2025中考专项热点时文阅读理解与阅读表达专项训练六（基础层、培优层）

2025年中考专项热点时文阅读理解与阅读表达专项训练六（基础层、培优层） Passage 1 基础层 Hundreds of years ago, scientists called alchemists tried to turn metals such as lead or copper into silver and gold. Now researchers at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), near Geneva, Switzerland, have unexpectedly managed to do just that — although very briefly — during their experiments. The LHC is a powerful machine that blasts particles (tiny bits of atoms, which are the building blocks of the universe) travel at high speeds. At nearly 17 miles long, it sits in a tunnel more than 300 feet underground. The machine is run by CERN, a European research organization that studies the behavior of particles. During the experiments, scientists aimed two beams of lead atoms at each other. The beams were traveling extremely fast. As the atoms moved past each other, they interacted. This caused three smaller particles, called protons, to be knocked out of the lead atoms. A lead atom contains 82 protons, and a gold atom contains 79. When the lead atoms lost three of their protons, leaving them with 79, they turned into gold atoms. Early alchemists would probably have been disappointed, however, because only very tiny amounts of gold were created. By one estimate, even if the LHC worked nonstop for billions of years, it would only make enough gold to form a single wedding ring. The gold survived for less than a second before it smashed into something or broke apart. WHITE HOT When beams of atoms collide in the LHC they can generate temperatures 100,000 times hotter than the Sun. 第一篇阅读理解题 1.Why does the author mention alchemists at the beginning? A. To explain the history of metal transformation. B. To introduce the LHC experiment by comparison. C. To show alchemists’ great wisdom. D. To prove lead can be turned into gold. 2.What can we infer about the gold created in the LHC experiment? A. It has the same stability as natural gold. B. It exists for a very short time. C. It can be used to make wedding rings. D. It is produced in large quantities. 3.The phrase “100,000 times hotter” in the box uses ______. A. analogy B. personification C. statistics and comparison D. definition 4.What causes lead atoms to become gold atoms? A. Losing three protons. B. Gaining three neutrons. C. Colliding with copper atoms. D. Changing speed suddenly. 5.The second paragraph mainly ______. A. describes the appearance of the LHC B. explains how the LHC works C. introduces the background of the experiment D. compares the LHC with other machines 6.What does “that” refer to in “The machine is run by CERN, a European research organization that studies the behavior of particles.”? A. The machine B. CERN C. A European research organization D. The behavior of particles 7.Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in the passage? A. Critical B. Humorous C. Objective D. Enthusiastic 8.How do alchemists’ attempts differ from the LHC experiment? A. Alchemists used lead while LHC used gold. B. Alchemists succeeded but LHC failed. C. Alchemists aimed for large amounts, but LHC made tiny amounts. D. Alchemists worked underground, but LHC worked above ground. 9.What is the logical relationship between the collision of lead beams and gold formation? A. Cause and effect. B. Comparison and contrast. C. Time sequence. D. Problem and solution. 10.What is the main idea of the passage? A. The history of alchemists’ metal transformation. B. How the LHC helps scientists study particles. C. A surprising discovery in the LHC experiment: lead turns to gold briefly. D. The differences between lead and gold atoms. 阅读表达题 1.What did alchemists try to do hundreds of years ago? 2.Where is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located? 3.How do lead atoms turn into gold atoms in the LHC experiment? 4.Why might early alchemists be disappointed with the LHC’s result? 5.What is the temperature like when atoms collide in the LHC? 6.How long is the LHC and where is it situated? 7.Who runs the LHC? 8.What happens to the gold created in the experiment? 9.(Open-ended) If you could improve the LHC experiment, what would you do to make more stable gold? 10.(Open-ended) Do you think the discovery of lead turning into gold is significant? Why or why not? Passage 2 培优层 Penguins are contributing to the fight against climate change in Antarctica, where warming temperatures are causing ice to melt and putting wildlife at risk. In a new study, scientists found that penguin guano (the poop of seabirds and bats) is triggering a natural process that slows ice melt on the continent. The team of researchers from the University of Helsinki in Finland focused on Adelie penguins, the smallest species in Antarctica. The animals, who eat fish and krill (tiny, shrimp-like creatures), leave so much guano on rocky and icy surfaces that it’s visible from space. That guano releases a gas called ammonia, which can create clouds. Typically, clouds form when water vapor condenses (turns into liquid droplets) around particles in the air, such as dust. But Antarctica’s air is so clean that it doesn’t have many of these particles. Instead, water vapor condenses around sulfuric acid molecules that are released by phytoplankton (microscopic organisms) in the nearby ocean. Ammonia is known to speed up the creation of these molecules, which in turn leads to the production of more clouds. Once the clouds are created, they reflect the Sun’s rays and act as insulating layers within the atmosphere (a blanket of gases that surrounds the planet). The layers often help reduce surface temperatures, which can affect the icy landscape. For more than two months, the team of researchers measured ammonia in the air at a site near Mawson Base, a research station. Mawson is close to a colony of 30,000 pairs of Adelie penguins. When the air blew from the direction of the colony, the amount of ammonia in the air was more than 1,000 times higher than the normal level. The scientists later saw fog (clouds of small droplets of water near the ground) that they believe was created by the higher number of particles. They don’t yet know the exact consequences of the clouds, but the study will influence how clouds are factored into future climate research. “There are connections between things that happen on our natural planet that we just don’t necessarily expect,” Matthew Boyer, the lead author of the study, told The Washington Post. “And this is one of them.” 阅读理解题 1.What is the main purpose of mentioning “warming temperatures” in the first paragraph? A. To explain why penguins are dying. B. To introduce the background of the study. C. To criticize human-induced climate change. D. To compare Antarctica with other regions. 2.Which of the following is a key step in the process of cloud formation in Antarctica? A. Dust particles in the air. B. Sulfuric acid molecules from phytoplankton. C. Water vapor from the ocean. D. Carbon dioxide from penguins. 3.The number “30,000 pairs” and “1,000 times” are used to ______. A. show the large population of penguins and ammonia increase B. compare different penguin species C. explain how fog is formed D. describe the size of Mawson Base 4.What does Matthew Boyer mean by saying “this is one of them”? A. The connection between penguins and clouds is unexpected. B. Climate change has many unexpected effects. C. Scientists have found all connections on Earth. D. Penguins are the most important factor in climate change. 5.The word “them” in “phytoplankton (microscopic organisms) in the nearby ocean” refers to ______. A. oceans B. sulfuric acid molecules C. phytoplankton D. microscopic organisms 6.How does penguin guano help slow ice melt? A. By cooling the air directly. B. By forming a protective layer on ice. C. By promoting cloud formation that reflects sunlight. D. By absorbing heat from the Sun. 7.What is the writing structure of the passage? A. Problem - Solution - Effect B. Phenomenon - Explanation - Significance C. Comparison - Contrast - Conclusion D. Cause - Effect - Prediction 8.Which of the following is an example of “unexpected connections” mentioned? A. Penguins’ poop affects cloud formation. B. Climate change harms Antarctic wildlife. C. Phytoplankton release sulfuric acid. D. Mawson Base studies penguins. 9.What can we infer about future climate research from the study? A. It will focus only on penguins. B. It will consider the role of animal activities. C. It will ignore cloud formation. D. It will prove penguins control climate. 10.The author writes the passage mainly to ______. A. persuade people to protect penguins B. introduce a new discovery about penguins and climate C. compare different factors of ice melt D. explain how clouds are formed in Antarctica 阅读表达题 1.What is penguin guano, and how does it affect the Antarctic environment? 2.Which species of penguins did the researchers focus on? 3.How do clouds form in Antarctica differently from other places? 4.What role do clouds play in slowing ice melt? 5.Where did the researchers measure ammonia, and why? 6.What does “unexpected connections” refer to in the passage? 7.How does ammonia help in cloud formation? 8.What is the significance of this study for future climate research? 9.(Open-ended) What other animal activities might affect climate change that we haven’t discovered yet? 10.(Open-ended) How can we protect penguins to help fight climate change? 参考答案 Passage1 基础层 阅读理解题答案 1-5 BBCAC 6-10 BCCAC 阅读表达题参考答案 1.They tried to turn metals like lead or copper into silver and gold. 2.It’s near Geneva, Switzerland. 3.When lead atoms collide at high speed, they lose three protons (from 82 to 79), so they become gold atoms. 4.Because only tiny amounts of gold were created, and it lasted less than a second. 5.It can generate temperatures 100,000 times hotter than the Sun. 6.It’s nearly 17 miles long and sits in a tunnel more than 300 feet underground. 7.It’s run by CERN, a European research organization. 8.It survived for less than a second before smashing into something or breaking apart. 9.(Example) I would adjust the collision speed or particle type to enhance gold atom stability. 10.(Example) Yes. It proves a historic alchemical idea in a scientific way, advancing particle physics understanding. Passage2 培优层 阅读理解题答案 1-5 BBAAD 6-10 CBABB 阅读表达题 1.Penguin guano is penguins’ poop. It releases ammonia, which helps create clouds to slow ice melt. 2.Adelie penguins. 3.In most places, clouds form around dust; in Antarctica, they form around sulfuric acid molecules from phytoplankton, with ammonia speeding the process. 4.Clouds reflect sunlight and insulate the atmosphere, reducing surface temperatures. 5.Near Mawson Base, because it’s close to a large Adelie penguin colony. 6.It refers to the unexpected link between penguin guano and cloud formation/climate change. 7.Ammonia speeds up sulfuric acid molecule formation, helping water vapor condense into clouds. 8.It will make future research consider animal activities (e.g., penguins) in climate models. 9.(Example) Maybe bees’ pollination affects plant carbon absorption, or elephants’ grazing changes ecosystem heat retention. 10.(Example) Reduce carbon emissions, protect Antarctic habitats, and support scientific monitoring of penguin colonies. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$