Unit 2 Amazing numbers 数字的发展与应用（话题阅读精练）英语沪教版2024八年级上册

Unit 2 Amazing numbers 数字的发展与应用 话题阅读精练 版块 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 时文阅读 Passage A 阅读理解 说明文 301 介绍了科学家们在土星周围新发现的128颗卫星，使得土星的卫星总数达到274颗，成为拥有最多卫星的行星。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 233 围绕遗传学对人们选择朋友的影响展开，解释了为什么有些友谊会像家人般亲密 。 真题示例 Passage A 完形填空 说明文 268 主要讲述了中国算盘在解决数学题上应用。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 389 主要介绍全球变暖的相关内容，呼吁人们环保生活。 模拟演练 Passage A 阅读理解 记叙文 222 主要介绍了中国最伟大的数学家之一——祖冲之和他的成就。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 302 主要介绍了神奇的斐波那契数列。 Passage C 阅读理解 说明文 231 文章介绍了罗马数字及阿拉伯数字的特点和发展。 Passage D 阅读还原 说明文 271 主要讲述了乔迁礼物的一些规则。包括什么时候送乔迁礼物，谁应该得到乔迁礼物，乔迁之喜的礼物要避免什么。 时文阅读 与数字有关的谚语 · Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 · A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。 · An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。 · Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人；三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 · Kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕；一石二鸟；一举两得。 · Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety - nine percent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的汗水。 · One today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜似两个明天。 · Better master one than engage with ten. 十事半通，不如一事精通。 · One enemy is too many, and a hundred friends too few. 敌人一个也嫌多，朋友上百也嫌少。 · One flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春。 时文阅读 Passage A （2025·江苏连云港·中考真题）Saturn (土星) is famous for the beautiful rings around it. Now, it’s getting attention for being even more amazing. Scientists have discovered 128 new moons around Saturn, bringing the planet’s total to 274. A moon is any naturally formed object that moves around a planet. Moons come in different shapes and sizes. Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope (望远镜), which is used to study stars and planets in great detail. Scientists took many photos of areas in space and piled them on top of each other to make the moons appear bright enough to discover. Most of Saturn’s new moons are small objects, just one or two miles wide—quite different to Earth’s Moon, which is a 2,159-mile-wide ball. These space rocks are in unusual orbits (轨道) too. They go around Saturn in the opposite direction to its own movement. At between 6.5 million and 18 million miles away from the ringed planet, the newly discovered moons are also further away than Saturn’s biggest moon, Titan. Why does Saturn have so many moons while Earth only has one? According to scientists, several billion years ago, the giant planet’s gravity attracted some rocks and ice. Over time, some of them crashed against each other, breaking into smaller pieces or coming together to create many small moons. The new moons were first discovered in 2023 by a team of scientists led by Edward Ashton, and were recently confirmed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Saturn now is the planet with the most moons—Jupiter is not far behind with 95. However, Dr Ashton believes this might be the limit for moon discovery. “I don’t think Jupiter will ever catch up,” he said. “With present technology, I don’t think we can do better than what has already been done,” he added. 1．What do we know about the new discovery? A．Newly found moons look the same. B．Scientists found new moons by accident. C．Saturn’s rings attract many scientists. D．128 new moons were found around Saturn. 2．What does “the ringed planet” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Earth. B．Saturn. C．Moon. D．Titan. 3．What led to the large number of Saturn’s moons? A．The size of the planet. B．The weights of the moons. C．The orbit of the planet. D．The crashes of the moons. 4．What can we learn from Dr Ashton’s words in the last paragraph? A．Jupiter will soon catch up with Saturn. B．Saturn’s new moons might support life. C．The IAU presented a medal to his team. D．He is satisfied with their moon discovery. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文介绍了科学家们在土星周围新发现的128颗卫星，使得土星的卫星总数达到274颗，成为拥有最多卫星的行星。这些新发现的卫星较小，且轨道独特。文章还解释了土星拥有众多卫星的原因，以及科学家对未来的卫星发现的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据“Scientists have discovered 128 new moons around Saturn”可知科学家们发现了土星周围128颗新的卫星。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据“At between 6.5 million and 18 million miles away from the ringed planet, the newly discovered moons are also further away than Saturn’s biggest moon, Titan.”可知这些新发现的卫星距离土星650万至1800万英里，也比土星最大的卫星泰坦更远，故此处“the ringed planet”指的是土星。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“the giant planet’s gravity attracted some rocks and ice. Over time, some of them crashed against each other, breaking into smaller pieces or coming together to create many small moons.”可知土星的引力吸引了许多岩石和冰块，随着时间的推移，这些物体相互碰撞，破碎成更小的碎片，或者聚集在一起形成了许多小卫星。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据“With present technology, I don’t think we can do better than what has already been done”可知Dr Ashton认为，以目前的技术水平，他们已经做到了极致，不太可能再有新的发现，这表明他对团队的发现感到满意。故选D。 长难句解析① ①原句：（第二段第一句）Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope (望远镜), which is used to study stars and planets in great detail. 译文：科学家们用一台强大的望远镜发现了这些卫星，这台望远镜用于非常详细地研究恒星和行星。 分析：这是一个主从复合句。 主句：Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope 主语：Scientists（科学家们）谓语：discovered（发现，过去式）宾语：the moons（这些卫星） 方式状语：with a powerful telescope（用一台强大的望远镜，说明 “发现” 的工具） 从句为非限制性定语从句：which is used to study stars and planets in great detail 长难句解析② ①原句：（第 5 段第 1 句）The new moons were first discovered in 2023 by a team of scientists led by Edward Ashton, and were recently confirmed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 译文：这些新卫星于 2023 年由爱德华・阿什顿领导的科学家团队首次发现，最近已由国际天文学联合会（IAU）确认。 分析：这是一个被动语态的并列句。两个被动结构 “were first discovered...” 和 “were recently confirmed...” 并列，主语均为 “the new moons”；“led by Edward Ashton” 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 “a team of scientists”，说明团队的领导者。 译文 土星因其周围美丽的光环而闻名。如今，它因更令人惊叹的发现而备受关注。科学家们在土星周围新发现了 128 颗卫星，使得这颗行星的卫星总数达到 274 颗。卫星是指任何围绕行星运行的自然形成的天体，它们的形状和大小各不相同。 科学家们用一台强大的望远镜发现了这些卫星，这台望远镜用于详细研究恒星和行星。科学家们拍摄了许多太空区域的照片，并将它们叠加在一起，使这些卫星显得足够明亮，从而能够被发现。 土星新发现的卫星大多是小天体，宽度仅一两英里 —— 这与地球的卫星（月球）截然不同，月球是一个宽 2159 英里的球体。这些太空岩石的轨道也很特殊：它们围绕土星运行的方向与土星自身的运动方向相反。这些新发现的卫星距离这颗 “带环行星” 650 万至 1800 万英里，也比土星最大的卫星泰坦更远。 为什么土星有这么多卫星，而地球只有一颗呢？根据科学家的说法，几十亿年前，这颗巨行星的引力吸引了一些岩石和冰块。随着时间的推移，其中一些岩石和冰块相互碰撞，有的碎裂成更小的碎片，有的则聚集在一起，形成了许多小卫星。 这些新卫星于 2023 年由爱德华・阿什顿领导的科学家团队首次发现，最近已由国际天文学联合会（IAU）确认。如今，土星是拥有卫星数量最多的行星 —— 木星紧随其后，有 95 颗卫星。然而，阿什顿博士认为，这可能是卫星发现的极限了。“我认为木星永远不会赶上土星，” 他说，“以目前的技术，我认为我们无法超越已经取得的成果。” 他补充道。 重点词汇和核心短语 重点词汇 Saturn /ˈsætɜːn/n. 土星 moon /muːn/n. 卫星；月球 telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/n. 望远镜 planet /ˈplænɪt/n. 行星 orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/n. 轨道 gravity /ˈɡrævəti/n. 重力；引力 discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/v. 发现 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/v. 确认 giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/adj. 巨大的 crash /kræʃ/v. 碰撞；撞击 detail /ˈdiːteɪl/n. 细节 total /ˈtəʊtl/n. 总数；合计 opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/adj. 相反的 technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/n. 技术 Jupiter /ˈdʒuːpɪtə(r)/n. 木星 Titan /ˈtaɪtən/n. 泰坦（土星最大的卫星） International Astronomical Union (IAU) /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkl ˈjuːniən/ 国际天文学联合会 核心短语 bring...to... 使…… 达到（总数） in great detail 详细地 pile...on top of each other 把…… 叠加在一起 in the opposite direction 朝相反方向 according to 根据 over time 随着时间的推移 break into 碎裂成 come together 聚集在一起 be led by 由…… 领导 be confirmed by 被…… 确认 not far behind 紧随其后 Passage B Have you ever wondered why some friendships feel as close as family? It turns out that genetics (遗传学) might help in choosing your closest friends. According to a US study with 1,932 people. friends have a kinship coefficient (亲缘系数) that is 0.0014 higher than in strangers! The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see how genetically related (相关的) two people are—the higher the number. the closer the relation. Don’t look down on this number. The kinship coefficient between parents and children is about 0.25. For first cousins. it’s about 0.0625. while for fourth cousins. it’s around only 0.001. The question is, why are people with a high level of kinship coefficient more possibly to become friends? The research team found that many of the top 1% of similar genes (相似基因) are related to the sense of smell. This means that close friends may have a similar sense of smell. A study in Science Advances also showed that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells. Researchers collected sweat samples (汗液样本) from 20 pairs of friends. They all became close in a short time. Using an e-nose and human volunteers to study the smells. they found that friends’ body odors (体味) were more alike than those of strangers. So, next time you hug your friends. you might notice that they smell a bit like you! 1．What is the kinship coefficient between parents and children? A．0.25 B．0.0625 C．0.0014 D．0.001 2．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．Strangers have no genetic similarities at all. B．People only become friends if they are genetically related. C．Some friends may be more genetically similar than fourth cousins. D．Friends are always more genetically similar than family members. 3．Why may people with similar genes become friends according to the study? A．Because they have similar hobbies. B．Because they went to the same school C．Because they live in the same community. D．Because they have a similar sense of smell. 4．How did researchers study the body smells of friends in the study? A．By studying their genes. B．By watching how often they hugged. C．By asking friends to describe each other’s smells. D．By using an e-nose and human volunteers to study sweat samples. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．How can we look for friends. B．How to choose friends by smell C．What decide who our friends are. D．Why kinship coefficient is important. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，整体围绕遗传学对人们选择朋友的影响展开，解释了为什么有些友谊会像家人般亲密 。 1．细节理解题。根据“The kinship coefficient between parents and children is about 0.25.”可知，父母和孩子之间的亲缘系数是0.25， 故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据“friends have a kinship coefficient (亲缘系数) that is 0.0014 higher than in strangers...while for fourth cousins. it’s around only 0.001.”可知，朋友之间的亲缘系数比陌生人高，且比第四代表亲的亲缘系数0.001高，所以一些朋友在基因上可能比第四代表亲更相似， 故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“The research team found that many of the top 1%of similar genes (相似基因) are related to the sense of smell. This means that close friends may have a similar sense of smell.”可知，有相似基因的人可能成为朋友是因为他们有相似的嗅觉， 故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“Researchers collected sweat samples (汗液样本) from 20 pairs of friends...Using an e-nose and human volunteers to study the smells.”可知，研究人员通过使用电子鼻和人类志愿者研究汗液样本来研究朋友的体味， 故选D。 5．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了遗传学在选择亲密朋友方面可能起到的作用，介绍了朋友之间的亲缘系数以及相似基因与成为朋友之间的关系等，所以文章主要探讨的是什么决定了我们的朋友是谁， 故选C。 长难句解析① ①原句：（第 2 段第 2 句）The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see how genetically related two people are—the higher the number, the closer the relation. 译文：亲缘系数是一种简单的方式，可用于判断两个人在基因上的关联程度 —— 这个数值越高，亲属关系就越近。 分析：主句为 “The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see...”，其中 “to see how genetically related two people are” 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 “way”；“how genetically related two people are” 是宾语从句，作 “see” 的宾语。破折号后 “the higher the number, the closer the relation” 是 “the + 比较级，the + 比较级” 结构，表 “越……，越……”，补充说明亲缘系数数值与亲属关系的关联。 长难句解析② ①原句：（第 4段第 1句）A study in Science Advances also showed that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells. 译文：《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究也表明，成为亲密朋友的人通常有着相似的体味。 分析：该句是 “主句 + 宾语从句” 的复合句，宾语从句内部又包含一个定语从句，整体结构为： 主句主语 + 状语 + 谓语 + [that 引导的宾语从句（含定语从句修饰主语）]。 主句：A study in Science Advances also showed 宾语从句：that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells（作showed的宾语），其中“ who become close friends usually ”为定语从句修饰people。 译文 你有没有想过为什么有些友谊感觉像家人一样亲密？事实证明，遗传学可能在选择你最亲密的朋友方面起到作用。 根据一项针对 1932 人的美国研究，朋友之间的亲缘系数比陌生人高 0.0014！亲缘系数是衡量两个人基因相关性的简单方式 —— 数值越高，血缘关系越近。别小看这个数字：父母与子女之间的亲缘系数约为 0.25，表亲之间约为 0.0625，而第四代表亲之间仅约为 0.001。 问题是，为什么亲缘系数高的人更有可能成为朋友？研究团队发现，在最相似的 1% 基因中，许多都与嗅觉有关。这意味着亲密的朋友可能拥有相似的嗅觉。 《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究也表明，成为亲密朋友的人通常有着相似的体味。研究人员从 20 对朋友中收集了汗液样本，这些朋友都是在短时间内变得亲密的。通过电子鼻和人类志愿者对气味进行研究后，他们发现朋友的体味比陌生人的更相似。所以，下次拥抱朋友时，你可能会发现他们闻起来和你有点像！ 实战演练 真题示例 Passage A （2023·湖北襄阳·中考真题） Some old Chinese inventions have won wide popularity around the world. Recently, a British woman used an ancient Chinese invention to help her son 1 a math problem. Dr. Mantri grew up in India. She was taught 2 to use an abacus(算盘) to solve math problems when she was young. After noticing that her son Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tool to help him after school. “My son was in Grade 5 when I noticed he was 3 in math.” said Dr. Mantri, “I would ask him something very easy like ‘35-13 =?’, but he couldn’t work it out.” “I never thought I would teach him to use such an old tool 4 I realized I could try the Chinese abacus. It is a useful 5 to help kids better understand numbers and basic calculations(计 算). Very soon I saw the results. After six days, Dhruv started to make progress 6 with the help of the abacus. He even performed with the abacus at a school meeting where some parents came to 7 advice on using it to help their kids.” Known as the fifth invention of ancient China, Chinese abacus is also 8 as the earliest computer. It helped people solve many math problems in ancient China. 9 you remember the rules, you can easily use it. Sometimes, just move one bead(算珠), then 10 bead, and you will get the answer. What a magic tool! So far, the Chinese abacus has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage of human beings(人类非物质文化遗产)for 10 years ever since 2013. 1．A．deal with B．part with C．agree with D．compete with 2．A．what B．how C．where D．when 3．A．creative B．weak C．talented D．successful 4．A．after B．when C．until D．since 5．A．sign B．report C．method D．symbol 6．A．politely B．loudly C．bravely D．rapidly 7．A．care for B．leave for     C．ask for     D．pay for 8．A．cost B．caught C．covered D．considered 9．A．As long as B．As well as C．As good as D．As far as 10．A．other B．others C．the others D．another 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．C 6．D 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D 【导语】本文主要讲述了中国算盘在解决数学题上应用。 1．句意：最近，一位英国妇女用一种中国古代发明来帮助她的儿子解决一道数学题。 deal with处理；part with放弃；agree with同意；compete with和……竞争。根据“a math problem.”可知是指处理问题，故选A。 2．句意：她很小的时候就学会了如何使用算盘来解决数学问题。 what什么；how如何；where哪里；when什么时候。根据“taught...to use an abacus(算盘) to solve math problems”可知学会如何使用算盘来解决数学问题。故选B。 3．句意：我儿子上五年级的时候，我注意到他数学很差。 creative有创造力的；weak虚弱的；talented有天赋的；successful成功的。根据“I would ask him something very easy like ‘35-13 =?’, but he couldn’t work it out.”可知数学很差，故选B。 4．句意：我从没想过我会教他使用这么古老的工具，直到我意识到我可以试试中国算盘。 after在……之后；when当……时候；until直到；since自从。根据“I never thought I would teach him to use such an old tool...I realized I could try the Chinese abacus.”可知此处属于not...until...“直到……才……”的结构，这里的否定词是never。故选C。 5．句意：这是一种帮助孩子们更好地理解数字和基本计算的有用方法。 sign标志；report报告；method方法；symbol象征。根据“the Chinese abacus.”可知用算盘来解决数学问题是一种帮助孩子们更好地理解数字和基本计算的有用方法，故选C。 6．句意：六天后，德鲁在算盘的帮助下开始快速进步。 politely礼貌地；loudly大声地；bravely勇敢地；rapidly快速地。根据“with the help of the abacus.”可知在算盘的帮助下应该进步很快，故选D。 7．句意：他甚至在一次学校会议上用算盘表演，一些家长来咨询如何用算盘帮助孩子。 care for关心；leave for动身去；ask for寻求；pay for为……付款。根据“advice”可知一些家长寻求建议，故选C。 8．句意：算盘被称为中国古代的第五项发明，也被认为是最早的计算机。 cost花费；caught抓住；covered覆盖；considered考虑。根据“Chinese abacus is also...as the earliest computer.”可知中国算盘被认为是最早的计算机，be considered as“被认为……”，故选D。 9．句意：只要你记住规则，你就可以很容易地使用它。 As long as只要；As well as既……又……；As good as和……一样好；As far as就……而言。根据“you remember the rules, you can easily use it.”可知前句是后句的条件，可以用as long as引导条件状语从句，故选A。 10．句意：有时，只要移动一个算珠，然后再移动另一个算珠，你就会得到答案。 other其他的；others其他人；the others剩余的全部；another另一个。根据“Sometimes, just move one bead(算珠), then...bead”可知此处是one...another“一个……另一个”的结构，故选D。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 2 段第 2 句）After noticing that her son Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tool to help him after school. 译文：在注意到她的儿子Dhruv在数学上遇到了很大的困难后，她开始在学校放学后使用同样的中国古代工具来帮助他。 分析：结构：介词短语 “After noticing...” 作时间状语，其中 “that her son...with math” 是宾语从句（作 “noticing” 的宾语）；主句为 “she started using...to help him”（主谓宾结构，“using...tool” 作宾语，“to help him” 作目的状语）。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 4 段第 4 句）He even performed with the abacus at a school meeting where some parents came to ask for advice on using it to help their kids. 译文：他甚至在学校的一次会议上用算盘表演，一些家长来寻求建议，用它来帮助他们的孩子。 分析：结构：主句为 “He even performed...at a school meeting”；“where some parents...their kids” 是定语从句（修饰先行词 “a school meeting”），其中 “on using it to help their kids” 是介词短语（作 “advice” 的后置定语）。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 5 段第 1 句）Known as the fifth invention of ancient China, Chinese abacus is also considered as the earliest computer. 译文：被称为中国古代第五项发明的算盘，也被认为是最早的计算机。 分析：结构：过去分词短语 “Known as...” 作状语（表被动，说明算盘的身份）；主句为 “Chinese abacus is considered as...”（主系表结构，“considered as” 为被动语态）。 译文 一些古老的中国发明在全球广受欢迎。最近，一位英国女性用一项中国古代发明帮儿子解决了一道数学题。 曼特里博士在印度长大。她小时候学过如何用算盘解数学题。注意到儿子德鲁夫在数学上遇到很大困难后，她开始在放学后用这个古老的中国工具帮他。 “我儿子上五年级时，我发现他数学很差，” 曼特里博士说，“我问他一些很简单的问题，比如‘35 减 13 等于几？’，但他算不出来。” “我从没想过会教他用这么古老的工具，直到我意识到可以试试中国算盘。它是帮助孩子更好地理解数字和基本计算的有效方法。很快我就看到了效果。六天后，在算盘的帮助下，德鲁夫开始快速进步。他甚至在一次学校会议上用算盘展示，一些家长来咨询如何用它帮助自己的孩子。” 中国算盘被称为中国古代第五大发明，也被认为是最早的计算机。在古代中国，它帮助人们解决了许多数学问题。只要记住规则，你就能轻松使用它。有时，只需移动一个算珠，再移动另一个，就能得出答案。多神奇的工具啊！ 自 2013 年起，中国算盘被列为人类非物质文化遗产，至今已有 10 年。 重点词汇和短语 1. 重点词汇 invention n. 发明 abacus n. 算盘 difficulty n. 困难 calculation n. 计算 progress n. 进步 advice n. 建议 heritage n. 遗产 2. 重点短语 deal with 处理；解决 have difficulty with 在…… 方面有困难 not...until... 直到…… 才…… make progress 取得进步 ask for advice 寻求建议 be known as 被称为 be considered as 被认为是 as long as 只要 so far 到目前为止 Passage B （2024·重庆·中考真题）①The world’s highest ski place, Chacaltaya, was closed after the 18,000-year-old glacier melted (冰川融化) in 2009. Many scientists agree that the glaciers around the world could disappear in this century, much faster than we thought. ②As we all know, the reason for this is global (全球的) warming. When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted (排放) into the atmosphere, it causes the greenhouse effect (效应) which makes Earth warmer. ③As Earth becomes warmer, glaciers melt quickly, and dark rocks are uncovered. Then these rocks take in more heat, causing the temperature to rise. As a result, the remaining snow on glaciers melts faster. ④The effects of global warming will be far-reaching and often devastating (毁灭性的). While the melting of glaciers may flood (淹没) some areas of Earth, in other places, it is making water disappear. An increasing number of heat waves and droughts (干旱) worldwide will also change the face of the world in the future. ⑤Global warming is a real problem, and one largely caused by human activity. Solving the problem is not easy, and there is no single magic way. However, we can begin it by lowering the amount of CO₂ in our daily lives. ⑥Peter Miller, along with his wife, took part in a scientific test to see how much CO₂ they could cut down in a month. The average (平均) U.S. household produces about 80 kilos of CO₂, which was more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average. Their final goal was to make less CO₂ than most American families. ⑦First, they found out how much CO₂ they were producing. Then they asked an expert for advice on how to reduce CO₂ emissions. According to the expert’s advice, they made some changes to their house, replaced their lights, and changed some of their living habits. At the same time, they either biked, walked, or used public transportation. A month later, they saved 70% on electricity, 40% on gas, and drove half as much as others. Their daily CO₂ emissions were less than the U.S. average, at 32 kilos. ⑧Protecting our planet starts small: change a light, open a window, walk or bike. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us can make a difference. 1．Why was the ski place, Chacaltaya, closed in 2009? A．Because the ski place was too old. B．Because few tourists came to this place. C．Because the ski place was too high to reach. D．Because the 18,000-year-old glacier melted. 2．How does the writer show that Peter succeeded in the scientific test? A．By listing numbers. B．By asking questions. C．By giving explanations. D．By giving suggestions. 3．Which of the following can match the information in the passage? A． B． C． D． 4．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文主要介绍全球变暖的相关内容，呼吁人们环保生活。 1．细节理解题。根据“The world’s highest ski place, Chacaltaya, was closed after the 18,000-year-old glacier melted (冰川融化) in 2009.”可知，世界上海拔最高的滑雪场查卡尔塔亚(Chacaltaya)因为冰川于2009年融化后关闭。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“The average (平均) U.S. household produces about 80 kilos of CO₂, which was more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average. Their final goal was to make less CO₂ than most American families.”可知，作者通过列数字证明彼得在科学测试中成功了。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“As Earth becomes warmer, glaciers melt quickly, and dark rocks are uncovered. Then these rocks take in more heat, causing the temperature to rise. As a result, the remaining snow on glaciers melts faster.”可知，随着地球变暖，冰川迅速融化，深色岩石露出地面。然后这些岩石吸收更多的热量，导致温度上升。结果，冰川上剩余的雪融化得更快。故选B。 4．篇章结构题。分析文章内容可知，第一段介绍查卡尔塔亚滑雪场关闭这一事实；第二、三两段介绍原因；第四段介绍全球变暖的影响；第五段建议我们可以从减少日常生活中的二氧化碳排放量，第六、七两段介绍彼得·米勒和他的妻子的试验，来佐证减少二氧化碳排放量是有帮助的，第八段建议人们保护地球从小事做起。故选A。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第2段第 2 句） “When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted (排放) into the atmosphere, it causes the greenhouse effect (效应) which makes Earth warmer.” 译文：当二氧化碳等特定气体大量排放到大气中时，就会引起温室效应，使地球变暖。 分析：句子分析：这是一个复合句。“When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted into the atmosphere” 是 when 引导的时间状语从句，说明温室效应产生的条件；主句是 “it causes the greenhouse effect”，其中 “it” 指代前面从句中提到的气体排放这件事；“which makes Earth warmer” 是 which 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 “the greenhouse effect”，说明温室效应带来的结果。 长难句解析 ①原句：第④段第 2 句 “While the melting of glaciers may flood (淹没) some areas of Earth, in other places, it is making water disappear.” 译文：冰川融化可能会淹没地球的一些地区，而在其他地方，它却在导致水资源消失。 分析：这是一个由 while 引导的并列复合句。while 在这里表示对比，“the melting of glaciers may flood some areas of Earth” 说明冰川融化对一些地区的影响，“in other places, it is making water disappear” 则说明在其他地方冰川融化产生的不同影响，其中 “it” 指代 “the melting of glaciers”。 译文 世界上海拔最高的滑雪场查卡尔塔亚（Chacaltaya），在有着 1.8 万年历史的冰川于 2009 年融化后关闭。许多科学家一致认为，全球的冰川可能会在本世纪消失，速度比我们想象的要快得多。 众所周知，其原因是全球变暖。当二氧化碳等特定气体大量排放到大气中时，就会引起温室效应，使地球变暖。 随着地球变暖，冰川迅速融化，深色的岩石露了出来。然后这些岩石吸收更多的热量，导致温度上升。结果，冰川上剩余的雪融化得更快。 全球变暖的影响将是深远的，而且往往是毁灭性的。冰川融化可能会淹没地球的一些地区，而在其他地方，它却在导致水资源消失。全球范围内越来越多的热浪和干旱也将在未来改变世界的面貌。 全球变暖是一个现实问题，而且在很大程度上是由人类活动引起的。解决这个问题并不容易，也没有单一的神奇方法。然而，我们可以从日常生活中减少二氧化碳排放量做起。 彼得・米勒（Peter Miller）和他的妻子参加了一项科学测试，看看他们一个月能减少多少二氧化碳排放量。美国普通家庭平均每月产生约 80 公斤二氧化碳，这是欧洲平均水平的两倍多，几乎是全球平均水平的五倍。他们的最终目标是比大多数美国家庭产生更少的二氧化碳。 首先，他们计算出自己产生了多少二氧化碳。然后他们向一位专家咨询了如何减少二氧化碳排放的建议。根据专家的建议，他们对房屋进行了一些改造，更换了灯具，并改变了一些生活习惯。同时，他们要么骑自行车、步行，要么乘坐公共交通工具。一个月后，他们的用电量节省了 70%，燃气用量节省了 40%，开车里程也只有其他人的一半。他们每天的二氧化碳排放量低于美国平均水平，为 32 公斤。 保护我们的星球要从小事做起：换个灯泡、打开窗户、步行或骑自行车。只要付出一点努力，而且不用花太多钱，我们大多数人都能有所作为。 重点词汇和短语 核心词汇： glacier（冰川）、melt（融化）、global（全球的）、warming（变暖）、emission（排放）、atmosphere（大气）、greenhouse（温室）、devastating（毁灭性的）、flood（淹没）、drought（干旱）、household（家庭） 核心短语： as we all know（众所周知）、such as（例如）、take in（吸收）、as a result（结果）、be caused by（由…… 引起）、take part in（参加）、cut down（减少）、ask sb. for advice（向某人寻求建议）、according to（根据）、make a difference（有影响，起作用） Passage A Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was a famous mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. From an early age, Zu was smart and fond of learning. He was taught natural science, astronomy, maths and so on. The little boy was interested in all of these subjects, especially in maths, and later became a world-famous scientist. Zu was best known for his calculation of pi (π). He worked out an accurate value (精确值) of pi around 1500 years ago. After calculating more than 1,000 times, he worked out the value of pi, which is between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. No one at that time was able to do better than him. It was about 1000 years ahead of Europe. Zu was not only good at maths, but also astronomy. He worked out that a year should be 365.24281481 days long and created the Daming Calendar, the best at that time. It is said that Zu was also an inventor. He once made a vehicle (车辆) that carried a pointer (指针). No matter how the vehicle turned, the pointer always pointed to the south. He also invented a long-distance boat. It was really great and it could travel over 50 kilometers a day. In memory of this great ancient scientist, Tsu Chung Chi (祖冲之环形山) is named after him on the moon. 1．What was Zu Chongzhi? ①An inventor. ②A scientist. ③A painter. ④An astronomer. ⑤A mathematician. A．①②③⑤ B．①②④⑤ C．②③④⑤ D．①③④⑤ 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the third paragraph? A．The vehicle. B．The pointer. C．The value of pi. D．The long-distance boat. 3．Which of the followings is not Zu Chongzhi’s achievement? A．Accurate value of pi. B．The Daming Calendar. C．A vehicle with a pointer. D．Tsu Chung Chi on the moon. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了中国最伟大的数学家之一——祖冲之和他的成就。 1．细节理解题。根据“Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was a famous mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. ... The little boy was interested in all of these subjects, especially in maths, and later became a world-famous scientist.”可知祖冲之是数学家、天文学家和科学家，再由“It is said that Zu was also an inventor.”可知祖冲之还是个发明家。故选B。 2．代词指代题。分析“He also invented a long-distance boat. It was really great and it could travel over 50 kilometers a day.”可知，他还发明了一艘长途船，它真的很棒一天可以行驶50多公里。所以It指的是长途船，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“In memory of this great ancient scientist, Tsu Chung Chi is named after him on the moon.”可知，为了纪念这位伟大的古代科学家，月球上的祖冲之环形山以他的名字命名。所以月球上的祖冲之环形山不是他的成就。故选D。 Passage B （2024·广东广州·一模）Fibonacci was the nickname of an Italian mathematician, Leonardo of Pisa, who lived in the early 1200s. Fibonacci discovered his famous sequence—the Fibonacci number sequence (斐波那契数列). The sequence goes like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, and so on. The Fibonacci sequence is actually pretty simple. The first two numbers in the sequence are zero and one; if you add them together, their sum is 1, the third number in the sequence. The second and third numbers in the sequence are 1 and 1; you add these numbers together to get the fourth Fibonacci number: 2. The sum of the third and fourth numbers, 1 and 2, equal the fifth number: 3. Continue the pattern: 2+3=5; 3+5=8; 5+8=13; and so on until you reach 144+233=377. The sequence is also called the rabbit sequence because Fibonacci introduced his sequence to the public by describing a situation of counting rabbits. Imagine that there is a pair of newborn rabbits, one male and one female. At the end of the first month, they grow into adult rabbits. At the end of the second month, they give birth to a new pair of babies, so there are two pairs. The first pair produces another pair of babies again, and the second pair grows up. Therefore, at the end of the third month, there are three pairs, .... Fibonacci numbers appear often in maths. In fact, there is a magazine, the Fibonacci Quarterly, publishing the study on them. Fibonacci numbers are also used in computer programs. They appear in nature such as in the number of petals on a flower as well. A lily has three petals, a buttercup has five petals, and an aster has 21 petals — 3, 5, and 21 are all Fibonacci numbers. 1．What is the sixteenth number in the Fibonacci sequence? A．233. B．377. C．610. D．987. 2．How did Fibonacci introduce his sequence to the public? A．By telling stories. B．By listing numbers. C．By comparing facts. D．By giving examples. 3．What does the word “They” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Fibonacci magazines. B．Fibonacci numbers. C．Petals on a flower. D．Computer programs. 4．What is the best title of this article? A．How to Count Rabbits. B．Interesting Numbers in Nature. C．Magical Fibonacci Sequence. D．Fibonacci—a great mathematician. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了神奇的斐波那契数列。 1．推理判断题。根据“The sequence goes like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, and so on. The Fibonacci sequence is actually pretty simple. The first two numbers in the sequence are zero and one; if you add them together, their sum is 1, the third number in the sequence. The second and third numbers in the sequence are 1 and 1; you add these numbers together to get the fourth Fibonacci number: 2. The sum of the third and fourth numbers, 1 and 2, equal the fifth number: 3.”可知根据斐波那契数列的规则，第十五个数字是：144+233=377，第16个数字是233+377=610。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“The sequence is also called the rabbit sequence because Fibonacci introduced his sequence to the public by describing a situation of counting rabbits.”可知以数兔子为例来介绍自己的数列。故选D。 3．代词指代题。根据“Fibonacci numbers are also used in computer programs. They appear in nature such as in the number of petals on a flower as well.”可知斐波那契数也用于计算机程序中。它们出现在自然界中，比如一朵花的花瓣数量，可推出They指代上文出现的“Fibonacci numbers”。故选B。 4．标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了神奇的斐波那契数列，以“Magical Fibonacci Sequence.”做标题最合适。故选C。 Passage C Do you know the numbers 0—9 well? They are numbers in Arabic numbers. People use them to mark numbers now. But it’s not the only number system that people use. About 2,500 years ago, people in Rome used their hands to count. In Roman numerals, one finger means 1, two fingers means 2, three fingers means 3, four fingers means 4. If you want to say five, you can keep your four fingers close on one side and your thumb on the other side. Make each of your hands be five, then you’ll have ten. So in Rome, the numbers are “I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, IV, V, VI, VⅡ, VⅢ, IX, X”. Also, “L” means fifty, “C”means one hundred. “D” means five hundred and “M”means one thousand. But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. But we can still see them on some watches and clocks. Today, most people use the Arabic numerals. They are easy to remember and write. They help people to count things every day. In fact, Indians first created and used the Arabic numerals. In the late 8th century, people in Arabic countries learned about them. Then the Arabic people took them into Europe. So people in Europe called them Arabic numerals. Today, people around the world use Arabic numerals and they help a lot. 1．Which of the following means five in Roman numerals? A．5. B．IV. C．V. D．X. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Arabic numerals. B．Watches and clocks. C．Zero. D．Roman numerals. 3．What do we know about Arabic numerals? A．People in Rome didn’t use them. B．Arabic people taught the Indians about them. C．Only Arabic people use them today. D．“0” means “zero” in Arabic numerals. 4．Why are there few people using Roman numerals today? A．Because they are not easy to write and count. B．Because there are no Romans any more. C．Because the numbers look stupid. D．Because they are hard to remember. 5．In what order did the following things happen? a. Arabic people learned about Arabic numerals. b. Indians created Arabic numerals. c. Arabic people took Arabic numerals into Europe. d. People all over the world use Arabic numerals. A．b-c-a-d B．b-a-c-d C．d-b-a-c D．d-c-b-a 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了罗马数字及阿拉伯数字的特点和发展。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“If you want to say five, you can keep your four fingers close on one side and your thumb on the other side. Make each of your hands be five, then you’ll have ten. So in Rome, the numbers are ‘I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, IV, V, VI, VⅡ, VⅢ, IX, X’ ”可知，如果你想说5，你可以把四个手指放在一边，大拇指放在另一边。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。结合上文和“But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. But we can still see”以及“on some watches and clocks”可知，罗马数字难写难算，今天已近很少人使用了，但是我们仍然能在手表和时钟里看到罗马数字，故此处的“them”指的是罗马数字。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段“Do you know the numbers 0-9 well? They are numbers in Arabic numbers”可知，“0”在阿拉伯数字中是“零”的意思。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段“But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count”可知，因为罗马数字难写难算，所以今天已近很少人使用了。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“Indians first created and used the Arabic numerals...Today, people around the world use Arabic numerals and they help a lot”可知，印度人首先创造并使用阿拉伯数字。在8世纪晚期，阿拉伯国家的人们知道了它们。然后阿拉伯人把它们带到了欧洲。所以欧洲人称它们为阿拉伯数字。今天，世界各地的人们都在使用阿拉伯数字。故选B。 Passage D When you visit someone’s new home for the first time, it’s nice to bring a gift. Housewarming gifts may not be as common as birthday gifts, but they show one’s kindness. 1 . When to give a housewarming gift 2 . When you go to a housewarming party, you should always bring a gift. Even if there’s no party, but you will visit someone’s new home in the first six months after they move in, a gift is still a good idea. 3 Housewarming gifts are not just for people who buy their first home. Anyone moving into a new place would love to get a gift. It’s a nice way to say “welcome” and “congratulations”. Housewarming gifts to avoid (避免) It’s important to bring the right kind of housewarming gift. But how do you choose one? Try to avoid very expensive gifts. Usually, the price of a housewarming gift should be between $25 and $50. 4 . It’s also best to avoid art or furniture (家具) unless you know the person’s taste very well. Housewarming gifts are a lovely way to celebrate someone’s new home and make their space comfortable and welcoming. 5 . A．So next time if you visit a friend’s new home, remember to bring a gift B．The best time to give a housewarming gift is in the first three months after someone moves in C．Here are some rules for giving a housewarming gift D．For example, houseplants and pictures are popular housewarming gifts E．Not everyone knows how to give a housewarming gift F．Who should get a housewarming gift 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．F 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文主要讲述了乔迁礼物的一些规则。包括什么时候送乔迁礼物，谁应该得到乔迁礼物，乔迁之喜的礼物要避免什么。 1．根据下文“When to give a housewarming gift”、“Housewarming gifts are not just for people who buy their first home.”和“Housewarming gifts to avoid”可知，此处是讲乔迁礼物的一些规则。选项C“这里有一些给乔迁礼物的规则”符合语境。故选C。 2．根据后句“When you go to a housewarming party, you should always bring a gift. Even if there’s no party, but you will visit someone’s new home in the first six months after they move in, a gift is still a good idea.”可知，当你去参加乔迁派对时，你应该总是带着礼物。即使没有派对，但你会在搬进来的头六个月里去拜访别人的新家，礼物仍然是个好主意。此处应介绍最好的给乔迁礼物的时间。选项B“给乔迁礼物的最好的时间是在某人搬进来的头三个月”符合语境。故选B。 3．根据“Housewarming gifts are not just for people who buy their first home.”可知，此处是讲谁应该得到乔迁礼物。选项F“谁应该得到一个乔迁礼物”符合语境。故选F。 4．根据前句“Try to avoid very expensive gifts. Usually, the price of a housewarming gift should be between $25 and $50.”可知，尽量避免非常昂贵的礼物。通常，乔迁礼物的价格应该在25美元到50美元之间。此处是举例说明。选项D“例如，室内植物和图片是受欢迎的乔迁礼物”符合语境。故选D。 5．根据前句“Housewarming gifts are a lovely way to celebrate someone’s new home and make their space comfortable and welcoming.”可知，乔迁礼物是一种庆祝别人新家的可爱方式，让他们的空间舒适而受欢迎。选项A“所以下次你去朋友的新家，记得带礼物”符合语境。故选A。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 4 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Amazing numbers 数字的发展与应用 话题阅读精练 版块 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 时文阅读 Passage A 阅读理解 说明文 301 介绍了科学家们在土星周围新发现的128颗卫星，使得土星的卫星总数达到274颗，成为拥有最多卫星的行星。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 233 围绕遗传学对人们选择朋友的影响展开，解释了为什么有些友谊会像家人般亲密 。 真题示例 Passage A 完形填空 说明文 268 主要讲述了中国算盘在解决数学题上应用。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 389 主要介绍全球变暖的相关内容，呼吁人们环保生活。 模拟演练 Passage A 阅读理解 记叙文 222 主要介绍了中国最伟大的数学家之一——祖冲之和他的成就。 Passage B 阅读理解 说明文 302 主要介绍了神奇的斐波那契数列。 Passage C 阅读理解 说明文 231 文章介绍了罗马数字及阿拉伯数字的特点和发展。 Passage D 阅读还原 说明文 271 主要讲述了乔迁礼物的一些规则。包括什么时候送乔迁礼物，谁应该得到乔迁礼物，乔迁之喜的礼物要避免什么。 时文阅读 与数字有关的谚语 · Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 · A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。 · An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。 · Two heads are better than one. 两人智慧胜一人；三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 · Kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕；一石二鸟；一举两得。 · Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety - nine percent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的汗水。 · One today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜似两个明天。 · Better master one than engage with ten. 十事半通，不如一事精通。 · One enemy is too many, and a hundred friends too few. 敌人一个也嫌多，朋友上百也嫌少。 · One flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春。 时文阅读 Passage A （2025·江苏连云港·中考真题）Saturn (土星) is famous for the beautiful rings around it. Now, it’s getting attention for being even more amazing. Scientists have discovered 128 new moons around Saturn, bringing the planet’s total to 274. A moon is any naturally formed object that moves around a planet. Moons come in different shapes and sizes. Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope (望远镜), which is used to study stars and planets in great detail. Scientists took many photos of areas in space and piled them on top of each other to make the moons appear bright enough to discover. Most of Saturn’s new moons are small objects, just one or two miles wide—quite different to Earth’s Moon, which is a 2,159-mile-wide ball. These space rocks are in unusual orbits (轨道) too. They go around Saturn in the opposite direction to its own movement. At between 6.5 million and 18 million miles away from the ringed planet, the newly discovered moons are also further away than Saturn’s biggest moon, Titan. Why does Saturn have so many moons while Earth only has one? According to scientists, several billion years ago, the giant planet’s gravity attracted some rocks and ice. Over time, some of them crashed against each other, breaking into smaller pieces or coming together to create many small moons. The new moons were first discovered in 2023 by a team of scientists led by Edward Ashton, and were recently confirmed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Saturn now is the planet with the most moons—Jupiter is not far behind with 95. However, Dr Ashton believes this might be the limit for moon discovery. “I don’t think Jupiter will ever catch up,” he said. “With present technology, I don’t think we can do better than what has already been done,” he added. 1．What do we know about the new discovery? A．Newly found moons look the same. B．Scientists found new moons by accident. C．Saturn’s rings attract many scientists. D．128 new moons were found around Saturn. 2．What does “the ringed planet” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Earth. B．Saturn. C．Moon. D．Titan. 3．What led to the large number of Saturn’s moons? A．The size of the planet. B．The weights of the moons. C．The orbit of the planet. D．The crashes of the moons. 4．What can we learn from Dr Ashton’s words in the last paragraph? A．Jupiter will soon catch up with Saturn. B．Saturn’s new moons might support life. C．The IAU presented a medal to his team. D．He is satisfied with their moon discovery. 长难句解析① ①原句：（第二段第一句）Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope (望远镜), which is used to study stars and planets in great detail. 译文：科学家们用一台强大的望远镜发现了这些卫星，这台望远镜用于非常详细地研究恒星和行星。 分析：这是一个主从复合句。 主句：Scientists discovered the moons with a powerful telescope 主语：Scientists（科学家们）谓语：discovered（发现，过去式）宾语：the moons（这些卫星） 方式状语：with a powerful telescope（用一台强大的望远镜，说明 “发现” 的工具） 从句为非限制性定语从句：which is used to study stars and planets in great detail 长难句解析② ①原句：（第 5 段第 1 句）The new moons were first discovered in 2023 by a team of scientists led by Edward Ashton, and were recently confirmed by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 译文：这些新卫星于 2023 年由爱德华・阿什顿领导的科学家团队首次发现，最近已由国际天文学联合会（IAU）确认。 分析：这是一个被动语态的并列句。两个被动结构 “were first discovered...” 和 “were recently confirmed...” 并列，主语均为 “the new moons”；“led by Edward Ashton” 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 “a team of scientists”，说明团队的领导者。 译文 土星因其周围美丽的光环而闻名。如今，它因更令人惊叹的发现而备受关注。科学家们在土星周围新发现了 128 颗卫星，使得这颗行星的卫星总数达到 274 颗。卫星是指任何围绕行星运行的自然形成的天体，它们的形状和大小各不相同。 科学家们用一台强大的望远镜发现了这些卫星，这台望远镜用于详细研究恒星和行星。科学家们拍摄了许多太空区域的照片，并将它们叠加在一起，使这些卫星显得足够明亮，从而能够被发现。 土星新发现的卫星大多是小天体，宽度仅一两英里 —— 这与地球的卫星（月球）截然不同，月球是一个宽 2159 英里的球体。这些太空岩石的轨道也很特殊：它们围绕土星运行的方向与土星自身的运动方向相反。这些新发现的卫星距离这颗 “带环行星” 650 万至 1800 万英里，也比土星最大的卫星泰坦更远。 为什么土星有这么多卫星，而地球只有一颗呢？根据科学家的说法，几十亿年前，这颗巨行星的引力吸引了一些岩石和冰块。随着时间的推移，其中一些岩石和冰块相互碰撞，有的碎裂成更小的碎片，有的则聚集在一起，形成了许多小卫星。 这些新卫星于 2023 年由爱德华・阿什顿领导的科学家团队首次发现，最近已由国际天文学联合会（IAU）确认。如今，土星是拥有卫星数量最多的行星 —— 木星紧随其后，有 95 颗卫星。然而，阿什顿博士认为，这可能是卫星发现的极限了。“我认为木星永远不会赶上土星，” 他说，“以目前的技术，我认为我们无法超越已经取得的成果。” 他补充道。 重点词汇和核心短语 重点词汇 Saturn /ˈsætɜːn/n. 土星 moon /muːn/n. 卫星；月球 telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/n. 望远镜 planet /ˈplænɪt/n. 行星 orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/n. 轨道 gravity /ˈɡrævəti/n. 重力；引力 discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/v. 发现 confirm /kənˈfɜːm/v. 确认 giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/adj. 巨大的 crash /kræʃ/v. 碰撞；撞击 detail /ˈdiːteɪl/n. 细节 total /ˈtəʊtl/n. 总数；合计 opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/adj. 相反的 technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/n. 技术 Jupiter /ˈdʒuːpɪtə(r)/n. 木星 Titan /ˈtaɪtən/n. 泰坦（土星最大的卫星） International Astronomical Union (IAU) /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkl ˈjuːniən/ 国际天文学联合会 核心短语 bring...to... 使…… 达到（总数） in great detail 详细地 pile...on top of each other 把…… 叠加在一起 in the opposite direction 朝相反方向 according to 根据 over time 随着时间的推移 break into 碎裂成 come together 聚集在一起 be led by 由…… 领导 be confirmed by 被…… 确认 not far behind 紧随其后 Passage B Have you ever wondered why some friendships feel as close as family? It turns out that genetics (遗传学) might help in choosing your closest friends. According to a US study with 1,932 people. friends have a kinship coefficient (亲缘系数) that is 0.0014 higher than in strangers! The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see how genetically related (相关的) two people are—the higher the number. the closer the relation. Don’t look down on this number. The kinship coefficient between parents and children is about 0.25. For first cousins. it’s about 0.0625. while for fourth cousins. it’s around only 0.001. The question is, why are people with a high level of kinship coefficient more possibly to become friends? The research team found that many of the top 1% of similar genes (相似基因) are related to the sense of smell. This means that close friends may have a similar sense of smell. A study in Science Advances also showed that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells. Researchers collected sweat samples (汗液样本) from 20 pairs of friends. They all became close in a short time. Using an e-nose and human volunteers to study the smells. they found that friends’ body odors (体味) were more alike than those of strangers. So, next time you hug your friends. you might notice that they smell a bit like you! 1．What is the kinship coefficient between parents and children? A．0.25 B．0.0625 C．0.0014 D．0.001 2．What can we infer from paragraph 2? A．Strangers have no genetic similarities at all. B．People only become friends if they are genetically related. C．Some friends may be more genetically similar than fourth cousins. D．Friends are always more genetically similar than family members. 3．Why may people with similar genes become friends according to the study? A．Because they have similar hobbies. B．Because they went to the same school C．Because they live in the same community. D．Because they have a similar sense of smell. 4．How did researchers study the body smells of friends in the study? A．By studying their genes. B．By watching how often they hugged. C．By asking friends to describe each other’s smells. D．By using an e-nose and human volunteers to study sweat samples. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．How can we look for friends. B．How to choose friends by smell C．What decide who our friends are. D．Why kinship coefficient is important. 长难句解析① ①原句：（第 2 段第 2 句）The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see how genetically related two people are—the higher the number, the closer the relation. 译文：亲缘系数是一种简单的方式，可用于判断两个人在基因上的关联程度 —— 这个数值越高，亲属关系就越近。 分析：主句为 “The kinship coefficient is an easy way to see...”，其中 “to see how genetically related two people are” 是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 “way”；“how genetically related two people are” 是宾语从句，作 “see” 的宾语。破折号后 “the higher the number, the closer the relation” 是 “the + 比较级，the + 比较级” 结构，表 “越……，越……”，补充说明亲缘系数数值与亲属关系的关联。 长难句解析② ①原句：（第 4段第 1句）A study in Science Advances also showed that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells. 译文：《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究也表明，成为亲密朋友的人通常有着相似的体味。 分析：该句是 “主句 + 宾语从句” 的复合句，宾语从句内部又包含一个定语从句，整体结构为： 主句主语 + 状语 + 谓语 + [that 引导的宾语从句（含定语从句修饰主语）]。 主句：A study in Science Advances also showed 宾语从句：that people who become close friends usually have similar body smells（作showed的宾语），其中“ who become close friends usually ”为定语从句修饰people。 译文 你有没有想过为什么有些友谊感觉像家人一样亲密？事实证明，遗传学可能在选择你最亲密的朋友方面起到作用。 根据一项针对 1932 人的美国研究，朋友之间的亲缘系数比陌生人高 0.0014！亲缘系数是衡量两个人基因相关性的简单方式 —— 数值越高，血缘关系越近。别小看这个数字：父母与子女之间的亲缘系数约为 0.25，表亲之间约为 0.0625，而第四代表亲之间仅约为 0.001。 问题是，为什么亲缘系数高的人更有可能成为朋友？研究团队发现，在最相似的 1% 基因中，许多都与嗅觉有关。这意味着亲密的朋友可能拥有相似的嗅觉。 《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究也表明，成为亲密朋友的人通常有着相似的体味。研究人员从 20 对朋友中收集了汗液样本，这些朋友都是在短时间内变得亲密的。通过电子鼻和人类志愿者对气味进行研究后，他们发现朋友的体味比陌生人的更相似。所以，下次拥抱朋友时，你可能会发现他们闻起来和你有点像！ 实战演练 真题示例 Passage A （2023·湖北襄阳·中考真题） Some old Chinese inventions have won wide popularity around the world. Recently, a British woman used an ancient Chinese invention to help her son 1 a math problem. Dr. Mantri grew up in India. She was taught 2 to use an abacus(算盘) to solve math problems when she was young. After noticing that her son Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tool to help him after school. “My son was in Grade 5 when I noticed he was 3 in math.” said Dr. Mantri, “I would ask him something very easy like ‘35-13 =?’, but he couldn’t work it out.” “I never thought I would teach him to use such an old tool 4 I realized I could try the Chinese abacus. It is a useful 5 to help kids better understand numbers and basic calculations(计 算). Very soon I saw the results. After six days, Dhruv started to make progress 6 with the help of the abacus. He even performed with the abacus at a school meeting where some parents came to 7 advice on using it to help their kids.” Known as the fifth invention of ancient China, Chinese abacus is also 8 as the earliest computer. It helped people solve many math problems in ancient China. 9 you remember the rules, you can easily use it. Sometimes, just move one bead(算珠), then 10 bead, and you will get the answer. What a magic tool! So far, the Chinese abacus has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage of human beings(人类非物质文化遗产)for 10 years ever since 2013. 1．A．deal with B．part with C．agree with D．compete with 2．A．what B．how C．where D．when 3．A．creative B．weak C．talented D．successful 4．A．after B．when C．until D．since 5．A．sign B．report C．method D．symbol 6．A．politely B．loudly C．bravely D．rapidly 7．A．care for B．leave for     C．ask for     D．pay for 8．A．cost B．caught C．covered D．considered 9．A．As long as B．As well as C．As good as D．As far as 10．A．other B．others C．the others D．another 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 2 段第 2 句）After noticing that her son Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tool to help him after school. 译文：在注意到她的儿子Dhruv在数学上遇到了很大的困难后，她开始在学校放学后使用同样的中国古代工具来帮助他。 分析：结构：介词短语 “After noticing...” 作时间状语，其中 “that her son...with math” 是宾语从句（作 “noticing” 的宾语）；主句为 “she started using...to help him”（主谓宾结构，“using...tool” 作宾语，“to help him” 作目的状语）。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 4 段第 4 句）He even performed with the abacus at a school meeting where some parents came to ask for advice on using it to help their kids. 译文：他甚至在学校的一次会议上用算盘表演，一些家长来寻求建议，用它来帮助他们的孩子。 分析：结构：主句为 “He even performed...at a school meeting”；“where some parents...their kids” 是定语从句（修饰先行词 “a school meeting”），其中 “on using it to help their kids” 是介词短语（作 “advice” 的后置定语）。 长难句解析 ①原句：（第 5 段第 1 句）Known as the fifth invention of ancient China, Chinese abacus is also considered as the earliest computer. 译文：被称为中国古代第五项发明的算盘，也被认为是最早的计算机。 分析：结构：过去分词短语 “Known as...” 作状语（表被动，说明算盘的身份）；主句为 “Chinese abacus is considered as...”（主系表结构，“considered as” 为被动语态）。 译文 一些古老的中国发明在全球广受欢迎。最近，一位英国女性用一项中国古代发明帮儿子解决了一道数学题。 曼特里博士在印度长大。她小时候学过如何用算盘解数学题。注意到儿子德鲁夫在数学上遇到很大困难后，她开始在放学后用这个古老的中国工具帮他。 “我儿子上五年级时，我发现他数学很差，” 曼特里博士说，“我问他一些很简单的问题，比如‘35 减 13 等于几？’，但他算不出来。” “我从没想过会教他用这么古老的工具，直到我意识到可以试试中国算盘。它是帮助孩子更好地理解数字和基本计算的有效方法。很快我就看到了效果。六天后，在算盘的帮助下，德鲁夫开始快速进步。他甚至在一次学校会议上用算盘展示，一些家长来咨询如何用它帮助自己的孩子。” 中国算盘被称为中国古代第五大发明，也被认为是最早的计算机。在古代中国，它帮助人们解决了许多数学问题。只要记住规则，你就能轻松使用它。有时，只需移动一个算珠，再移动另一个，就能得出答案。多神奇的工具啊！ 自 2013 年起，中国算盘被列为人类非物质文化遗产，至今已有 10 年。 重点词汇和短语 1. 重点词汇 invention n. 发明 abacus n. 算盘 difficulty n. 困难 calculation n. 计算 progress n. 进步 advice n. 建议 heritage n. 遗产 2. 重点短语 deal with 处理；解决 have difficulty with 在…… 方面有困难 not...until... 直到…… 才…… make progress 取得进步 ask for advice 寻求建议 be known as 被称为 be considered as 被认为是 as long as 只要 so far 到目前为止 Passage B （2024·重庆·中考真题）①The world’s highest ski place, Chacaltaya, was closed after the 18,000-year-old glacier melted (冰川融化) in 2009. Many scientists agree that the glaciers around the world could disappear in this century, much faster than we thought. ②As we all know, the reason for this is global (全球的) warming. When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted (排放) into the atmosphere, it causes the greenhouse effect (效应) which makes Earth warmer. ③As Earth becomes warmer, glaciers melt quickly, and dark rocks are uncovered. Then these rocks take in more heat, causing the temperature to rise. As a result, the remaining snow on glaciers melts faster. ④The effects of global warming will be far-reaching and often devastating (毁灭性的). While the melting of glaciers may flood (淹没) some areas of Earth, in other places, it is making water disappear. An increasing number of heat waves and droughts (干旱) worldwide will also change the face of the world in the future. ⑤Global warming is a real problem, and one largely caused by human activity. Solving the problem is not easy, and there is no single magic way. However, we can begin it by lowering the amount of CO₂ in our daily lives. ⑥Peter Miller, along with his wife, took part in a scientific test to see how much CO₂ they could cut down in a month. The average (平均) U.S. household produces about 80 kilos of CO₂, which was more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average. Their final goal was to make less CO₂ than most American families. ⑦First, they found out how much CO₂ they were producing. Then they asked an expert for advice on how to reduce CO₂ emissions. According to the expert’s advice, they made some changes to their house, replaced their lights, and changed some of their living habits. At the same time, they either biked, walked, or used public transportation. A month later, they saved 70% on electricity, 40% on gas, and drove half as much as others. Their daily CO₂ emissions were less than the U.S. average, at 32 kilos. ⑧Protecting our planet starts small: change a light, open a window, walk or bike. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us can make a difference. 1．Why was the ski place, Chacaltaya, closed in 2009? A．Because the ski place was too old. B．Because few tourists came to this place. C．Because the ski place was too high to reach. D．Because the 18,000-year-old glacier melted. 2．How does the writer show that Peter succeeded in the scientific test? A．By listing numbers. B．By asking questions. C．By giving explanations. D．By giving suggestions. 3．Which of the following can match the information in the passage? A． B． C． D． 4．Which of the following shows the structure of this passage? A． B． C． D． 长难句解析 ①原句：（第2段第 2 句） “When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted (排放) into the atmosphere, it causes the greenhouse effect (效应) which makes Earth warmer.” 译文：当二氧化碳等特定气体大量排放到大气中时，就会引起温室效应，使地球变暖。 分析：句子分析：这是一个复合句。“When certain gas such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) is largely emitted into the atmosphere” 是 when 引导的时间状语从句，说明温室效应产生的条件；主句是 “it causes the greenhouse effect”，其中 “it” 指代前面从句中提到的气体排放这件事；“which makes Earth warmer” 是 which 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 “the greenhouse effect”，说明温室效应带来的结果。 长难句解析 ①原句：第④段第 2 句 “While the melting of glaciers may flood (淹没) some areas of Earth, in other places, it is making water disappear.” 译文：冰川融化可能会淹没地球的一些地区，而在其他地方，它却在导致水资源消失。 分析：这是一个由 while 引导的并列复合句。while 在这里表示对比，“the melting of glaciers may flood some areas of Earth” 说明冰川融化对一些地区的影响，“in other places, it is making water disappear” 则说明在其他地方冰川融化产生的不同影响，其中 “it” 指代 “the melting of glaciers”。 译文 世界上海拔最高的滑雪场查卡尔塔亚（Chacaltaya），在有着 1.8 万年历史的冰川于 2009 年融化后关闭。许多科学家一致认为，全球的冰川可能会在本世纪消失，速度比我们想象的要快得多。 众所周知，其原因是全球变暖。当二氧化碳等特定气体大量排放到大气中时，就会引起温室效应，使地球变暖。 随着地球变暖，冰川迅速融化，深色的岩石露了出来。然后这些岩石吸收更多的热量，导致温度上升。结果，冰川上剩余的雪融化得更快。 全球变暖的影响将是深远的，而且往往是毁灭性的。冰川融化可能会淹没地球的一些地区，而在其他地方，它却在导致水资源消失。全球范围内越来越多的热浪和干旱也将在未来改变世界的面貌。 全球变暖是一个现实问题，而且在很大程度上是由人类活动引起的。解决这个问题并不容易，也没有单一的神奇方法。然而，我们可以从日常生活中减少二氧化碳排放量做起。 彼得・米勒（Peter Miller）和他的妻子参加了一项科学测试，看看他们一个月能减少多少二氧化碳排放量。美国普通家庭平均每月产生约 80 公斤二氧化碳，这是欧洲平均水平的两倍多，几乎是全球平均水平的五倍。他们的最终目标是比大多数美国家庭产生更少的二氧化碳。 首先，他们计算出自己产生了多少二氧化碳。然后他们向一位专家咨询了如何减少二氧化碳排放的建议。根据专家的建议，他们对房屋进行了一些改造，更换了灯具，并改变了一些生活习惯。同时，他们要么骑自行车、步行，要么乘坐公共交通工具。一个月后，他们的用电量节省了 70%，燃气用量节省了 40%，开车里程也只有其他人的一半。他们每天的二氧化碳排放量低于美国平均水平，为 32 公斤。 保护我们的星球要从小事做起：换个灯泡、打开窗户、步行或骑自行车。只要付出一点努力，而且不用花太多钱，我们大多数人都能有所作为。 重点词汇和短语 核心词汇： glacier（冰川）、melt（融化）、global（全球的）、warming（变暖）、emission（排放）、atmosphere（大气）、greenhouse（温室）、devastating（毁灭性的）、flood（淹没）、drought（干旱）、household（家庭） 核心短语： as we all know（众所周知）、such as（例如）、take in（吸收）、as a result（结果）、be caused by（由…… 引起）、take part in（参加）、cut down（减少）、ask sb. for advice（向某人寻求建议）、according to（根据）、make a difference（有影响，起作用） Passage A Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was a famous mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. From an early age, Zu was smart and fond of learning. He was taught natural science, astronomy, maths and so on. The little boy was interested in all of these subjects, especially in maths, and later became a world-famous scientist. Zu was best known for his calculation of pi (π). He worked out an accurate value (精确值) of pi around 1500 years ago. After calculating more than 1,000 times, he worked out the value of pi, which is between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. No one at that time was able to do better than him. It was about 1000 years ahead of Europe. Zu was not only good at maths, but also astronomy. He worked out that a year should be 365.24281481 days long and created the Daming Calendar, the best at that time. It is said that Zu was also an inventor. He once made a vehicle (车辆) that carried a pointer (指针). No matter how the vehicle turned, the pointer always pointed to the south. He also invented a long-distance boat. It was really great and it could travel over 50 kilometers a day. In memory of this great ancient scientist, Tsu Chung Chi (祖冲之环形山) is named after him on the moon. 1．What was Zu Chongzhi? ①An inventor. ②A scientist. ③A painter. ④An astronomer. ⑤A mathematician. A．①②③⑤ B．①②④⑤ C．②③④⑤ D．①③④⑤ 2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the third paragraph? A．The vehicle. B．The pointer. C．The value of pi. D．The long-distance boat. 3．Which of the followings is not Zu Chongzhi’s achievement? A．Accurate value of pi. B．The Daming Calendar. C．A vehicle with a pointer. D．Tsu Chung Chi on the moon. Passage B （2024·广东广州·一模）Fibonacci was the nickname of an Italian mathematician, Leonardo of Pisa, who lived in the early 1200s. Fibonacci discovered his famous sequence—the Fibonacci number sequence (斐波那契数列). The sequence goes like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, and so on. The Fibonacci sequence is actually pretty simple. The first two numbers in the sequence are zero and one; if you add them together, their sum is 1, the third number in the sequence. The second and third numbers in the sequence are 1 and 1; you add these numbers together to get the fourth Fibonacci number: 2. The sum of the third and fourth numbers, 1 and 2, equal the fifth number: 3. Continue the pattern: 2+3=5; 3+5=8; 5+8=13; and so on until you reach 144+233=377. The sequence is also called the rabbit sequence because Fibonacci introduced his sequence to the public by describing a situation of counting rabbits. Imagine that there is a pair of newborn rabbits, one male and one female. At the end of the first month, they grow into adult rabbits. At the end of the second month, they give birth to a new pair of babies, so there are two pairs. The first pair produces another pair of babies again, and the second pair grows up. Therefore, at the end of the third month, there are three pairs, .... Fibonacci numbers appear often in maths. In fact, there is a magazine, the Fibonacci Quarterly, publishing the study on them. Fibonacci numbers are also used in computer programs. They appear in nature such as in the number of petals on a flower as well. A lily has three petals, a buttercup has five petals, and an aster has 21 petals — 3, 5, and 21 are all Fibonacci numbers. 1．What is the sixteenth number in the Fibonacci sequence? A．233. B．377. C．610. D．987. 2．How did Fibonacci introduce his sequence to the public? A．By telling stories. B．By listing numbers. C．By comparing facts. D．By giving examples. 3．What does the word “They” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Fibonacci magazines. B．Fibonacci numbers. C．Petals on a flower. D．Computer programs. 4．What is the best title of this article? A．How to Count Rabbits. B．Interesting Numbers in Nature. C．Magical Fibonacci Sequence. D．Fibonacci—a great mathematician. Passage C Do you know the numbers 0—9 well? They are numbers in Arabic numbers. People use them to mark numbers now. But it’s not the only number system that people use. About 2,500 years ago, people in Rome used their hands to count. In Roman numerals, one finger means 1, two fingers means 2, three fingers means 3, four fingers means 4. If you want to say five, you can keep your four fingers close on one side and your thumb on the other side. Make each of your hands be five, then you’ll have ten. So in Rome, the numbers are “I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, IV, V, VI, VⅡ, VⅢ, IX, X”. Also, “L” means fifty, “C”means one hundred. “D” means five hundred and “M”means one thousand. But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. But we can still see them on some watches and clocks. Today, most people use the Arabic numerals. They are easy to remember and write. They help people to count things every day. In fact, Indians first created and used the Arabic numerals. In the late 8th century, people in Arabic countries learned about them. Then the Arabic people took them into Europe. So people in Europe called them Arabic numerals. Today, people around the world use Arabic numerals and they help a lot. 1．Which of the following means five in Roman numerals? A．5. B．IV. C．V. D．X. 2．What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Arabic numerals. B．Watches and clocks. C．Zero. D．Roman numerals. 3．What do we know about Arabic numerals? A．People in Rome didn’t use them. B．Arabic people taught the Indians about them. C．Only Arabic people use them today. D．“0” means “zero” in Arabic numerals. 4．Why are there few people using Roman numerals today? A．Because they are not easy to write and count. B．Because there are no Romans any more. C．Because the numbers look stupid. D．Because they are hard to remember. 5．In what order did the following things happen? a. Arabic people learned about Arabic numerals. b. Indians created Arabic numerals. c. Arabic people took Arabic numerals into Europe. d. People all over the world use Arabic numerals. A．b-c-a-d B．b-a-c-d C．d-b-a-c D．d-c-b-a Passage D When you visit someone’s new home for the first time, it’s nice to bring a gift. Housewarming gifts may not be as common as birthday gifts, but they show one’s kindness. 1 . When to give a housewarming gift 2 . When you go to a housewarming party, you should always bring a gift. Even if there’s no party, but you will visit someone’s new home in the first six months after they move in, a gift is still a good idea. 3 Housewarming gifts are not just for people who buy their first home. Anyone moving into a new place would love to get a gift. It’s a nice way to say “welcome” and “congratulations”. Housewarming gifts to avoid (避免) It’s important to bring the right kind of housewarming gift. But how do you choose one? Try to avoid very expensive gifts. Usually, the price of a housewarming gift should be between $25 and $50. 4 . It’s also best to avoid art or furniture (家具) unless you know the person’s taste very well. Housewarming gifts are a lovely way to celebrate someone’s new home and make their space comfortable and welcoming. 5 . A．So next time if you visit a friend’s new home, remember to bring a gift B．The best time to give a housewarming gift is in the first three months after someone moves in C．Here are some rules for giving a housewarming gift D．For example, houseplants and pictures are popular housewarming gifts E．Not everyone knows how to give a housewarming gift F．Who should get a housewarming gift 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 4 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$