内容正文:
Unit 3 Choices
定语从句
概念
在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词称为关系词,包括关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which )和关系副词(when, where, why ) 。
关系代词的用法
◦ who:指人,在从句中作主语,例如:The man who is standing over there is my teacher.(站在那边的那个人是我的老师。)
◦ whom:指人,在从句中作宾语,口语中常可省略,也可用who或that替代,例如:The person (whom/who/that) you met yesterday is my uncle.(你昨天遇见的那个人是我叔叔。)
◦ whose:表示所属关系,意为“……的”,指人或物,在从句中作定语,例如:I know the girl whose hair is long.(我认识那个留着长发的女孩。) 也可用于“the + n. + of which/whom”结构,如:I live in a room the window of which faces south. = I live in a room whose window faces south.(我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。)
◦ that:既可以指人,也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰,或先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词时,通常用that,例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。)All that can be done has been done.(所有能做的都已经做了。)
◦ which:指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,例如:The book (which) I bought yesterday is very interesting.(我昨天买的那本书很有趣。)
关系副词的用法
◦ when:指时间,在从句中作时间状语,其先行词通常是表示时间的名词,如day, time, moment等,例如:I still remember the day when I first came to this school.(我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。)
◦ where:指地点,在从句中作地点状语,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词,如place, house, room等,例如:This is the place where I was born.(这是我出生的地方。)
◦ why:指原因,在从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason,例如:I don't know the reason why he was late.(我不知道他迟到的原因。)
虚拟语气
概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测或建议等,这些情况往往与事实不符或不太可能发生。
在条件句中的虚拟语气
◦ 对现在的虚拟:if从句用一般过去时(be动词用were),主句用would/could/might/should + 动词原形 。例如:If I were you, I would study harder.(如果我是你,我会更努力学习。)
◦ 对过去的虚拟:if从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词),主句用would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词 。例如:If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus.(如果你早点来,你就会赶上公共汽车了。)
◦ 对将来的虚拟:if从句用一般过去时或should + 动词原形或were to + 动词原形,主句用would/could/might/should + 动词原形 。例如:If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就呆在家里。)
其他常见的虚拟语气用法
◦ 在表示“建议、命令、要求”等动词(如suggest, insist, order, command, advise等 )后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如:The teacher suggested that we (should) read English every day.(老师建议我们每天读英语。)注意:当suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,从句不用虚拟语气,例如:His expression suggested that he was angry.(他的表情表明他生气了。)
◦ 在It is important/necessary/strange/natural等形容词后的主语从句中,谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如:It is necessary that we (should) clean the classroom every day.(我们有必要每天打扫教室。)
◦ 在wish后的宾语从句中:表示与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时;表示对将来的愿望,从句用would/could/might + 动词原形 。例如:I wish I were as tall as you.(我希望我和你一样高。)I wish I had seen the film yesterday.(我希望我昨天看了那部电影。)I wish you would go with me tomorrow.(我希望你明天和我一起去。)
单词
1. convenience n. 方便;便利
2. label n. 标签
3. global adj. 全球的;全世界的
4. snack n. 点心;小吃;快餐
5. packaging n. 包装材料
6. recycle v. 回收利用
7. facility n. (供特定用途的)场所
8. plastic n. 塑料
9. container n. 容器
10. greenhouse n. 温室
11. energy - efficient adj. 节能的
12. amount n. 数量;数额
13. impact n. 巨大影响;强大作用
14. determine v. 决定
15. stress n. 压力
16. frozen adj. 冷冻的;冷藏的
17. link v. 连接
18. consumer n. 消费者;顾客;用户
19. permit v. 允许;准许
20. assume v. 假定;假设;认为
短语
1. carbon footprint 碳足迹
2. rubbish dump 垃圾场
3. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
4. put...aside 忽视;不理睬
5. junk food 垃圾食品
6. vending machine 自动售货机
7. pay regard to 注意;关注
8. be determined to do sth. 决心做某事
9. remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
10. apologize for sth. 因某事而道歉
熟词生义
1. host:常见义为“主人,东道主”,在“the host of this championship”中表示“(活动的)主办方”。
2. label:常见义为“标签”,还可表示“商标;绰号;唱片公司”等。
3. recycle:常见义为“回收利用”,还可用作名词,表示“回收利用,循环使用”。
句型
1. It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.:表示“对某人来说做某事是……的”,如It is important for us to protect the environment.
2. prefer to do sth. 表示“更喜欢做某事”,如I prefer to eat healthy food.
3. How I wish...:表示“我多么希望……”,如How I wish I could reduce my carbon footprint.
4. be determined to do sth.:意为“决心做某事”,如She is determined to live a low - carbon life.
5. remind sb. to do sth.:表示“提醒某人做某事”,如My mom always reminds me to recycle waste.
语法
本单元核心语法是定语从句。定语从句用于修饰名词或代词,被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词who、whom、whose、that、which和关系副词where、when、why等。
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与先行词关系密切,不可用逗号分开,关系代词作宾语时可省略;非限定性定语从句是对先行词作附加补充说明,通常用逗号与主句分开,一般不用that引导,关系词不可省略。
一、词汇清单
1. convenience
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:for convenience(为了方便),at one's convenience(在某人方便的时候)。
• 写作佳句:We should choose a mode of transportation according to our own convenience.
2. label
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关场景涉及)。
• 用法搭配:label...as...(把……称为……),put a label on(给……贴上标签)。
• 写作佳句:Don't label others as unkind without getting to know them well.
3. recycle
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关环保话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:recycle sth.(回收某物),recycling bin(回收箱)。
• 写作佳句:We should encourage people to recycle waste paper to protect the environment.
4. impact
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及环境影响等相关内容)。
• 用法搭配:have an impact on(对……有影响),make a great impact(产生重大影响)。
• 写作佳句:The development of technology has had a profound impact on our daily lives.
5. determine
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关选择与决定等话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:be determined to do sth.(下定决心做某事),determine to do sth.(决定做某事)。
• 写作佳句:She is determined to achieve her goal of becoming a famous writer.
6. remind
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关提醒相关表达场景)。
• 用法搭配:remind sb. of sth.(提醒某人某事),remind sb. to do sth.(提醒某人做某事)。
• 写作佳句:The old photo reminds me of the happy time I spent with my grandparents.
7. apologize
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及道歉场景)。
• 用法搭配:apologize to sb. for sth.(因某事向某人道歉)。
• 写作佳句:You should apologize to your friend for your rudeness.
8. consumer
• 教材原句:无(单元内有消费相关话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:consumer goods(消费品),consumer market(消费市场)。
• 写作佳句:With the improvement of living standards, consumers are paying more attention to the quality of products.
9. equal
• 教材原句:无(单元内有平等相关理念提及)。
• 用法搭配:be equal to(与……平等,胜任),on equal terms(在平等的基础上)。
• 写作佳句:All people are equal, and we should treat each other with respect.
10. tend
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及人们行为倾向等内容)。
• 用法搭配:tend to do sth.(往往会做某事,倾向于做某事)。
• 写作佳句:People tend to forget the importance of exercise when they are busy with work.
【经典练】单句语法填空
题目1:He was determined ______ (achieve) his dream.
题目2:The new policy will have a great impact ______ the local economy.
题目3:Please remind me ______ (take) my medicine tomorrow.
二、语法清单
【感知·语法规律】
1. The man who is standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的那个人是我的老师。)
2. She is the girl whom/ who I met at the party.(她就是我在聚会上遇到的那个女孩。)
3. This is the book which/that I bought yesterday.(这就是我昨天买的书。)
4. The house whose roof is red is mine.(屋顶是红色的那座房子是我的。)
5. As we all know, he is a hard - working student.(众所周知,他是个勤奋的学生。)
【精讲·语法知识】
• 定语从句定义:在复合句中,用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词,引导定语从句的词称为关系词,包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose)、that、which等。
• 定语从句种类:分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉后主句意思不完整,与主句不用逗号隔开,关系代词作宾语时可省略。非限定性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍完整,一般用逗号与主句隔开,不用that引导,关系词不可省略。
• 关系代词用法:关系代词在定语从句中起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。指代人时,作主语用who/that,作宾语用whom/who/that;指代物时,作主语或宾语用which/that,作定语用whose/of which。
【经典练】
1. The boy ______ is playing football is my brother.
2. The girl ______ you met yesterday is my classmate.
3. This is the pen ______ I bought last week.
4. The man to ______ you spoke just now is my father.
5. The house ______ windows are broken is empty.
6. The book, ______ is very interesting, is mine.
7. He is the only person ______ can help you.
8. Those ______ are late for class should be punished.
9. There is a boy ______ wants to see you.
10. The man ______ car was stolen called the police.
三、写作清单
【点拨·写作技巧】
1. 明确写作类型:Unit 3的写作常涉及议论文或建议信。写议论文时,需明确论点,运用“firstly...secondly...finally”等连接词有条理地展开论述。例如讨论“是否应该经常点外卖”,可以先表明观点“不应该经常点外卖”,接着阐述原因,如“Firstly, online food delivery often produces a large amount of packaging waste, which is harmful to the environment. Secondly, the food quality and safety cannot always be guaranteed”。写建议信时,语气要委婉,可用 “You might consider...”“It would be better if you...”等表达。比如给朋友提关于健康饮食选择的建议,“You might consider cooking meals at home more often, as it allows you to control the ingredients and ensure a balanced diet” 。
2. 构建清晰结构:无论是议论文还是建议信,都要有清晰的结构。议论文一般采用“提出问题 - 分析问题 - 解决问题”的结构。开头提出讨论的话题,如“With the development of technology, online food delivery services are becoming more and more popular. However, whether we should rely on them frequently has become a hot - debated issue”;中间从不同角度分析,如分析外卖的利弊;结尾给出结论或提出自己的看法。建议信则开头表明写信目的,中间具体阐述建议内容,结尾表达期待回复等。
3. 善用举例和数据:为增强说服力,可适当举例或引用数据。如在论述外卖对环境的影响时,“According to a recent survey, over a million tonnes of online food delivery boxes are thrown away every year in our city, which causes serious environmental pollution” 。也能举生活实例,“My friend often orders takeout, and as a result, he has gained some weight due to the high - calorie and unhealthy food in the delivery meals” 。
4. 运用高级词汇和复杂句式:使用丰富的词汇替换常用词,如用“numerous”代替“many” ,“beneficial”代替“good” ,“detrimental”代替“bad” 。句式上,除了简单句,多运用定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等。例如,“Online food delivery services, which bring us convenience, also cause a series of problems”(定语从句);“If we want to live a healthy life, we should make wise choices about our diet”(状语从句) ;“I believe that making home - cooked meals is a better choice”(宾语从句) 。
5. 检查和修改:完成初稿后,仔细检查语法错误、拼写错误和标点错误。同时,检查内容是否连贯,逻辑是否清晰,语言是否得体。比如检查句子时态是否一致,名词单复数、动词第三人称单数形式等是否正确 。
【积累·写作素材】
1. 词汇:
◦ 表达观点类:argue(主张,认为),maintain(坚持认为),assume(假定,设想),hold the view that(持有……观点),be convinced that(坚信)
◦ 利弊描述类:advantage(优点),benefit(益处),drawback(缺点),disadvantage(劣势),merit(优点,价值),demerit(缺点)
◦ 连接词类:moreover(此外),furthermore(此外,而且),nevertheless(然而),nonetheless(尽管如此),therefore(因此),consequently(因此,所以)
2. 短语:
◦ 在我看来:in my opinion/view,from my perspective,as far as I am concerned
◦ 一方面……另一方面:on the one hand... on the other hand
◦ 导致:lead to,result in,contribute to
◦ 对……有影响:have an impact/influence on
◦ 采取措施:take measures/steps/actions to do
3. 句式:
◦ It is obvious/clear that...(显然……),如It is obvious that making healthy choices is important for our well - being.
◦ The reason why... is that...(……的原因是……),如The reason why we should limit online food delivery is that it causes a lot of waste.
◦ Not only... but also...(不但……而且……),如Online food delivery services not only bring convenience but also create job opportunities.
【示例·分步写作】
例题:Suppose you are Li Hua. Your friend Tom often orders online food delivery. Write a letter to him, giving your suggestions on healthy eating choices.(假设你是李华。你的朋友汤姆经常点外卖。给他写一封信,给出你关于健康饮食选择的建议。)
1. 开头:表达问候,说明写信目的 。“Dear Tom, How is everything going? I am writing to share some suggestions with you about healthy eating choices as I know you often order online food delivery.”
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Unit 3 Choices
定语从句
概念
在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词称为关系词,包括关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which )和关系副词(when, where, why ) 。
关系代词的用法
◦ who:指人,在从句中作主语,例如:The man who is standing over there is my teacher.(站在那边的那个人是我的老师。)
◦ whom:指人,在从句中作宾语,口语中常可省略,也可用who或that替代,例如:The person (whom/who/that) you met yesterday is my uncle.(你昨天遇见的那个人是我叔叔。)
◦ whose:表示所属关系,意为“……的”,指人或物,在从句中作定语,例如:I know the girl whose hair is long.(我认识那个留着长发的女孩。) 也可用于“the + n. + of which/whom”结构,如:I live in a room the window of which faces south. = I live in a room whose window faces south.(我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。)
◦ that:既可以指人,也可以指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰,或先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词时,通常用that,例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。)All that can be done has been done.(所有能做的都已经做了。)
◦ which:指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,例如:The book (which) I bought yesterday is very interesting.(我昨天买的那本书很有趣。)
关系副词的用法
◦ when:指时间,在从句中作时间状语,其先行词通常是表示时间的名词,如day, time, moment等,例如:I still remember the day when I first came to this school.(我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。)
◦ where:指地点,在从句中作地点状语,其先行词通常是表示地点的名词,如place, house, room等,例如:This is the place where I was born.(这是我出生的地方。)
◦ why:指原因,在从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason,例如:I don't know the reason why he was late.(我不知道他迟到的原因。)
虚拟语气
概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测或建议等,这些情况往往与事实不符或不太可能发生。
在条件句中的虚拟语气
◦ 对现在的虚拟:if从句用一般过去时(be动词用were),主句用would/could/might/should + 动词原形 。例如:If I were you, I would study harder.(如果我是你,我会更努力学习。)
◦ 对过去的虚拟:if从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词),主句用would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词 。例如:If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus.(如果你早点来,你就会赶上公共汽车了。)
◦ 对将来的虚拟:if从句用一般过去时或should + 动词原形或were to + 动词原形,主句用would/could/might/should + 动词原形 。例如:If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就呆在家里。)
其他常见的虚拟语气用法
◦ 在表示“建议、命令、要求”等动词(如suggest, insist, order, command, advise等 )后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如:The teacher suggested that we (should) read English every day.(老师建议我们每天读英语。)注意:当suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,从句不用虚拟语气,例如:His expression suggested that he was angry.(他的表情表明他生气了。)
◦ 在It is important/necessary/strange/natural等形容词后的主语从句中,谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如:It is necessary that we (should) clean the classroom every day.(我们有必要每天打扫教室。)
◦ 在wish后的宾语从句中:表示与现在事实相反,从句用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时;表示对将来的愿望,从句用would/could/might + 动词原形 。例如:I wish I were as tall as you.(我希望我和你一样高。)I wish I had seen the film yesterday.(我希望我昨天看了那部电影。)I wish you would go with me tomorrow.(我希望你明天和我一起去。)
单词
1. convenience n. 方便;便利
2. label n. 标签
3. global adj. 全球的;全世界的
4. snack n. 点心;小吃;快餐
5. packaging n. 包装材料
6. recycle v. 回收利用
7. facility n. (供特定用途的)场所
8. plastic n. 塑料
9. container n. 容器
10. greenhouse n. 温室
11. energy - efficient adj. 节能的
12. amount n. 数量;数额
13. impact n. 巨大影响;强大作用
14. determine v. 决定
15. stress n. 压力
16. frozen adj. 冷冻的;冷藏的
17. link v. 连接
18. consumer n. 消费者;顾客;用户
19. permit v. 允许;准许
20. assume v. 假定;假设;认为
短语
1. carbon footprint 碳足迹
2. rubbish dump 垃圾场
3. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
4. put...aside 忽视;不理睬
5. junk food 垃圾食品
6. vending machine 自动售货机
7. pay regard to 注意;关注
8. be determined to do sth. 决心做某事
9. remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
10. apologize for sth. 因某事而道歉
熟词生义
1. host:常见义为“主人,东道主”,在“the host of this championship”中表示“(活动的)主办方”。
2. label:常见义为“标签”,还可表示“商标;绰号;唱片公司”等。
3. recycle:常见义为“回收利用”,还可用作名词,表示“回收利用,循环使用”。
句型
1. It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.:表示“对某人来说做某事是……的”,如It is important for us to protect the environment.
2. prefer to do sth. 表示“更喜欢做某事”,如I prefer to eat healthy food.
3. How I wish...:表示“我多么希望……”,如How I wish I could reduce my carbon footprint.
4. be determined to do sth.:意为“决心做某事”,如She is determined to live a low - carbon life.
5. remind sb. to do sth.:表示“提醒某人做某事”,如My mom always reminds me to recycle waste.
语法
本单元核心语法是定语从句。定语从句用于修饰名词或代词,被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词who、whom、whose、that、which和关系副词where、when、why等。
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句与先行词关系密切,不可用逗号分开,关系代词作宾语时可省略;非限定性定语从句是对先行词作附加补充说明,通常用逗号与主句分开,一般不用that引导,关系词不可省略。
一、词汇清单
1. convenience
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:for convenience(为了方便),at one's convenience(在某人方便的时候)。
• 写作佳句:We should choose a mode of transportation according to our own convenience.
2. label
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关场景涉及)。
• 用法搭配:label...as...(把……称为……),put a label on(给……贴上标签)。
• 写作佳句:Don't label others as unkind without getting to know them well.
3. recycle
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关环保话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:recycle sth.(回收某物),recycling bin(回收箱)。
• 写作佳句:We should encourage people to recycle waste paper to protect the environment.
4. impact
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及环境影响等相关内容)。
• 用法搭配:have an impact on(对……有影响),make a great impact(产生重大影响)。
• 写作佳句:The development of technology has had a profound impact on our daily lives.
5. determine
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关选择与决定等话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:be determined to do sth.(下定决心做某事),determine to do sth.(决定做某事)。
• 写作佳句:She is determined to achieve her goal of becoming a famous writer.
6. remind
• 教材原句:无(单元内有相关提醒相关表达场景)。
• 用法搭配:remind sb. of sth.(提醒某人某事),remind sb. to do sth.(提醒某人做某事)。
• 写作佳句:The old photo reminds me of the happy time I spent with my grandparents.
7. apologize
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及道歉场景)。
• 用法搭配:apologize to sb. for sth.(因某事向某人道歉)。
• 写作佳句:You should apologize to your friend for your rudeness.
8. consumer
• 教材原句:无(单元内有消费相关话题涉及)。
• 用法搭配:consumer goods(消费品),consumer market(消费市场)。
• 写作佳句:With the improvement of living standards, consumers are paying more attention to the quality of products.
9. equal
• 教材原句:无(单元内有平等相关理念提及)。
• 用法搭配:be equal to(与……平等,胜任),on equal terms(在平等的基础上)。
• 写作佳句:All people are equal, and we should treat each other with respect.
10. tend
• 教材原句:无(单元内有涉及人们行为倾向等内容)。
• 用法搭配:tend to do sth.(往往会做某事,倾向于做某事)。
• 写作佳句:People tend to forget the importance of exercise when they are busy with work.
【经典练】单句语法填空
题目1:He was determined ______ (achieve) his dream.
答案:to achieve。
• 解析:be determined to do sth.是固定搭配,意为“下定决心做某事”,所以此处用to achieve。
题目2:The new policy will have a great impact ______ the local economy.
答案:on。
• 解析:have an impact on是固定短语,表示“对……有影响”,故填on。
题目3:Please remind me ______ (take) my medicine tomorrow.
答案:to take。
• 解析:remind sb. to do sth.为固定用法,意思是“提醒某人做某事”,所以这里用to take。
二、语法清单
【感知·语法规律】
1. The man who is standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的那个人是我的老师。)
2. She is the girl whom/ who I met at the party.(她就是我在聚会上遇到的那个女孩。)
3. This is the book which/that I bought yesterday.(这就是我昨天买的书。)
4. The house whose roof is red is mine.(屋顶是红色的那座房子是我的。)
5. As we all know, he is a hard - working student.(众所周知,他是个勤奋的学生。)
【精讲·语法知识】
• 定语从句定义:在复合句中,用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词,引导定语从句的词称为关系词,包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose)、that、which等。
• 定语从句种类:分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉后主句意思不完整,与主句不用逗号隔开,关系代词作宾语时可省略。非限定性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍完整,一般用逗号与主句隔开,不用that引导,关系词不可省略。
• 关系代词用法:关系代词在定语从句中起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。指代人时,作主语用who/that,作宾语用whom/who/that;指代物时,作主语或宾语用which/that,作定语用whose/of which。
【经典练】
1. The boy ______ is playing football is my brother.
答案:who/that。
◦ 解析:先行词是boy,指人,且从句缺少主语,所以用who或that引导定语从句。
2. The girl ______ you met yesterday is my classmate.
答案:who/whom/that。
◦ 解析:先行词是girl,指人,从句中met缺少宾语,who、whom、that均可作宾语,其中whom较正式,who和that更常用。
3. This is the pen ______ I bought last week.
答案:which/that。
◦ 解析:先行词是pen,指物,从句中bought缺少宾语,所以用which或that引导。
4. The man to ______ you spoke just now is my father.
答案:whom。
◦ 解析:先行词是man,指人,且介词to提前,只能用whom,“to whom you spoke”相当于“whom you spoke to”。
5. The house ______ windows are broken is empty.
答案:whose。
◦ 解析:先行词是house,“windows”与“house”是所属关系,表示“房子的窗户”,用whose引导定语从句。
6. The book, ______ is very interesting, is mine.
答案:which。
◦ 解析:这是非限定性定语从句,先行词是book,指物,从句缺少主语,非限定性定语从句不能用that,所以用which。
7. He is the only person ______ can help you.
答案:that。
◦ 解析:先行词被the only修饰,且指人,在从句中作主语,此时只能用that引导定语从句。
8. Those ______ are late for class should be punished.
答案:who。
◦ 解析:先行词是those,指人,当先行词为those时,定语从句通常用who引导。
9. There is a boy ______ wants to see you.
答案:who。
◦ 解析:在there be句型中,修饰人的定语从句通常用who引导,先行词是boy,从句缺少主语。
10. The man ______ car was stolen called the police.
答案:whose。
◦ 解析:先行词是man,“car”与“man”是所属关系,表示“这个人的车”,所以用whose引导定语从句。
三、写作清单
【点拨·写作技巧】
1. 明确写作类型:Unit 3的写作常涉及议论文或建议信。写议论文时,需明确论点,运用“firstly...secondly...finally”等连接词有条理地展开论述。例如讨论“是否应该经常点外卖”,可以先表明观点“不应该经常点外卖”,接着阐述原因,如“Firstly, online food delivery often produces a large amount of packaging waste, which is harmful to the environment. Secondly, the food quality and safety cannot always be guaranteed”。写建议信时,语气要委婉,可用 “You might consider...”“It would be better if you...”等表达。比如给朋友提关于健康饮食选择的建议,“You might consider cooking meals at home more often, as it allows you to control the ingredients and ensure a balanced diet” 。
2. 构建清晰结构:无论是议论文还是建议信,都要有清晰的结构。议论文一般采用“提出问题 - 分析问题 - 解决问题”的结构。开头提出讨论的话题,如“With the development of technology, online food delivery services are becoming more and more popular. However, whether we should rely on them frequently has become a hot - debated issue”;中间从不同角度分析,如分析外卖的利弊;结尾给出结论或提出自己的看法。建议信则开头表明写信目的,中间具体阐述建议内容,结尾表达期待回复等。
3. 善用举例和数据:为增强说服力,可适当举例或引用数据。如在论述外卖对环境的影响时,“According to a recent survey, over a million tonnes of online food delivery boxes are thrown away every year in our city, which causes serious environmental pollution” 。也能举生活实例,“My friend often orders takeout, and as a result, he has gained some weight due to the high - calorie and unhealthy food in the delivery meals” 。
4. 运用高级词汇和复杂句式:使用丰富的词汇替换常用词,如用“numerous”代替“many” ,“beneficial”代替“good” ,“detrimental”代替“bad” 。句式上,除了简单句,多运用定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等。例如,“Online food delivery services, which bring us convenience, also cause a series of problems”(定语从句);“If we want to live a healthy life, we should make wise choices about our diet”(状语从句) ;“I believe that making home - cooked meals is a better choice”(宾语从句) 。
5. 检查和修改:完成初稿后,仔细检查语法错误、拼写错误和标点错误。同时,检查内容是否连贯,逻辑是否清晰,语言是否得体。比如检查句子时态是否一致,名词单复数、动词第三人称单数形式等是否正确 。
【积累·写作素材】
1. 词汇:
◦ 表达观点类:argue(主张,认为),maintain(坚持认为),assume(假定,设想),hold the view that(持有……观点),be convinced that(坚信)
◦ 利弊描述类:advantage(优点),benefit(益处),drawback(缺点),disadvantage(劣势),merit(优点,价值),demerit(缺点)
◦ 连接词类:moreover(此外),furthermore(此外,而且),nevertheless(然而),nonetheless(尽管如此),therefore(因此),consequently(因此,所以)
2. 短语:
◦ 在我看来:in my opinion/view,from my perspective,as far as I am concerned
◦ 一方面……另一方面:on the one hand... on the other hand
◦ 导致:lead to,result in,contribute to
◦ 对……有影响:have an impact/influence on
◦ 采取措施:take measures/steps/actions to do
3. 句式:
◦ It is obvious/clear that...(显然……),如It is obvious that making healthy choices is important for our well - being.
◦ The reason why... is that...(……的原因是……),如The reason why we should limit online food delivery is that it causes a lot of waste.
◦ Not only... but also...(不但……而且……),如Online food delivery services not only bring convenience but also create job opportunities.
【示例·分步写作】
例题:Suppose you are Li Hua. Your friend Tom often orders online food delivery. Write a letter to him, giving your suggestions on healthy eating choices.(假设你是李华。你的朋友汤姆经常点外卖。给他写一封信,给出你关于健康饮食选择的建议。)
【答案】
写作思路:
1. 开头:表达问候,说明写信目的 。“Dear Tom, How is everything going? I am writing to share some suggestions with you about healthy eating choices as I know you often order online food delivery.”
2. 中间:先指出外卖存在的问题,如不健康、不环保等 。“Firstly, a large number of online food delivery meals are high in oil, salt and sugar, which is detrimental to our health. For example, many fried chicken and pizza deliveries are full of calories. Moreover, the excessive packaging of online food delivery causes serious environmental pollution. A great deal of packaging waste is thrown away every day.” 接着给出具体建议,如自己做饭、选择健康食材等 。“You might consider cooking meals at home. It allows you to choose fresh and healthy ingredients, like various kinds of vegetables and lean meats. You can also control the amount of seasonings. Besides, planning your meals in advance is a good way. Make a weekly meal plan, including breakfast, lunch and dinner, which can ensure a balanced diet.”
3. 结尾:表达期待 。“I hope you will take my suggestions into consideration and make some changes to your eating habits. Looking forward to your reply. Best regards, Li Hua”
详解:开头简洁明了,直接表明写信意图,让收信人快速了解信件主旨。中间部分先分析外卖的弊端,运用了举例、列数据等方法增强说服力,如“For example”“A great deal of”等;然后给出具体建议,使用了 “You might consider...”“which can...”等句式,使建议更具可行性和条理性。结尾礼貌地表达期待回复,符合建议信的格式和语气要求 ,整体结构完整,内容充实,语言表达准确、流畅。
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