第10讲 阅读理解说明文、议论文（专项训练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第10讲 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类（节选） 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 考向02 阅读理解议论文类（节选） 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 02 核心突破练 阅读理解（语篇练） 03 真题溯源练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 题型01 细节理解题 （2025·上海嘉定·二模 Beyond technological drivers, socio-economic shifts have further sped up this transition. The decline of long-term job stability, worsened by automation and global outsourcing, has led to a decline in conventional employment models. Meanwhile, society is becoming increasingly polarized between those who possess financial capital but lack time and those with availability but limited financial means. The on-demand economy serves as a mechanism through which these two groups can exchange value efficiently. 3．Which of the following is a driving force of the economic transition introduced in the passage? A．People tend to have either money or time. B．Business flexibility benefits workers equally. C．Full-time employees are becoming less available. D．Automation is gradually replaced by global outsourcing. （2024宝山二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海静安·二模） MUSEUMS used to stand for something boring and barely relevant to real life. Those kinds of places still exist, but there are far fewer of them, and the more successful ones have changed out of all recognition. To be sure, museums remain showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables, but they have also become pits of popular debates and places where children go for sleepovers. They are no longer places where people look on in fear but where they learn and argue, as they would at universities or art schools. Nicholas Serota describes the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”. 1．By describing the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”, Nicholas Serota implies that_______ A．museums now display objects much relevant to life B．museums provide chances for discussion and store precious objects C．the value of the objects kept in museums causes debate D．museums regard sleepover visitors as new treasure （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 题型03 词义推断题 （2025·上海崇明·二模） In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? 1．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________. A．accidental invention B．emergence of problems C．late recognition D．chemical innovation （2024黄埔二模） If we answer this question from a place of fear about what’s left for people in the age of A.I., we can end up admitting a diminished view of human capability. Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace. 64. Which of the following is “a diminished view of human capability” (paragraph 3)? A. Humans are losing control of the world. B. Technology intensifies humans’ cooperation. C. Humans outsmart A.I in terms of critical thinking. D. A.I. and humans are similar in their ability to innovate. 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海金山·二模） In today’s digital age, it is challenging to go about daily life without hearing the term artificial intelligence (AI) mentioned. AI enters conversations in almost every industry. This AI revolution (革命) relies on increasing data center capacity, the physical locations equipped with the computing servers needed to power this technology. With such expensive and temperature-sensitive technology under one roof, these facilities require building products with reliable insulating properties that can effectively house these innovative systems to keep them running smoothly. Reliability is where insulated metal panels (IMPs) enter the conversation. IMPs have proven effective building materials for data centers nationwide. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The application of IMPs in developing data centers. B．The importance of energy-efficiency in the digital age. C．The development of AI and its impact on data centers. D．The challenges of building data centers in the digital age. （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 题型01 细节理解题 （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health （2024嘉定二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges （2024普陀二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 题型03 词义推断题 （2025·上海虹口·二模） Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up. ....... This is an elegant evolution of degrowth ideas, expanding what the term can mean. Degrowth begins as a process of taking less. But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life. Hard to argue with that. Perhaps degrowth will save the world. 4．According to the passage, what does “degrowth” refer to? A．Intensifying capitalist growth in an eco-friendly way. B．The prioritising of individual growth over community welfare. C．Boosting economic development in order to reach a state of abundance. D．The reduction of economic growth to focus on sustainability and well-being. （2025·上海奉贤·二模） In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海闵行·二模）For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare, inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. Instead, these studies suggest that creativity is not a mysterious quality, but a skill that can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. ........ While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How natural talent determines creativity. B．The role of deep practice in creative success. C．The connection between failure and inspiration. D．The development of creativity as a skill. （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science Passage 1 【上海市闵行区实验高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming. The rocks and fossils (化石) in the geological record bear witness to these processes, showing us that Earth’s climate has changed continually since the planet formed around 4.6 million years ago. This same record also shows that atmospheric CO2 is at its highest level in at least the past 3 million years, and that the current pace of planetary warming is never before seen in Earth’s history. The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it. There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels. Now, more than ever, our discipline needs to fully adopt the concept of “sustainable geoscience”. This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To name just a couple of examples, geologists study the origin, natural transportation and behaviour of pollutants like arsenic and lead, critical to the provision of safe and reliable water supplies, and they explore the origin of natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes, and so help strengthen communities across the world. But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 1．The examples of volcanic eruptions and the weathering of rocks are intended to _____. A．demonstrate what geological activities geologists mainly study B．highlight the importance of studying volcanic activity in geology C．illustrate the enormous and destructive power of geological processes D．show the dynamic interactions between geological activities and climate 2．In the sentence “There is an irony to that”, the irony refers to _____. A．the profession’s role in both causing and solving global warming B．sustainable geoscience’s unexpected popularity across various fields C．the disagreement between geological records and current climate models D．geologists’ focus on energy provision which goes against their original goal 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Energy supply is in critical shortage. B．Geologists are able to work across various fields. C．Pollutants spread far and wide due to modern transportation. D．Fossil fuel exploitation does not contribute to climate change. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. Passage 2 【上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题】 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we’ve come up with various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria (歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible-- and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools, On two measures- professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is considered at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke (偶然). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition--the job market and graduate school-the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D．program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes (风险) have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize (合理化) our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints. 5．Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars? A．They have the final say in which university their children are to attend. B．They know best which universities are most suitable for their children. C．They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves. D．They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application. 6．What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges” Line 1, para.4? A．Continuing education is more important to a person’s success. B．Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background. C．A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education. D．What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements. 7．What does Krueger’s study tell us? A．Getting into Ph.D．programs may be more competitive than getting into college. B．Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores. C．Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation. D．Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs. 8．According to the passage, one possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ________. A．they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation B．they earn less than their peers from other institutions C．they turn out to be less competitive in the job market D．they overemphasize their qualifications in job application Passage3 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题】 Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. Framing manipulation as a bad thing that is only done by bad people is, however, incorrect. There are many reasons why people want to massage a social situation so that it works out well for themselves that don’t result in negative consequences for others. Self-interest can agree with the interest of others and can lead to prosocial (亲社会的) behaviour. For example, sometimes I do things to make other people feel good because I know it will make me feel good. It’s win-win. This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale. Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour. The most recent short version of the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale was published in 2018 by Austin and colleagues. It breaks down the diversity of ways in which people try to emotionally manage people into five types. The first two are generally prosocial, the third and fourth are non-prosocial, and the fifth is considered neutral. Enhancing: strategically offering help, reassurance, or showing understanding to improve someone’s mood. Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood. Worsening: using criticism or negative comments, undermining confidence, or being angry to gain something. Being inauthentic: flattering someone, sulking or guilt-tripping to get what you want. Concealing: hiding how you really feel, particularly hiding negative emotions. 9．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 10．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 11．Why did Austin and colleagues create the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale in 2013? A．To shift to a broader understanding of emotional influence. B．To replace the previous scale with a more accurate measure. C．To emphasize the negative consequences of emotional manipulation. D．To lead people to pay more attention to emotional management skills. 12．Which of the following is an example of “diverting”? A．At a tense family dinner, you tell a funny story to lighten the mood. B．When your sister is frustrated, you hide your stress to keep her calm. C．After a disagreement, you give your friend a compliment to make things right. D．You remind a coworker of his good work when he is upset about missing a deadline. Passage 4 【上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试卷】 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. In a separate paper, Ms Nikolova and Anthony Lepinteur of the University of Luxembourg, explore why this might be. They find that industrial robots make jobs less physically exhausting. But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. Work becomes more routine, not less. Machines need not have a dulling effect. In their research Ms Nikolova and her co-authors found that people did not perceive a loss of autonomy if they were working with computers, where they have more control of the machine than the other way round. And automation may well have a different impact on service industries like health caro, where less time spent on manual work might indeed mean more time with patients. A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug-dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 14．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 15．We can infer from Barrett’s research that ______. A．the introduction of robots leads to a decrease in job quality for all hospital staff B．when robots are introduced, staff tend to feel more satisfied regardless of their roles C．in the same department, workers in different positions can feel differently to automation D．in some occupational areas, automation does constantly reduce the perceived meaningfulness 16．Which of the following studies will others in the last paragraph cite as their evidence? A．A paper from Boris Nikolaev illustrates that many employees put a higher premium on non-monetary than monetary rewards. B．Research by Pok Man Tang of the University of Georgia suggests that workers who interact more with AI assistants feel lonelier and long for more social contact. C．A recent Federal Reserve discussion paper surveyed American workers who had switched jobs; they found that interest in the work mattered more to people than pay and benefits. D．An experiment conducted by Eugina Leung states that a technology that cuts down on boring tasks is fine; one that threatens your sense of identity is not. 【2021年1月上海高考英语试题】 Among all the different types of journey that people undertake there are also those of a spiritual nature.Some of the trips we do in our lives are purely for pleasure, some are meant to make us stronger, sometimes we travel to explore and learn, and in all of these undertakings we grow and become wiser. There is a lot we can learn from the land that surrounds us and the best way to acquire that knowledge is by traveling and experiencing.This ancient aboriginal initiation ritual involves exactly this：a long spiritual hike across the indigenous land.Although widely known as “Walkabout”in later years the ritual has been referred to as “temporary mobility” because the former is often used as a derogatory term in Australian culture. A young man on Walkabout Historically speaking, the walkabout is a rite of passage in which young (adolescent) Aboriginal Australians undertake a journey that will help “transform” them into adults.The journey is usually made between the ages of 10 and 16. During this journey which can last for up to six months, the individual is required to live and survive all alone in the wilderness. This is not an easy thing to do, especially not for teenagers.That is why only those who have proven themselves mentally and physically ready are allowed to proceed with the walkabout.Only the elders of the group decide whether it is time or not for the child to do it.The children are not completely unprepared for the journey. During the years before the walkabout, the elders instruct them and give them advice about the ceremony and adult life in general；they have been passed the “secrets” of the tribe,the knowledge about their world. Aboriginal woman Those who are initiated in the walkabout are also decorated with body paint and ornaments.Sometimes they are marked with a permanent symbol on their bodies.In some cases, a tooth is removed from the mouth, or the nose or ears of the initiated are pierced.Traditional walk about clothes include only a simple loin cloth and nothing more. During a walkabout, a young person can sometimes travel a distance of over a 1,000 miles. In order to survive this long hike,the participant in the walkabout must be able to make their own shelter and must be capable of procuring food and water for themselves. That means he needs to hunt,catch fish, and also recognize and utilize edible and healing plants.The initiated youngster must learn to identify plants such as bush tomatoes, Illawarra plums, quandongs, lilly-pillies, Muntari berries, wattle seeds, Kakadu plums,and bunya nuts. 17．What can be referred from the first two paragraphs of the passage？ A．Australians like to engage in all kinds of travel. B．People can gain knowledge through travel. C．Travel is usually purely for pleasure. D．Walkabout is a long spiritual journey. 18．What do we know about the young Aboriginal Australians？ A．All young Australians are required to live alone in the wilderness. B．The difficulties they experienced in hiking turned them into adults. C．Walkabout should only be done if they are mentally and physically prepared. D．Walkabout is an unprepared test for the young Aboriginal Australians. 19．According to the passage, what skill does a person need to acquire in the walkabout？ A．Identifying directions. B．Preserving physical strength. C．Planting plants. D．Hunting and fishing. 20．Which of the following options is true about walkabout？ A．Only people who have experienced torture are qualified to the walkabout. B．Women must decorate themselves with body paint and ornaments. C．To survive, the participants need to acquire certain survival skills. D．Indigenous women are not required to participate in the walkabout. 【2016年6月上海高考英语试题】 Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data. The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions. “The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original. It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller. Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says. Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says. Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says. The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them. 73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to? A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to. B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites. C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly. D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms. 74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______. A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models 75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______. A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of 76. The writer advises users of social media to _______. A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark D. avoid providing too much personal information 77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Say no to social media? B. New security rules in operation? C. Accept without reading? D. Administration matters! 【2015年6月上海高考英语试题】 One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to understand,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.” During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies. The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar, for example, Cassius’s sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆） of Brutus to take up arms against Caesar was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising. Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things. Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt to be related. Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the traitors after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving in a business: when and how do you resist the boss? 73. According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus? A. Cruel.                    B. Superior.               C. Honorable.            D. Rude 74. According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________. A. help executives to understand Shakespeare’s plays better B. give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare’s plays C. provide case studies of Shakespeare’s plays in literature workshops    D. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare’s plays. 75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V? A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities. B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win. C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.    D. To warn executives against power misuse. 76. It can be inferred from the passage that ____. A. the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized. B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays. C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars. D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field. 77. The best title for the passage is _____. A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture B. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business success C. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for business motivation D. Shakespeare’s plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results 26 / 33 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第10讲 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类（节选） 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 考向02 阅读理解议论文类（节选） 题型01 细节理解题 题型02 推理判断题 题型03 词义推断题 题型04 主旨大意题 02 核心突破练 阅读理解（语篇练） 03 真题溯源练 考向01 阅读理解说明文类 题型01 细节理解题 （2025·上海嘉定·二模 Beyond technological drivers, socio-economic shifts have further sped up this transition. The decline of long-term job stability, worsened by automation and global outsourcing, has led to a decline in conventional employment models. Meanwhile, society is becoming increasingly polarized between those who possess financial capital but lack time and those with availability but limited financial means. The on-demand economy serves as a mechanism through which these two groups can exchange value efficiently. 3．Which of the following is a driving force of the economic transition introduced in the passage? A．People tend to have either money or time. B．Business flexibility benefits workers equally. C．Full-time employees are becoming less available. D．Automation is gradually replaced by global outsourcing. 【答案】 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是按需经济（on-demand economy）的兴起、发展、驱动因素、影响以及面临的挑战。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Meanwhile, society is becoming increasingly polarized between those who possess financial capital but lack time and those with availability but limited financial means. The on-demand economy serves as a mechanism through which these two groups can exchange value efficiently.(与此同时，社会正日益分化为两类人：一类是拥有资金但缺乏时间的人，另一类是有时间但资金有限的人。按需经济为这两类人提供了一种高效交换价值的机制。)”可知，经济转型的驱动力是人们要么有钱，要么有时间。故选A。 （2024宝山二模） Pretty much everyone has, at some point, made excuses to avoid working on a task they fear. But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness. 64. According to the passage, how many kinds of consequences may result from procrastination? A. 5. B. 2. C. 6. D. 7. 【答案】 64. A 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“But some people do this more often than others, which can result in disastrous consequences. Regularly putting off difficult or unpleasant tasks can lead to low grades at school, poor performance at work and financial consequences, such as late fees. Procrastination can also harm relationships and even affect your health, as it increases stress levels, sometimes resulting in illness.(但有些人比其他人更经常这样做，这可能会导致灾难性的后果。经常推迟困难或不愉快的任务会导致学习成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，还会带来经济上的后果，比如滞纳金。拖延症还会损害人际关系，甚至影响你的健康，因为它会增加压力水平，有时会导致疾病) ”可知，拖延可能导致的后果包括：在学校成绩不佳，工作表现不佳，以及经济上的后果(例如滞纳金)，损害人际关系，影响健康甚至会导致疾病。由此可知，拖延可能导致的后果有五种。故选A。 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海静安·二模） MUSEUMS used to stand for something boring and barely relevant to real life. Those kinds of places still exist, but there are far fewer of them, and the more successful ones have changed out of all recognition. To be sure, museums remain showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables, but they have also become pits of popular debates and places where children go for sleepovers. They are no longer places where people look on in fear but where they learn and argue, as they would at universities or art schools. Nicholas Serota describes the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”. 1．By describing the museum as “a forum as much as a treasure box”, Nicholas Serota implies that_______ A．museums now display objects much relevant to life B．museums provide chances for discussion and store precious objects C．the value of the objects kept in museums causes debate D．museums regard sleepover visitors as new treasure 【答案】1．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了博物馆的作用以及如今博物馆为了吸引更多人参观努力迎合大众需求。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“To be sure, museums remain showcases for collections and warehouse of valuables, but they have also become pits of popular debates and places where children go for sleepovers. They are no longer places where people look on in fear but where they learn and argue, as they would at universities or art schools.(诚然，博物馆仍然是收藏品的展示场所和贵重物品的仓库，但它们也成为了热门辩论的场所和孩子们过夜的地方。它们不再是人们恐惧地看着的地方，而是他们学习和争论的地方，就像他们在大学或艺术学校那样)”可知，尼古拉斯·塞罗塔将博物馆描述为“一个论坛，也是一个藏宝箱”，暗示博物馆提供了讨论和储存珍贵物品的机会。故选B。 （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 【答案】 65. A 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. (当然，定价过程中通常有很多参与者：会计提供成本估算;营销传达定价策略；销售人员提供具体的客户意见；生产设置供应边界；财务部门为整个公司的财务 状况制定了要求。来自不同来源的投入是必要的。)”可知，定价过程的广泛参与是因为决策需要收集全面的信息，故选A项。 题型03 词义推断题 （2025·上海崇明·二模） In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? 1．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________. A．accidental invention B．emergence of problems C．late recognition D．chemical innovation 【答案】1．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了科学发现和创新背后的本质。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. (20世纪初，法国化学家爱德华·本尼迪克特偶然发明了防碎玻璃。但直到汽车市场产生了问题，而他已经找到了答案，这个问题的重要性和相关性才显现出来)”及第二段“Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? (然而，即使像本尼迪克图斯的故事中那样，运气也起了作用，一个更广泛的问题仍然存在：这些发现真的是天生的运气，还是“在空中”，等待着合适的人来抓住它们)”可知，第一段提到Benedictus偶然发明防碎玻璃，第二段讨论“运气是否主导发现”。文中Such moments恰到承上启下的作用，由此推断划线单词的含义是“不可预测的创新，发现，偶然的新发现”。故选A。 （2024黄埔二模） If we answer this question from a place of fear about what’s left for people in the age of A.I., we can end up admitting a diminished view of human capability. Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace. 64. Which of the following is “a diminished view of human capability” (paragraph 3)? A. Humans are losing control of the world. B. Technology intensifies humans’ cooperation. C. Humans outsmart A.I in terms of critical thinking. D. A.I. and humans are similar in their ability to innovate. 【答案】 64. A 【64题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第三段“Instead, it’s critical for us all to start from a place that imagines what’s possible for humans in the age of A.I. When we do that, we find ourselves focusing quickly on people skills that allow us to cooperate and innovate in ways technology can intensify but never replace.(相反，对我们所有人来说，从想象人工智能时代人类的可能性开始是至关重要的。当我们这样做时，我们会发现自己很快就把注意力集中在人际交往技能上，这些技能使我们能够以技术可以加强但永远不会取代的方式进行合作和创新)”可知，人类正在失去对世界的控制是“对人类能力的低估”。故选A。 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海金山·二模） In today’s digital age, it is challenging to go about daily life without hearing the term artificial intelligence (AI) mentioned. AI enters conversations in almost every industry. This AI revolution (革命) relies on increasing data center capacity, the physical locations equipped with the computing servers needed to power this technology. With such expensive and temperature-sensitive technology under one roof, these facilities require building products with reliable insulating properties that can effectively house these innovative systems to keep them running smoothly. Reliability is where insulated metal panels (IMPs) enter the conversation. IMPs have proven effective building materials for data centers nationwide. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The application of IMPs in developing data centers. B．The importance of energy-efficiency in the digital age. C．The development of AI and its impact on data centers. D．The challenges of building data centers in the digital age. 【答案】 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明在数字时代，AI 依赖数据中心，绝缘金属板（IMPs）因隔热、安装快等优势成为数据中心有效建材。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段“Reliability is where insulated metal panels (IMPs) enter the conversation. IMPs have proven effective building materials for data centers nationwide.(可靠性就是绝缘金属板（IMPs）的用武之地。IMPs 已被证明是全国各地数据中心的有效建筑材料。)”以及后文对IMPs在数据中心建设中的优势，如隔热、安装快、环保等方面的阐述可知，本文主要讲述了IMPs在开发数据中心中的应用。故选A项。 （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 【答案】 46. B 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most (人工智能现在正在颠覆帮助它诞生的行业。娱乐的每个部分都将受到生成式人工智能的影响，它可以消化文本、图像、音频或视频的输入，以创造相同的新输出。但变化最大的将是游戏行业)”可知，文章主要围绕生成式人工智能对游戏行业的影响展开，介绍了人工智能有望简化游戏开发过程，可以被用来创造新的游戏内容，并且可能改变游戏开发的格局。小型公司可能会更快地意识到人工智能可能带来的新机遇，但大型工作室也能够利用人工智能技术来增强他们的业务。故选B项。 考向02 阅读理解议论文类 题型01 细节理解题 （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health 【答案】 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代生活中便利性的利弊，以及为何人们会倾向于追求便利，同时指出了过度追求便利可能带来的问题。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties.(不断选择方便的道路会削弱你处理不可避免的困难的能力)”可知，在现代生活中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B项。 （2024嘉定二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【答案】D 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself.(是的，像作家那样阅读需要额外的工作。但这对于写作实践来说是必要的工作。通过观察作家使用的策略来讲述令人信服的故事或撰写引人入胜的论点，你为自己装备了运用这些策略的知识)”可知，作者认为RLW是“必要的工作”是因为读者可以提高自己的写作技巧，故选D项。 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges 【答案】 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 “Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries(阿尔弗雷德・诺贝尔 1895 年的愿景是奖励在物理、化学和医学领域树立旗帜的个人天才。但如今的挑战，如气候变化、癌症、物种灭绝等，并不受这些界限的限制)”以及最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)” 可知，最后两段强调个人天才与现代科学相悖。故选 B。 （2024普陀二模） Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself. 59. The author suggests RLW is “necessary work” (para.7) because readers can ________. A. write lengthy novels like Jane Eyre B. gain knowledge in employment C. become professional literary critic D. improve their own writing craft 【答案】 D 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yes, reading like a writer is extra work. But it’s necessary work to the writing practice. By observing the strategies writers employ to tell convincing stories or write engaging arguments, you equip yourself with the knowledge to perform these strategies yourself.(是的，像作家那样阅读需要额外的工作。但这对于写作实践来说是必要的工作。通过观察作家使用的策略来讲述令人信服的故事或撰写引人入胜的论点，你为自己装备了运用这些策略的知识)”可知，作者认为RLW是“必要的工作”是因为读者可以提高自己的写作技巧，故选D项。 题型03 词义推断题 （2025·上海虹口·二模） Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up. ....... This is an elegant evolution of degrowth ideas, expanding what the term can mean. Degrowth begins as a process of taking less. But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life. Hard to argue with that. Perhaps degrowth will save the world. 4．According to the passage, what does “degrowth” refer to? A．Intensifying capitalist growth in an eco-friendly way. B．The prioritising of individual growth over community welfare. C．Boosting economic development in order to reach a state of abundance. D．The reduction of economic growth to focus on sustainability and well-being. 【答案】 4．D 4．词句猜测题。根据首段中的“Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up.(《少即是多》是一本带有雄心勃勃副标题的书：《退缩经济如何拯救世界》。这是一个大胆的主张，但作者是Jason Hickel，他是后增长思想的主要倡导者之一，他比大多数人更有能力证明这一点。)”可知，本文引用Jason Hickel的《少即是多》，即《退缩经济如何拯救世界》一书，引出本文讲述的退缩经济如何拯救世界的观点，结合下文中对资本主义增长逻辑的批判和尾段中的“But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life.(但最终，它开辟了一个充满可能性的广阔天地，将我们从贫困带向富足，从支配带向互惠，从孤独与分离带向与一个充满生机的世界建立联系。)”可知，本文强调了退缩经济是从贫困走向富足，从支配转向互惠的过程，由此可知，退缩经济指的是减少经济增长，专注于可持续性与福祉。故选D项。 （2025·上海奉贤·二模） In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 【答案】1．C 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前半句话“For now, the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it's still worth thinking about what such a future might look like(目前，这个概念仍处于科幻小说的范畴之内，但尽管如此，思考一下这样的未来可能是什么样子仍然是值得的)”以及后面“AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests(以促进人类文明利益的方式发展人工智能)”可知，技术奇点目前还处于科幻范畴，但思考其未来模样很有价值，目的是为了引导人工智能发展，进而促进文明利益。由此推知，划线词steer意思是“引导、指引”。故选C。 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海闵行·二模）For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare, inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. While some individuals appear naturally gifted in artistic or intellectual pursuits, recent studies challenge the long-held belief that creativity is a unique gift possessed by a select few. Instead, these studies suggest that creativity is not a mysterious quality, but a skill that can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. ........ While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How natural talent determines creativity. B．The role of deep practice in creative success. C．The connection between failure and inspiration. D．The development of creativity as a skill. 【答案】4．D 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“While natural talent may give an initial advantage, it is not the determining factor in long-term success. The brain’s adaptability allows anyone to develop creativity potential through continuous practice and learning.(虽然天赋可能会带来最初的优势，但它并不是长期成功的决定性因素。大脑的适应性使任何人都可以通过不断的练习和学习来开发创造潜力)”以及文章主要论述了创造力是可以通过有目的的练习、坚持不懈和正确的心态来培养的技能，并对此进行了举例说明。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是创造力作为一种技能的发展。故选D。 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science 【答案】 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades.(本周的诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位帮助计算机像人类大脑一样“学习”的科学家。一天后，化学奖颁给了三位利用人工智能设计蛋白质和揭示分子结构的研究人员，这是一个困扰生物学家几十年的问题)”和最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)”可知，文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。D选项“诺贝尔奖凸显了人工智能和科学中的团队合作”为短文的最佳标题，故选 D。 Passage 1 【上海市闵行区实验高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming. The rocks and fossils (化石) in the geological record bear witness to these processes, showing us that Earth’s climate has changed continually since the planet formed around 4.6 million years ago. This same record also shows that atmospheric CO2 is at its highest level in at least the past 3 million years, and that the current pace of planetary warming is never before seen in Earth’s history. The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it. There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels. Now, more than ever, our discipline needs to fully adopt the concept of “sustainable geoscience”. This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To name just a couple of examples, geologists study the origin, natural transportation and behaviour of pollutants like arsenic and lead, critical to the provision of safe and reliable water supplies, and they explore the origin of natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes, and so help strengthen communities across the world. But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 1．The examples of volcanic eruptions and the weathering of rocks are intended to _____. A．demonstrate what geological activities geologists mainly study B．highlight the importance of studying volcanic activity in geology C．illustrate the enormous and destructive power of geological processes D．show the dynamic interactions between geological activities and climate 2．In the sentence “There is an irony to that”, the irony refers to _____. A．the profession’s role in both causing and solving global warming B．sustainable geoscience’s unexpected popularity across various fields C．the disagreement between geological records and current climate models D．geologists’ focus on energy provision which goes against their original goal 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Energy supply is in critical shortage. B．Geologists are able to work across various fields. C．Pollutants spread far and wide due to modern transportation. D．Fossil fuel exploitation does not contribute to climate change. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Numerous complex physical and chemical links and feedbacks exist between Earth’s surface and subsurface rocks, its atmosphere, oceans and ice caps and life in all these places. Volcanic eruptions bring carbon from deep within the planet to the surface and the air, enhancing the green-house effect. In contrast, weathering of exposed rocks at the surface and the action of shell-forming animals in the oceans remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing global warming.(地球表面和地下岩石、大气、海洋和冰盖以及所有这些地方的生命之间存在着许多复杂的物理和化学联系和反馈。火山爆发将地球深处的碳带到地表和空气中，增强了温室效应。相比之下，地表裸露岩石的风化和海洋中成壳动物的活动会从大气中去除二氧化碳，从而减缓全球变暖)”可知，火山爆发和岩石风化的例子旨在说明地质活动与气候之间的动态相互作用。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The geological record can also be used to assess the accuracy of complex numerical models used to predict future climate and its impact on Earth’s habitability. Geology has improved our understanding of global warming and hopefully will help us to reduce it.(地质记录还可以用来评估用于预测未来气候及其对地球宜居性影响的复杂数值模型的准确性。地质学提高了我们对全球变暖的认识，并有望帮助我们减少全球变暖)”以及倒数第三段“There is an irony to that, given geologists play a role in locating and exploiting climate-heating fossil fuels.(具有讽刺意味的是，地质学家在寻找和开采气候变暖的化石燃料方面发挥着重要作用)”可知，在“There is a irony to that”这句话中，讽刺的是这个行业在造成和解决全球变暖方面所扮演的角色。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This isn’t a new idea and nor is it limited to climate change. The many and varied historical contributions of geology to tackling some of our greatest societal challenges can be seen by looking at the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.(这不是一个新想法，也不局限于气候变化。通过查看联合国可持续发展目标，我们可以看到地质学在解决一些最大的社会挑战方面做出了许多不同的历史贡献)”以及最后一段“But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face.(但是，地质学家必须加倍与其他科学家和政治家合作，制定并最终帮助应用解决方案来应对我们面临的许多环境和资源挑战)”可知，地质学家能够在不同的领域工作。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked.(认为地质学“只”与岩石有关是一种普遍的误解。诚然，地质学家们接受的训练是通过解读岩石来了解地球的过去、现在和可能的未来的结构和演化。但是，正如我将在今年的皇家学会圣诞讲座中解释的那样，地质过程和气候是紧密相连的)”结合文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。可知，作者在文章中想表达的主要观点是地质学对于解决岩石研究以外的全球挑战至关重要。故选C。 Passage 2 【上海市七宝中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题】 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we’ve come up with various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria (歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible-- and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools, On two measures- professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is considered at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke (偶然). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition--the job market and graduate school-the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D．program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes (风险) have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize (合理化) our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints. 5．Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars? A．They have the final say in which university their children are to attend. B．They know best which universities are most suitable for their children. C．They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves. D．They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application. 6．What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges” Line 1, para.4? A．Continuing education is more important to a person’s success. B．Kids’ actual abilities are more important than their college background. C．A person’s happiness should be valued more than their education. D．What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements. 7．What does Krueger’s study tell us? A．Getting into Ph.D．programs may be more competitive than getting into college. B．Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores. C．Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation. D．Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs. 8．According to the passage, one possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ________. A．they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation B．they earn less than their peers from other institutions C．they turn out to be less competitive in the job market D．they overemphasize their qualifications in job application 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕大学录取战争中的家长行为、名校崇拜的现象及其背后的真相展开论述，对这一现象进行了深入的分析和批判，并给出了作者自己的建议和看法。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We’re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes to they can get into the college of our first choice.(在大学录取这场战役中，我们家长才是真正的战士。我们催促孩子取得好成绩，参加SAT备考课程，并打造简历，以便他们能进入我们首选的大学。)”以及“We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them.(我们把孩子的大学背景视为一个奖品，证明我们把他们培养得有多好。但我们不愿承认，我们的痴迷更多是关于我们自己，而不是他们。)”可知，家长比孩子更关心他们上哪所大学，因此成为了这场“战争”中的真正战士。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据该句下文“Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life’s only competition. In the next competition — the job market and graduate school — the results may change.(进入耶鲁可能代表着智慧、才华和雄心壮志。但这并不是唯一的指标，而且其重要性正在下降。原因是，很多类似的人都去了其他学校。进入大学并不是人生中的唯一竞争。在接下来的竞争——就业市场和研究生院中——结果可能会发生变化。)”可知，进入好的大学确实很重要，但是步入社会后，实际能力可能更重要。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t.(普林斯顿大学经济学家Alan Krueger研究了一个顶尖博士项目的录取情况。高分GRE成绩有助于解释谁能被录取；而名校学位则没有这种作用。)”可知，Krueger的研究发现，对于申请顶尖法学院的学生来说，本科学校的名气并没有像人们普遍认为的那样重要，即使本科是名校，也不能保证进入研究生项目。故选D。 8．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.(我们对孩子强加的雄心可能会让他们中的一些人进入哈佛大学，但也可能让他们为失望埋下伏笔。一项研究发现，在其他条件相同的情况下，高度选择性学校的毕业生对工作的满意度更低。他们可能已经习惯了处于顶尖地位，因此任何低于这一标准的结果都会让他们感到失望。)”可知，家长对孩子进入名校的过度关注可能导致孩子没有真正准备好面对现实世界，从而可能在毕业后对工作和职业有更多的不满。故选A。 Passage3 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题】 Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. Framing manipulation as a bad thing that is only done by bad people is, however, incorrect. There are many reasons why people want to massage a social situation so that it works out well for themselves that don’t result in negative consequences for others. Self-interest can agree with the interest of others and can lead to prosocial (亲社会的) behaviour. For example, sometimes I do things to make other people feel good because I know it will make me feel good. It’s win-win. This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale. Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour. The most recent short version of the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale was published in 2018 by Austin and colleagues. It breaks down the diversity of ways in which people try to emotionally manage people into five types. The first two are generally prosocial, the third and fourth are non-prosocial, and the fifth is considered neutral. Enhancing: strategically offering help, reassurance, or showing understanding to improve someone’s mood. Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood. Worsening: using criticism or negative comments, undermining confidence, or being angry to gain something. Being inauthentic: flattering someone, sulking or guilt-tripping to get what you want. Concealing: hiding how you really feel, particularly hiding negative emotions. 9．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 10．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 11．Why did Austin and colleagues create the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale in 2013? A．To shift to a broader understanding of emotional influence. B．To replace the previous scale with a more accurate measure. C．To emphasize the negative consequences of emotional manipulation. D．To lead people to pay more attention to emotional management skills. 12．Which of the following is an example of “diverting”? A．At a tense family dinner, you tell a funny story to lighten the mood. B．When your sister is frustrated, you hide your stress to keep her calm. C．After a disagreement, you give your friend a compliment to make things right. D．You remind a coworker of his good work when he is upset about missing a deadline. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要介绍了爱丁堡大学的心理学科学家伊丽莎白·奥斯汀提出的情感操控的概念，包括情感操控量表、情感操控的多样性及奥斯汀和同事创建的“管理他人情绪量表”等内容。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”.(奥斯汀和她的同事在2007年创建了情绪控制量表。根据该量表，情绪控制能力强的人会对没有明显负面后果的行为方式表示肯定，比如“我知道如何让别人难堪，阻止他们以某种特定的方式行事”，以及“我知道如何让两个人相互对立”)”可知，情绪控制量表的主要重点是通过某些行为来评估情绪操纵的倾向。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative.(研究人员还发现，在情绪控制量表上得分越高的人，他们在马基雅维利主义上的得分也越高，马基雅维利主义的特征包括冷漠、道德冷漠和控制欲强)”可知，那些在情绪控制量表上得分高的人很可能缺乏道德关怀。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“This complexity is also what Austin and colleagues showcased when in 2013 they created the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale on the basis of their original scale.(2013年，Austin及其同事在原始量表的基础上创建了“管理他人情绪量表”，也展示了这种复杂性)”以及第五段“Moving from the term “manipulation” to “managing” encourages a different way of talking about this type of behaviour.(从“操纵”一词到“管理”一词，鼓励了一种不同的方式来谈论这类行为)”可知，奥斯汀和同事创建“管理他人情绪量表”是为了转向对情感影响的更广泛理解，故选A。 12．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Diverting: being positive or using humour to improve someone’s mood.(转移：积极的或用幽默来改善某人的情绪)”可知，在紧张的家庭聚餐中讲了一个有趣的故事来缓和气氛是“diverting”的例子，故选A。 Passage 4 【上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试卷】 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. In a separate paper, Ms Nikolova and Anthony Lepinteur of the University of Luxembourg, explore why this might be. They find that industrial robots make jobs less physically exhausting. But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. Work becomes more routine, not less. Machines need not have a dulling effect. In their research Ms Nikolova and her co-authors found that people did not perceive a loss of autonomy if they were working with computers, where they have more control of the machine than the other way round. And automation may well have a different impact on service industries like health caro, where less time spent on manual work might indeed mean more time with patients. A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug-dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 14．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 15．We can infer from Barrett’s research that ______. A．the introduction of robots leads to a decrease in job quality for all hospital staff B．when robots are introduced, staff tend to feel more satisfied regardless of their roles C．in the same department, workers in different positions can feel differently to automation D．in some occupational areas, automation does constantly reduce the perceived meaningfulness 16．Which of the following studies will others in the last paragraph cite as their evidence? A．A paper from Boris Nikolaev illustrates that many employees put a higher premium on non-monetary than monetary rewards. B．Research by Pok Man Tang of the University of Georgia suggests that workers who interact more with AI assistants feel lonelier and long for more social contact. C．A recent Federal Reserve discussion paper surveyed American workers who had switched jobs; they found that interest in the work mattered more to people than pay and benefits. D．An experiment conducted by Eugina Leung states that a technology that cuts down on boring tasks is fine; one that threatens your sense of identity is not. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“机器和人工智能对工作质量和员工感受的影响”这一主题展开讨论，通过引用多个研究案例和分析，探讨了机器在出现故障和正常运转时对工作的影响，以及自动化和人工智能在不同行业中的应用对员工感受和工作质量的潜在影响。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Most white - collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress— but also full of meaning. (大多数白领悲惨地盯着他们的屏幕，意识到如果无法登录，他们的工作将变得毫无意义。信息技术部门的人员前来解救那些无助的同事和被困的乘客。他们那天的工作充满了压力，但也充满了意义。)”以及第二段“If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? (如果机器在出现故障时能给某些工作增添意义，那么当它们正常运转时又会怎样呢？)”可知，有时候机器出现故障的时候，会给一些工作增添意义。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect.( Milena Nikolova和Femke Cnossen撰写的一篇近期论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度以及这对工人的影响。机器人普遍降低了工作的意义感，无论年龄、性别、技能水平和工作类型如何。理论上，机器可以腾出时间让人去做更有趣的任务；但实际上，它们似乎产生了相反的效果。)”可知，Nikolova女士的研究表明，机器减少了人类工作者工作中的意义感。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug- dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. (剑桥大学的Michael Barrett于2011年发表的一篇论文发现，在医院药房引入药物分发机器人产生了不同的影响。药剂师觉得他们的工作质量提高了，因为他们有更多的时间为患者提供咨询。然而，药房助理的日子就不好过了，因为他们的职责缩减为往机器里装药。)”可推测，即便都是在医院药房里工作，药剂师和药房助理的感受都不一样。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. (目前还无法确定人工智能将如何影响工作质量。有些人肯定会喜欢使用机器人来集思广益和处理无聊的任务，而另一些人则可能不会。管理者要记住的一点是，机器会让员工对自己的工作产生不同的感受。因此，新技术是与员工合作引入还是从上面强加，以及它们是否增强了还是削弱了员工的胜任感，这些都是至关重要的。)”可知，员工的胜任感是非常重要的。故选D。 【2021年1月上海高考英语试题】 Among all the different types of journey that people undertake there are also those of a spiritual nature.Some of the trips we do in our lives are purely for pleasure, some are meant to make us stronger, sometimes we travel to explore and learn, and in all of these undertakings we grow and become wiser. There is a lot we can learn from the land that surrounds us and the best way to acquire that knowledge is by traveling and experiencing.This ancient aboriginal initiation ritual involves exactly this：a long spiritual hike across the indigenous land.Although widely known as “Walkabout”in later years the ritual has been referred to as “temporary mobility” because the former is often used as a derogatory term in Australian culture. A young man on Walkabout Historically speaking, the walkabout is a rite of passage in which young (adolescent) Aboriginal Australians undertake a journey that will help “transform” them into adults.The journey is usually made between the ages of 10 and 16. During this journey which can last for up to six months, the individual is required to live and survive all alone in the wilderness. This is not an easy thing to do, especially not for teenagers.That is why only those who have proven themselves mentally and physically ready are allowed to proceed with the walkabout.Only the elders of the group decide whether it is time or not for the child to do it.The children are not completely unprepared for the journey. During the years before the walkabout, the elders instruct them and give them advice about the ceremony and adult life in general；they have been passed the “secrets” of the tribe,the knowledge about their world. Aboriginal woman Those who are initiated in the walkabout are also decorated with body paint and ornaments.Sometimes they are marked with a permanent symbol on their bodies.In some cases, a tooth is removed from the mouth, or the nose or ears of the initiated are pierced.Traditional walk about clothes include only a simple loin cloth and nothing more. During a walkabout, a young person can sometimes travel a distance of over a 1,000 miles. In order to survive this long hike,the participant in the walkabout must be able to make their own shelter and must be capable of procuring food and water for themselves. That means he needs to hunt,catch fish, and also recognize and utilize edible and healing plants.The initiated youngster must learn to identify plants such as bush tomatoes, Illawarra plums, quandongs, lilly-pillies, Muntari berries, wattle seeds, Kakadu plums,and bunya nuts. 17．What can be referred from the first two paragraphs of the passage？ A．Australians like to engage in all kinds of travel. B．People can gain knowledge through travel. C．Travel is usually purely for pleasure. D．Walkabout is a long spiritual journey. 18．What do we know about the young Aboriginal Australians？ A．All young Australians are required to live alone in the wilderness. B．The difficulties they experienced in hiking turned them into adults. C．Walkabout should only be done if they are mentally and physically prepared. D．Walkabout is an unprepared test for the young Aboriginal Australians. 19．According to the passage, what skill does a person need to acquire in the walkabout？ A．Identifying directions. B．Preserving physical strength. C．Planting plants. D．Hunting and fishing. 20．Which of the following options is true about walkabout？ A．Only people who have experienced torture are qualified to the walkabout. B．Women must decorate themselves with body paint and ornaments. C．To survive, the participants need to acquire certain survival skills. D．Indigenous women are not required to participate in the walkabout. 【答案】17．B 18．C 19．D 20．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。在人们所从事的各种不同类型的旅行中，也有一些是精神性质的旅行。文章说明了人们可以通过旅行获得知识，以及旅行途中可以学到的技能。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段“There is a lot we can learn from the land that surrounds us and the best way to acquire that knowledge is by traveling and experiencing.(我们可以从周围的土地中学到很多东西，而获得这些知识的最好方式就是旅行和体验)”可推知，人们可以通过旅行获得知识。故选B。 18．细节理解题。根据A young man on Walkabout下面第二段“This is not an easy thing to do, especially not for teenagers. That is why only those who have proven themselves mentally and physically ready are allowed to proceed with the walkabout.(这不是一件容易的事，尤其是对青少年来说。这就是为什么只有那些已经证明自己在精神上和身体上准备好了的人才被允许进行徒步旅行的原因)”可知，只有在精神上和身体上都有准备的情况下，年轻的澳大利亚土著才应该进行徒步旅行。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据最后一段“That means he needs to hunt, catch fish, and also recognize and use edible and healing plants.(这意味着他需要打猎、捕鱼，还需要识别和使用可食用和治疗的植物)”可知，一个人在徒步旅行中需要获得狩猎和钓鱼技能。故选D。 20．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In order to survive this long hike, the participant in the walkabout must be able to make their own shelter and must be capable of obtaining food and water for themselves.(为了在这次长途徒步旅行中幸存下来，徒步旅行的参与者必须能够自己建造住所，必须能够为自己获得食物和水)”可知，C选项“为了生存，参与者需要掌握一定的生存技能”正确。故选C。 【2016年6月上海高考英语试题】 Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data. The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions. “The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original. It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller. Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says. Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says. Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says. The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them. 73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to? A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to. B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites. C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly. D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms. 74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______. A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models 75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______. A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of 76. The writer advises users of social media to _______. A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark D. avoid providing too much personal information 77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Say no to social media? B. New security rules in operation? C. Accept without reading? D. Administration matters! 【答案】73. A    74. B    75. D    76. B    77. C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。 73.A 词义猜测题。根据第一段第一句“...... has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts....”可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同。而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A正确。 74.B 推理判断题。根据第五段前二句“Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data.”可知Nigel Shadbolt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的。故B项正确。 75.D 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句“We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。 76.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.可知文章建议我们即使有认证标志，我们呀应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。 77.C 标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后在签名。故C项“Accept without reading?未阅读就接受”符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。 考点：考查社会现象类阅读 【2015年6月上海高考英语试题】 One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to understand,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.” During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies. The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar, for example, Cassius’s sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆） of Brutus to take up arms against Caesar was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising. Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things. Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt to be related. Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the traitors after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving in a business: when and how do you resist the boss? 73. According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus? A. Cruel.                    B. Superior.               C. Honorable.            D. Rude 74. According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________. A. help executives to understand Shakespeare’s plays better B. give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare’s plays C. provide case studies of Shakespeare’s plays in literature workshops    D. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare’s plays. 75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V? A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities. B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win. C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.    D. To warn executives against power misuse. 76. It can be inferred from the passage that ____. A. the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized. B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays. C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars. D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field. 77. The best title for the passage is _____. A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture B. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business success C. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for business motivation D. Shakespeare’s plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results 【解析】这是一篇论说文，相对来说有一定的难度。所用的词不少是专业术语，也或者是专有名词，这给阅读带来一定的障碍。 73. 【答案】 A 【解析】文章介绍了莎士比亚戏剧在商业管理方面的运用。细节理解题 根据第一段描述所用的一些词语“not an honorable man 不是一个受敬仰的人”,“traitor 叛徒”，“in cold blood 冷血”等可以得出答案为cruel 残忍的。Superior 意为较高的（级别、地位）; 较好的（在质量等方面）; 较多的（数量）; 上等的; rude 意为粗鲁的。 74. 【答案】B 【解析】细节题 根据第二段的一些用词“well-known advisers to the White House 著名的白宫顾问”,”management training business 管理训练商业”，可以知道答案是与leadership 管理有关。其中leadership（领导）和management 是同义词。 75. 【答案】 A 【解析】细节理解题 根据“Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. 相反，他们强调年轻人的故事。这些年轻人能够抓住机会以及成为有能力的领导” 可以知道答案是强调抓住机会的重要性。其中highlight强调和emphasize 是同义词，seizes opportunity 和catch opportunities 是同义词。 76. 【答案】D 77. 【答案】D 【解析】标题题 四个选项的意思分别是A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture （莎士比亚戏剧：管理层重新认识企业文化）；B. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business success （莎士比亚戏剧：成功商业的关键）；C. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for business motivation（莎士比亚戏剧：商业动机的一节课）；D. Shakespeare’s plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results（莎士比亚戏剧：戏剧的训练带来喜剧的结果）。标题题选择的正确答案是简练高度概括，而且以文章主题相关，综合这几个因素只有D选项才符合，其他选项，要么和主题无关，要么就是扩大了范围。 26 / 33 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$