decorated rooms for celebrations. Decorated by known and unknown artists, the site represents the final flowering of a long cultural tradition. Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, Brazil This site celebrates Rio de Janeiro’s amazing urban (城市的) landscape rather than its buildings. The area includes all the breathtaking natural features that have shaped the city’s identity—from the green peaks of Tijuca National Park down to the shining coastline. These natural landmarks have deeply influenced musicians, landscape architects, and city planners throughout history, making Rio de Janeiro a constant source of artistic inspiration. 1．Which site affects the local climate? A．Western Ghats. B．Chengjiang Fossil Site. C．Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland. D．Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea. 2．What makes Chengjiang Fossil Site scientifically significant? A．It is the first fossil site discovered in China. B．It contains the oldest dinosaur fossils ever found. C．It proves that all ancient creatures had backbones. D．It uncovers how ocean ecosystems first developed. 3．Why is the last site listed as a World Heritage Site? A．It attracts inspired artists globally. B．It owns unique urban landscape. C．It has the longest history in Brazil. D．It has advanced building structures. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了世界遗产委员会新增的四处联合国教科文组织世界遗产地的相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据Western Ghats, India部分中的“Their forests actually help create India’s monsoon rains, making them one of the best places on the Earth to study how monsoons work.(它们的森林实际上有助于形成印度的季风雨，使它们成为地球上研究季风如何运作的最佳地点之一)”可知，Western Ghats的森林有助于形成季风，影响当地气候。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据Chengjiang Fossil Site, China部分中的“These fossils show how complex ocean ecosystems first formed.(这些化石展示了复杂的海洋生态系统最初是如何形成的)”可知，澄江化石遗址揭示了海洋生态系统最初是如何形成的，这使得它在科学上具有重要意义。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, Brazil部分中的“This site celebrates Rio de Janeiro’s amazing urban landscape rather than its buildings.(这个景点展示的是里约热内卢令人惊叹的城市景观，而不是它的建筑)”和“These natural landmarks have deeply influenced musicians, landscape architects, and city planners throughout history, making Rio de Janeiro a constant source of artistic inspiration.(这些自然地标在历史上深深地影响了音乐家、景观建筑师和城市规划者，使里约热内卢成为艺术灵感的源泉)”可推知，里约热内卢因其独特的城市景观而被列为世界遗产。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·期末）Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis. Not all earthquakes are so short-lived, either. Earthquakes can last for minutes and even longer. Some slow-slip events, which may be related to earthquakes, can even last decades. What causes an earthquake to last so long? In 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indonesian island of Sumatra. A quarter of a million people died or went missing in the tsunami that followed. It was one of the strongest and longest earthquakes recorded, with shaking lasting for 10 minutes. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile was the strongest ever recorded, with a magnitude from 9.4 to 9.6. The fault (断层) that ruptured was anywhere from 500 to 1,000 km long, and the resulting earthquake left about 2 million people homeless. Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块) slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released. These are the world’s most powerful earthquakes, and unfortunately, they are often some of the longest as well. In general, the stronger the earthquake, the longer it is. As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist. “Like on your windshield, you get a little crack and then it grows, it grows, it grows. Well, an earthquake essentially does the same thing.” While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them. 1．According to the passage, what kind of destruction may earthquakes bring? A．Great structural damage and climate change. B．Landmass shifts and tsunami occurrence. C．Species extinction and water pollution. D．People’s homelessness and global warming. 2．How is Paragraph 3 developed? A．By providing definitions or explanations. B．By making comparisons and contrasts. C．By using a narrative or chronological order. D．By explaining the cause and effect. 3．Why are the physicist’s words mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To remind us of the severity of cracks in the windshield. B．To prove the danger that earthquakes bring to humans. C．To help us better understand the nature of earthquakes. D．To emphasize the extremely long duration of earthquakes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards earthquakes? A．Optimistic. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释，强调对地震的研究意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis.(短短几秒钟内，地震就能造成大范围破坏，导致严重的建筑结构损坏、地表板块位移，还会引发海啸)”可知，地震可能带来地表板块移动和海啸发生等破坏。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块)slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released.(这两次都是所谓的超大逆冲地震，当一个大陆板块滑到另一个之下时就会发生。当一个板块下沉时，有时会被卡住。随着板块积累能量，张力逐渐增大。最终，这种张力被释放出来)”可知，该段先说明超大逆冲地震的发生情况，再解释其成因（板块运动导致张力积累与释放），是通过因果关系展开的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist.(一般来说，地震的规模和持续时间取决于滑动断层的长度。地震开始时，我们并不一定知道它会有多大或持续多久。一位美国地球物理学家解释说：“你可以把地震想象成一条随时间不断扩大的裂缝。”)”可推知，引用物理学家的话是为了用裂缝扩大的比喻帮助读者更好地理解地震的本质（规模和持续时间随断层滑动而变化）。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其第一段中“Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis.(地震是可怕的，即便它们通常很短暂。短短几秒钟内，地震就能造成大范围破坏，导致严重的建筑结构损坏、地表板块位移，还会引发海啸)”客观描述了地震的恐怖和破坏性。结合最后一段提到“While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them.(虽然经历地震很可怕，但它们也是地球充满活力的标志。了解地震发生的地点、时间、强度和持续时间，有助于我们更好地理解其发生的原因。也许有一天，我们甚至能够预测地震)”可知，作者既没有对地震表现出乐观或悲观的情绪，也没有表现出冷漠，而是从事实出发，既说明地震的危害，也阐述其作为地球动态的体现及研究价值，整体态度客观中立。故选C项。 Passage 5 （24-25高二下·安徽·期末）Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will road clearance take two days? A．Fallen trees block the roadway. B．Rescue tools are insufficient. C．Landslides are still occurring. D．The injured hold up the traffic. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Life B．Seasonal Rains Damage Facilities in Indonesia C．Landslides Cause Heavy Death Loss in Indonesia D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡和道路阻塞的事件，以及季节性降雨对印尼的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide (救援人员从一辆被泥石流掩埋的旅游巴士中找到了遇难者遗体，包括司机和乘客在内，巴士被倒下的树木、泥土和石块完全覆盖)”可知，旅游巴士被泥石混合物掩埋。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations (从泥石流现场撤离这些车辆至少需要两天时间。目前仍有多辆汽车被泥石堆积物困住，多处路段还有倒伏的树木和泥石流，车辆无法离开这些地方)”可知，道路清理将需要两天是因为倒下的树木阻塞了道路。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia (印度尼西亚在10月至3月的季节性降雨经常引发洪水和泥石)”可知，印尼的泥石流在特定月份很常见。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. (印尼苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，官方周四表示已造成7人死亡，使该地区本周山体滑坡导致的死亡人数进一步上升)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要报道了印尼苏门答腊岛周四因暴雨引发泥石流，造成7人死亡，10多人受伤，早些时候山洪暴发和山体滑坡已经造成20人遇难，因此，C项“泥石流在印尼造成重大人员伤亡”概括了事故情况，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 6 （24-25高一下·云南红河·期末）Four Fantastic Falls around the World Kerepakupal Meru Venezuela Also known as Angel Falls, this awe-inspiring waterfall in Canaima National Park is the world’s highest, dropping 979 meters over a mountain edge. Over 800 meters of the plunge is uninterrupted — it’s an amazing sight. The water drops into what’s known as the Devil’s Canyon, which, according to stories from the local Pemon people who live in the valley, harbors evil spirits. Victoria Falls Zimbabwe/Zambia This dramatic fall, on the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia, is 1,708 meters wide and plunges over the lip of basalt rock to a maximum drop of 108 meters. Mosi-oa-Tunya, its original local name, means the smoke that thunders, and the waterfall can be heard up to 40 kilometers away. Iguazu/Iguacu Falls Argentina/Brazil Made up of 275 smaller falls, this waterfall was formed by a volcanic eruption or, according to a legend, by Mboi Tu’T — a giant snake god in the Iguazu river — who became angry at a young couple. The story ends with the snake dividing the pair and turning the woman into a rock on the Argentine side, and the man into a palm tree in Brazil. When a rainbow appears, it’s said that it links them together. Mealt Falls Scotland The Isle of Skye in north-west Scotland is home to this 55-meter waterfall, which emerges from the freshwater Loch Mealt and tips over the cliffs of Kilt Rock into the sea. According to a local legend, when waves bash against the coastline and there’s a strong wind, you can hear mermaids (美人鱼) waiting beneath the waterfall, to greet or eat you! 1．Which waterfall is the world’s highest in the passage? A．Angel Falls. B．Mealt Falls. C．Iguazu/Iguacu Falls. D．Victoria Falls. 2．What do Iguazu/lguacu Falls and Mealt Falls have in common? A．They have legends. B．They are in the same country. C．They flow into the sea D．They were formed by volcanic eruptions. 3．Where does the passage probably come from? A．Textbook. B．Children’s Book. C．Newspaper D．Travel Brochure. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了世界上四处壮观的瀑布，包括它们的地理位置、特色以及相关的传说故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Also known as Angel Falls, this awe-inspiring waterfall in Canaima National Park is the world’s highest, dropping 979 meters over a mountain edge. (这座位于卡奈马国家公园、令人惊叹的瀑布又名安赫尔瀑布，是世界最高瀑布，从山崖边缘飞泻直下，落差达979米。)”可知，世界最高的瀑布是Angel Falls，以979米的落差位列世界第一。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Made up of 275 smaller falls, this waterfall was formed by a volcanic eruption or, according to a legend, by Mboi Tu’T-a giant snake god in the Iguazu river-who became angry at a young couple. (这座瀑布由275个小瀑布组成，其形成原因有二：一是火山喷发，二是当地传说中伊瓜苏河的巨蛇神Mboi Tu’T——它因一对年轻情侣而发怒。)”以及第四段“According to a local legend, when waves bash against the coastline and there’s a strong wind, you can hear mermaids (美人鱼) waiting beneath the waterfall, to greet or eat you! (当地传说称，当海浪拍击海岸且狂风大作时，能听到美人鱼在瀑布下低语，她们或是在迎接访客，或是准备将人吞噬！)”可知，Iguazu/lguacu Falls与Mealt Falls部分，分别提到了有关巨蛇神和美人鱼的传说，两者均附有神话传说。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。本文介绍了世界上四处壮观的瀑布，包括它们的地理位置、特色以及相关的传说故事。由此可知，这篇文章可能来自旅游宣传册。故选D项。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·云南昭通·期末）When does a hill become a mountain? Well, there is no worldwide agreement, but in the UK, a mountain must have a summit (顶峰) height of 610 meters or more. Here are our top picks of the best mountains in the UK to climb. Ben Nevis -1,345 m Ben Nevis in the Scottish Highlands is the highest mountain in the UK, and also the most famous. The nearby town of Fort William attracts 100,000 visitors a year. Thousands take the bus to the foot of the mountain to attempt the 9-mile hike. If you have good fitness, a walk to the highest top takes around 4 hours. The view from the top is usually limited by cloud cover, but that won’t lessen your sense of achievement at climbing the UK’s tallest mountain! Ben Macdui-1,309 m At 600 m, the car park of the Cairngorm Ski Centre is the starting point for a hike across the highest mountain range (山脉) in the UK. This includes the second highest mountain, Ben Macdui. The 11-mile/7-hour route (路线) passes two pretty lakes. Braeriach -1,296 m The name of the third highest mountain in the UK comes from the Scottish Gaelic Am Braigh Riabhach meaning “The Grey Uplands”. It’s a fitting name for this mountain which has a north facing slope (斜坡) It’s a cold spot and has only been snow free just seven times in the past 100 years! From the “Sugar Bowl” car park it’s a 5.6-mile/8-hour walk. Cairn Gorm -1,245 m Although it’s the sixth highest mountain in the UK, Cairn Gorm is probably the most famous after Ben Nevis as it gives its name to the beautiful Cairngorms National Park. The climb takes 3 to 4 hours-quicker than many! It’s a popular one to try first, or could even be considered if you’re walking with energetic kids. 1．According to the passage, what is the minimum height for a hill to be considered a mountain in the UK? A．600 meters. B．610 meters. C．1,245 meters. D．1,345 meters. 2．Which of the following statements is true about Ben Nevis? A．It is the second highest mountain in the UK. B．It is located near the town of Cairn Gorm. C．It takes approximately 7 hours to hike to the top. D．The view from the top is often obscured (遮蔽) by cloud cover. 3．What is special about Braeriach? A．It is the most famous mountain in the UK. B．It gives its name to the Cairngorms National Park. C．It has only been snow free a few times in the past century. D．It is the starting point for a hike across the highest mountain range in the UK. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了英国几座著名的山峰及其特点，包括它们的高度、位置、攀登路线和特色等。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Well, there is no worldwide agreement, but in the UK, a mountain must have a summit (顶峰) height of 610 meters or more.(目前还没有全球统一的标准，但在英国，一座山的顶峰高度必须达到610米或以上。)”可知，在英国，山峰的最低高度要求是610米。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段对Ben Nevis的介绍中提到的“The view from the top is usually limited by cloud cover, but that won’t lessen your sense of achievement at climbing the UK’s tallest mountain!(从山顶看到的景色通常会受到云层的限制，但这并不会减少你攀登英国最高山峰的成就感！)”可知，从Ben Nevis山顶看到的景色常常被云层遮蔽。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段对Braeriach的介绍中的“It’s a cold spot and has only been snow free just seven times in the past 100 years!(这是一个寒冷的地方，在过去的100年里，只有7次没有下雪！)”可知，Braeriach的特别之处在于它在过去的一个世纪里只有几次没有下雪。故选C项。 Passage 8 （24-25高一下·黑龙江·期末）In 2004, Steve and his wife Nicola booked a beach holiday in Thailand. They had been on the beach early and returned to their accommodation for a 1 rest. The first warning sign that something strange would 2 came just before 10:20 am. They 3 noises in the distance, which became louder and louder. The doors of their 4 did not face the sea, but Steve noticed 5 running past one side of the building. He realized something was not 6 . As the full force of the wave hit him, Steve remembers his feet leaving the 7 and being thrown through the doors. He doesn’t remember letting go of Nicola’s hand, but they were 8 all of a sudden. “I was looking for Nicola, but I couldn’t 9 anything or anyone except the water,” Steve says. 10 , with the help of locals, Steve made it to the nearest small town. His leg was injured so severely that he couldn’t 11 . He was cleaned up and asked to stay with other 12 , who were still recovering. It was there that he saw Nicola, who had survived by 13 a broken fridge. That 14 brought huge damage to communities along coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing about 227,898 people in 14 countries. Steve knows that he and Nicola were the 15 ones. 1．A．stressful B．lasting C．brief D．boring 2．A．occur B．escape C．stay D．fail 3．A．caused B．heard C．removed D．collected 4．A．store B．office C．hospital D．hotel 5．A．time B．water C．fire D．sand 6．A．right B．scary C．enough D．unusual 7．A．bridge B．sea C．floor D．beach 8．A．judged B．separated C．scheduled D．attached 9．A．save B．prevent C．record D．see 10．A．Eventually B．Obviously C．Actually D．Similarly 11．A．speak B．sit C．lie D．walk 12．A．neighbors B．swimmers C．survivors D．rescuers 13．A．relying on B．breaking down C．making up D．falling off 14．A．journey B．disaster C．treatment D．experiment 15．A．energetic B．independent C．fortunate D．generous 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．A 11．D 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了2004年泰国度假期间，丈夫Steve和妻子Nicola遭遇印度洋海啸袭击，被巨浪冲散，最终奇迹般生还重逢，而这场灾难共造成14国近23万人遇难。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们一早就去了海滩，之后返回住所稍作休息。A. stressful有压力的；B. lasting持续的；C. brief简短的；D. boring无聊的。根据上文“They had been on the beach early and returned to their accommodation”可知，来度假的两人去了海滩之后，回到住所是作短暂休息，即稍作休息。故选C。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：就在上午10点20分前，将发生异常事件的第一个征兆出现了。A. occur发生；B. escape逃离；C. stay停留；D. fail失败。根据下文“They ____3____ noises in the distance, which became louder and louder.”可知，远处越来越响的声音预示着将发生异常事件。故选A。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们听到远处有声音，声音越来越大。A. caused引起；B. heard听见；C. removed移除；D. collected收集。根据下文“noises in the distance, which became louder and louder”可知，两人是听到远处有声音，且声音越来越大。故选B。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然酒店房门不朝向大海，但Steve注意到有水从建筑物一侧涌过。A. store商店；B. office办公室；C. hospital医院；D. hotel酒店。根据上文“In 2004, Steve and his wife Nicola booked a beach holiday in Thailand.”可知，此处指两人度假所住酒店的房门。故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然酒店房门不朝向大海，但Steve注意到有水从建筑物一侧涌过。A. time时间；B. water水；C. fire火；D. sand沙子。根据下文“As the full force of the wave hit him”可知，这里爆发了海啸，因此是注意到有水从建筑物一侧涌过。故选B。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他意识到情况不正常。A. right正常的；B. scary可怕的；C. enough足够的；D. unusual不寻常的。根据下文“As the full force of the wave hit him”可知，这里爆发了海啸，因此Steve根据所感知到的事情，意识到情况不正常。故选A。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当波浪的全部力量击中他时，Steve记得他的脚离开了地板，被甩出了门。A. bridge桥梁；B. sea大海；C. floor地板；D. beach海滩。根据下文“being thrown through the doors”可知，Steve被甩出了门，因此是指脚离开了地板。故选C。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他不记得放开了Nicola的手，但他们突然分开了。A. judged判断；B. separated分开；C. scheduled安排；D. attached附加。根据上文“He doesn’t remember letting go of Nicola’s hand”和表示转折的“but”可知，虽然Steve没有放开Nicola的手，但是他们仍被分开了。故选B。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我在找Nicola，但除了水，我什么也看不见，”Steve说。A. save拯救；B. prevent防止；C. record记录；D. see看见。根据上文“I was looking for Nicola”可知，Steve在找Nicola，因此是指找的过程中除了水，什么也看不见。故选D。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，在当地人的帮助下，Steve到达了最近的小镇。A. Eventually最终地；B. Obviously显然地；C. Actually实际上；D. Similarly类似地。根据上文叙述的两人海边度假，随后回到酒店，注意到异常征兆，再被波浪袭击可知，此处是按时间顺序叙事，是指经历灾难后，最终Steve到达了最近的小镇。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的腿受了重伤，不能走路了。A. speak说话；B. sit坐下；C. lie躺下；D. walk行走。根据上文“His leg was injured so severely”可知，Steve的腿受了重伤，因此是不能走路了。故选D。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他被清洁干净，并被要求与其他仍在康复中的幸存者住在一起。A. neighbors邻居；B. swimmers游泳者；C. survivors幸存者；D. rescuers救援者。根据下文“who were still recovering”可知，仍在康复中的是灾难的幸存者。故选C。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：就在那里，他看到了Nicola，她依靠一个坏掉的冰箱活了下来。A. relying on依赖于；B. breaking down崩溃；C. making up编造；D. falling off掉落。根据上文“who had survived”可知，Nicola是依靠一个坏掉的冰箱从灾难中活了下来。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那场灾难给印度洋沿岸的社区带来了巨大的破坏，造成14个国家约227898人死亡。A. journey旅程；B. disaster灾难；C. treatment治疗；D. experiment实验。根据上文“As the full force of the wave hit him”可知，这里爆发了海啸，因此是指那场灾难带来了巨大的破坏，造成大量人员死亡。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Steve知道他和Nicola是幸运的。A. energetic精力充沛的；B. independent独立的；C. fortunate幸运的；D. generous慷慨的。根据上文“That ____14____ brought huge damage to communities along coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing about 227,898 people in 14 countries.”可知，约227898人死亡，而Steve和Nicola活了下来，因此是指两人是幸运的。故选C。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 5 Human and Nature 人类与自然 话题阅读精练 主题词汇积累 一、自然灾害类： · natural disasters 自然灾害 · earth quakes 地震 · cause death 导致死亡 · Hard-to- measure damage 难以估量的损失 二、自然景观类： · natural beauty 自然美景 · snow-covered mountains 雪山 · peaceful fields 宁静的田野 · twinkling stars 闪烁的星星 三、环境问题类： · overuse natural resources 过度使用自然资源 · on the edge of extinction 濒临灭绝 · damage natural habitat 破坏自然栖息地 四、环境保护类： · environmental protection 环境保护 · protect wild life 保护野生动物 · a lecture about environmental protection 关于环保的讲座 · a sense of duty 责任感 时文拓展阅读 Farmers in Italy’s famous Tuscany are struggling to save grape and olive crops influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions. A lack of(缺乏) rainfall since spring has even influenced plants that traditionally grow well in hot and dry weather. In San Casciano in Val di Pesa, near Florence, olive trees line the hillsides. But farmers say the dry soil is preventing the trees from producing fruit normally. Tuscany is famous around the world for its olive oil and wine made from grapes. But growers in the area say dry, hot weather always has a great influence on the crops and harms(损害) production. But this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time, when the flowers were changing to fruit. Without water, many flowers fall to the ground before they can produce fruit. This year’s olive oil production could be cut by up to 60 percent. Olive growers have decided to change some of their farming methods. They have used a new watering method to make up for the lack of rainfall and high temperatures. The method works with a pipe placed under the trees to drop water little by little. The influences of weather change have harmed production and plants, but they have also created new areas in Italy where crops can be grown. A few years ago, olive farms were mainly found in hot and dry areas such as Sicily. Now, areas such as Valle d’Aosta in the far north of Italy—which is famous for its snow sports holiday places and mountains—can produce their own olive oil. Climate change is also influencing the grape crop in Tuscany. In Chianti, for example, September is normally the month for the yearly grape harvest(收获期). But with continued high temperatures, many grapes are ripening(成熟) earlier than expected. Apart from the drop in grapes caused by the current heatwave, grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events. An ice storm recently harmed 40 percent of grapes in the area. 【译文欣赏】 意大利著名的托斯卡纳地区的农民正竭力挽救受热浪和干旱影响的葡萄与橄榄作物。自春季以来，降雨量不足的问题甚至影响到了那些传统上在炎热干燥气候中长势良好的植物。 在佛罗伦萨附近的圣卡夏诺 - 瓦尔迪佩萨，橄榄树沿山坡排列。但农民们表示，干燥的土壤正阻碍橄榄树正常结果。 托斯卡纳以橄榄油和葡萄酿造的葡萄酒闻名世界。但该地区的种植者称，干燥炎热的天气总会对作物产生巨大影响，损害产量。而今年的高温和缺水恰好发生在作物生长的关键时期——花朵正处于结果的阶段。没有水分，许多花朵还未结果就凋零落地。今年的橄榄油产量可能会减少高达 60%。 橄榄种植者已决定改变部分种植方式。他们采用了一种新的灌溉方法来弥补降雨量不足和高温带来的影响：在树下铺设管道，让水分一点点渗透土壤。 气候变化虽然损害了作物产量和植物生长，但也在意大利催生出了新的农作物种植区域。几年前，橄榄园主要分布在西西里岛等炎热干燥的地区；如今，像意大利最北部的瓦莱达奥斯塔（以滑雪度假胜地和山脉闻名）这样的地方，也能产出自己的橄榄油了。 气候变化同样影响着托斯卡纳的葡萄种植。例如，在基安蒂地区，9 月通常是一年一度的葡萄收获期，但由于持续高温，许多葡萄的成熟时间比预期提前了。除了当前热浪导致的葡萄减产，葡萄种植者还得应对其他严重的天气事件 —— 最近的一场冰暴就损害了该地区 40% 的葡萄。 【词汇积累】 英文词汇/短语 中文含义 语境用法示例 heatwave n. 热浪 “struggling to save... influenced by a heatwave”（受热浪影响，竭力挽救作物） rainfall n. 降雨量 “A lack of rainfall since spring”（自春季以来降雨量不足） prevent...from... 阻止…… 做…… “dry soil is preventing the trees from producing fruit”（干燥土壤阻碍结果） production n. 产量 “harms production”（损害产量） make up for 弥补；补偿 “new watering method to make up for the lack of rainfall”（弥补降雨不足） climate change 气候变化 “The influences of weather change”（气候变化的影响） harvest n. 收获期； v. 收获 “September is normally the month for the yearly grape harvest”（9 月是收获期） ripen v. 成熟 “grapes are ripening earlier than expected” （葡萄成熟早于预期） 【知识拓展】 气候变化给托斯卡纳的农民带来了挑战 —— 减产、作物生长周期紊乱、极端天气频发，但他们没有被动承受，而是用新的灌溉方法适应环境，甚至在曾经不适宜种植的区域开辟了新的可能。这像极了生活中的 “不确定性”：我们总会遇到突如其来的 “热浪” 或 “冰暴”，但真正重要的不是等待环境变好，而是像托斯卡纳的农民一样，在变化中寻找方法 —— 用灵活的应对代替抱怨，用主动的调整代替焦虑。 就像橄榄树在缺水时会扎根更深寻找水分，人在困境中也能长出更强的 “韧性”。自然从不会只给难题，它总会在关上一扇门时，悄悄打开另一扇窗 —— 关键是我们是否愿意像种植者那样，带着耐心和智慧去发现新的可能。 【词汇延伸】 1. 近义词替换 · harm（损害）→ damage /destroy（“harm production” 可替换为 “damage production”） · struggle（竭力）→ try hard /strive（“struggling to save” 可替换为 “striving to save”） · lack（缺乏）→ shortage（“a lack of rainfall” 可替换为 “a shortage of rainfall”） 2. 反义词对比 · dry（干燥的）→ wet（湿润的） · ripen earlier（提前成熟）→ ripen later（延迟成熟） · increase production（增产）→ reduce production（减产） 3. 同主题拓展（“农业与气候” 相关） · drought（n. 干旱）、frost（n. 霜冻）、irrigation（n. 灌溉） · crop yield（作物产量）、growth cycle（生长周期）、extreme weather（极端天气） 【长难句分析】 1. Farmers in Italy’s famous Tuscany are struggling to save grape and olive crops influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions. · 结构拆解： 主干：Farmers are struggling to save grape and olive crops（农民正竭力挽救葡萄和橄榄作物）； 定语 1：in Italy’s famous Tuscany（修饰 farmers，说明地点）； 定语 2：influenced by a heatwave and dry conditions（过去分词作定语，修饰 crops，说明 “作物受热浪和干旱影响”）。 · 逻辑梳理：句子通过 “地点+动作+原因” 的结构，开篇点明核心事件 —— 托斯卡纳农民因极端天气面临作物危机。 2. But this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time, when the flowers were changing to fruit. · 结构拆解： 主干：this year’s heat and lack of water happened during an important time（今年的高温和缺水发生在关键时期）； 非限制性定语从句：when the flowers were changing to fruit（修饰 “an important time”，说明 “关键时期是花朵结果阶段”）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “when” 引导的从句解释 “为何今年的天气影响更严重”—— 时间恰好撞上作物生长关键期，突出了 “时机的重要性”。 3. The influences of weather change have harmed production and plants, but they have also created new areas in Italy where crops can be grown. · 结构拆解： 主干：The influences have harmed... but they have also created...（影响既损害了…… 但也创造了……）； 定语从句：where crops can be grown（修饰 “new areas”，说明 “新区域的作用是种植作物”）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “but” 表转折，强调气候变化的 “双面性”—— 既有破坏，也有新可能，为后文 “新种植区域” 做铺垫。 4. Apart from the drop in grapes caused by the current heatwave, grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events. · 结构拆解： 主干：grape growers also have to deal with other serious weather events（葡萄种植者还需应对其他天气事件）； 状语：Apart from the drop in grapes（除了葡萄减产之外）； 定语：caused by the current heatwave（修饰 “the drop in grapes”，说明减产原因）。 · 逻辑梳理：通过 “Apart from... also...” 的结构，说明种植者面临的 “多重压力”—— 不仅有热浪，还有其他极端天气，突出问题的复杂性。 高考真题链接 （2022·全国甲卷·高考真题）Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool. C．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid. 25．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds. C．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes. 26．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A．How far they are able to see. B．How they track moving objects. C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters 1. Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：Goffin’s cockatoos have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities（戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉被证明拥有相似的形状识别能力）； 插入语：a kind of small parrot native to Australasia（一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小型鹦鹉）—— 作同位语，解释 “Goffin’s cockatoos” 的属性； 状语：to a human two-year-old（与两岁人类儿童相比）—— 介词短语作比较状语。 · 语法点：同位语插入语（补充说明主语）；被动语态（have been shown）表 “被证明”。 · 句意梳理：戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小型鹦鹉）被证明拥有与两岁人类儿童相似的形状识别能力。 2. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：the birds have proved skilful at tool use（这些鸟被证明擅长使用工具）； 让步状语从句（省略）：Though (they are) not known to use tools in the wild（尽管在野外不被认为会使用工具）——though 引导，省略主语和 be 动词； 时间状语从句（省略）：while (they are) kept in the cage（当被关在笼子里时）——while 引导，省略主语和 be 动词。 · 语法点：状语从句的省略（当主从句主语一致且从句含 be 动词时，可省略主语和 be 动词）；prove + 形容词（表 “被证明是……”）。 · 句意梳理：尽管在野外不被认为会使用工具，但这些鸟在被关在笼子里时，被证明擅长使用工具。 3. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：This ability is called an “allocentric frame of reference”（这种能力被称为 “异中心参照系”）； 定语：to recognize that...（不定式作后置定语，修饰 ability）； 宾语从句（嵌套在 recognize 后）：that a shape will need to be turned... before it will fit（形状需要在特定方向转动才能匹配）； 时间状语从句（嵌套在宾语从句中）：before it will fit（在它匹配之前）。 · 语法点：不定式作后置定语（修饰抽象名词 ability）；宾语从句嵌套时间状语从句；被动语态（is called）表定义。 · 句意梳理：这种 “识别形状需要在特定方向转动才能匹配” 的能力被称为 “异中心参照系”。 4. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. · 句子结构拆解： 主干：This indicates that...（这表明……）； 宾语从句：that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference（戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉确实拥有异中心参照系）； 时间状语从句（省略）：when (they are) moving objects in space（当它们在空间中移动物体时）； 比较状语：similar to two-year-old babies（与两岁婴儿相似）。 · 语法点：宾语从句中 “do” 表强调（加强 “确实” 的语气）；时间状语从句省略（主语一致时省略主语和 be 动词）。 · 句意梳理：这表明，当戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉在空间中移动物体时，它们确实拥有异中心参照系，与两岁婴儿相似。 1. 核心名词（动物与实验相关） · Goffin’s cockatoos 戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（语境：文章研究对象，一种具有认知能力的鹦鹉） · shape-recognition abilities 形状识别能力（语境：鹦鹉与人类婴儿的共同能力） · geometric shape 几何形状（语境：实验中 “钥匙” 的形状特征） · allocentric frame of reference 异中心参照系（语境：描述 “通过空间方向调整形状匹配” 的认知能力） · visual clues 视觉线索（语境：研究者下一步将验证鹦鹉是否依赖视觉线索选择形状） 2. 核心动词（实验与行为相关） · be native to 原产于（语境：Goffin’s cockatoos native to Australasia 原产于澳大拉西亚的戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉） · be shown to 被证明（语境：鹦鹉被证明拥有与婴儿相似的能力） · insert v. 插入（语境：inserting the correct “key” 插入正确的 “钥匙”） · possess v. 拥有（语境：possess an allocentric frame of reference 拥有异中心参照系） · rely on 依赖（语境：whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues 鹦鹉是否完全依赖视觉线索） 3. 核心形容词（特征与状态相关） · skilful adj. 熟练的（语境：skilful at tool use 擅长使用工具，近义词：skillful） · symmetrical adj. 对称的（语境：less symmetrical shapes 对称性较低的形状，反义词：asymmetrical） · specific adj. 特定的（语境：a specific direction 特定方向，近义词：particular） · visual adj. 视觉的（语境：visual recognition 视觉识别，对应词：tactile 触觉的） 4. 短语与固定搭配 · native to 原产于（指生物原产地） · be presented with 被给予（实验中 “被提供实验材料” 的常用表达） · let out 释放；使出来（语境：let out the nut 使坚果掉出来） · trial-and-error 反复试验（语境：where trial-and-error was used 当使用反复试验时，指通过多次尝试找到正确方法） · work out 弄清楚；查明（语境：work out whether... 查明是否……） 背景知识： 1.戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉（Goffin’s cockatoos） 它们是鹦鹉科中体型较小的种类，原产于印度尼西亚和新几内亚（属于 Australasia 澳大拉西亚地区）。因高智商闻名，常被用于动物认知研究 —— 它们能通过观察学习使用工具，甚至表现出类似人类的问题解决能力（如文章中 “选择匹配形状的钥匙取坚果”）。 allocentric frame of reference（异中心参照系） 认知心理学概念，指 “不依赖自身位置，而是通过物体与外部空间的关系（如方向、形状）判断位置或操作的能力”。例如：人类婴儿将积木旋转后放入对应孔洞，就是这种能力的体现；文章中鹦鹉通过调整 “钥匙” 方向匹配 “锁孔”，也属于这一能力。 与之对应的是 “egocentric frame of reference（自我中心参照系）”，即依赖自身位置判断（如 “左手边的物体”）。 2.动物认知实验的常见逻辑 文章属于 “动物认知研究” 类说明文，这类实验通常通过 “对比”（鹦鹉与婴儿、鹦鹉与猴子）和 “具体操作”（工具使用、形状匹配）验证动物的认知能力。研究目的是探索 “动物智能与人类认知的共性”，帮助理解认知能力的进化。 阅读微技能： 1. 阅读方法（针对说明文的高效阅读） · 定位 “研究对象” 和 “核心结论”： 说明文开篇通常明确研究对象（本文第一句 “Goffin’s cockatoos... similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old”），结尾或中间会给出结论（本文 “This indicates that... similar to two-year-old babies”）。先锁定这两处，可快速把握文章主线。 · 梳理 “实验逻辑”： 实验类文章需关注 “实验材料（box, nut, keys）— 操作（select keys, insert）— 结果（choose the right tool, better than monkeys）”，用 “谁做了什么实验？得出什么结论？” 的问题串联内容，避免被细节干扰。 · 关注 “对比关系”： 文中对比是关键（鹦鹉 vs 两岁婴儿、鹦鹉 vs 猴子），用 “→” 标注对比点（如 “形状识别：鹦鹉≈两岁婴儿；试错能力：鹦鹉＞猴子”），帮助理解实验意义。 2. 解题技巧（针对常见题型的应用） · 细节题：定位 “关键词” 若题目问 “实验中鹦鹉如何获得坚果”，可通过关键词 “nut”“key” 定位到第一段 “Inserting the correct ‘key’ would let out the nut”，直接找到答案。 技巧：用名词（如 experiment, nut, key）定位，避免用形容词（易同义替换）。 · 推理题：基于 “原文表述” 推断 若题目问 “研究者下一步会做什么”，定位到最后一句 “The next step... whether... rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch”，直接根据原文 “视觉线索 vs 触觉” 推断，不加入额外联想。 技巧：推理题答案必在原文有依据，避免 “过度推断”。 · 词义猜测题：结合 “上下文逻辑” 若猜测 “allocentric frame of reference”，前文有解释 “This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned... is called...”，通过 “is called” 可知前文是该短语的定义，直接提炼即可。 技巧：关注 “be called”“refer to”“that is” 等定义类表达，它们是词义猜测的信号。 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 应用文 281 本文简单介绍了法属波利尼西亚的几个最佳岛屿。 Passage 2 七选五 说明文 252 文章主要介绍了冰震的相关信息，包括其定义、与地震的异同、发生地点、原因、感受以及是否只发生在南极洲等内容。 Passage 3 阅读理解 应用文 297 文章主要介绍了世界遗产委员会新增的四处联合国教科文组织世界遗产地的相关信息。 Passage 4 阅读理解 说明文 355 文章主要介绍地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释，强调对地震的研究意义。 Passage 5 阅读理解 新闻报道 292 文章主要讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡和道路阻塞的事件，以及季节性降雨对印尼的影响。 Passage 6 阅读理解 应用文 275 本文介绍了世界上四处壮观的瀑布，包括它们的地理位置、特色以及相关的传说故事。 Passage 7 阅读理解 应用文 318 文章主要介绍了英国几座著名的山峰及其特点，包括它们的高度、位置、攀登路线和特色等。 Passage 8 完形填空 记叙文 224 文章讲述了2004年泰国度假期间，丈夫Steve和妻子Nicola遭遇印度洋海啸袭击，被巨浪冲散，最终奇迹般生还重逢，而这场灾难共造成14国近23万人遇难。 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·河南濮阳·期末）Are you ready to live the island life of your dreams? Here are some of the best islands in French Polynesia. Bora Bora The natural beauty of Bora Bora, a volcanic island, is always attracting people in. The salty lake invites lots of sea life for you to explore. And you can ride your bike to the island and go for a walk on the powder-white sand. Above all these is how private Bora Bora always feels. Even at the height of the busy season, you will still feel like you are on your own private island. Maupiti Maupiti is where a lot of French tourists spend their vacations. So, if you want to avoid crowds of Americans and instead relax with the French, this is your spot. You can spend your days eating fish caught by the locals just minutes earlier at different restaurants or swimming in the shallow waters. Rurutu Rurutu is most famous for being the BEST place in the world, where you can swim with humpback whales. Between June and November, these gentle animals come to Rurutu to rest and raise their young. If you’re lucky, you might even hear their songs in the water. Beyond the whales, Rurutu offers a unique cultural experience. You can explore ancient limestone caves, visit local artists, and participate in traditional Polynesian celebrations. Moorea If you’re looking for adventure, then Moorea is the perfect choice. It is famous for its coral（珊瑚） gardens and is one of the most beautiful diving spots in the world. But if water activities aren’t your thing, all good. Moorea also offers countless land adventures with plenty of hikes and viewpoints to explore. 1．Which group might be attracted to Bora Bora? A．Experts working on sea protection. B．Seniors expecting to meet foreigners. C．Teens planning to take biking courses. D．Adults attaching great importance to privacy. 2．Why are people advised to visit Rurutu at a certain time? A．To enjoy coral gardens. B．To enter ancient caves. C．To observe whales up close. D．To meet with famous artists. 3．Which place is suitable for tasting fresh seafood? A．Bora Bora. B．Maupiti. C．Rurutu. D．Moorea. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·河南许昌·期末）If you lived in Antarctica, the continent which is the most southern area of land on the Earth, you’d get to experience icequakes nearly every day. What is an icequake? The name might make you think of earthquakes. 1 Both icequakes and earthquakes cause the ground to shake. They can both be measured by instruments called seismographs. The biggest difference between the two is how they’re caused. Many people already know what causes earthquakes. Icequakes, on the other hand, happen when water in the ground freezes (结冰) very quickly. When water freezes, it expands (膨胀). 2 In some cases, it can even cause cracks (裂缝) in the ground above. 3 Experts there say Earth’s coldest continent has had hundreds of thousands of them in recent years. They’ve also shared that most icequakes happen at night when temperatures drop. Why is Antarctica experiencing so many icequakes? You might imagine the very low temperatures are the cause. 4 Rising temperatures cause Antarctic ice to melt (融化). This makes water that can freeze again to cause an icequake. What does an icequake feel like? 5 Often, people don’t feel them at all. But they can usually hear an icequake. It makes a loud pop. Do icequakes only happen in Antarctica? No! They also take place in Greenland, most often near glaciers (冰川). You might also hear an icequake in Canada, as well as in the midwestern and northeastern United States. A．But earthquakes can often cause fires. B．In some ways, the two are very similar. C．Icequakes are common across Antarctica. D．Icequakes make a loud noise that’s hard to miss. E．Most of them are much weaker than earthquakes. F．But they are actually on the rise because of warmer weather. G．As groundwater becomes ice, it breaks up the soil and rocks around it. Passage 3 （21-25高一下·云南曲靖·期末）The World Heritage Committee added some sites on UNESCO’s World. Heritage List, and here are four of them. Western Ghats, India Older than the Himalayas, Western Ghats have special landscapes. Their forests actually help create India’s monsoon (季风) rains, making them one of the best places on the Earth to study how monsoons work. Besides, it’s one of the world’s top eight biodiversity hotspots. The forests here are some of the best tropical evergreen forests, sheltering over 325 endangered species of plants and animals. Chengjiang Fossil (化石) Site, China This hilly site in Yunnan Province, China, contains Chengjiang’s famous fossils. They offer the most complete record of early Cambrian ocean life, perfectly preserving both hard and soft body parts of many different creatures — both with and without backbones. These fossils show how complex ocean ecosystems first formed. It’s like a window into the Earth’s early life. Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland, Sweden This site in eastern Sweden includes seven wooden houses, representing the peak (顶峰) of the area’s wooden-building tradition in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, wealthy farmers built these big, fancy homes with specially decorated rooms for celebrations. Decorated by known and unknown artists, the site represents the final flowering of a long cultural tradition. Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, Brazil This site celebrates Rio de Janeiro’s amazing urban (城市的) landscape rather than its buildings. The area includes all the breathtaking natural features that have shaped the city’s identity—from the green peaks of Tijuca National Park down to the shining coastline. These natural landmarks have deeply influenced musicians, landscape architects, and city planners throughout history, making Rio de Janeiro a constant source of artistic inspiration. 1．Which site affects the local climate? A．Western Ghats. B．Chengjiang Fossil Site. C．Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland. D．Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea. 2．What makes Chengjiang Fossil Site scientifically significant? A．It is the first fossil site discovered in China. B．It contains the oldest dinosaur fossils ever found. C．It proves that all ancient creatures had backbones. D．It uncovers how ocean ecosystems first developed. 3．Why is the last site listed as a World Heritage Site? A．It attracts inspired artists globally. B．It owns unique urban landscape. C．It has the longest history in Brazil. D．It has advanced building structures. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·期末）Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis. Not all earthquakes are so short-lived, either. Earthquakes can last for minutes and even longer. Some slow-slip events, which may be related to earthquakes, can even last decades. What causes an earthquake to last so long? In 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indonesian island of Sumatra. A quarter of a million people died or went missing in the tsunami that followed. It was one of the strongest and longest earthquakes recorded, with shaking lasting for 10 minutes. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile was the strongest ever recorded, with a magnitude from 9.4 to 9.6. The fault (断层) that ruptured was anywhere from 500 to 1,000 km long, and the resulting earthquake left about 2 million people homeless. Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块) slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released. These are the world’s most powerful earthquakes, and unfortunately, they are often some of the longest as well. In general, the stronger the earthquake, the longer it is. As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist. “Like on your windshield, you get a little crack and then it grows, it grows, it grows. Well, an earthquake essentially does the same thing.” While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them. 1．According to the passage, what kind of destruction may earthquakes bring? A．Great structural damage and climate change. B．Landmass shifts and tsunami occurrence. C．Species extinction and water pollution. D．People’s homelessness and global warming. 2．How is Paragraph 3 developed? A．By providing definitions or explanations. B．By making comparisons and contrasts. C．By using a narrative or chronological order. D．By explaining the cause and effect. 3．Why are the physicist’s words mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To remind us of the severity of cracks in the windshield. B．To prove the danger that earthquakes bring to humans. C．To help us better understand the nature of earthquakes. D．To emphasize the extremely long duration of earthquakes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards earthquakes? A．Optimistic. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. Passage 5 （24-25高二下·安徽·期末）Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will road clearance take two days? A．Fallen trees block the roadway. B．Rescue tools are insufficient. C．Landslides are still occurring. D．The injured hold up the traffic. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Life B．Seasonal Rains Damage Facilities in Indonesia C．Landslides Cause Heavy Death Loss in Indonesia D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road Passage 6 （24-25高一下·云南红河·期末）Four Fantastic Falls around the World Kerepakupal Meru Venezuela Also known as Angel Falls, this awe-inspiring waterfall in Canaima National Park is the world’s highest, dropping 979 meters over a mountain edge. Over 800 meters of the plunge is uninterrupted — it’s an amazing sight. The water drops into what’s known as the Devil’s Canyon, which, according to stories from the local Pemon people who live in the valley, harbors evil spirits. Victoria Falls Zimbabwe/Zambia This dramatic fall, on the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia, is 1,708 meters wide and plunges over the lip of basalt rock to a maximum drop of 108 meters. Mosi-oa-Tunya, its original local name, means the smoke that thunders, and the waterfall can be heard up to 40 kilometers away. Iguazu/Iguacu Falls Argentina/Brazil Made up of 275 smaller falls, this waterfall was formed by a volcanic eruption or, according to a legend, by Mboi Tu’T — a giant snake god in the Iguazu river — who became angry at a young couple. The story ends with the snake dividing the pair and turning the woman into a rock on the Argentine side, and the man into a palm tree in Brazil. When a rainbow appears, it’s said that it links them together. Mealt Falls Scotland The Isle of Skye in north-west Scotland is home to this 55-meter waterfall, which emerges from the freshwater Loch Mealt and tips over the cliffs of Kilt Rock into the sea. According to a local legend, when waves bash against the coastline and there’s a strong wind, you can hear mermaids (美人鱼) waiting beneath the waterfall, to greet or eat you! 1．Which waterfall is the world’s highest in the passage? A．Angel Falls. B．Mealt Falls. C．Iguazu/Iguacu Falls. D．Victoria Falls. 2．What do Iguazu/lguacu Falls and Mealt Falls have in common? A．They have legends. B．They are in the same country. C．They flow into the sea D．They were formed by volcanic eruptions. 3．Where does the passage probably come from? A．Textbook. B．Children’s Book. C．Newspaper D．Travel Brochure. Passage 7 （24-25高一下·云南昭通·期末）When does a hill become a mountain? Well, there is no worldwide agreement, but in the UK, a mountain must have a summit (顶峰) height of 610 meters or more. Here are our top picks of the best mountains in the UK to climb. Ben Nevis -1,345 m Ben Nevis in the Scottish Highlands is the highest mountain in the UK, and also the most famous. The nearby town of Fort William attracts 100,000 visitors a year. Thousands take the bus to the foot of the mountain to attempt the 9-mile hike. If you have good fitness, a walk to the highest top takes around 4 hours. The view from the top is usually limited by cloud cover, but that won’t lessen your sense of achievement at climbing the UK’s tallest mountain! Ben Macdui-1,309 m At 600 m, the car park of the Cairngorm Ski Centre is the starting point for a hike across the highest mountain range (山脉) in the UK. This includes the second highest mountain, Ben Macdui. The 11-mile/7-hour route (路线) passes two pretty lakes. Braeriach -1,296 m The name of the third highest mountain in the UK comes from the Scottish Gaelic Am Braigh Riabhach meaning “The Grey Uplands”. It’s a fitting name for this mountain which has a north facing slope (斜坡) It’s a cold spot and has only been snow free just seven times in the past 100 years! From the “Sugar Bowl” car park it’s a 5.6-mile/8-hour walk. Cairn Gorm -1,245 m Although it’s the sixth highest mountain in the UK, Cairn Gorm is probably the most famous after Ben Nevis as it gives its name to the beautiful Cairngorms National Park. The climb takes 3 to 4 hours-quicker than many! It’s a popular one to try first, or could even be considered if you’re walking with energetic kids. 1．According to the passage, what is the minimum height for a hill to be considered a mountain in the UK? A．600 meters. B．610 meters. C．1,245 meters. D．1,345 meters. 2．Which of the following statements is true about Ben Nevis? A．It is the second highest mountain in the UK. B．It is located near the town of Cairn Gorm. C．It takes approximately 7 hours to hike to the top. D．The view from the top is often obscured (遮蔽) by cloud cover. 3．What is special about Braeriach? A．It is the most famous mountain in the UK. B．It gives its name to the Cairngorms National Park. C．It has only been snow free a few times in the past century. D．It is the starting point for a hike across the highest mountain range in the UK. Passage 8 （24-25高一下·黑龙江·期末）In 2004, Steve and his wife Nicola booked a beach holiday in Thailand. They had been on the beach early and returned to their accommodation for a 1 rest. The first warning sign that something strange would 2 came just before 10:20 am. They 3 noises in the distance, which became louder and louder. The doors of their 4 did not face the sea, but Steve noticed 5 running past one side of the building. He realized something was not 6 . As the full force of the wave hit him, Steve remembers his feet leaving the 7 and being thrown through the doors. He doesn’t remember letting go of Nicola’s hand, but they were 8 all of a sudden. “I was looking for Nicola, but I couldn’t 9 anything or anyone except the water,” Steve says. 10 , with the help of locals, Steve made it to the nearest small town. His leg was injured so severely that he couldn’t 11 . He was cleaned up and asked to stay with other 12 , who were still recovering. It was there that he saw Nicola, who had survived by 13 a broken fridge. That 14 brought huge damage to communities along coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing about 227,898 people in 14 countries. Steve knows that he and Nicola were the 15 ones. 1．A．stressful B．lasting C．brief D．boring 2．A．occur B．escape C．stay D．fail 3．A．caused B．heard C．removed D．collected 4．A．store B．office C．hospital D．hotel 5．A．time B．water C．fire D．sand 6．A．right B．scary C．enough D．unusual 7．A．bridge B．sea C．floor D．beach 8．A．judged B．separated C．scheduled D．attached 9．A．save B．prevent C．record D．see 10．A．Eventually B．Obviously C．Actually D．Similarly 11．A．speak B．sit C．lie D．walk 12．A．neighbors B．swimmers C．survivors D．rescuers 13．A．relying on B．breaking down C．making up D．falling off 14．A．journey B．disaster C．treatment D．experiment 15．A．energetic B．independent C．fortunate D．generous 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$