第1部分 句子成分，基本句型 导学案-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

Part1 句子成分 英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。 1. 主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者， 位置：一般位于句首,谓语动词之前。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。 构成：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式to do(短语)、动名词doing（短语）、名词化的形容词和从句等表示。例如： 　　 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 　　 We often speak English in class. 　　 One third of the students in this class are girls. 　　 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 　　 Smoking does harm to the health. 　　 The rich should help the poor. 　　 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 　　 It is necessary to master a foreign language. 2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。 （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. （2）复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. Do I have to buy another ticket? （2） 由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. Food became easier to chew at this point. 常用的动词时态： 时间形态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked 完成进行 have/has been asking 常用被动语态： 被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下： 时间/形态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done 过去将来 should/would be done 有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done （3）宾.语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式to do(短语)、动名词doing（短语）或从句等充当宾语。 例如： 　　 They went to see an exhibition yesterday 　　 The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 　　 How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 　　 They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 　　 He pretended not to see me. 　　 I enjoy listening to popular music. 　　 I think（that）he is fit for his office. 种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。 1.直接宾语：动作的直接承受者（一般是物sth.，“buy a computer”）; 间接宾语：动作间接承受者，对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人,give ma a book） 2.介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构” I am interested in computer studies. （4）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语充当。例如： 　　His father named him Dongming. 　　They painted their boat white. 　　Let the fresh air in. 　　You mustn't force him to lend his money to you. 　　We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. （5）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 构成：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式to do(短语)、过去分词done、doing(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： 　　 Our teacher of English is an American. 　　 Is it yours? 　　 The weather has turned cold. 　　 The speech is exciting. 　　 Three times seven is twenty one? 　　 His job is to teach English. 　　 His hobby is playing football. 　　 The machine must be out of order. 　　 Time is up. The class is over. 　　 The truth is that he has never been abroad. （6）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的不定代词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。 构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。 　　 Guilin is a beautiful city. 　　 China is a developing country; America is a developed country. 　　 There are thirty women teachers in our school. 　　 His rapid progress in English made us surprised. 　　 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 　　 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. 　　 He is reading an article about how to learn English. （7）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。 位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。 构成：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等充当。 　　 Light travels most quickly. 　　 He has lived in the city for ten years. 　　 He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 　　 He is in the room making a model plane. 　　 When I grow up, I want to be a doctor （8）同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）或代词做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。 构成：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、从句等充当。 We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 　 They all wanted to see him. He himself doesn’t know why. Are you two ready? The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. PART2 基本句型 一 、英语句子按照其用途可分四种 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 二、英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句. （一）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e. g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. （二）并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e. g. You help him and he helps you.        The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 (三)主从复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子。从句在主句中充当某个成分。充当什么成分就叫什么从句。 种类：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 e. g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （一）简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由六种基本句型构成，如下： 1） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 2） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 3） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 4） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 6) There be句型 1） 主+谓：S+V 谓语动词为不及物动词。 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。 例1.　 The sun rises. 例2.　 My brother works in a bank. 例3.　 The man died peacefully. 2） 主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ） 此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。 例1.　 She broke the vase. 例2.　 I like swimming. 例3.　 I want to buy a house 例4.　 He told me that he won the first prize. 易错题型 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有： suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，finish，admit， excuse，delay，practise, consider， keep，mind， understand，avoid，miss，risk ，succeed in，be busy，be worth，be used to，give up，look forward to 易错提醒 2 ：带 to do 做宾语的动词有： offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc. 3)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S. + V. + O.+O. ）：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。 可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。 可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； 可借助for的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。 例1.　 Grandma told us an interesting story last night. 例2.　 He showed the ticket to the conductor. 例3.　 I told him that the bus was late. 4） 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+C 英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。 本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例： 1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.  2) The news made him unhappy.  3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.    4) I had the bike repaired.  5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.    注意： （1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。（call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例： We call him Tom for short． I made painting the house the project for the summer. （2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。例如： She thought him kind and generous. We’d better keep the windows open． （3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况： 1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise, 等。例： He told us to keep quiet in the hospital． David taught his brother to use the computer. 2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为： 感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at, witness)、 三个使役动词（make, let, have）、 两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉（feel），变被动，to还原。例： Let me try again． I often hear her sing in the next room． She is often heard to sing in the next room. 感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：     a. He saw a girl get on the bus.          b. He saw a girl getting on the bus.      3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如： My father often helps me(to) study English． （4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。 We found a man lying on the ground． He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday. She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic. （5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例： I’ll keep the words in my mind． I often find him at work. . 名师提醒：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/consider it +宾补+to do.. 例1.　 I found it very pleasant to be with your family 例2.　 Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples. 5) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语S+V+P：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①状态类：be；②保持类：keep, remain, stay；③感官类：feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④表象类：seem, appear；⑤变化类：get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥终止类：prove, turn out等 例1.　 The car is in good condition 例2.　 He looked tired. 例3.　 The football match is on. 例4.　 My work is teaching French. 例5.　 The question is who can really repair the machines. 例6.　 The flower smells pleasant. 例7.　 A pair of sunglasses proves useful. 6) there be 句型：表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。谓语动词单复数采用就近原则。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。 a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.  b. There will be a sports meet next week.  c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.  e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.  （二） 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或分号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例： We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing. I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on. 2）并列句的分类： （1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…等连接。 e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. （2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, 等。 e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. （3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while等。 e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. （4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例： The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it. 3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。 （1）状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。 （2）定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。 （3）名词性从句—— 主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。 同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. 2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. 3）That's because he didn't understand me. 4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. 5）He has a friend who is a doctor. 句子成分的考查 1．My father bought ________ last week. A．me a book B．a book me C．me to a book D．a book with me 2．Which structure is right ? A．Your father is ill in bed. ( S + V ) B．Your friend fell down. ( S + V + O ) C．Your team won the match. ( S + V + O + C ) D．He seems ill. ( S + V + P ) 3．She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 该句的句子结构是______. A．SVOO B．SVOC C．SVO D．SVA 4．We had chemistry in the newly built lab. 该句的句子结构是______. A．SVP B．SVOO C．SVOC D．SVOA(主谓宾状) 5．The school adviser helped me choose the appropriate ones. The underlined part is: . A．状语 B．表语 C．间接宾语 D．宾语补足语 6．“My English teacher always advises me to speak English more often. ” The main structure of the sentence is . A．S + V B．S + V + P C．S + V + IO + DO D．S + V + O + C 7．He gave his mother a gold necklace for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. The underlined part serves as _______. A．Subject B．Predicative表语 C．Direct Object直接宾语 D．Indirect Object间接宾语 8．The sentence structure (结构) of “The tips below may help you.” is ______. A．SVP B．SVOO C．SVOC D．SVO 9．The sentence structure of “The humorous joke made us laugh in class.” is ______. A．SVO B．SVOO C．SVOC D．SV 10．The sentence structure of “A balanced diet keeps the body healthy.” is ______. A．SVO B．SVOO C．SVOC D．SVP 11．I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. (判断句子结构类型) A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+O+C D．S+V+IO+DC 12．________for a long time, but he tried his best to make up for what he missed. A．Being ill B．He was ill C．Having been ill D．To be ill 13．Having been attacked by terrorists, ______ A．doctors came to their rescue B．the tall building collapsed C．an emergency measure was taken D．warnings were given to tourists 14．The sentence structure of “They find a man lying on the floor” is ______. A．SVO B．SVOA C．SVPA D．SVOC 15．Which of the following sentence structures is different from the others ? A．I often hear some birds sing in the park. B．My father bought me a toy train yesterday. C．The robot brought some trouble to me D．Amy showed me some pictures of her family. 16．Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea!The basic structure of the sentence above is_______. A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+P D．S+V+O+C 17．Jack remind himself ________ up early by setting an alarm. This sentence pattern belongs to ________. A．to get, SVO; B．to get, SVOC; C．of getting, SVOO; D．of getting, SVA; 18．She ordered her husband a delicious meal. 该句的基本结构为： A．S V IO DO B．SVOC C．SVA D．SV 19．A good teacher can make difficult ideas easy to understand. 该句的基本结构为： A．SVO B．SVOC C．SP D．S V IO DO 并列句的考查 1.Give me somewhere to stand, ________ I will move the Earth. 2.Money will buy a pretty dog, _______ it won’t buy the wag of his tail. 3.You’d better go now, __________ you’ll miss the train. 4.Respect yourself, _______ no one else will respect you. 5.I do every single bit of housework ________ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. 6.The bronze beast can be seen as a cultural relic nonexistent before not just in China, in the world. 7.Whether you are exploring the streets of Liuzhou_____ enjoying a bowl in a distant land, Luosifen is sure to leave a lasting impression on your taste buds, providing a truly unforgettable gastronomic (美食的) experience. 8.All of those efforts focused simply not on other species,_________ on China’s national animal. 复合句的考查 一、分析以下复合句中包含什么从句。 1) The truth is that he stole the money.（ ） 2) Since no one else is against it, we’ll pass the law. （ ） 3）They kept on working, though it was raining.（ ） 4）That the earth goes around the sun is known to us.（ ） 5）Whether he is coming or not does not matter too much.（ ） 6）This is the place which we visited last year. （ ） 7）Wuhan, which is a big city, is developing rapidly. （ ） 8）They realize that it is of great value to keep their original language. （ ） 9）We all know the truth that the earth goes around the sun.（ ） 二、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句，并根据所学，划分句子结构。 1) We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. （ ） 2) The boy wearing school uniform who offered me his seat is called Tom. （ ） 3) There is a chair made of wood.（ ） 4) No matter how easy it is, you can not ignore it. （ ） 5) What he said at the meeting held yesterday was very important.（ ） 6) The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree, which is helpful.（ ） 7) What matters most is that we are required to take action now. （ ） 8) Whether this heated question will be discussed at the meeting is not certain.（ ） 9) He not only finished his homework, but he also helped his sister with hers.( ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$