内容正文:
作业8 人与社会———科学与技术
Passage1(2025全国一卷,D篇)
题材 微塑料污染 体裁 说明文 词数 318 建议用时 8′ 难度:
Microplastics have become a common
sourceofpolutionacrosstheEarth-theyhave
settledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,
stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filedthestomachs
ofseabirdsandevenfaleninfresh Antarctic
snow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.
Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,
cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevel
ofmicroplasticsin waterfrom yourtap(水 龙
头):boilingandfiltering(过滤)it.Inastudy
publishedWednesdayinEnvironmentalScience
& Technology Letters,researchersfrom China
foundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes-
thenfilteringitafteritcools-couldremoveat
least80percentofitsmicroplastics.
Crucialy,thisprocessreliesonthewater
containingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸钙)to
traptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwaG
tercontaining300miligramsofcalciumcarbonG
ateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.
Butinsampleswithlessthan60miligramsof
calciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelof
plasticsbyjust25percent.Additionaly,thereG
searchdidntincludealtypesofplastics.The
teamfocusedonlyonthreecommontypes-polG
ystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene-and
they didntstudy otherchemicals previously
foundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.
Stil,thefindingsshow apotentialpath
forwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure-a
taskthatsbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Even
bottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,
contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplastics
thanoriginalythought.
Scientistsarestiltryingtodeterminehow
harmfulmicroplasticsare-butwhattheydo
knowhasraisedconcerns.ThenewstudysugG
gestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimit
intake.“Thewaytheydemonstratedhow miG
croplastics weretrappedthrough the boiling
processwasnice,”CarolineGauchotteGLindsay,
anenvironmentalengineerattheUniversityof
GlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedinthe
research,telsNewScientist.“Weshouldbe
lookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatment
plantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”
32.Howdoestheauthorpresenttheissueinthe
firstparagraph?
A.Byquotinganexpert.
B.Bydefiningaconcept.
C.Bygivingexamples.
D.Byprovidingstatistics.
33.WhatdeterminestheeffectivenessoftrapG
pingmicroplasticsinwater?
A.Thehardnessofwater.
B.Thelengthofcoolingtime.
C.Thefrequencyoffiltering.
D.Thetypeofplasticinwater.
34.Whatdoestheauthortrytoilustrateby
mentioningbottledwaterinParagraph4?
A.Theimportanceofplasticrecycling.
B.Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.
C.Thedangerinoverusingpurewater.
D.Thedifficultyintreatingpolutedwater.
35.WhatisGauchotteGLindsayssuggestion
about?
A.Choiceofnewresearchmethods.
B.Possibledirectionforfurtherstudy.
C.Needtoinvolvemoreresearchers.
D.Potentialapplicationofthefindings.
34
第一部分 阅读理解
Passage2(2025浙江1月卷,D篇)
题材 技术产品的性别化现象 体裁 说明文 词数 304 建议用时 7′ 难度:
Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasingly
humanlikequalities,theres been a push to
makethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping
(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinvery
traditionalways,”saysAshleyMartin,aStanG
fordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavG
ior.RemovinggenderfromthepicturealtogethG
erseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.Yetas
Martinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneof
thefundamentalwayspeopleformconnections
withobjects,particularlythosedesigned with
humancharacteristics.
Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantsto
ratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenG
derlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantanda
selfGdrivingcarknownas“Miuu”.Itwasfound
thatgenderincreasedusersfeelingsofattachG
menttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurG
chasingthem.Forexample,participantssaid
theywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderless
voiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemale
voices.
Whilegenderingaproduct maybegood
marketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedor
harmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.The
stereotypes commonly associated with men,
such ascompetitiveness and dominance,are
morevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.
Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoprodG
uctsthathavebeenassignedagender.
Martinsstudyalsofoundthatcreatinga
genderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,if
anobjectsnamewasmeanttosoundgenderG
less,likeMiuu,participantswouldstilassigna
gendertoit-theywouldassume Miuuwasa
“he”or“she”.
Martinseesasilverlining,however:She
believesthatanthropomorphism(拟人化)“proG
videsanopportunitytochangestereotypes”.
Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadership
likerunningcompanies,itreducesnegativesterG
eotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorG
phizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonsterG
eotypeGinconsistentroles-amalerobotthatasG
sistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelps
docalculations,forinstance.
32.WhatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnolG
ogiesgenderless?
A.Toreducestereotypes.
B.Tomeetpublicdemand.
C.Tocutproductioncosts.
D.Toencouragecompetition.
33.Whatweretheparticipantsprobablyasked
todointhestudy?
A.Designaproduct.
B.Respondtoasurvey.
C.Workasassistants.
D.Takealanguagetest.
34.WhyisitdifficulttocreategenderlessobG
jects?
A.TheycannotbemassGproduced.
B.Namingthemisachalengingtask.
C.Peopleassumetheyareunreliable.
D.Genderisrootedinpeoplesmind.
35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalk
about?
A.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts.
B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.
C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism.
D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.
44
英语
Passage3(2024北京卷,C篇)
题材
讨论科学问题:宇宙是否是
由计算机模拟生成的
体裁 议论文 词数 446 建议用时 9′ 难度:
Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelses
videogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingthe
term “simulationhypothesis”(模拟假说)reG
turnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhetherthe
universeisacomputersimulation — aconcept
thatsomescientistsactualytakeseriously.UnG
fortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.We
wilprobablyneverknowwhetheritstrue.We
can,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientific
knowledge.
The18thGcenturyphilosopherKantargued
thattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthingsG
inGthemselvesthatareunknowable.While he
heldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,he
saidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuG
ringandshapingourperceptions.ModernsciG
enceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperiG
enceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesof
processingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(认
知的)functionsinthebrain.NooneknowsexG
actlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.IfemG
pirical(实证的)experiencefailstorevealrealG
ity,reasoningwontrevealrealityeithersinceit
reliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingent
onoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistoG
ries.Again,ablackbox.
So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunG
knowable,wealsoacceptwewilneverknowif
weliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,we
canshiftourinquiryfrom “Istheuniversea
computersimulation?”to “Can we modelthe
universeasacomputersimulation? ”Modeling
realityiswhatwedo.TofacilitateourcompreG
hensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedon
conceptualmetaphors(隐喻)thatarefamiliarto
us.InNewtonsera,weimaginedtheuniverse
asaclock.In Einsteins,we uncoveredthe
standardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.
Nowthatweareintheinformationage,we
havenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,inforG
mationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulaG
tion.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspire
ustobuildnew modelsoftheuniverse.Models
arenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointin
arguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofpartiG
clesoranoutputofcomputation.AlthesemodG
elsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandto
makediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,
themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.
Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletothe
processofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,
developingthe“computersimulation”metaphorG
basedmodelwilalsobeahugelyrewardingexG
ercise.
28.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodobychalG
lengingahypothesis?
A.Makeanassumption.
B.Ilustrateanargument.
C.Giveasuggestion.
D.Justifyacomparison.
29.Whatdoesthephrase “contingenton”unG
derlinedinParagraph2probablymean?
A.Acceptedby. B.Determinedby.
C.Awakenedby. D.Discoveredby.
30.AsforKantsargument,theauthoris .
A.appreciative B.doubtful
C.unconcerned D.disapproving
31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould
.
A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreG
viousones
B.continueexploringtheclassical models
inhistory
C.stop arguing whetherthe universeis
asimulation
D.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealG
itiesup
54
第一部分 阅读理解
Passage4(2024新课标Ⅰ卷,D篇)
题材
数字记录的物种观
察数据存在偏差
体裁 说明文 词数 358 建议用时 8′ 难度:
Intheracetodocumentthespecieson
Earthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersand
citizenscientistshavecolectedbilionsofreG
cords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityare
oftenintheformofphotos,videos,andother
digitalrecords.ThoughtheyareusefulfordetecG
tingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspecies
inanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthat
thistypeofrecordisnotperfect.
“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyfor
peopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecies
withtheaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnG
abasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyand
assistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanford
SchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“TheseobG
servationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathat
comesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsince
weareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatato
investigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobal
change,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”
Usingaglobaldatasetof19bilionrecords
ofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruand
histeamtestedhow welthesedatarepresent
actualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.
“WewereparticularlyinterestedinexploG
ringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使
有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitG
izenscientisttotakeapictureofaflowering
plantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”said
Daru.
Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumber
ofobservationGonlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetter
globalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiased
andfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspeG
cies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewho
getobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledeG
vicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir
encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.These
dataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswith
attractiveoreyeGcatchingfeatures.
Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasets
ofbiodiversity?
“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversity
appscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersof
oversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces-and
evenspecies-thatarenotwelGsampled.ToimG
provethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiG
versityappscanalsoencourageuserstohavean
expertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadG
edimage.”
32.WhatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeG
ciescolectednow?
A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.
B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.
C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.
D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.
33.WhatdoesDarusstudyfocuson?
A.Threatenedspecies.
B.Physicalspecimens.
C.Observationaldata.
D.Mobileapplications.
34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothe
study?
A.Mistakesindataanalysis.
B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.
C.Improperwayofsampling.
D.Unreliabledatacolectiondevices.
35.WhatisDarussuggestionforbiodiversity
apps?
A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.
B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.
C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.
D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.
64
英语
Passage5(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,C篇)
题材 巴比伦微型农场 体裁 说明文 词数 268 建议用时 8′ 难度:
Wealknowfreshisbestwhenitcomesto
food.However,mostproduceatthestorewent
throughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsof
milesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmers
marketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,
Babylon MicroGFarm(BMF)shortensiteven
more.
BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbe
setupforafamily.Additionaly,itcouldservea
largeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantor
school.TheinnovativedesignrequireslittleefG
forttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffresh
greens.
Specificaly,itsafarmthatreliesonnew
technology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,
BMFisremotely monitored.Also,thereisa
convenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainreG
altime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsigG
nificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededto
growplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,
thesystem providesjusttherightamountto
eachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplace
theplantswithanewpreGseededpod(容器)to
getthenextgrowthcyclestarted.
Moreover,havingasystem inthesame
buildingwhereitseatenmeanszeroemissions
(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalG
ad.Inaddition,theresnoneedforpesticides
and other chemicals that polute traditional
farmsandthesurroundingenvironment.
BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityin
theireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkor
biketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencourage
recyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarG
bagecansandavoidingsingleGuseplastic.“We
arepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonand
chemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemG
ployee.
28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromParaG
graph1?
A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.
B.ItrequiresdayGtoGdaycare.
C.ItcutsthefarmGtoGtabledistance.
D.Itreliesonfarmersmarkets.
29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientapp
offer?
A.RealGtimeweatherchanges.
B.Currentconditionoftheplants.
C.Chemicalpolutantsinthesoil.
D.AvailabilityofpreGseededpods.
30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployG
ees?
A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.
B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.
C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.
D.Theyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.
31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?
A.BMFsmajorstrengths.
B.BMFsgeneralmanagement.
C.BMFsglobalinfluence.
D.BMFstechnicalstandards.
74
第一部分 阅读理解
Passage6(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,D篇)
题材 一本以人工智能为主题的书籍 体裁 说明文 词数 321 建议用时 8′ 难度:
GiventheastonishingpotentialofAIto
transformourlives,wealneedtotakeactionto
dealwithourAIGpoweredfuture,andthisis
whereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith
ArtificialIntelligencecomesin.Thisabsorbing
newbookbyCatrionaCampbelisapractical
roadmapaddressingthechalengesposedbythe
forthcomingAIrevolution(变革).
Inthe wrong hands,such a bookcould
proveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputer
code(代 码)thatpowers AIbut,thankfuly,
Campbelhasmorethantwodecadesprofessional
experiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderG
standable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleof
abusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,
makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessible
andinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,wil
makeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.
AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDeG
sign,AIisalreadysuperGsmartandwilbecome
morecapable,movingfromthecurrentgeneraG
tionof“narrowGAI”toArtificialGeneralInteliG
gence.Fromthere,Campbel says,wil come
ArtificialDominantInteligence.Thisis why
CampbelhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAI
anditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethese
developmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.She
saysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartifiG
cialinteligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperG
hapsevenworse.
CampbelspointistowakeupthosereG
sponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesand
worldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageas
altheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.SheexG
plainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryand
mustactnow to preventan extinctionGlevel
eventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwe
wantourfuturewithAItopanout.SuchstrucG
turedthinking,folowedbyglobalregulation,
wilenableustoachievegreatnessratherthan
ourdownfal.
AIwilaffectusal,andifyouonlyread
onebookonthesubject,thisisit.
32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”
inParagraph2probablymean?
A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.
B.IfreviewedbysomeoneilGintentioned.
C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.
D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.
33.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccording
tothetext?
A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.
B.ItadoptsadownGtoGearthwritingstyle.
C.ItprovidesstepGbyGstepinstructions.
D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.
34.WhatdoesCampbel urgepeopletodoreG
gardingAIdevelopment?
A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.
B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.
C.MakejointeffortstokeepitunderconG
trol.
D.Learnfrom priorexperiencetoslowit
down.
35.Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthe
text?
A.TorecommendabookonAI.
B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.
C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI.
D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.
84
英语
Passage7(2024浙江1月卷,D篇)
题材 “棉花糖实验”的延伸 体裁 说明文 词数 339 建议用时 8′ 难度:
TheStanford marshmalow(棉 花 糖)test
wasoriginalyconductedbypsychologistWalter
Mischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourto
sixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.A
singlesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,was
placedonatable.Eachchild wastoldifthey
waitedfor15 minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,
theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thenthey
wereleftaloneintheroom.FolowGupstudies
withthechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnecG
tionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughto
obtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsucG
cess.
AsadultswefaceaversionofthemarshG
malowtesteveryday.Werenottempted(诱
惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,
phones,andtablets— althedevicesthatconG
nectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarious
typesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshG
malowsdotopreschoolers.
Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecause
ourancestorslivedinacalorieGpoorworld,and
ourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismto
thesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeeling
ofrewardandsatisfaction.Butas wevereG
shapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticalyreducG
ingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcaloG
ries,westilhavethesamebrainswehadthouG
sandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisatthe
heartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresist
temptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldnteat.
Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponse
toinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasa
specieswasinformationGpoor,soourbrainsdeG
velopedamechanismthatprizednewinformaG
tion.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychanged
ourinformationenvironment.WearenowceaseG
lesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.
Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtG
fulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneed
tobe morethoughtfulaboutourinformation
consumption,resistingthetemptation ofthe
mental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtime
mosteffectively.
32.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecG
ondtreatinMischelstest?
A.Takeanexaminationalone.
B.Showrespectfortheresearchers.
C.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.
D.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.
33.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereisamisG
matchbetween .
A.thecalorieGpoorworldandourgoodappeG
tites
B.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneeds
C.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains
D.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeep
fit
34.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?
A.Absorbnewinformationreadily.
B.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.
C.Usediverseinformationsources.
D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.
35.Whichofthefolowingisthebesttitlefor
thetext?
A.EatLess,ReadMore
B.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumans
C.TheLater,theBetter
D.TheMarshmalowTestforGrownups
94
第一部分 阅读理解
Passage8(2023北京卷,D篇)
题材
科技发展与信息技术
创新———“人工生命”
体裁 说明文 词数 492 建议用时 8′ 难度:
Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestionsthis
oneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.The
reasonissimple:weknowofjustonetypeof
lifeanditschalengingtodosciencewithasamG
plesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife-caled
ALifeforshort—isthesystematicattemptto
speloutlifesfundamentalprinciples.Manyof
these practitioners,soGcaled ALifers,think
thatsomehow makinglifeisthesurestwayto
realyunderstandwhatlifeis.
SofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartifiG
ciallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipe
targetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthe
fieldsdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,a
complexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.
Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,wel,
missingthepointentirely,hesays.“TheexistG
enceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseof
anything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleask me,
‘Sowhatstheworthofartificiallife?’Doyou
everthink,‘WhatistheworthofyourgrandG
mother?’”
AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizing
theirresearchsapplications,theattemptsto
createartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.
ArtificialinteligencemaybeconsideredALifes
cousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenG
amoredbyaconceptcaledopenGendedevolution
(演化).ThisisthecapacityforasystemtocreG
ateessentialyendlesscomplexity,tobeasort
of“noveltygenerator”.Theonlysystemknown
toexhibitthisisEarthsbiosphere.Ifthefield
of ALife managestoreproducelifesendless
“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,thosesame
principlescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemaG
chines.
ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAI,adG
vancesin ALifearehardertorecognize.One
reasonisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecenG
tralconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.The
lackofagreementamongALifersdoesnthelp
either.Theresultisadiverselineofprojects
thateachadvancealongtheiruniquepaths.For
betterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubject
itstudies.Itsmuddled(混乱的)progressionisa
strikingparalel(平 行 线)totheevolutionary
strugglesthathaveshapedEarthbiosphere.
Undefinedanduncontroled,ALifedrives
itsfolowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneraG
tednovelty.Itmaybe,ofcourse,thatthese
characteristicsarentinanywaysurprisingor
singular.Theymayapplyuniversalytoalacts
ofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothing
special.ButeventhisdismissalsuggestssomeG
thing:perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughout
theuniverse,theriseofALifewilproveunaG
voidable.
31.Regarding AlanSmithsdefenceofALife,
theauthoris .
A.supportive B.puzzled
C.unconcerned D.doubtful
32.Whatdoestheword“enamored”underlined
inParagraph3mostprobablymean?
A.Shocked. B.Protected.
C.Attracted. D.Chalenged.
33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?
A.ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture.
B.ALifeandAIshareacommonfeature.
C.AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife.
D.AIspeedsuptheprocessofhumanevoluG
tion.
34.WhichwouldbethebesttitleforthepasG
sage?
A.LifeIsUndefined.CanAIBeaWayOut?
B.LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,
Too?
C.LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefined
OneDay?
D.Life Evolves.Can Attemptsto Create
ALifeEvolve,Too?
05
英语
didintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththose
mostconfidentabouttheirestimates? Didtheyfolow
thoseleastwilingtochangetheirminds? 在一项针对
100名大学生的后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解
小组成员在讨论中的实际行为.他们是否倾向于选择
那些对自己的估计最有信心的人? 他们追随那些最不
愿意改变主意的人吗?”可知,在后续研究中,研究人员
试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么.结
合两个问题,因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨
论过程.
35.D 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 最 后 一 段 内 容 “Althoughthe
studiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquesG
tionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdisG
cussionanddecisionGmakingareenormous.尽管 Navajas
领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论
和决策的潜在影响是巨大的.”可知,作者认为虽然 NaG
vajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题,但对小组
讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大.因此推断作者对于 NaG
vajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持.
Passage16
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文.文章主要讲述了 Abby
Jaramilo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、
环保意识以及健康生活方式的 UrbanSprouts花园项目,
让学生体验乡村生活,对学生影响深远.
24.D 细节理解题.根据第一段的“Andatfirstitis,says
AbbyJaramilo,whowithanotherteacherstarted Urban
Sprouts,a schoolgarden program atfourlowGincome
schools.起初是这样的,艾比哈拉米洛说,她和另一位老
师在四所低收入学校启动了‘UrbanSprouts’学校花园项
目.”可知,艾比哈拉米洛是 UrbanSprouts的创始人.
25.C 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 二 段 的 “‘Theycometous
thinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsare
awful.’Thoughsomeareinitialyscaredoftheinsects
andturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomeG
thingnew.‘他们来找我们,认为蔬菜很可怕,泥土很可
怕,昆虫也很可怕.’虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫,对泥
土感到厌烦,但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西.”可知,
项目之初,一些学生不喜欢园艺工作.
26.A 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 最 后 一 段 “Sheaddsthatthe
programsbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudents
getsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhome
seedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,
workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingefecton
Jaramilosspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhave
emotionalcontrolissues.‘Theygetoutside,’shesays,
‘andtheyfeelsuccessful.’她补充说,该计划的好处不
仅仅是提供有营养的食物.有些学生对园艺非常感兴
趣,他们把种子带回家开始种植自己的菜园.此外,在
花园里工作似乎对Jaramilo的特殊教育学生有镇静作
用,他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题.‘他们走了出
去,’她说,‘他们觉得自己很成功.’”可知,这个项目不
仅给学生提供了有营养的食物,而且许多学生回家开
创了自己的菜园,对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了
镇静作用,从而推知,该项目的影响是深远的.
27.C 主旨大意题.根据第一段的“Andatfirstitis,says
AbbyJaramilo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrG
banSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowGinG
comeschools.TheprogramaimstohelpstudentsdeG
velop science skils,environmentalawareness,and
healthylifestyles.起初是这样的,艾比哈 拉 米 洛 说,
她和 另 一 位 老 师 在 四 所 低 收 入 学 校 启 动 了 ‘Urban
Sprouts’学校花园项目.该项目带领学生们种植蔬菜,
很多学生开 始 对 园 艺 感 兴 趣,成 为 蔬 菜 种 植 爱 好 者.
C项“蔬 菜 种 植 爱 好 者”符 合 文 意,最 适 合 作 为 本 文
标题.
作业8 人与社会———科学与技术
Passage1
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.介绍了一项关于减少
自来水中微塑料污染的新研究.微塑料污染已遍及全球,
甚至进入人体.中国研究人员发现,将自来水煮沸五分钟
并冷却后过滤.研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质,
但揭示了一种潜在解决方案.苏格兰环境工程师指出,该
研究展示了煮沸法的有效性,并建议升级饮用水处理厂以
推广应用.
32.C 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 一 段 内 容“Microplasticshave
becomeacommonsourceofpolutionacrosstheEarth-
theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,
stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filedthestomachsofseaG
birdsandevenfaleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyare
evenappearinginsidehumans.(微塑料已经成为地球上
常见的污染源———它们出现在深海和喜马拉雅山上,
被困在火山岩中,填满海鸟的胃,甚至落在南极的新雪
中.它们甚至出现了在人类身体里.)”可推断,作者通
过举例提出微塑料污染的问题.
33.A 细 节 理 解 题. 根 据 第 三 段 的 “Crucialy,this
processreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalcium
carbonate(碳酸钙)totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,
boilinghardwatercontaining300miligramsofcalcium
carbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.
Butinsampleswithlessthan60miligramsofcalcium
carbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust
25percent.(至关重要的是,这一过程依赖于含有足够
碳酸钙的水来捕获塑料.在这项研究中,将含有300
毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后,塑料含量下降了近90%.
但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中,煮沸只降低了
25%的塑料含量.)”可知,决定在水中捕获微塑料的有
效性的是水的硬度.
34.B 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 四 段 的 “Stil,thefindings
showapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplastic
exposure-ataskthatsbecomingincreasinglydifficult.
Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,
contains10to1,000times more microplasticsthan
originalythought.(尽管如此,研究结果显示了减少微
塑料接触 的 潜 在 途 径———这 一 任 务 正 变 得 越 来 越 困
难.今年早些时候,科学家们发现,即使是瓶装水,其
微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍.)”可
推断,作 者 提 到 瓶 装 水 是 为 了 说 明 微 塑 料 污 染 的 严
重性.
35.D 细 节 理 解 题.根 据 最 后 一 段 的 “‘Thewaythey
demonstratedhow microplasticsweretrappedthrough
theboilingprocesswasnice,’CarolineGauchotteGLindG
say,anenvironmentalengineeratthe Universityof
GlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedinthereG
search,telsNewScientist.‘Weshouldbelookinginto
upgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyreG
movemicroplastics.’(格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师
卡罗琳高肖特G林赛(CarolineGauchotteGLindsay)没
有参与这项研究,她告诉«新科学家»杂志:‘他们展示
的微塑料 是 如 何 通 过 煮 沸 过 程 被 捕 获 的 方 式 很 好.’
‘我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂,这样它们就能去除
微塑料.’)”可 知,GauchotteGLindsay提 出 了 这 项 发 现
的潜在应用,升级饮用水处理厂.
Passage2
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章讲述了新技术呈
现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化,但性别是人们与物
体建立联系的基本方式,且创造无性别物体很难,拟人化
或能改变刻板印象.
32.A 细节理解题.根据第一段中“‘PeoplearestereotyG
ping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraG
ditionalways,’saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociG
ateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.RemovinggenG
derfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimpleway
121
详解详析
tofixthis.(斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利马
丁说:‘人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻
板印象.’完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的
简单 方 法.)”可 知,人 们 对 有 性 别 的 物 品 存 在 刻 板 印
象,让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象.
33.B 细节理解题.根据第二段中“Inherstudy,Martin
askedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,feG
male,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistant
andaselfGdrivingcarknownas‘Miuu’.(在她的研究
中,马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自
动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进
行评分.)”可知,参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行
评价,这类似于对调查做出回应.
34.D 细 节 理 解 题.根 据 第 四 段 中“Martinsstudyalso
foundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.
Forinstance,ifanobjectsnamewasmeanttosound
genderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstilassigna
gendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa‘he’or
‘she’.(马丁的研究还发现,创造无性别对象很困难.
例如,如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的,比如
Miuu,参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别———他们会认
为 Miuu是‘他’或‘她’.)”可知,因为性别观念根深蒂
固在人们的脑海中,所以即使物品本身试图设计成无
性别,人们还是会赋予其性别,这导致创造无性别对象
很困难.
35.B 主旨大意题.根据最后一段中“Martinseesasilver
lining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism
(拟人 化)‘providesanopportunitytochangestereoG
types’.(然而,马丁看到了一线希望:她认为拟人化‘提
供了改变刻板印象的机会’.)”以及后文所举的例子可
知,最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面,即
可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象.
Passage3
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文.文章主要讨论了哲学
家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的
看法.
28.C 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 一 段 “Searchingtheterm
‘simulationhypothesis’(模拟假说)returnsnumerous
resultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputer
simulation — aconceptthatsomescientistsactualy
takeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientific
question.We wil probablyneverknow whetherits
true.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientific
knowledge.(搜索‘模拟假说’这一术语会得到许多关于
宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果———一些科学家实
际上在认真对待这个概念.不幸的是,这不是一个科
学问题.我 们 可 能 永 远 都 不 知 道 这 是 不 是 真 的.相
反,我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识.)”可知,
作者对于模拟假说提出质疑,是为了提出自己的建议,
建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识.
29.B 词句 猜 测 题.根 据 第 二 段“Ifempirical(实 证 的)
experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwontreveal
realityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthat
arecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychological
histories.(如果经验不能揭示现实,推理也不会揭示现
实,因为它依赖于由我们的社会、文化和心理历史决定
的概念和词 语.)”可 知,句 中that引 导 限 制 性 定 语 从
句,指代先行词conceptsandwords,且结合常识,概念
和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史,推测划线
短语表示“取决于”,与determinedby意义相近.
30.A 推理判断题.根据第二段“The18thGcenturyphiG
losopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconG
sistsofthingsGinGthemselvesthatareunknowable.While
heheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaid
ourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshaG
pingourperceptions.(18世纪的哲学家康德认为,宇宙
最终由不可知的事物本身组成.虽然他认为客观现实
是存在的,但他说,我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感
知方面发挥着必要的作用.)”以及第三段“So,ifweacG
ceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwe
wilneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.(因
此,如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的,我们也接受我们永
远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中.)”可知,作者
引用康德的观点,并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己
的论述,由此可知,作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度.
31.C 推理判断题.根据第四段“ThereisnopointinarG
guingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran
outputofcomputation.Al these modelsaretoolsto
dealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthe
moretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightful
wecanbecome.(争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子
还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的.所有这些模型都
是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具.我们拥有的工具
越多,我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力.)”以及第五
段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessof
building previous scientific models,developing the
‘computersimulation’metaphorGbasedmodelwilalso
beahugelyrewardingexercise.(可以想象,与之前构建
科学模型的过程相比,开发基于‘计算机模拟’隐喻的
模型也将是一项非常有益的工作.)”可知,作者认为争
论宇宙是否是虚拟的,这是没有意义的,我们应该停止
争论宇宙是否为模拟,而应该着手于将其作为一个模
型来探索和理解,这样会更有助于科学的进步.
Passage4
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要介绍了斯坦
福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据.
32.B 细节理解题.根据第一段“Today,mostrecordsof
biodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,and
otherdigitalrecords.(今天,大多数生物多样性的记录
通常 以 照 片、视 频 和 其 他 数 字 记 录 的 形 式 出 现.)”可
知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的.
33.C 细节理解题.根据第二段“Theseobservationsnow
outnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysical
specimens(标 本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusing
observationaldatatoinvestigatehow speciesarereG
spondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Arethey
usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自实体标本的原
始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研
究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们有用吗?)”
和第四段“‘Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploring
theaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)daG
ta,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientistto
takeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrass
rightnexttoit,’saidDaru.(Daru说‘我们特别感兴趣
的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科
学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的
草’.)”可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过
移动应用记录的物种观察数据.
34.C 细节理解题.根据第四段“‘Wewereparticularly
interestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattend
tobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofa
citizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinG
steadofthegrassrightnexttoit,’saidDaru.(Daru说
‘我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的
方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,
而不是它旁边的草’.)”以及第五段“Thismakessense
becausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversity
dataon mobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsreG
cordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.
(这是有道理的,因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样
性数据的人通常是公民科学家,他们记录了他们在附
近地区与物种的接触.)”可知,导致数据偏差的原因是
采样方式的不当.
221
英语
35.D 推理判断题.根据最后一段“Biodiversityappscan
useourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledarG
easandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—that
arenotwelGsampled.ToimprovethequalityofobserG
vationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageusers
tohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheirupG
loadedimage.(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研
究结果来告知用户哪些区域被过度采样,并将他们引
导到未充分采样的地方,甚至是寻找未充分采样的物
种.为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性应用程序
还可以 鼓 励 用 户 让 专 家 确 认 他 们 上 传 的 图 像 的 身
份.)”可知,Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学
家提供指导.
Passage5
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要介绍了巴比
伦微农场(BMF)的一些 主 要 优 势,包 括 减 少 食 物 运 输 距
离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化
学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等.
28.C 细节理解题.根据第一段“Whilefarmersmarkets
areasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroG
Farm (BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是
减少运输里程的可靠选择,但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)
缩短的运输里程更甚.)”可知,巴比伦微型农场(BMF)
进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离.
29.B 细节理解题.根据第三段“Also,thereisaconvenG
ientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外,
还有一个便捷的应用程序,可以实时提供生长数据.)”
可 知,这 个 便 捷 的 应 用 程 序 提 供 了 植 物 生 长 的 实 时
数据.
30.D 推理判断题.根据最后一段“BMFemployeeslive
outsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfof
themwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyenG
couragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarG
bagecansandavoidingsingleGuseplastic.‘WearepasG
sionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsin
ourenvironment,’saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在
日常生活中追求可持续发展.大约一半的人步行或骑
自行车上班.在办公室里,他们通过限制垃圾桶和避
免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费.BMF的一名员
工表示:‘我 们 热 衷 于 减 少 环 境 中 的 废 物、碳 和 化 学
品.’)”可知,BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识.
31.A 主旨大意题.根据第一段“Whilefarmersmarkets
areasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroG
Farm (BMF)shortensitevenmore.(虽然农贸市场是
减少运输里程的可靠选择,但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)
缩短 的 运 输 里 程 更 甚.)”、第 三 段 “Byconnecting
throughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,
thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatain
realtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignifiG
cantlyreducestheamountof waterneededtogrow
plants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystem
providesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通过云连
接,对BMF进行远程监控.此外,还有一个方便的应
用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据.由于该系统是
自动化的,因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量.该
系统不是给一排排土壤浇水,而是为每株植物提供合
适的水 量.)”以 及 最 后 一 段 “BMFemployeesliveout
sustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthem
walkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencourage
recyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecans
andavoiding singleGuse plastic.‘Weare passionate
aboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenviG
ronment,’saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生
活中追求可持续发展.大约一半的人步行或骑自行车
上班.在办公室里,他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次
性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费.BMF 的 一 名 员 工 表
示:‘我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品.’)”
可知,文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主
要优势,包括 减 少 食 物 运 输 距 离、通 过 云 技 术 远 程 监
控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工
的环保生活方式等.
Passage6
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要介绍了 CatriG
onaCampbel 所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith
ArtificialIntelligence 一书.该书作为应对 AI革命挑战
的实用指南,以商业视角阐述 AI发展现状与前景,强调控
制 AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以
防潜在危机.
32.C 词义猜测题.根据文章第二段“suchabookcould
proveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode
(代码)thatpowersAIbut,thankfuly,Campbelhas
morethantwodecadesprofessionalexperiencetranslaG
tingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfrom
thepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanas
anacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccesG
sibleandinformativeand which,bytheclose,wil
makeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(这样一本书可能
会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂,但值得庆
幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人焦躁
的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容.她从商业人士的
实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通
俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几乎
和人工智能一样聪明.)”可知,坎贝尔撰写的这本书是
通俗易懂的,如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样
了,推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”.
33.B 推理判断题.根据文章第二段“thankfuly,CampG
belhasmorethantwodecadesprofessionalexperience
translating the heady into the understandable.She
writesfrom thepracticalangleofabusinessperson
ratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichis
highlyaccessibleandinformativeand which,bythe
close,wil makeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得
庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人焦
躁的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容.她从商业人士
的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常
通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几
乎和人工智能一样聪明.)”可知,坎贝尔在书中将令人
焦躁的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容,这本书的特
点是通俗易懂,推测它采用了接地气的写作风格.
34.C 细节理解题.根据文章第三段“ShesaysitisessenG
tialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialinteligence,orrisk
beingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她说,我们必
须保持对人工智能的控制,否则就有被边缘化甚至更
糟的风险)”和文章第四段“Weneedtoconsiderhowwe
wantourfuturewith AItopanout.Suchstructured
thinking,folowedbyglobalregulation,wilenableus
toachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfal.(我们需
要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展.这种结构
化的思维,加上全球监管,将使我们走向伟大,而不是
走向衰败.)”可知,坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的
控制,考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展,所以关于人工
智能的发展,坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住.
35.A 推理判断题.根据文章第一段“GiventheastonishG
ingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,wealneedto
takeactiontodealwithourAIGpoweredfuture,andthis
iswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtiG
ficialIntelligencecomesin.Thisabsorbingnewbook
byCatrionaCampbelisapracticalroadmapaddressing
thechalengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution
(变革).(考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力,
我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来,这
正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificial
Intelligence的用武之地.卡特里奥娜坎贝尔撰写的
这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用指南,旨在应对即将
321
详解详析
到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战.)”和文章最后一段
“AIwilaffectusal,andifyouonlyreadonebookon
thesubject,thisisit.(人工智能将影响我们所有人,如
果只让你读一本关于这个主题的书,那就是这本书.)”
可知,本文主要介 绍 了 CatrionaCampbel 所 著 AIby
Design:APlanforLiving withArtificialIntelliG
gence一书,该书作为应对 AI革命挑战的实用指南,以
商业视角阐述 AI发展现状与前景,强调控制 AI的重
要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以防潜在
危机,所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人
工智能的书.
Passage7
[语篇解读] 这是一篇说明文.在信息化时代我们作为
成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试,信息轰炸让我们摄入了
太多精神“垃圾食品”,文章对此进行了介绍.
32.D 细节理解题.根据第一段第四句“Eachchildwas
toldifthey waitedfor15 minutesbeforeeatingthe
treat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.(每个孩子都
被告知,如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟,他们将得到第
二次奖励.)”可知,在米歇尔的测试中,孩子们需要在
吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励.
33.C 细节理解题.根据第三段最后一句“Butasweve
reshapedthe worldaroundus,dramaticalyreducing
thecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,we
stilhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyears
ago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomany
ofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowwe
shouldnteat.(但是,当我们重塑了我们周围的世界,大
大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时,我们的大脑仍
然和几千年前一样,这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力
抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因.)”可
知,根据第三段可知,丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变
的大脑之间存在不匹配.
34.B 细节理解题.根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore,
justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloric
consumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulabout
ourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptation
ofthemental‘junkfood’inordertomanageourtime
mosteffectively.(因此,就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我
们的热量消耗一样,我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的
信息消耗,抵制精神‘垃圾食品’的诱惑,以便最有效地
管理我们的时间.)”可知,作者建议读者做有选择性的
信息消费者.
35.D 主旨大意题.根据第二段“AsadultswefaceaverG
sionofthe marshmalow testevery day.Werenot
tempted(诱 惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputG
ers,phones,andtablets—althedevicesthatconnect
ustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinG
formationthatdotouswhatmarshmalowsdotopreG
schoolers.(作为成 年 人,我 们 每 天 都 要 面 对 棉 花 糖 测
试.诱惑我们的不是甜食,而是我们的电脑、手机和平
板电脑———所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接
起来的设备,它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前
儿童的作用一样.)”可知,文章主要是讲在信息化时代
我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试,信息轰炸
让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”.
Passage8
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要探讨了 ALife
是否也在不断地进化的问题.
31.A 推理判断题.根据第三段“AsmuchasmanyALifers
hateemphasizingtheirresearchsapplications,theattempts
tocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayofs.(尽管许
多 ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用,但创造人工生命的尝
试可能会有实际的回报.)”可知,作者认为创造人工生命
的尝试是会有回报的;再结合第二段“Sofarnoonehas
convincinglymadeartificiallife.Thistrackrecord makes
ALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthe
fieldsdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexity
scientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout ‘the
point’ofALifemightbe,wel,missingthepointentirely,
hesays.‘Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotaboutthe
useofanything.’Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘So
whatsthe worthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,
‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”(到目前为止,还
没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命.这一记录使生命
科学成为批评的成熟目标,比如对该领域可疑科学价值的
声明.复杂性科学家艾伦史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨.
他说,询问 ALife的‘意义’可能完全没有抓住要点.‘一个
生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关.’Alan说.“有人
问我,‘那么人工生命的价值是什么?’你有没有想过,‘你
祖母的价值是什么?’”)”可推知,因为还没有人能令人信
服地制造出人工生命,才导致使生命科学成为批评(认为
其没有科学价值)的成熟目标,作者认为这是不合理的,所
以后文引用了 AlanSmith的话语对这种观点进行反驳,即
关于 AlanSmith对 ALife的辩护,作者表示支持.
32.C 词 义 猜 测 题.根 据 划 线 词 上 文“ArtificialinteliG
gence maybeconsidered ALifescousininthatreG
searchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcaled
openGendedevolution(演化).(人工智能可能被认为是
ALife的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫
做开放进化的概念enamored.)”可知,人工智能可能被
认为是 ALife的表亲,说明人工智能和 ALife二者间有共
同之处,可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫
做开放进化的概念所吸引,所以才有了这种观点.故划线
词意为“吸引”.
33.B 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 三 段 “Artificialinteligence
maybeconsideredALifescousininthatresearchersin
bothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcaledopenGended
evolution(演化).(人工智能可能被认为是 ALife的表
亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进
化的概念所吸引.)”可知,ALife和 AI有一 个 共 同 的
特点.
34.D 主旨大意题.根据最后一段“TheymayapplyuniG
versalytoalactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemay
benothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggests
something:perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughoutthe
universe,theriseofALifewilproveunavoidable.(它
们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为.最终,ALife可能没
有什么特 别 的.但 即 使 是 这 种 否 定 也 表 明 了 一 些 事
情:也许,就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样,ALife的崛
起将被 证 明 是 不 可 避 免 的.)”结 合 文 章 主 要 探 讨 了
ALife是否也在不断地进化.D 选项“生命在进化.创
造 ALife的尝试也能进化吗?”是最合适的标题.
作业9 人与自然———自然生态
Passage1
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章介绍了一种新型
园艺设计方法———矩阵种植.
28.B 词 句 猜 测 题.根 据 上 文 “Referredtoas matrix
planting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmore
oftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthe
designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然
在花园中承担更多繁重的工作,甚至承担一些设计工
作.)”可 知,矩 阵 种 植 是 让 大 自 然 自 身 承 接 更 多 的 工
作;结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewingfertilizers(化
肥)andpowertools,itsbasedonanelegantlysimple
principle:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.(Eschewing
化肥和电动工具,它基于一个极其简单的原则:更像大
自然那样进行园艺种植.)”中“togardenmorelikenaG
turedoes”可推知,要像大自然那样进行园艺种植,让大
自然自身承接更多的工作,就不需要使用化肥和电动
工具.所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”,
与B项“Keepingawayfrom.”同义.
421
英语