Unit 1 Back to school（知识清单）英语译林版2020必修第一册

Unit 1 Back to school 单词 1.________ n. 潜力；可能性 adj. 潜在的，可能的→________ adv. 潜在地，可能地 2.________ adj. 中学的(招收11或13岁以上学生)；级别高的；高级水平的；老年的 n. 级别(或地位)较高者；较……年长的人；高水平运动员 3.________ n. 道路；小路；成功的途径 4.________ n. & vt. 挑战；质疑→________ adj. 具有挑战性的 5.________ n. 思维，思想；想法 6.________ adj. 积极乐观的；良好的，正面的→________ adv. 肯定地; 乐观地 7.________ n. 机会，时机 8.________ vt. 获得，得到→________ n. 取得; 获得 9.________ n. 努力，费力的事；试图 10.________ n. 进步，进展；前进，行进 vt. & vi. 发展，进步→________ adj. 先进的，高级的 11.________ adj. 令人大为惊奇的，令人惊喜→________ adj. 大为惊奇的, 惊讶的→________ n. 惊异; 惊愕→________ vt.使惊讶 12.________ n. 信心，信任；把握→________ adj. 自信的; 确信的 13.________ n. 资源；资料；谋略 14.________ n. 设施，设备；场所 15.________ adj. 相等的；平等的；相当的 n. 同等的人(物) linking v. 与……相等 vt. 比得上→________ adv.同样地；相等地；公平地→________ n. 平等; 相等 16.________ n. 态度，看法 17.________ n. 目标；进球得分 18.________ vt. 同等重视；(使)保持平衡；权衡重要性 n. 均衡，平衡；平衡能力→________ adj. 平衡的 19.________ vt. & vt. 改进，改善→________ n. 改进, 改善; 提高 20.________ adj. 全面发展的；面面俱到的 21.________ n. 个人adj. 单独的，个别的→________ adv. 单独，个别 22.________ n. 品质，性格；特点；人物，角色；文字 23.________ adj. 有责任，负责；可靠的→________ n. 责任, 职责; 义务 24.________ adv. (时间、空间)向前；提前 25.________ adj. (学校)为11或13岁以下儿童设立的；地位(或级别)低的；青少年的 n. 职位较低者；青少年运动员 26.________ adv. 向将来；向前；进展，前进 27.________ adj. 自主的，有主见的；自立的→________ n. 自主，自立 28.________ n. 焦点，重点 vt. & vi. 集中→________ adj. 注意力集中的; 目标明确的 29.________ n. 细节；具体情况→________ adj. 详细的, 精细的 30.________ n. 指点，实用的提示；尖端；小费 31.________ vt. 以……为基础(依据) n. 根据；基础；基底；总部，大本营→________ adj. 基本的; 基础的→________ n. 基础；原因；基准 32.________ vt. 提醒，使想起→________ n. 引起回忆的事物; 提醒人的事物 33.________ n. 提议，建议，动议→________ vt. 提议, 建议 34.________ n. 目的，目标 vi. & vt. 力争做到；目的是；针对 35.________ n. 风格；方式；样式 36.________ n. 技巧，技艺；技能→________ adj. 技术的 37.________ n. 研讨会，讲习班；车间，作坊 38. ________ adj. 职业的，专业的；有职业的；娴熟的，精通业务的 n. 专门人员，专业人士→________ n. 职业，专业→________ n. 教授，讲师 39.________ n. 材料；素材 adj. 物质的，实际的；客观存在的 40.________ n. 海报；(在网络留言板上)发布消息的人 41.________ adj. 中学的；次要的 42.________ n. & vt. 交换；交流；兑换 43.________n. 主人；东道主；主持人 vt. 主办；主持 44.________ n. 生物学 45.________ adj. 艰难的；严厉的；坚强的;坚固的→________ vt. 使……坚韧; 使……顽固 vi. 变坚韧; 变顽固→________ n. 韧性; 坚韧, 坚强 46.________ n. 闹钟；恐慌；警报；警报器 vt. 使惊恐，使害怕→________ adj. 令人惊恐的→________ adj. 担忧的; 惊恐的 47.________ n. 贡献；捐款；捐赠→________ vt. 贡献, 出力; 投稿 48.________ adv. 幸运地，幸亏→________ adj. 幸运的→________ adv. 不幸地→________ n. 运气; 巨款 49.________ n. 可选择的事物，选择；选修课→________ adj. 可选择的 50.________ n. 黄油 51.________ n. 甜点；布丁 52.________ vt. 吸引，使喜爱；招引；引起(反应)→________ adj. 吸引人的, 有吸引力的; (人)迷人的, 有魅力的→________ n. 有吸引力的事物; 吸引力 53. ________ n. 书法，书法艺术 短语 1.________________存在于，在于 2.________________能够处理 3.________________起作用，有影响 4.________________充分利用，尽情享受 5.________________利用 6.________________最后但同样重要的 7.________________盼望，期待 8.________________由于 9.________________坚持；固守，维持 10.________________随着时间流逝，久而久之 熟词生义 1. She was appreciated both by her colleagues and her seniors. ________________ 2. We were challenged by the police at the border the other day. ________________ 3. I must check my bank balance before I decide to buy the car. ________________ 4. There will be a rise in the demand for health care professionals. ________________ 5. I raised the alarm as soon as I saw the smoke. ________________ 6. Are you sure you’re physically tough enough for this job？________________ 7. There are many famous characters in history. Who do you admire most？________________ 8. It’s vital that a successful movie pay much attention to its theme and the figures’ character. ________ 9. The whole character of the school has changed since he became the president. ________________ 10. The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form known as Chinese calligraphy. ________________ 11.Sorry，your name is just on the tip of my tongue. ________________ 12.After I had my hair cut，I gave the hairdresser a tip. ________________ 13. Here are some tips on how to make friends. ________________ 15.The wind blew and the plants began to shake，tipping their leaves. ________________ 16. She tipped the waiter two dollars for his excellent service. ________________ 句型 1. what引导宾语从句 I can’t wait to describe to you ________________________________. 我迫不及待地想要向你们描述高中生活的模样。 2. It is＋adj.＋for sb＋to do sth. To fully realize your potential, ________________________________. 要想充分发挥你的潜能，充分利用我们学校的资源对你很重要。 3. 完全倒装 ________________________________, useful skills and a positive attitude. 同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能以及积极的态度。 4. as引导非限制性定语从句 ________________________________, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” 正如老子睿智的箴言所说的那样：“千里之行，始于足下。” 5. so...that...引导结果状语从句 I like it ________________________________ I still use it as my alarm！ 我那么喜欢它以至于我仍旧用它作闹钟！ 6. find＋宾语＋宾补 I ________________________________ because the material was less advanced in the UK than in China. 我觉得数学很容易，学起来很愉快，因为英国的教材没有中国的难。 语法 句子成分 1. 主语(subject) 2. 谓语(verb) 3. 表语(predicative) 4. 宾语(object) 5. 宾语补足语(object complement) 6. 定语(attributive) 7. 状语(adverbial) 8. 同位语(appositive) 基本句型 1. SV句式: 主语+谓语(不及物动词) 2. SVA句式: 主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语 3. SVO句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 4. SVOA句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+状语 5. SVOO句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语 6. SVOC句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语 7. SVP句式: 主语+连系动词+表语 一、词汇清单 知识点1 senior adj. 中学的(招收11或13岁以上学生)；级别高的；高级水平的；老年的n. 级别(或地位)较高者；较……年长的人；高水平运动员 【教材原句】Hello，everyone! Welcome to senior high school! 大家好！欢迎进入高中阶段学习！(教材p 2) 【拓展】 (1)be senior to sb. 　　 级别高于某人; 年长于某人 be senior to sb. by. . . 年长某人……岁 senior high school= senior high 高中 a senior /officer/ manager/assistant 高级军官/经理/助理 senior citizens 老人(委婉说法) (2)junior adj. 地位较低的; 青少年的 n. 职位较低者, 青少年运动员 be junior to sb. 级别低于某人 be junior to sb. by. . . 比某人小……岁 【名师点津】senior 和junior这两个词本身就表达比较意义, 因此, 它们不能用于比较级结构中。 【写作佳句】With exams being adapted into Braille, a blind senior high school student scored 630 points out of 650 in the College Entrance Examination.随着盲文进入考试，一名盲人高中学生在650分的高考中得了630分。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①I was given the job, despite the fact that he is senior ________ me ②A number of accidents involving elderly drivers have sparked debate over whether ________(senior) should continue to drive or not. 一句多译 ③My sister is ________________ three years.   =My sister is three years ________________.   = My sister is ________________________ me. 我妹妹比我小三岁。 知识点2 effort n. 努力，费力的事；试图 【教材原句】Most importantly，your time and effort at senior high school will open the door to your potential. 最重要的是，你在高中阶段度过的时光、付出的努力将会为你叩开潜能的大门。　(教材p2) 【拓展】 (1)make efforts (an effort/every effort) 做出努力 put effort into doing sth. 　　 花大力气做某事 spare no effort 不遗余力, 尽力 with (an)effort 努力地 (2)effortless adj. 不需费力的; 容易的 【写作佳句】If I were admitted, I would spare no effort to serve the students.  要是我被录取了, 我将会不遗余力地为学生们服务。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I think that as long as one puts effort ________ study, he will make progress.   ②The workers are making efforts ________(fulfill)this year’s plan. 翻译句子 ③It’s a long climb to the top, but well ________________.   爬到顶部的路程很长, 虽然费力却很值得。 知识点3 amazing adj. 令人大为惊奇的， 令人惊喜的 【教材原句】Who knows what beautiful works of art you will create, what medical advances you will make or what amazing technologies you will develop! 谁知道你们将创作出怎样美丽的艺术作品，取得怎样的医学进步，或者研发出多么惊人的技术！　(教材p3) 【拓展】 (1)It's amazing that ... 令人惊讶的是…… (2)amaze vt. 使惊奇，使惊诧 It amazes sb. that ...＝ What amazes sb. is that ... 使某人惊奇的是…… (3)amazed adj.吃惊的，感到惊奇的 be amazed at/by ... 对……感到惊讶 be amazed to do sth. 做某事感到惊讶 (4)amazement n. 惊奇，惊愕 to one's amazement令某人惊讶的是 in amazement惊愕地 [名师点津]amazed“感到惊讶的”，指人的感受，常用来修饰人；amazing指事物本身的特点、性质令人惊奇，常用来修饰物。 【写作佳句】Your school is amazing in that it has not only a beautiful campus but also lively classes. 你们的学校令人惊叹, 不仅在于美丽的校园, 还有活跃的课堂。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It is really ________(amaze) for me to receive Bing Dwen Dwen as a gift. ②These foreigners are ________(amaze) at the great advances of China.   一句多译 ③令我们大为惊异的是，这座城市的面貌每天都在发生变化。 →________________, the face of the city keeps on changing every day. (amazement) →________________ the face of the city keeps on changing every day. (amaze, what 引导的主语从句) 知识点4 make a difference 起作用，有影响 【教材原句】The possibilities are endless, and I have confidence in your ability to make a difference to your family, to your community and to our country. 可能性是无限的，我相信你们有能力改变你们的家庭、你们的社区和我们的国家。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 make a difference to　　　 对……起作用, 有影响 make some/no difference to 对……有些/无作用; 对……有些/无影响 tell the difference between A and B 辨别A和B differ from 与……不同 be different from 与……不同/有区别 【名师点津】 (1)difference 前可以加上big, great等形容词，表示程度； (2)注意make a difference 中的a变成no/some/much等的不同含义。 【写作佳句】We know that reading can make a difference to a person. 从文章中，我们知道阅读可以对一个人产生影响。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①If you do so, it will make ________ great difference. ②You can make a ________(different) if you have a strong will and never gave up. 句型转换 ③It's quite different which you choose. →It ________________ which you choose. 知识点5 equal adj. 相等的；平等的；相当的 n. 同等的人(物) linking v. 与……相等 vt. 比得上 【教材原句】Of equal importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude. 同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能和积极的态度。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 (1)be equal to (doing) sth. 等于/胜任(做)某事 (2)equal sb./sth.(in...) (在……方面)比得上，与……匹敌；与……相等 (3)without (an) equal 无人可比的 (4)equally adv. 同样地；平等地 equality n. 相等；平等 【巧学助记】 等同，相等 胜任 【写作佳句】I think I am equal to the job because I can communicate with foreigners in English.   我认为我能胜任这项工作, 因为我能够用英语与外国人交流。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides ________(equal) contact(联系) and share with one another. ②I don’t think he is equal to ________(do) this kind of work, so I can’t hire him. 翻译句子 ③None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer. →None of us ________________ her, either in beauty or as a dancer. 知识点6 responsible adj. 有责任，负责；可靠的 【教材原句】Senior high school will help you learn and grow, yet you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential. 高中会帮助你们学习和成长，但能为发挥你们的巨大潜能负责的只有你们自己。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 (1)be responsible for sth. 对某事负责任；是某事的原因 be responsible to sb. 向某人负责任 (2)responsibility n. 责任，义务 It is one's responsibility to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 take responsibility for 为……负责 (3)responsibly adv. 明事理地；可信赖地 【写作佳句】You are an adult now and you need to take responsibility for your actions.现在你是成年人了，你需要对自己的行为负责。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's your responsibility ________(inform) us of any changes. ②You can leave the children with Jane, and she is very responsible ________ them. 翻译句子 ③Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer. →Cigarette smoking ________________ about 90% of deaths from lung cancer. 知识点7 focus n. 焦点，重点vt. & vi. 集中 【教材原句】Setting goals gives you a focus in life.设定目标会让你的生活有重点。　(教材p6) 【拓展】 (1)the focus of　　 ……的焦点 (2)focus on sb. /sth. 聚焦; 把注意力集中于…… focus one’s attention on sb. /sth. 把某人的注意力集中于…… (3)focused adj. 注意力集中的; 目标明确的 【名师点津】表示“集中(注意力、精力等)于……”的短语还有：pay attention to sth.；put one's heart into sth.；fix one's attention on sth.；concentrate one's attention on sth.等。 【写作佳句】I’m happy that I have focused on learning oral English and practiced a lot.  我很高兴我一直专注于学习英语口语，并进行了大量的练习。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The news about the disease is always the focus ________ us. ②It will help you become more patient and ________(focus). 翻译句子 ③I can’t ________ my study, a group of people dancing on the square downstairs.   一群人在楼下的广场上跳舞, 我难以集中精力学习。 知识点8 base vt. 以……为基础(依据)n. 根据; 基础; 基底; 总部, 大本营 【教材原句】Instead, you should set goals based on your abilities and skills. 反而, 你应该基于你的能力和技能来设定目标。　(教材p7) 【拓展】 (1)base. . . on. . . 　　 把……建立在……之上 be based on 基于; 以……为基础 (2)as a base for 作为……基础/基地 (3)basic adj. 基本的; 基础的 (4) basically adv. 基本上 【写作佳句】 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I think we should base our choice ________ our own interest.   ②A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is ________(base) on trust.   翻译句子 ③The novel was based on a true story and it attracted many readers. →________________, the novel attracted many readers. (过去分词短语作状语) →The novel ________________ attracted many readers. (过去分词短语作定语) 知识点9 remind vt. 提醒, 使想起 【教材原句】This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.　(教材p7) 【拓展】 (1)remind. . . of. . . 　 使……想起……; 提醒…… remind sb. that. . . 提醒某人…… remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 (2)reminder n. 引起回忆的事物; 提醒人的事物 【知识延伸】v. + sb. +of sth. 短语集合 cure sb. of sth. 　　 治好某人的病 accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事 cheat sb. of sth. 骗取某人某物 inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 【写作佳句】What the teacher said reminds me of the saying—where there is a will, there is a way. 老师的话让我想起了“有志者，事竟成”这句谚语。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①They will teach many traffic regulations to remind us ________(pay)attention to traffic safety.   ②I chose it as a gift to show my appreciation and as a ________(remind) of my unforgettable time here with you. 翻译句子 ③The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will ________________e. 当你站在山顶时, 你看到的滚滚云海会提醒你我们人类是多么渺小。 知识点10 proposal n. 提议, 建议, 动议 【教材原句】Give the signed proposal to Mr. Zhou.把签过字的提议给周老师。　(教材p9) 【拓展】 (1)put forward a proposal 提出一项建议 proposal that ... (should) do ... 建议…… (2)propose doing sth.　建议做某事 that从句用虚拟语气，从句中谓语动词用should＋do形式 【名师点津】 proposal + that从句 proposal后接that引导的同位语从句或表语从句以及propose后接that引导的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气, 即should do, should可以省略。相同用法的动词还有: suggest, advise, order, demand等。 【写作佳句】Our proposal is that we should set up a Chinese painting club.  我们的建议是成立一个国画俱乐部。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Our ________(propose) is that we should set up a Chinese painting club.   ②He proposed ________(change) the name of the company. 翻译句子 ③我们提议我们学校的每个学生至少捐两本书。 We ________________ that each student in our school donate at least 2 books.   →We ________________ that each student in our school donate at least 2 books. 知识点11 aim n. 目标；目的 vt. & vi. 瞄准；(向某方向)努力；对准；目的在于 【教材原句】Last year, I had the chance to study at a British secondary school as an exchange student. 去年，我有机会作为一名交换生在英国的一所中学学习。　(教材p9) 【拓展】 •with the aim of 有……的目的 •aim sth. at sb./sth. 用某物朝向/瞄准某人或某物 •aim to do/at doing... 旨在做……；力求达到…… •be aimed at 目的是；旨在 【写作佳句】I am writing with the aim of expressing my heartfelt gratitude to you. 我写信的目的是向您表示衷心的感谢。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①He walked ________(aim) along street after street, head down and shoulders bowed. ②These measures are aimed ________ offering our customers a good eating.  同义句转换 ③A crosscountry running race was held with the aim of building up students’ health. →A crosscountry running race was held, which was ________________ up students health. 知识点12 exchange n. & vt. 交换；交流；兑换 【教材原句】Last year, I had the chance to study at a British secondary school as an exchange student. 去年，我有机会作为一名交换生在英国的一所中学学习。　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)an exchange student 交换生 in exchange (for ...) 作为交换(……) (2)exchange sth. for sth. 用某物交换某物 exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物 【写作佳句】In the activity, we will exchange ideas about the learning methods with the exchange students. 在活动中，我们将和这些交换生就学习方法交换看法。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I’ve offered to cook for them ________ exchange for a week’s accommodation. ②I'd like to exchange this dress ________ one of a smaller size. 翻译句子 ③I prefer to exchange ideas with my classmates rather than attend a boring lecture after school. I prefer ________________with my classmates ________________ a boring lecture after school. 知识点13 alarm n. 闹钟；恐慌；警报；警报器 vt. 使惊恐，使害怕 【教材原句】I like it so much that I still use it as my alarm! 我非常喜欢它，所以我还用它当闹钟！　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)alarmed adj. 受惊的，惊恐的 be alarmed at/by ... 被……吓一跳 (2)alarming adj. 惊人的；令人担忧的 (3)alarm clock 闹钟 sound/give/raise the alarm 发出警报；敲警钟 in alarm 惊慌地 【写作佳句】Carson’s message was very alarming, causing a great increase in environmental awareness. 卡森所述的事实让人们十分担忧，大大提升了人们保护环境的意识。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①________(alarm) by the sharp fall of the stock market, thousands of stockholders sold out their stocks at a sacrifice. ②The rainforests are disappearing at an ________(alarm) rate. 完成句子 ③“你都干了些什么？”埃利惊恐地喊道。 “What have you done?” Ellie cried ________. 知识点14 contribution n. 贡献；捐款；捐赠 【教材原句】Class discussion is very important in the UK, but I could not make a great contribution... 在英国，课堂讨论很重要，但我能做的贡献不多……　　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)make a contribution/contributions to 对……做出贡献 (2)contribute vt. 捐助(金钱、物品等)；贡献(时间、精力等)vi.有助于；促成 contribute sth. to 向……捐献/捐赠/捐助；向……投稿 contribute to 有助于；导致；把时间投入到…… 【写作佳句】I’m confident that as long as each of us makes a contribution to the ocean protection，the ocean will be more beautiful. 我相信，只要我们每个人都对海洋保护做出贡献，海洋就会更加美丽。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①China will make its utmost efforts and contribution to ________(address) climate change in light of actual possibilities. ②Nowadays, playing computer games too much contributes ________ many health problems. 句型转换 ③Less exercise leads to his bad health. →Less exercise ________________ his bad health. 二、语法清单 句子成分和句子结构 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并判断下列句子属于哪个基本句型 1. The tips below may help you. (________) 2. When you do so, they will seem easier to reach. (________) 3. This will also give you the encouragement to achieve your long-term goal. (________) 4. You can place the list on your bedside table. (________) 5. You may find achieving goals difficult. (________) 6. But you should not give up. (________) 7. You will succeed in the end. (________) A. SV　主语+谓语 B. SVP　主语+连系动词+表语 C. SVO　主语+谓语+宾语 D. SVOO主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 E. SVOC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 F. SVA　主语+谓语+状语 G. SVOA主语+谓语+宾语+状语 【精讲·语法知识】 一、 句子成分 英语句子的基本成分有七种: 主语(subject)、谓语(verb)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attributive)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。 1. 主语 句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分)，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。 2. 谓语 谓语，对主语进行描述，通常位于句子后面(部分)，谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当，必须体现为某一时态形式。 3. 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外，介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。 4. 表语 表语在系动词之后，是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。 5. 定语 定语是用来修饰名词、代词的，常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前，故称之为前置定语；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后，故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。 6. 补语 补语分为主语补语和宾语补语，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。 7. 状语 状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。 【经典练】 1. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. ________ 2. Our hard work will finally be rewarded. 3. I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. 4. I find my room clean and tidy. 5. I would like to give you some suggestions. 6. They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. 7. We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. 8. The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. 9. What you said just now didn’t make me happy. 10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 二、 句子结构 常见的句子结构(sentence structures)有以下八种: 1. 主谓: 主语＋谓语(SV) 在此句型中，谓语动词为不及物动词，不能接宾语，但能表达完整的意义。 2. 主谓宾: 主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO) 在此句型中谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词，它必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能表达一个完整的意思。 3. 主系表: 主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP) 在此句型中的谓语动词是系动词，后面必须接表语才能表达完整的意义。 4. 主谓宾宾: 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO) 此句型中的谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语)，前一个为间接宾语(通常指人)，后一个为直接宾语(通常指物)。 [名师点津]句子结构可以是: “主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”或“主＋谓＋直宾＋to/for＋间宾”。 5. 主谓宾补: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC) 此句型中的谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词，也就是说，这些动词除了有一个直接宾语外，还要加上宾语补语，句子的意义才能完整。 [名师点津]可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。 6. 主谓状: 主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA) 在此句型中，谓语动词也为不及物动词，但其后必须带有状语，否则结构不全，意义不完整。 7. 主谓宾状: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA) 在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后不但必须有宾语，而且宾语之后必须带状语，否则结构不全，意义不明确。 8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子 所谓存现句，就是表示某处存在某人或某物，其基本结构是there be...，所以存现句在通常情况下指的就是there be句型。there be句型中的there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。 [名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。 【经典练】　 分析句子成分并写出基本句型 A. 主谓结构     B. 主谓宾结构    C. 主系表结构     D. 主谓宾宾结构 E. 主谓宾宾补结构     F. 主谓状结构     G. 主谓宾状结构    H. There be 句型 1. We must act. 2. I miss my grandma. 3. He talked too much. 4. He told us a funny story. 5. The teacher was kind and friendly. 6. There’s is a lot to explore at senior high. 7. Tim and his classmates are living on a ship. 8. I had my first maths class at senior high school. 9. I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 10. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 关于新俱乐部的提案 本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于新俱乐部的提案。提案是一种正式的建议或计划，它的目的是让更多的读者同意并参与你的计划。提案的结构如下：第一段：引出话题，目的；第二段：提出具体建议；第三段：提出希望。一份好的提案应该注意把握三点： (1)提案一般由标题、正文、结尾三个部分组成，正文包括提案的类型、目的、活动计划、注意事项、宣传方式等； (2) 了使提案易于阅读，需要把不同类型的信息进行分类； (3)提案的语言表达要简短、真诚、正式；表达多使用祈使句和动词不定式等。 【积累·写作素材】 (1)活动目的 ①To help the students know more about plants, we decide to set up a Nature Club.为了帮助学生更多地了解植物，我们决定成立一个自然俱乐部。 ②To provide an opportunity to make friends, we decide to start a Football Club.为了提供一个交友的机会，我们决定成立一个足球俱乐部。 ③To improve reading and writing skills, a Book Lover Club was set up by our teacher.为了提高阅读和写作技能，我们的老师成立了一个爱书人俱乐部。 (2)活动计划 ①We'll have an outing to our school botanical garden and learn the diversity of plants. 我们会去学校的植物园郊游，了解植物的多样性。 ②Read a short story that we like every Saturday afternoon每周六下午读一个我们喜欢的短篇小说。 ③Meet on weekends to communicate with each other in English.周末见面，用英语互相交流。 ④Organize students to do some volunteer work.组织学生做一些志愿工作。 (3)宣传方式 ①Put up a notice on the school website to inform the ballet lovers of joining the club. 校网站上张贴通知，通知芭蕾舞爱好者加入俱乐部。 ②Make posters and put them up around the school.制作海报并在学校周围张贴。 1. I’m glad to hear the news that you want to…. 2. I’m writing to offer my proposals since you are seeking help for… 3. It’s important to appeal to more students to… 4. It’s a great idea to make the most of … 5. ... should be designed carefully… 6. I sincerely hope that…(2)That’s all I want to say about this point.关于这一点，我就讲这些。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，请根据下面的提示写关于成立英语阅读俱乐部的提议。 1. 俱乐部的名称: 第一中学英语阅读俱乐部 2. 俱乐部的负责人: 李华 3. 活动时间: 每周日下午2点到4点 4. 成立的目的: 提高学生的英语阅读能力 5. 活动的内容: 朗读英语短文；学生讨论；背诵英语短文；个人展示 6. 招收新成员的方式: 张贴海报，在网站上发出通知 注意: 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-提案(建立俱乐部)。 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 一般现在时和一般将来时为主 框架 第一段：建立俱乐部的目的。 第二段：主要活动的内容。 第三段：其他相关事项，祝愿和问候。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 词汇翻译 ①提高学生的阅读理解能力 ________________________ ②积极参加________________________ ③背诵文章________________________ ④对……自信________________________ ⑤在有限的时间里________________________ 2. 句子翻译 ①学生对英语很自信。 Students ________________ their English. ②鼓励学生积极参加英语活动。 Encourage the students ________________ activities about English. ③你被要求在有限的时间(每人五分钟之内)表达你自己的意见。 You ________________ in the limited time (5 minutes/each). ④需要把通知登在校报和网站上。 Notice ________________ in the school newspaper and on the school website. 第三步：词句升级 ⑤用“make＋宾语＋宾语补语”结构和不定式表示目的改写句①。 ________________________________ ⑥用participate in替换，将句②改成不定式表示目的。 ________________________________ ⑦将句③改成祈使句。 ________________________________ ⑧用put开头将句④改成祈使句。 ________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 Proposal for a reading club Club name: No.1 Middle School Reading Club Club leader: Li Hua Meeting time: Sunday afternoon from 2: 00 to 4: 00 Club aims: ●To improve the students' reading comprehension； ●To make the students more confident about their English； ●To encourage the students to take an active part in activities about English； ●To help the students use English freely. Plan for each meeting: ●Read and recite an English article (15 minutes)； ●Read 4－5 English articles and finish off some exercises (40 minutes)； ●Check the answers and have a discussion (35 minutes)； ●Have a summary (15 minutes)； ●Express yourself in the limited time (5 minutes/each). Materials needed: Paper and pen for each student Plan for finding new members: ● Make posters and put them up around the school； ●Put a notice in the school newspaper and on the school website. Signed: Li Hua ( 12 / 18 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Back to school 单词 1. potential n. 潜力；可能性 adj. 潜在的，可能的→potentially adv. 潜在地，可能地 2. senior adj. 中学的(招收11或13岁以上学生)；级别高的；高级水平的；老年的n. 级别(或地位)较高者；较……年长的人；高水平运动员 3. path n. 道路；小路；成功的途径 4. challenge n. & vt. 挑战；质疑→challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 5. thinking n. 思维，思想；想法 6. positive adj. 积极乐观的；良好的，正面的→ positively adv. 肯定地; 乐观地 7. opportunity n. 机会，时机 8. acquire vt. 获得，得到→acquisition n. 取得; 获得 9. effort n. 努力，费力的事；试图 10. advance n. 进步，进展；前进，行进 vt. & vi. 发展，进步→advanced adj. 先进的，高级的 11. amazing adj. 令人大为惊奇的，令人惊喜 →amazed adj. 大为惊奇的, 惊讶的→amazement n. 惊异; 惊愕→amaze vt.使惊讶 12. confidence n. 信心，信任；把握→confident adj. 自信的; 确信的 13. resource n. 资源；资料；谋略 14. facility n. 设施，设备；场所 15. equal adj. 相等的；平等的；相当的 n. 同等的人(物) linking v. 与……相等 vt. 比得上→equally adv.同样地；相等地；公平地→equality n. 平等; 相等 16. attitude n. 态度，看法 17. goal n. 目标；进球得分 18. balance vt. 同等重视；(使)保持平衡；权衡重要性 n. 均衡，平衡；平衡能力→balanced adj. 平衡的 19. improve vt. & vt. 改进，改善→improvement n. 改进, 改善; 提高 20. well-rounded adj. 全面发展的；面面俱到的 21. individual n. 个人adj. 单独的，个别的→individually adv. 单独，个别 22. character n. 品质，性格；特点；人物，角色；文字 23. responsible adj. 有责任，负责；可靠的→responsibility n. 责任, 职责; 义务 24. ahead adv. (时间、空间)向前；提前 25. junior adj. (学校)为11或13岁以下儿童设立的；地位(或级别)低的；青少年的 n. 职位较低者；青少年运动员 26. forward adv. 向将来；向前；进展，前进 27. independent adj. 自主的，有主见的；自立的→independence n. 自主，自立 28. focus n. 焦点，重点 vt. & vi. 集中→focused adj. 注意力集中的; 目标明确的 29. detail n. 细节；具体情况→ detailed adj. 详细的, 精细的 30. tip n. 指点，实用的提示；尖端；小费 31. base vt. 以……为基础(依据) n. 根据；基础；基底；总部，大本营→basic adj. 基本的; 基础的→basis n. 基础；原因；基准 32. remind vt. 提醒，使想起→reminder n. 引起回忆的事物; 提醒人的事物 33. proposal n. 提议，建议，动议→propose vt. 提议, 建议 34. aim n. 目的，目标 vi. & vt. 力争做到；目的是；针对 35. style n. 风格；方式；样式 36. technique n. 技巧，技艺；技能→technical adj. 技术的 37. workshop n. 研讨会，讲习班；车间，作坊 38. professional adj. 职业的，专业的；有职业的；娴熟的，精通业务的 n. 专门人员，专业人士→profession n. 职业，专业→professor n. 教授，讲师 39. material n. 材料；素材 adj. 物质的，实际的；客观存在的 40. poster n. 海报；(在网络留言板上)发布消息的人 41. secondary adj. 中学的；次要的 42. exchange n. & vt. 交换；交流；兑换 43. host n. 主人；东道主；主持人 vt. 主办；主持 44. biology n. 生物学 45. tough adj. 艰难的；严厉的；坚强的;坚固的→toughen vt. 使……坚韧; 使……顽固 vi. 变坚韧; 变顽固→toughness n. 韧性; 坚韧, 坚强 46. alarm n. 闹钟；恐慌；警报；警报器 vt. 使惊恐，使害怕→alarming adj. 令人惊恐的→ alarmed adj. 担忧的; 惊恐的 47. contribution n. 贡献；捐款；捐赠→contribute vt. 贡献, 出力; 投稿 48. fortunately adv. 幸运地，幸亏→fortunate adj. 幸运的→unfortunately adv. 不幸地→fortune n. 运气; 巨款 49. option n. 可选择的事物，选择；选修课→optional adj. 可选择的 50. butter n. 黄油 51. pudding n. 甜点；布丁 52. attract vt. 吸引，使喜爱；招引；引起(反应)→attractive adj. 吸引人的, 有吸引力的; (人)迷人的, 有魅力的→attraction n. 有吸引力的事物; 吸引力 53. calligraphy n. 书法，书法艺术 短语 1. lie in存在于，在于 2. rise to能够处理 3. make a difference 起作用，有影响 4. make the most of充分利用，尽情享受 5. take advantage of 利用 6. last but not least最后但同样重要的 7. look forward to 盼望，期待 8. as a result of 由于 9. stick to 坚持；固守，维持 10. over time随着时间流逝，久而久之 熟词生义 1. She was appreciated both by her colleagues and her seniors. n. 上级；上司 2. We were challenged by the police at the border the other day. vt. 对……怀疑 3. I must check my bank balance before I decide to buy the car. n. 余额 4. There will be a rise in the demand for health care professionals. n. 专业人士 5. I raised the alarm as soon as I saw the smoke. n. 警报 6. Are you sure you’re physically tough enough for this job？adj. 强壮的 7. There are many famous characters in history. Who do you admire most？ 人物,角色 8. It’s vital that a successful movie pay much attention to its theme and the figures’ character. 性格 9. The whole character of the school has changed since he became the president. 特色,特性 10. The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form known as Chinese calligraphy. 符号,文字 11.Sorry，your name is just on the tip of my tongue. n. 尖端,尖 12.After I had my hair cut，I gave the hairdresser a tip. n. 小费 13. Here are some tips on how to make friends. n. 技巧,提示 15.The wind blew and the plants began to shake，tipping their leaves. vt. 使倾斜 16. She tipped the waiter two dollars for his excellent service. vt. 付小费 句型 1. what引导宾语从句 I can’t wait to describe to you what senior high school life is like. 我迫不及待地想要向你们描述高中生活的模样。 2. It is＋adj.＋for sb＋to do sth. To fully realize your potential, it is important for you to make the most of our school resources. 要想充分发挥你的潜能，充分利用我们学校的资源对你很重要。 3. 完全倒装 Of equal importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude. 同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能以及积极的态度。 4. as引导非限制性定语从句 As Lao-Tzu wisely said, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” 正如老子睿智的箴言所说的那样：“千里之行，始于足下。” 5. so...that...引导结果状语从句 I like it so much that I still use it as my alarm！ 我那么喜欢它以至于我仍旧用它作闹钟！ 6. find＋宾语＋宾补 I found Maths quite easy and enjoyable because the material was less advanced in the UK than in China. 我觉得数学很容易，学起来很愉快，因为英国的教材没有中国的难。 语法 句子成分 1. 主语(subject) 2. 谓语(verb) 3. 表语(predicative) 4. 宾语(object) 5. 宾语补足语(object complement) 6. 定语(attributive) 7. 状语(adverbial) 8. 同位语(appositive) 基本句型 1. SV句式: 主语+谓语(不及物动词) 2. SVA句式: 主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语 3. SVO句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 4. SVOA句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+状语 5. SVOO句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语 6. SVOC句式: 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语 7. SVP句式: 主语+连系动词+表语 一、词汇清单 知识点1 senior adj. 中学的(招收11或13岁以上学生)；级别高的；高级水平的；老年的n. 级别(或地位)较高者；较……年长的人；高水平运动员 【教材原句】Hello，everyone! Welcome to senior high school! 大家好！欢迎进入高中阶段学习！(教材p2) 【拓展】 (1)be senior to sb. 　　 级别高于某人; 年长于某人 be senior to sb. by. . . 年长某人……岁 senior high school= senior high 高中 a senior /officer/ manager/assistant 高级军官/经理/助理 senior citizens 老人(委婉说法) (2)junior adj. 地位较低的; 青少年的 n. 职位较低者, 青少年运动员 be junior to sb. 级别低于某人 be junior to sb. by. . . 比某人小……岁 【名师点津】senior 和junior这两个词本身就表达比较意义, 因此, 它们不能用于比较级结构中。 【写作佳句】With exams being adapted into Braille, a blind senior high school student scored 630 points out of 650 in the College Entrance Examination.随着盲文进入考试，一名盲人高中学生在650分的高考中得了630分。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①I was given the job, despite the fact that he is senior to me ②A number of accidents involving elderly drivers have sparked debate over whether seniors(senior) should continue to drive or not. 一句多译 ③My sister is junior to me by three years.   =My sister is three years junior to me.   = My sister is three years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小三岁。 知识点2 effort n. 努力，费力的事；试图 【教材原句】Most importantly，your time and effort at senior high school will open the door to your potential. 最重要的是，你在高中阶段度过的时光、付出的努力将会为你叩开潜能的大门。　(教材p2) 【拓展】 (1)make efforts (an effort/every effort) 做出努力 put effort into doing sth. 　　 花大力气做某事 spare no effort 不遗余力, 尽力 with (an)effort 努力地 (2)effortless adj. 不需费力的; 容易的 【写作佳句】If I were admitted, I would spare no effort to serve the students.  要是我被录取了, 我将会不遗余力地为学生们服务。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I think that as long as one puts effort into study, he will make progress.   ②The workers are making efforts to fulfil(fulfill)this year’s plan. 翻译句子 ③It’s a long climb to the top, but well worth the effort.   爬到顶部的路程很长, 虽然费力却很值得。 知识点3 amazing adj. 令人大为惊奇的， 令人惊喜的 【教材原句】Who knows what beautiful works of art you will create, what medical advances you will make or what amazing technologies you will develop! 谁知道你们将创作出怎样美丽的艺术作品，取得怎样的医学进步，或者研发出多么惊人的技术！　(教材p2) 【拓展】 (1)It's amazing that ... 令人惊讶的是…… (2)amaze vt. 使惊奇，使惊诧 It amazes sb. that ...＝ What amazes sb. is that ... 使某人惊奇的是…… (3)amazed adj.吃惊的，感到惊奇的 be amazed at/by ... 对……感到惊讶 be amazed to do sth. 做某事感到惊讶 (4)amazement n. 惊奇，惊愕 to one's amazement令某人惊讶的是 in amazement惊愕地 [名师点津]amazed“感到惊讶的”，指人的感受，常用来修饰人；amazing指事物本身的特点、性质令人惊奇，常用来修饰物。 【写作佳句】Your school is amazing in that it has not only a beautiful campus but also lively classes. 你们的学校令人惊叹, 不仅在于美丽的校园, 还有活跃的课堂。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It is really amazing(amaze) for me to receive Bing Dwen Dwen as a gift. ②These foreigners are amazed(amaze) at the great advances of China.   一句多译 ③令我们大为惊异的是，这座城市的面貌每天都在发生变化。 →To our amazement, the face of the city keeps on changing every day. (amazement) →What amazed us most is that the face of the city keeps on changing every day. (amaze, what 引导的主语从句) 知识点4 make a difference 起作用，有影响 【教材原句】The possibilities are endless, and I have confidence in your ability to make a difference to your family, to your community and to our country. 可能性是无限的，我相信你们有能力改变你们的家庭、你们的社区和我们的国家。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 make a difference to　　　 对……起作用, 有影响 make some/no difference to 对……有些/无作用; 对……有些/无影响 tell the difference between A and B 辨别A和B differ from 与……不同 be different from 与……不同/有区别 【名师点津】 (1)difference 前可以加上big, great等形容词，表示程度； (2)注意make a difference 中的a变成no/some/much等的不同含义。 【写作佳句】We know that reading can make a difference to a person. 从文章中，我们知道阅读可以对一个人产生影响。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①If you do so, it will make a great difference. ②You can make a difference(different) if you have a strong will and never gave up. 句型转换 ③It's quite different which you choose. →It makes a big difference which you choose. 知识点5 equal adj. 相等的；平等的；相当的 n. 同等的人(物) linking v. 与……相等 vt. 比得上 【教材原句】Of equal importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude. 同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能和积极的态度。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 (1)be equal to (doing) sth. 等于/胜任(做)某事 (2)equal sb./sth.(in...) (在……方面)比得上，与……匹敌；与……相等 (3)without (an) equal 无人可比的 (4)equally adv. 同样地；平等地 equality n. 相等；平等 【巧学助记】 等同，相等 胜任 【写作佳句】I think I am equal to the job because I can communicate with foreigners in English.   我认为我能胜任这项工作, 因为我能够用英语与外国人交流。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally(equal) contact(联系) and share with one another. ②I don’t think he is equal to doing(do) this kind of work, so I can’t hire him. 翻译句子 ③None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer. →None of us is equal to her, either in beauty or as a dancer. 知识点6 responsible adj. 有责任，负责；可靠的 【教材原句】Senior high school will help you learn and grow, yet you alone are responsible for realizing your great potential. 高中会帮助你们学习和成长，但能为发挥你们的巨大潜能负责的只有你们自己。　(教材p3) 【拓展】 (1)be responsible for sth. 对某事负责任；是某事的原因 be responsible to sb. 向某人负责任 (2)responsibility n. 责任，义务 It is one's responsibility to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 take responsibility for 为……负责 (3)responsibly adv. 明事理地；可信赖地 【写作佳句】You are an adult now and you need to take responsibility for your actions.现在你是成年人了，你需要对自己的行为负责。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It's your responsibility to inform(inform) us of any changes. ②You can leave the children with Jane, and she is very responsible to them. 翻译句子 ③Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer. →Cigarette smoking takes responsibility for about 90% of deaths from lung cancer. 知识点7 focus n. 焦点，重点vt. & vi. 集中 【教材原句】Setting goals gives you a focus in life.设定目标会让你的生活有重点。　(教材p6) 【拓展】 (1)the focus of　　 ……的焦点 (2)focus on sb. /sth. 聚焦; 把注意力集中于…… focus one’s attention on sb. /sth. 把某人的注意力集中于…… (3)focused adj. 注意力集中的; 目标明确的 【名师点津】表示“集中(注意力、精力等)于……”的短语还有：pay attention to sth.；put one's heart into sth.；fix one's attention on sth.；concentrate one's attention on sth.等。 【写作佳句】I’m happy that I have focused on learning oral English and practiced a lot.  我很高兴我一直专注于学习英语口语，并进行了大量的练习。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The news about the disease is always the focus of us. ②It will help you become more patient and focused(focus). 翻译句子 ③I can’t focus on my study, a group of people dancing on the square downstairs.   一群人在楼下的广场上跳舞, 我难以集中精力学习。 知识点8 base vt. 以……为基础(依据)n. 根据; 基础; 基底; 总部, 大本营 【教材原句】Instead, you should set goals based on your abilities and skills. 反而, 你应该基于你的能力和技能来设定目标。　(教材p7) 【拓展】 (1)base. . . on. . . 　　 把……建立在……之上 be based on 基于; 以……为基础 (2)as a base for 作为……基础/基地 (3)basic adj. 基本的; 基础的 (4) basically adv. 基本上 【写作佳句】 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I think we should base our choice on our own interest.   ②A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based(base) on trust.   翻译句子 ③The novel was based on a true story and it attracted many readers. →Based on a true story, the novel attracted many readers. (过去分词短语作状语) →The novel based on a true story attracted many readers. (过去分词短语作定语) 知识点9 remind vt. 提醒, 使想起 【教材原句】This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.　(教材p7) 【拓展】 (1)remind. . . of. . . 　 使……想起……; 提醒…… remind sb. that. . . 提醒某人…… remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 (2)reminder n. 引起回忆的事物; 提醒人的事物 【知识延伸】v. + sb. +of sth. 短语集合 cure sb. of sth. 　　 治好某人的病 accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事 cheat sb. of sth. 骗取某人某物 inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 【写作佳句】What the teacher said reminds me of the saying—where there is a will, there is a way. 老师的话让我想起了“有志者，事竟成”这句谚语。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①They will teach many traffic regulations to remind us to pay(pay)attention to traffic safety.   ②I chose it as a gift to show my appreciation and as a reminder(remind) of my unforgettable time here with you. 翻译句子 ③The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans are. 当你站在山顶时, 你看到的滚滚云海会提醒你我们人类是多么渺小。 知识点10 proposal n. 提议, 建议, 动议 【教材原句】Give the signed proposal to Mr. Zhou.把签过字的提议给周老师。　(教材p9) 【拓展】 (1)put forward a proposal 提出一项建议 proposal that ... (should) do ... 建议…… (2)propose doing sth.　建议做某事 that从句用虚拟语气，从句中谓语动词用should＋do形式 【名师点津】 proposal + that从句 proposal后接that引导的同位语从句或表语从句以及propose后接that引导的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气, 即should do, should可以省略。相同用法的动词还有: suggest, advise, order, demand等。 【写作佳句】Our proposal is that we should set up a Chinese painting club.  我们的建议是成立一个国画俱乐部。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Our proposal(propose) is that we should set up a Chinese painting club.   ②He proposed changing(change) the name of the company. 翻译句子 ③我们提议我们学校的每个学生至少捐两本书。 We make a proposal that each student in our school donate at least 2 books.   →We propose that each student in our school donate at least 2 books. 知识点11 aim n. 目标；目的 vt. & vi. 瞄准；(向某方向)努力；对准；目的在于 【教材原句】Last year, I had the chance to study at a British secondary school as an exchange student. 去年，我有机会作为一名交换生在英国的一所中学学习。　(教材p9) 【拓展】 •with the aim of 有……的目的 •aim sth. at sb./sth. 用某物朝向/瞄准某人或某物 •aim to do/at doing... 旨在做……；力求达到…… •be aimed at 目的是；旨在 【写作佳句】I am writing with the aim of expressing my heartfelt gratitude to you. 我写信的目的是向您表示衷心的感谢。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①He walked aimlessly(aim) along street after street, head down and shoulders bowed. ②These measures are aimed at offering our customers a good eating.  同义句转换 ③A crosscountry running race was held with the aim of building up students’ health. →A crosscountry running race was held, which was aimed at building up students health. 知识点12 exchange n. & vt. 交换；交流；兑换 【教材原句】Last year, I had the chance to study at a British secondary school as an exchange student. 去年，我有机会作为一名交换生在英国的一所中学学习。　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)an exchange student 交换生 in exchange (for ...) 作为交换(……) (2)exchange sth. for sth. 用某物交换某物 exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物 【写作佳句】In the activity, we will exchange ideas about the learning methods with the exchange students. 在活动中，我们将和这些交换生就学习方法交换看法。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I’ve offered to cook for them in exchange for a week’s accommodation. ②I'd like to exchange this dress for one of a smaller size. 翻译句子 ③I prefer to exchange ideas with my classmates rather than attend a boring lecture after school. I prefer exchanging ideas with my classmates to attending a boring lecture after school. 知识点13 alarm n. 闹钟；恐慌；警报；警报器 vt. 使惊恐，使害怕 【教材原句】I like it so much that I still use it as my alarm! 我非常喜欢它，所以我还用它当闹钟！　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)alarmed adj. 受惊的，惊恐的 be alarmed at/by ... 被……吓一跳 (2)alarming adj. 惊人的；令人担忧的 (3)alarm clock 闹钟 sound/give/raise the alarm 发出警报；敲警钟 in alarm 惊慌地 【写作佳句】Carson’s message was very alarming, causing a great increase in environmental awareness. 卡森所述的事实让人们十分担忧，大大提升了人们保护环境的意识。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Alarmed(alarm) by the sharp fall of the stock market, thousands of stockholders sold out their stocks at a sacrifice. ②The rainforests are disappearing at an alarming(alarm) rate. 完成句子 ③“你都干了些什么？”埃利惊恐地喊道。 “What have you done?” Ellie cried in alarm. 知识点14 contribution n. 贡献；捐款；捐赠 【教材原句】Class discussion is very important in the UK, but I could not make a great contribution... 在英国，课堂讨论很重要，但我能做的贡献不多……　(教材p11) 【拓展】 (1)make a contribution/contributions to 对……做出贡献 (2)contribute vt. 捐助(金钱、物品等)；贡献(时间、精力等)vi.有助于；促成 contribute sth. to 向……捐献/捐赠/捐助；向……投稿 contribute to 有助于；导致；把时间投入到…… 【写作佳句】I’m confident that as long as each of us makes a contribution to the ocean protection，the ocean will be more beautiful. 我相信，只要我们每个人都对海洋保护做出贡献，海洋就会更加美丽。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①China will make its utmost efforts and contribution to addressing(address) climate change in light of actual possibilities. ②Nowadays, playing computer games too much contributes to many health problems. 句型转换 ③Less exercise leads to his bad health. →Less exercise contributes to his bad health. 二、语法清单 句子成分和句子结构 【感知·语法规律】 观察以下课文原句并判断下列句子属于哪个基本句型 1. The tips below may help you. (C) 2. When you do so, they will seem easier to reach. (B) 3. This will also give you the encouragement to achieve your long-term goal. (D) 4. You can place the list on your bedside table. (G) 5. You may find achieving goals difficult. (E) 6. But you should not give up. (A) 7. You will succeed in the end. (F) A. SV　主语+谓语 B. SVP　主语+连系动词+表语 C. SVO　主语+谓语+宾语 D. SVOO主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 E. SVOC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 F. SVA　主语+谓语+状语 G. SVOA主语+谓语+宾语+状语 【精讲·语法知识】 一、 句子成分 英语句子的基本成分有七种: 主语(subject)、谓语(verb)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attributive)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。 1. 主语 句子的描述对象即为句子的主语。主语通常位于句子前面(部分)，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句充当。 2. 谓语 谓语，对主语进行描述，通常位于句子后面(部分)，谓语部分的核心词必须由动词充当，必须体现为某一时态形式。 3. 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。故宾语一般放在及物动词之后。另外，介词后也会跟宾语。宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式及从句等充当。 4. 表语 表语在系动词之后，是用来说明主语的。表语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。 5. 定语 定语是用来修饰名词、代词的，常译为“……的”。单个词汇作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前，故称之为前置定语；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后，故称之为后置定语。定语通常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)及从句等充当。 6. 补语 补语分为主语补语和宾语补语，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。通常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词及介词短语充当。 7. 状语 状语表示谓语行为的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况等。通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。 【经典练】 1. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday. 2. Our hard work will finally be rewarded. 3. I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year. 4. I find my room clean and tidy. 5. I would like to give you some suggestions. 6. They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully. 7. We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon. 8. The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital. 9. What you said just now didn’t make me happy. 10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 【答案】 1. 状语 2. 主语 3. 宾语 4. 宾语补足语 5. 直接宾语 6. 状语 7. 宾语 8. 表语 9. 主语 10. 形式主语,真正的主语 【解析】 1. 考查状语。句意：它将于下周五下午3点至5点在学校演讲厅举行。It 作主语；will be held作谓语；in the school lecture hall 作地点状语；from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. 作时间状语；next Friday 作时间状语。故填状语。 2. 考查主语。句意：我们的努力工作最后会被回报的。Our hard work作主语；will  be rewarded 作谓语；finally作状语。故填主语。 3. 考查宾语。句意：我在去年的英语演讲比赛中赢得了一等奖。I 作主语；won作谓语；first prize作宾语；in the English Speech Competition作地点状语；last year作时间状语。故填宾语。 4. 考查宾语补足语。句意：我发现我的房间干净整洁。I 作主语；find 作谓语；my room作宾语；clean and tidy 作宾语补足语。故填宾语补足语。 5. 考查直接宾语。句意：我想给你一些建议。I作主语；would like to give 作谓语；you作间接宾语；some suggestions作直接宾语。故填直接宾语。 6. 考查状语。句意：他们应该利用业余时间仔细品尝这些美妙的作品。They作主语；should make use of 作谓语；their spare time作宾语；to taste these wonderful works carefully作目的状语。故填状语。 7. 考查宾语。句意：我们真诚希望您的健康会很快改善。We作主语；hope作谓语；that your health will improve soon整个句子作hope的宾语。故填宾语。 8. 考查表语。句意：问题是没人知道这个新医院的地址。The question作主语；is 作谓语；that no one knows the location of the new hospital整个句子作表语。故填表语。 9. 考查主语。句意：你刚才所说的没有使我开心。What you said just now作整个主句的主语；didn’t make 作谓语；me作宾语；happy作宾语补足语。故填主语。 10. 考查。代词和不定式结构。句意：保持教室干净整洁是我们的责任。句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后文的不定式结构。故答案为形式主语和真正主语。 二、 句子结构 常见的句子结构(sentence structures)有以下八种: 1. 主谓: 主语＋谓语(SV) 在此句型中，谓语动词为不及物动词，不能接宾语，但能表达完整的意义。 2. 主谓宾: 主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO) 在此句型中谓语动词为及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词，它必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能表达一个完整的意思。 3. 主系表: 主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP) 在此句型中的谓语动词是系动词，后面必须接表语才能表达完整的意义。 4. 主谓宾宾: 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO) 此句型中的谓语动词带两个宾语(双宾语)，前一个为间接宾语(通常指人)，后一个为直接宾语(通常指物)。 [名师点津]句子结构可以是: “主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾”或“主＋谓＋直宾＋to/for＋间宾”。 5. 主谓宾补: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC) 此句型中的谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词，也就是说，这些动词除了有一个直接宾语外，还要加上宾语补语，句子的意义才能完整。 [名师点津]可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语: 如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，则该动词接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。 6. 主谓状: 主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA) 在此句型中，谓语动词也为不及物动词，但其后必须带有状语，否则结构不全，意义不完整。 7. 主谓宾状: 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA) 在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后不但必须有宾语，而且宾语之后必须带状语，否则结构不全，意义不明确。 8. 存现句: 引导词there引导的句子 所谓存现句，就是表示某处存在某人或某物，其基本结构是there be...，所以存现句在通常情况下指的就是there be句型。there be句型中的there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化。there be后面的名词为句子主语。 [名师点津]there在该结构中是个引导词，本身无词义。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be要和后面的就近的主语在单复数方面保持一致。 【经典练】　 分析句子成分并写出基本句型 A. 主谓结构     B. 主谓宾结构    C. 主系表结构     D. 主谓宾宾结构 E. 主谓宾宾补结构     F. 主谓状结构     G. 主谓宾状结构    H. There be 句型 1. We must act. 2. I miss my grandma. 3. He talked too much. 4. He told us a funny story. 5. The teacher was kind and friendly. 6. There’s is a lot to explore at senior high. 7. Tim and his classmates are living on a ship. 8. I had my first maths class at senior high school. 9. I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 10. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea. 【答案】 1. A 2. B 3. F 4. D 5. C 6. H 7. F 8. G 9. E 10. C 【解析】 1. 考查句子结构。句意：我们必须采取行动。We“我们”是主语，must act“必须行动”是谓语，此句是主谓结构。故填A。 2. 考查句子结构。句意：我想念我的奶奶。I“我”是主语，miss“想念”是谓语，my grandma“我的奶奶”是宾语，此句是主谓宾结构。故填B。 3. 考查句子结构。句意：他说话太多了。He“他”是主语，talked“说”是谓语，too much“太多”是副词短语作状语，修饰谓语talked，此句是主谓状结构。故填F。 4. 考查句子结构。句意：他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。He“他”是主语，told“告诉”是谓语，us“我们”是间接宾语，a funny story“一个有趣的故事”是直接宾语，此句是主谓宾宾结构。故填D。 5. 考查句子结构。句意：老师很和蔼友善。The teacher“老师”是主语，was是系动词，形容词短语kind and friendly“和蔼友善的”是表语，此句是主系表结构，故填C。 6. 考查句子结构。句意：在高中有很多值得探索的东西。此句是There be句型，表示“有……”，主语是a lot“很多事物”，不定式短语to explore是后置定语，修饰主语a lot，at senior high“在高中”是介词短语作地点状语。故填H。 7. 考查句子结构。句意：蒂姆和他的同学们住在一艘船上。Tim and his classmates“蒂姆和他的同学”是主语，are living“正在居住”是谓语，介词短语on a ship“在一艘船上”是地点状语，此句是主谓状结构。故填F。 8. 考查句子结构。句意：我在高中上了第一节数学课。I“我”是主语，had“有”是谓语，my first maths class“我的第一节数学课”是宾语，介词短语at senior high school“在高中”是地点状语，此句是主谓宾状结构。故填G。 9. 考查句子结构。句意：我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好且乐于助人。I“我”是主语，found“发现”是谓语，most of my classmates and teachers“我的大多数同学和老师”是宾语，形容词短语friendly and helpful“友好且乐于助人的”是宾语补足语，此句是主谓宾宾补结构。故填E。 10. 考查句子结构。句意：当你在海上时，学习和做作业似乎变得更加有趣。动名词短语Studying and doing homework“学习和做作业”是主语，seem“似乎”是系动词，much more fun“更有趣”是表语，when you are at sea“当你在海上时”是时间状语从句，此句是主系表结构。故填C。 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 关于新俱乐部的提案 本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于新俱乐部的提案。提案是一种正式的建议或计划，它的目的是让更多的读者同意并参与你的计划。提案的结构如下：第一段：引出话题，目的；第二段：提出具体建议；第三段：提出希望。一份好的提案应该注意把握三点： (1)提案一般由标题、正文、结尾三个部分组成，正文包括提案的类型、目的、活动计划、注意事项、宣传方式等； (2) 了使提案易于阅读，需要把不同类型的信息进行分类； (3)提案的语言表达要简短、真诚、正式；表达多使用祈使句和动词不定式等。 【积累·写作素材】 (1)活动目的 ①To help the students know more about plants, we decide to set up a Nature Club.为了帮助学生更多地了解植物，我们决定成立一个自然俱乐部。 ②To provide an opportunity to make friends, we decide to start a Football Club.为了提供一个交友的机会，我们决定成立一个足球俱乐部。 ③To improve reading and writing skills, a Book Lover Club was set up by our teacher.为了提高阅读和写作技能，我们的老师成立了一个爱书人俱乐部。 (2)活动计划 ①We'll have an outing to our school botanical garden and learn the diversity of plants. 我们会去学校的植物园郊游，了解植物的多样性。 ②Read a short story that we like every Saturday afternoon每周六下午读一个我们喜欢的短篇小说。 ③Meet on weekends to communicate with each other in English.周末见面，用英语互相交流。 ④Organize students to do some volunteer work.组织学生做一些志愿工作。 (3)宣传方式 ①Put up a notice on the school website to inform the ballet lovers of joining the club. 校网站上张贴通知，通知芭蕾舞爱好者加入俱乐部。 ②Make posters and put them up around the school.制作海报并在学校周围张贴。 1. I’m glad to hear the news that you want to…. 2. I’m writing to offer my proposals since you are seeking help for… 3. It’s important to appeal to more students to… 4. It’s a great idea to make the most of … 5. ... should be designed carefully… 6. I sincerely hope that…(2)That’s all I want to say about this point.关于这一点，我就讲这些。 【示例·分步写作】 假定你是李华，请根据下面的提示写关于成立英语阅读俱乐部的提议。 1. 俱乐部的名称: 第一中学英语阅读俱乐部 2. 俱乐部的负责人: 李华 3. 活动时间: 每周日下午2点到4点 4. 成立的目的: 提高学生的英语阅读能力 5. 活动的内容: 朗读英语短文；学生讨论；背诵英语短文；个人展示 6. 招收新成员的方式: 张贴海报，在网站上发出通知 注意: 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 应用文-提案(建立俱乐部)。 人称 以第一人称为主 时态 一般现在时和一般将来时为主 框架 第一段：建立俱乐部的目的。 第二段：主要活动的内容。 第三段：其他相关事项，祝愿和问候。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 词汇翻译 ①提高学生的阅读理解能力 improve the students' reading comprehension ②积极参加take an active part in ③背诵文章recite the articles ④对……自信be confident about ⑤在有限的时间里in the limited time 2. 句子翻译 ①学生对英语很自信。 Students are confident about their English. ②鼓励学生积极参加英语活动。 Encourage the students to take an active part in activities about English. ③你被要求在有限的时间(每人五分钟之内)表达你自己的意见。 You are asked to express yourself in the limited time (5 minutes/each). ④需要把通知登在校报和网站上。 Notice needs to be put in the school newspaper and on the school website. 第三步：词句升级 ⑤用“make＋宾语＋宾语补语”结构和不定式表示目的改写句①。 To make the students confident about their English ⑥用participate in替换，将句②改成不定式表示目的。 To encourage the students to participate in activities about English ⑦将句③改成祈使句。 Express yourself in the limited time (5 minutes/each). ⑧用put开头将句④改成祈使句。 Put a notice in the school newspaper and on the school website. 第四步：连句成篇 Proposal for a reading club Club name: No.1 Middle School Reading Club Club leader: Li Hua Meeting time: Sunday afternoon from 2: 00 to 4: 00 Club aims: ●To improve the students' reading comprehension； ●To make the students more confident about their English； ●To encourage the students to take an active part in activities about English； ●To help the students use English freely. Plan for each meeting: ●Read and recite an English article (15 minutes)； ●Read 4－5 English articles and finish off some exercises (40 minutes)； ●Check the answers and have a discussion (35 minutes)； ●Have a summary (15 minutes)； ●Express yourself in the limited time (5 minutes/each). Materials needed: Paper and pen for each student Plan for finding new members: ● Make posters and put them up around the school； ●Put a notice in the school newspaper and on the school website. Signed: Li Hua ( 20 / 20 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$