专题 S309 阅读理解之人文&科技-【弯道超车-备战毕业班】2025年 高中英语新高三 暑假自学培优提升学案（全国通用）

新高三毕业班·衔接讲义 专题 S309 阅读理解之人文&科技 暑假自习提升（全国通用） 内 容 提 要 考点速览 思维导图，把握考点框架 精讲精练 讲练结合，梳理关键考点 难点突破 突出重难点，全面提升能力 真题演练 感受真题，快速突破壁垒 一、说明文核心特点 内容特征 聚焦自然现象（如地下水升温成因）、科学原理（像蝙蝠 “baby talk” 交流机制）、技术应用（例如 AI 教学对课堂的改变 ）等知识传播，用客观事实构建内容体系，传递专业领域信息。 结构特征 以总分结构为主流，首段常 “开门见山” 点明说明对象与核心观点，如《绿色建筑的节能奥秘》首段即揭示 “绿色建筑通过多技术实现低碳运行”；段落内部多有主旨句，或在段首总领、或在段尾总结，辅助读者快速抓取段落核心。 语言特征 专业术语密集，如 “生态系统（ecosystem）”“人工智能（artificial intelligence）” 等，保证内容严谨性；说明方法多样，举例子（如用 “某中学引入 AI 教学后，学生成绩提升 15%” 说明技术效果 ）、列数据（“地下水升温速率达每年 0.5℃” ）、作比较（“传统建筑能耗是绿色建筑的 3 倍” ）等，让抽象知识具象化。 二、四大核心考点与解题要点 考点一：细节理解题 命题规律 在列举信息（如 “绿色建筑采用的三项节能技术：太阳能板、隔热材料、智能系统” ）、例证阐述（以某建筑为例说明节能效果 ）、转折对比（“传统建筑高能耗，而绿色建筑……” ）处设题，考查对精准信息的抓取。 解题关键 定位原文：圈出题干关键词（如 “绿色建筑节能技术” ），快速扫读文本找对应段落；同义替换识别：选项常对原文词汇改写，如原文 “solar panels”，选项用 “solar - energy devices” 表述，需判断是否表意一致。 例题 原文：Bats use “baby talk” — simplified, high - pitched versions of adult calls — to teach pups new foraging sounds. In a study, researchers observed bat colonies, recording the communication between mothers and pups. 题目：How do bats teach their pups foraging sounds? 选项： A. By using complex adult - like calls. B. Through simplified, high - pitched “baby talk”. C. Via loud, long - distance screams. D. With quiet, short - range whispers. 解析：题干关键词 “teach pups foraging sounds” 定位到原文 “use ‘baby talk’ — simplified, high - pitched versions...” ，B 选项 “simplified, high - pitched ‘baby talk’” 与原文同义，选 B；A “complex adult - like” 与 “simplified” 矛盾，C“loud, long - distance”、D“quiet, short - range” 原文未提及。 考点二：语意猜测题 命题规律 考查生词（如 “replicate” ）、代词指代（“this process” 指代前文的建筑节能流程 ）等，需结合语境破解语义。 解题关键 上下文语境：看词汇前后句子的解释、举例，如 “Replicate every human — scientists are trying to make robots do this, meaning copy human actions.” ，“meaning” 后直接诠释词义；构词法辅助：前缀 “re -”（重复、再 ）、后缀 “- ate”（使…… ），辅助猜测 “replicate” 与 “复制” 相关。 例题 原文：Scientists aim to replicate every human action with robots, hoping to create assistants that can handle daily tasks. 题目：What does “replicate” mean in the text? 选项： A. Ignore B. Copy C. Change D. Destroy 解析：后文 “meaning copy human actions” 直接解释，“replicate” 意为 “复制” ，选 B；A “忽略”、C “改变”、D “摧毁” 均与语境不符。 考点三：推理判断题 命题规律 要求推断细节隐含信息（如从 “绿色建筑成本高 30%” 推断推广难点 ）、文章来源（是 “科技杂志” 还是 “文学文摘” ）等，需基于原文逻辑合理推导。 解题关键 忠于原文：不主观臆断，以文本信息为依据；逻辑关联：梳理事件因果、对比关系，如从 “AI 教学使课堂互动增加，学生参与度提升” ，推断 “AI 对教学模式有积极影响” 。 例题 原文：Green buildings use solar panels, advanced insulation, and smart systems. They reduce energy consumption by 50% compared to traditional buildings. 题目：Where is this text most likely from? 选项： A. A fashion magazine B. A science journal C. A travel guide D. A storybook 解析：文章围绕绿色建筑的科学技术（太阳能板、智能系统等 ）及数据说明，属于科技范畴，选 B；A “时尚杂志”、C “旅游指南”、D “故事书” 均不匹配内容主题。 考点四：主旨大意题 命题规律 聚焦对整体内容的提炼，常要求概括段落核心（如某段围绕绿色建筑哪种节能技术展开，说明其原理与优势 ） 或全文标题（需涵盖说明对象、核心关联内容 ） ，考查对文本的宏观把控与归纳能力。 解题关键 首尾段聚焦：说明文开篇多 “直切主题”，首段点明说明对象（如 “研究揭示肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” ）与核心方向；末段可能补充意义、总结结论（如 “该发现为设备优化提供依据” ），二者结合锁定主旨范围。 段落整合：提取各段关键词（研究背景、实验对象、过程、数据、结论等 ），梳理逻辑关联，提炼共性。若围绕 “肤色与可穿戴设备”，需整合 “肤色差异→实验验证→数据偏差→结论建议” 完整链条。 例题 原文： Studies show skin color affects wearable device data. Researchers have long noticed that devices like smartwatches might not work the same for everyone. To explore this, a team of scientists carried out experiments. They tested blood oxygen monitors on people with different skin tones — from very light to very dark. During the tests, they found that darker skin often caused inaccuracies in readings. For example, on dark - skinned participants, the devices sometimes showed lower blood oxygen levels than actual values. In contrast, light - skinned people had more accurate results. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that skin color plays a significant role in the performance of wearable health devices. They suggested future designs should account for these differences to ensure fairness and accuracy for all users. 题目：Which is the best title for the text? 选项： A. Wearable Devices: New Fashion Trends B. Skin Color and Wearable Device Accuracy C. How to Improve Wearable Devices D. The History of Wearable Device Development 解析： 第一步（首尾聚焦 ）：首段 “Studies show skin color affects wearable device data” 直接点明核心关联 —— 肤色与可穿戴设备数据的关系；末段 “suggested future designs should account for these differences” 强化 “肤色影响设备准确性，需优化” 的结论，锁定主旨围绕 “肤色” 和 “设备准确性” 展开。 第二步（段落整合 ）： o 第 1 段：提出 “肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” 研究主题，及 “开展不同肤色测试” 的实验背景； o 第 2 段：通过 “深色皮肤测试数据偏差、浅色皮肤相对准确” 的实验过程与结果，论证 “肤色影响设备准确性”； o 第 3 段：基于实验，得出 “肤色对设备性能有显著影响，需优化设计” 的结论。 整合后，全文围绕 “肤色如何影响可穿戴设备数据准确性” 展开，关键词为 “skin color”“wearable device”“accuracy” 。 选项分析： o A 选项 “New Fashion Trends”（时尚趋势 ）：原文未提可穿戴设备的时尚属性，偏离核心，排除； o B 选项 “Skin Color and Wearable Device Accuracy”（肤色与可穿戴设备准确性 ）：精准覆盖 “肤色”“设备”“准确性” 三大核心关键词，与段落整合的主旨一致，当选； o C 选项 “How to Improve Wearable Devices”（如何改进可穿戴设备 ）：原文仅在末段提及 “建议未来设计考虑肤色差异”，未详细讲 “改进方法”，属于局部内容，不能概括全文，排除； o D 选项 “The History of Wearable Device Development”（可穿戴设备发展历史 ）：全文聚焦 “肤色与设备数据的关系”，未涉及设备发展历程，排除。 指导：做主旨题时，先抓首尾段明确核心方向，再逐段提取关键信息（实验背景、过程、结论等 ），整合出完整逻辑链。对比选项时，判断是否覆盖全文核心关联（如 “肤色” 和 “设备准确性” ），排除仅提局部内容（如 “改进设备” ）或无关信息（如 “时尚趋势”“发展历史” ）的干扰项。 三、解题步骤与技巧 （一）快速浏览全文 操作：读首段明确说明对象（如 “本文讲绿色建筑节能” ），扫读各段首句，抓取段落主题（“太阳能板应用”“隔热材料优势” 等 ），50 - 60 秒完成，构建文章框架。 技巧：标记关键信息，如说明对象名称、核心研究结论（“肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” ），辅助后续解题定位。 例题辅助（以 “绿色建筑” 为例 ）：首段 “Green buildings are revolutionizing energy efficiency...” 点明主题，段首句 “Solar panels: key to energy collection”“Insulation materials: reducing heat loss” ，快速标记后，对文章围绕 “绿色建筑节能手段” 说明一目了然。 （二）审清题干要求 操作：明确题目类型（细节、语意、推理、主旨 ），确定解题方向；识别题干关键词（如人名、专有名词、数据 ），明确要找的信息。 技巧：圈出 “explain”（语意题 ）、“infer”（推理题 ）等词，区分题型；对 “bat pups”“green buildings’ energy - saving rate” 等关键词重点标注。 例题辅助：题干 “What does ‘replicate’ mean?” ，圈出 “mean” 识别为语意题，关键词 “replicate” ，解题时直奔词汇所在句及上下文。 （三）定位原文信息 操作：带着关键词回原文，逐段扫读找对应内容，关注同义替换表述（如原文 “energy - saving” ，选项用 “energy - efficient” ）。 技巧：利用段落结构，主旨句、举例前 / 后常是考点；注意逻辑词（but、however 表转折，是细节题常设点 ）。 例题辅助：题干关键词 “bat pups foraging sounds” ，回原文找 “bats teach pups new foraging sounds” 所在段落，快速定位到研究描述部分，精准找答案依据。 （四）对比分析选项 操作：逐一比对选项与原文，排除干扰项。 技巧：警惕 “绝对化表述”（如 “all”“never” ，原文多为 “some”“sometimes” ）；识别 “无中生有”（选项内容原文未提及 ）；确认 “同义替换合理”（词汇改写但表意一致 ）。 例题辅助：选项 “ A. By using complex adult - like calls.” ，原文是 “simplified... calls” ，“complex” 与 “simplified” 矛盾，直接排除；选项内容与原文不符的，均可依此筛除。 四、难点突破策略 （一）长难句分析 方法细则：面对长难句，分三步拆解 —— 1. 找主干：优先识别句子核心动作（主谓宾）或状态（主系表），这是理解句意的基础； 2. 拆修饰：定语从句（常由 that/which 引导）、状语（时间 / 地点 / 原因等）、插入语（逗号 / 破折号隔开的补充内容）属于修饰成分，可暂时忽略； 3. 理逻辑：梳理主句与从句的因果、转折等关系，还原完整语义。 示例： 原文长难句：“Meira, a determined surfer who had overcome multiple setbacks, flew to Hawaii for an operation that was so successful that she eventually stood up and learned to move with crutches.” 拆分步骤： ① 主干：Meira flew to Hawaii for an operation（梅拉前往夏威夷做手术）； ② 插入语 / 定语：“a determined surfer who had overcome multiple setbacks”（一位克服诸多挫折的坚定冲浪者，补充 Meira 身份）； ③ 定语从句：“that was so successful”（说明手术性质 —— 成功）； ④ 结果状语从句：“that she eventually stood up...”（手术成功带来的结果 —— 站起来用拐杖行走）。 解题应用：若题目问 “Meira 去夏威夷的目的及结果”，通过拆分可知，目的是 “做手术”，结果是 “手术成功后能站起来”。若选项出现 “Meira 为度假去夏威夷”（偏离主干 “做手术”）、“手术失败导致残疾”（与结果状语矛盾），可直接排除，快速锁定 “手术成功助力康复” 相关正确选项。 （二）专业术语理解 方法细则：分两类场景应对 —— 1. 上下文解释型：关注术语前后的 “即、也就是说、例如” 等提示词，或举例、定义性语句。比如文中说 “Ecosystems, like forests and oceans, are complex communities of living organisms.”，通过 “forests and oceans” 的举例，可理解 “ecosystems” 是 “生态系统”； 2. 构词法辅助型：利用词根、词缀推测。如 “artificial”（人工的）+“intelligence”（智能）→“artificial intelligence”（人工智能）；“bio-”（生物）+“technology”（技术）→“biotechnology”（生物技术） 。 示例： 原文：“The research focuses on groundwater recharge, a process where rainwater replenishes underground aquifers, and its impact on local ecosystems.” 术语拆解： ① “groundwater”：词根 “ground”（地面）+“water”（水）→地下水； ② “aquifers”：结合上下文 “rainwater replenishes underground...”（雨水补充地下……），可推测是 “地下蓄水层”（也可通过构词辅助：aqui - 与水相关，-fer 有 “承载” 意，即 “承载水的地下结构” ）。 解题应用：若题目问 “groundwater recharge 对生态系统的作用”，先通过术语理解，明确是 “雨水补充地下蓄水层的过程”，再结合后文 “impact on local ecosystems”，判断该过程与生态系统的关联（如维持水源、影响生物生存等）。遇到 “aquifers” 这类陌生词，通过构词 + 语境，可快速关联 “地下蓄水结构”，避免因术语卡壳错题。 （三）推理过度防范 方法细则：遵循 “三步走” 原则 —— 1. 找原文依据：推理的每一步必须有文本明确提及的信息支撑，杜绝 “我觉得、可能” 的主观联想； 2. 限定范围：结论要严格匹配原文的 “时间、地点、主体、条件”。比如原文说 “某绿色建筑在温带地区节能 40%”，不能推出 “所有地区绿色建筑都节能 40%”； 3. 验证必然性：推导结论时，反问 “是否 100% 成立？有没有其他可能性？”，若存在不确定，即为过度推断。 示例： 原文：“In a small town, green buildings reduced residents’ electricity bills by 40% due to energy - saving designs. However, these designs rely on ample sunlight, which the town has in abundance.” 推理验证： ① 依据原文：“green buildings reduced bills by 40%”（绿色建筑降电费 40%）+“designs rely on ample sunlight”（设计依赖充足阳光）； ② 合理推理：“该小镇绿色建筑因节能设计和充足阳光，实现电费降低”（限定 “小镇、依赖阳光” 条件）； ③ 过度推断：“所有绿色建筑都能降电费 40%”（忽略 “小镇阳光充足” 的特殊条件）；“绿色建筑设计无需考虑阳光”（与原文 “rely on ample sunlight” 矛盾）。 解题应用：若题目问 “从原文可推出什么”，选项 “绿色建筑能普遍降低电费 40%”，因未限定 “小镇、阳光充足” 条件，属于过度推断；而 “该小镇绿色建筑的节能设计与当地阳光条件相关”，则紧扣原文依据，是合理结论。解题时，用 “是否限定条件、是否有原文支撑” 验证选项，可有效规避主观臆想。 五、复习提升建议 （一）专题训练 建议：按考点分类练习，如每天 1 篇侧重细节理解的说明文，强化定位、同义替换识别能力；隔天练语意猜测、推理题，针对性突破。 （二）错题分析 建议：整理错题，标注错误类型（如 “定位偏差”“语意理解错” ），分析错因（是词汇没掌握还是逻辑没理清 ），定期复盘，同类题强化训练。 （三）限时训练 建议：模拟考试节奏，每篇说明文阅读限时 6 - 8 分钟，训练快速读文、精准解题的速度与效率，适应考场时间压力。 （四）词汇积累 建议：整理高频学术词汇（如 “ecosystem”“artificial”“replicate” ）、说明文专属短语（“in conclusion”“for example” ），通过造句、阅读语境巩固，提升语言基础。 真题速递 Passage 1 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 1. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 2. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 3. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 2. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 4. What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 3. 主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 名校模拟 Passage 3 （2025·四川绵阳·三模）Nursing homes have increasingly turned to robots to complete a variety of care tasks. A new study from a University of Notre Dame expert on the future of work finds that robot use is associated with increased employment and employee retention (留住), improved productivity and a higher quality of care. The research has important implications for the workplace and the long-term care industry. Yong Suk Lee, associate professor of technology, economy and global affairs, was the lead author for the study. “Our research focused on Japan because it is a super-aging society that provides a good example of what the future could involve elsewhere — a declining population, a growing share of senior citizens and a declining share of working-age people,” Lee said, “We need to be ready for this new reality.” In a future where there are more senior citizens requiring care, using robots in a targeted fashion could benefit workers and patients alike, Lee said. The study analyzed three types of robots that are increasingly used in assisted living facilities. Transfer robots, which nurses use to lift, move and rotate patients in beds and around rooms. Mobility robots, which patients use to move around and to bathe. Monitoring and communication robots, which include technologies such as computer vision and bed sensors that can record and examine patient data such as movement and share it with care providers. “We found that robot adoption aids care workers by reducing quit rates. This is important because employee turnover is a big concern in nursing homes. Workers typically experience a great deal of physical pain, particularly in their knees and back. The work is hard and the pay is low. So robot use was associated with employee retention.” Lee said, “Robots can improve productivity by shifting the tasks performed by care workers to those involving human touch, empathy and flexibility. Ultimately, robots can help workers provide a higher level of patient care.” “This research provides critical insights into how societies can successfully navigate the challenges of caring for aging populations,” Lee said. 1. Why did Yong Suk Lee focus his research on Japan? A．It encourages the elderly care industry. B．It has a sound foundation for robot nursing. C．Its super-aging society well reflects the trend. D．It owns the most advanced robots in the world. 2. What does the underlined word “rotate” in paragraph 3 mean? A．treat. B．examine. C．monitor. D．reposition. 3. Why does robot adoption reduce workers’ quit rates? A．It solves the issue of low pay. B．It eases their heavy working burden. C．It offers a good working environment. D．It helps to treat their occupational injuries. 4. What’s the passage mainly about? A．Japan’s exploration represents the care industry. B．High quality care for the elderly should be advocated. C．Nursing robots benefit staff retention and patient care. D．Robot adoption in nursing requires critical examination. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了护理机器人对养老院员工留存率和患者护理质量的积极影响。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段““Our research focused on Japan because it is a super-aging society that provides a good example of what the future could entail elsewhere-a declining population, a growing share of senior citizens and a declining share of working-age people,” Lee said. (“我们的研究集中在日本，因为它是一个超老龄化社会，为其他地方未来可能面临的情况提供了一个很好的例子——人口减少，老年人口比例增加，劳动年龄人口比例下降，”李说)”可知，Yong Suk Lee将研究集中在日本是因为其超老龄化社会很好地反映了趋势。故选C。 2. 词义猜测题型。根据第三段“Transfer robots, which nurses use to lift, move and rotate patients in beds and around rooms.(转运机器人，护士用它来在病床及房间周围抬起、移动和rotate病人)” 可知，“rotate”与“lift（抬起）”“move（移动）”并列，且与病人在病床及房间周围的动作相关，结合选项，可推测 “rotate” 意思为 “转动，改变位置”。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Workers typically experience a great deal of physical pain, particularly in their knees and back. The work is hard and the pay is low. So robot use was associated with employee retention. (工作人员通常会经历很多身体疼痛，尤其是膝盖和背部。工作很辛苦，工资也很低。因此，机器人的使用与员工留存率有关)”可知，机器人的使用降低了工人离职率是因为机器人减轻了工作人员的繁重工作负担。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study from a University of Notre Dame expert on the future of work finds that robot use is associated with increased employment and employee retention (留住), improved productivity and a higher quality of care. (圣母大学一位研究未来工作的专家的一项新研究发现，机器人的使用与就业增加、员工留存率提高、生产力提高和护理质量提高有关)”以及文章内容可知，全文围绕机器人如何通过提升员工留存率和患者护理质量来应对老龄化社会，重点强调其对这两方面的积极影响。选项C“护理机器人有利于员工保留和患者护理”全面概括主题。故选C。 Passage 4 （2025·广西·模拟预测）Here’s an all-too-familiar situation: You packed the night before for your week-long beach trip with enthusiasm. Luckily, you remembered all the essentials: socks, underwear and a phone charger, etc. But upon arrival, you realized that you had forgotten to grab your toothbrush. Actually, you can avoid this sort of awkwardness next time by using electronic devices, including smartphones. In a new study, researchers suggest that offloading important to-do items for example by setting reminders on your phone could bring glad tidings to less important items like your toothbrush. This practice can free up your memory for additional minor things. To demonstrate this, researchers developed a memory game to be played on a touchscreen computer. The test was undertaken by 158 volunteers aged between 18 and 71. Participants were shown up to 12 numbered circles on the screen, and had to remember to drag some of these to the left and some to the right. The number of circles that they remembered to drag to the correct side determined their rewards at the end of the experiment. One side was designated (指定) “high value”, meaning that remembering to drag a circle to this side was worth 10 times as much money as remembering to drag a circle to the other side. Participants performed this task 16 times. They had to use their own memory to remember for half of the trials and they were allowed to set reminders on the digital devices for the other half. The researchers found that participants tended to use the digital devices to store details of the high-value circles. And, when they did so, their memory for those circles was improved by 18%. “What is unexpected is that their memory for low-value circles was also improved by 27%, even in people who had never set any reminders for low-value circles,” said senior author, Sam Gilbert. However, when the researchers took those reminders away, the participants remembered the low-value circles better than the high-value ones. “We need to be careful when backing up the most important information — if a memory tool fails, we could be left with nothing but lower-importance information in our own memory,” Gilbert concluded. 1. What can be inferred from the situation described in paragraph 1? A．Our memory is easy to decline. B．Our memory is inaccurate occasionally. C．Our memory has an order of importance. D．Our memory has a preference for familiar things. 2. Which of the following can replace “bring glad tidings to” underlined in paragraph 2? A．Add up to. B．Take advantage of. C．Be favorable to. D．Be dependent on. 3. Which part of the findings surprised the researchers? A．People tend to prioritize resource-consuming tasks. B．Digital reminders harm our brain ability if used improperly. C．People offload high-value information on to external memory D．Digital reminders also enhance memory for low-value content. 4. What may Gilbert advise us to do? A．Have a change of memory tools regularly. B．Never rely too much on external memory aids. C．Remember to choose memory tools that suit us fine. D．Learn to sort high-value items from low-value ones. 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究表明，使用电子设备设置提醒存储重要事项能提升对重要和次要事项的记忆，但也提醒不能过度依赖外部记忆辅助。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Luckily, you remembered all the essentials: socks, underwear and a phone charger, etc. But upon arrival, you realized that you had forgotten to grab your toothbrush. (幸运的是，你记住了所有必需品：袜子、内衣和手机充电器等等。但到达后，你意识到你忘了拿牙刷)”可知，人们能记住必需品，却忘了不太重要的牙刷，说明我们的记忆有重要性的排序。故选C项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“In a new study, researchers suggest that offloading important to-do items for example by setting reminders on your phone could bring glad tidings to less important items like your toothbrush. This practice can free up your memory for additional minor things. (一项新研究表明，将重要待办事项(例如通过手机设置提醒)进行“记忆卸载”，或许能为你生活中的次要物品(比如牙刷)……。这种做法能为记忆腾出空间，容纳更多琐碎事项)”可知，使用电子设备设置提醒重要待办事项可以为记忆腾出空间，所以对记住像牙刷这类不太重要的物品是有好处的。故划线短语“bring glad tidings to”意思是“对……有利”，与C项“Be favorable to”同义。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“What is unexpected is that their memory for low value circles was also improved by 27%, even in people who had never set any reminders for low value circles (出乎意料的是，即使是那些从未为低价值圆圈设置过提醒的人，他们对低价值圆圈的记忆力也提高了27%)”可知，数字提醒也能增强对低价值内容的记忆这一发现让研究人员感到惊讶。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Gilbert的话“We need to be careful when backing up the most important information — if a memory tool fails, we could be left with nothing but lower importance information in our own memory (在备份最重要的信息时我们需要小心——如果一个记忆工具失效，我们自己的记忆中可能只剩下不太重要的信息)”可知，Gilbert提醒我们，如果记忆工具失效，我们可能就只记得一些不太重要的信息了。由此推知，他会建议我们不要过度依赖外部记忆辅助工具。故选B项。 Passage 5 （2025·江西新余·模拟预测）Nine months ago, some men entered the Amazon rainforest to install the Internet. The Marubo tribe — who have lived for centuries along the Itui river-had asked to be connected via Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite network, so they could call for help in life-threatening situations and stay in touch with relatives having moved away. “When it arrived, everyone was happy,” one of the Marubo elders said. “But now, things have gotten worse.” Many members of the tribe — especially the teenagers — have addicted themselves to their phones all day, chatting online or brushing videos. The Marubo elders have tried to restore order by limiting screen time. They worry the damage being done to their young. The traditionally modest tribe are now having to deal with boys watching blue films and sharing horrible videos. Parents also worry about their children acting out after playing violent video games, and being targeted by strangers on social media. Marubo culture and history have been passed down orally for generations, creating a strong sense of identity. But now everyone is staring at their phones. One of the Marubo leaders sighs: “Everyone is so connected that they don’t even talk to their own family.’’ How to deal with it? Would we all behave differently if we could see ourselves from the wiser point of old age? Luckily, there may soon be an app for that. Researchers at MIT have designed an Al-powered chatbot that can simulate an old version of the user, and offer wise advice from the future. The Al uses the results of a personalised questionnaire to generate synthetic (合成) memories of the life you haven’t lived. Then it digitally enhances your profile picture to make you look old, and wears this face to adopt your elderly image. You can then quiz it about what will happen to you in the future, creating different outcomes by adjusting the answers in your questionnaire. Pat Pataranutapom, who devised the chatbot, says conversations with your older self can promote long-term thinking and behaviour change. You might, for example, finally study hard if Old You starts blaming Young You for your wasting time. I wonder what it would say to the teenagers of the Marubo? 1. Why does the author take the Marubo tribe for example? A．To state the world’s urgent need for the Internet. B．To prove unexpected side effects of the Internet. C．To present the wide coverage of the Internet. D．To introduce the topic of culture shock. 2. What makes Marubo elders concerned at present? A．Their survival crisis due to living in the rainforest. B．Their failure to get in touch with their relatives. C．Teenagers’ refusal to learn Marubo culture. D．Young people’s addiction to the Internet. 3. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A．How the Al-powered chatbot functions. B．Why the older one gets, the wiser one gets. C．What benefits an AI-powered chatbot bring. D．How AI designs a personalised questionnaire. 4. What’s Pat’s attitude to the effect of the Al-powered chatbot? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Positive. D．Negative. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在伊图伊河沿岸生活了几个世纪的Marubo部落能享受到互联网的便利了，但是部落老年人担心年轻人过于痴迷于网络。好在新研发的一款人工智能聊天机器人可以模拟用户的老年版为年轻人提供针对未来的明智建议。 1. 推理判断题。文章第一段讲述马鲁博部落接入互联网的初衷是在危急情况下求助以及与搬走的亲戚保持联系。根据第二段“When it arrived, everyone was happy,” one of the Marubo elders said. “But now, things have gotten worse.”(一位马鲁博部落的长者说：“网络刚接入时，大家都很高兴。但现在，情况变得更糟了。”)”接着阐述了青少年沉迷网络等一系列负面情况。由此可知，作者以马鲁博部落为例是为了证明互联网带来的意想不到的副作用。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Many members of the tribe — especially the teenagers — have addicted themselves to their phones all day, chatting online or brushing videos. (部落的许多成员，尤其是青少年，整天沉迷于手机，在线聊天或刷视频。)” 以及第三段“The Marubo elders have tried to restore order by limiting screen time. They worry the damage being done to their young. (马鲁博部落的长者们试图通过限制屏幕使用时间来恢复秩序。他们担心这会对年轻人造成伤害。)” 可知，目前让马鲁博部落长者担忧的是年轻人沉迷于互联网。故选D。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Researchers at MIT have designed an AI - powered chatbot that can simulate an old version of the user, and offer wise advice from the future. The AI uses the results of a personalised questionnaire to generate synthetic (合成) memories of the life you haven’t lived. Then it digitally enhances your profile picture to make you look old, and wears this face to adopt your elderly image. You can then quiz it about what will happen to you in the future, creating different outcomes by adjusting the answers in your questionnaire. (麻省理工学院的研究人员设计了一款由人工智能驱动的聊天机器人，它可以模拟用户的老年版本，并从未来的角度提供明智的建议。人工智能利用个性化问卷的结果生成你未曾经历过的生活的合成记忆。然后它通过数字技术增强你的头像，让你看起来显老，并以这个形象来呈现你的老年模样。然后你可以向它询问你未来会发生什么，通过调整问卷中的答案产生不同的结果。)” 可知，第四段主要介绍了这款由人工智能驱动的聊天机器人是如何运行的。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Pat Pataranutapom, who devised the chatbot, says conversations with your older self can promote long-term thinking and behaviour change. (设计这款聊天机器人的帕特・帕塔拉努塔蓬表示，与老年版的自己对话可以促进长期思考和行为改变。)” 可知，帕特对这款由人工智能驱动的聊天机器人的效果持积极态度。故选C。 Passage 6 （2025·江西新余·模拟预测）Scientists from UNSW Sydney have developed a groundbreaking method to tackle the common problem of “forever chemicals” in water. These chemicals, known scientifically as polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are difficult to break down, causing significant environmental and health risks. The new method involves a novel catalyst (催化剂) system that promises a more efficient and sustainable solution, for breaking down these compounds. PFAS are widely used in various industries due to their resistance to heat, water, and oil. They’re found in products such as cookware, food packaging and clothing. Their widespread use has led to global pollution of water sources and soil. A study has shown that almost half of America tap water is polluted with alarming levels of PFAS, raising concerns about their environmental and health impacts. PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because their stable chemical structure makes them resistant to degradation. That means they persist in the environment and accumulate in the human body, potentially leading to harmful health outcomes. Current methods to remove PFAS from water such as activated carbon absorption have significant deficiencies. Activated carbon can absorb PFAS but requires burning to destroy the chemicals, which is environmentally harmful. Oxidizing agents can break down PFAS into smaller, more persistent structures, complicating the removal process. These methods are inefficient and not environmentally friendly, highlighting the need for better solutions. The catalyst system developed by Dr. Jun Sun can break the strong carbon-fluoride (强碳氟键) bonds in PFAS, using nano zero-valent metals (纳米零价金属) combined with a catalyst inspired by the structure of vitamin B12. The system was tested on common PFAS compounds like branched PFOS, showing impressive results. Dr. Sun explained, “The new system we’ve developed shows successful PFAS measures to solve water pollution in the lab, which we hope to eventually test at larger scales.” Within five hours, the new method achieved a 7% breakdown of PFAS, significantly outperforming existing B12-based catalysts, which managed less than 8% breakdown in the same period. While further research is needed before the method can be applied on a large scale, the team is optimistic. They plan to conduct more tests and explore integrating the catalyst into electro-chemical cells for broader application. 1. What do we know about PFAS? A．They are common chemicals. B．They are harmless compounds. C．They are widely used in agriculture. D．They damage the earth in many aspects. 2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “deficiencies” in Paragraph 3? A．Strength. B．Shortcoming. C．Difference. D．Diversity. 3. What is the team’s plan for the future of the new method? A．To find other substitutes of PFAS. B．To apply it on a large scale immediately. C．To test it more before putting it to use widely. D．To develop new chemicals having similar features. 4. What is the main point of the passage? A．“ Forever chemicals” in water can be broken down. B．A catalyst system is saving human from disasters. C．Polluted water will be safe to drink in the future. D．PFAS can be used in more industries in future. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 【原文】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了新南威尔士大学悉尼分校的科学家开发出一种突破性方法来处理水中 “永久性化学物质”—— 全氟烷基物质（PFAS）。文章阐述了 PFAS 的广泛使用导致环境污染及对健康的潜在危害，现有处理方法的不足，以及新催化系统分解 PFAS 的原理、效果和未来计划。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Their widespread use has led to global pollution of water sources and soil. A study has shown that almost half of America tap water is polluted with alarming levels of PFAS, raising concerns about their environmental and health impacts. PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because their stable chemical structure makes them resistant to degradation. That means they persist in the environment and accumulate in the human body, potentially leading to harmful health outcomes.(它们的广泛使用已导致全球水源和土壤受到污染。一项研究表明，近半数美国自来水受到了令人担忧的全氟烷基物质（PFAS）污染，这引发了人们对其环境影响和健康危害的担忧。PFAS 之所以被称为 “永久性化学物质”，是因为其稳定的化学结构使其难以降解。这意味着它们会在环境中持续存在，并在人体内积累，有可能对健康造成不良后果)” 可知，PFAS 在很多方面对地球造成损害。故选D。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Activated carbon can absorb PFAS but requires burning to destroy the chemicals, which is environmentally harmful. Oxidizing agents can break down PFAS into smaller, more persistent structures, complicating the removal process. These methods are inefficient and not environmentally friendly, highlighting the need for better solutions.(活性炭可以吸收 PFAS，但需要燃烧来破坏这些化学物质，这对环境有害。氧化剂可以将 PFAS 分解成更小、更持久的结构，使去除过程变得复杂。这些方法效率低下且不环保，凸显了对更好解决方案的需求)”可知，此处说的是当前去除 PFAS 方法的不足。所以划线词的意思为“缺点”与shortcoming同义。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“While further research is needed before the method can be applied on a large scale, the team is optimistic. They plan to conduct more tests and explore integrating the catalyst into electro-chemical cells for broader application.(虽然在大规模应用该方法之前还需要进一步研究，但该团队持乐观态度。他们计划进行更多测试，并探索将该催化剂整合到电化学电池中以实现更广泛的应用)”可知，团队未来计划在广泛使用该新方法之前进行更多测试。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“Scientists from UNSW Sydney have developed a groundbreaking method to tackle the common problem of “forever chemicals” in water. These chemicals, known scientifically as polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are difficult to break down, causing significant environmental and health risks. The new method involves a novel catalyst (催化剂) system that promises a more efficient and sustainable solution, for breaking down these compounds.(悉尼新南威尔士大学的科学家们研发出一种突破性方法，用于解决水中“永久化学品”这一常见问题。这些被科学称为全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的化学品难以分解，会造成重大的环境和健康风险。这种新方法采用了一种新型催化剂体系，有望为分解这些化合物提供更高效、更可持续的解决方案)”可知，文章主要介绍了新南威尔士大学悉尼分校的科学家开发出一种突破性方法来处理水中 “永久性化学物质”—— 全氟烷基物质（PFAS）。文章阐述了 PFAS 的广泛使用导致环境污染及对健康的潜在危害，现有处理方法的不足，以及新催化系统分解 PFAS 的原理、效果和未来计划。所以短文主要关于水中的 “永久性化学物质” 是可以被分解的。故选A。 Passage 7 （2025·福建福州·模拟预测）This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t. To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades. Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled. That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t. Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books. Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing? 1. According to the passage, what has happened to the goal of education in the past decade?​ A．It has focused more on cultivating better citizens.​ B．It has gradually been replaced by the pursuit of grades and degrees.​ C．It has emphasized learning facts, skills, and culture more than before.​ D．It has become closely related to nationwide standardized exams.​ 2. Why do some school districts cancel D and F grades?​ A．To encourage students to work harder.​ B．To make grade-point averages more accurate.​ C．To avoid making students feel discouraged.​ D．To match the results of standardized exams.​ 3. What can we infer from the passage about adjunct professors in college?​ A．They usually give students higher grades.​ B．They are more likely to grade students accurately.​ C．They have strong job security in colleges.​ D．They may be influenced by student evaluations when grading.​ 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?​ A．The Importance of Standardized Exams​ B．How to Improve Education Quality​ C．Grade Inflation: A Threat to Real Learning​ D．Students’ Struggle for Higher Grades 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。过去十年教育目标转向分数和学位，导致成绩膨胀，这使学生实际能力不足，影响大学学习和就业，需反思教育本质。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees.(但过去十年间，学习的目的已逐渐被成绩和学位所取代)”可知，过去十年教育目标逐渐被对分数和学位的追求取代。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades.(为了避免打击学生的积极性，一些学区取消了D和F等不及格成绩的评定)可知，取消D和F等级是为了避免学生气馁。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections.(一些教授在给学生打分时会有所顾虑，因为他们担心会受到学生评价的影响。而那些评分严格的学生往往会得到更负面的学生评价。要知道，大约70%的大学教师都是兼职教授，他们的工作保障很少)”可知，兼职教授评分时可能受学生评价影响。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t.(这听起来或许显得太过落伍，但我仍然认同这样一个观点：教育就是关于学习的：包括事实、技能、文化、分析、灵感等等。其目的是让我们成为更好的公民。但在过去十年里，学习的目标已让位于成绩和学位。不幸的结果是，两者都出现了膨胀现象。它们不断攀升，而学习却并未随之进步)”以及全文围绕成绩膨胀展开，论述其对真正学习的威胁，C选项“学业成绩膨胀：对实际学习的威胁”最符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 8 （2025·四川成都·二模）Aging brings two opposing trends in cancer risk: first, the risk climbs in our 60s and 70s, as decades of genetic mutations(基因突变)build up in our bodies. But then, past the age of around 80, the risk drops again—and a new study may explain a key reason. The international team of scientists behind the study analyzed lung cancer in mice, tracking the behavior of AT2 stem cells. These cells are crucial for lung regeneration(再生), and are also where many lung cancers get started. What emerged was higher levels of a protein called NUPR1in the older mice. This caused cells to act as if they were deficient in iron, which in turn limited their regeneration rates—putting restrictions on both healthy growth and cancerous tumors. “The aging cells actually have more iron, but for reasons we don’t yet fully understand, they function like they don’t have enough,” says cancer biologist Xueqian Zhuang, from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center(MSK) in New York. The same processes were found to be happening in human cells too: more NUPR1 leads to a drop in the amount of iron available to cells. When NUPR1 was artificially lowered or iron was artificially increased, cell growth capabilities were boosted again. That potentially gives researchers a way of exploring treatments that target iron metabolism(代谢)—especially in older people. It could perhaps restore lung capacity in those experiencing long-term effects from COVID-19, for example. These findings also have implications for cancer treatments based on a type of cell death called ferroptosis(铁死亡), which is triggered by iron. This cell death is less common in older cells, the researchers found, because of their functional iron deficiency. This perhaps also makes them more resistant to cancer treatments based on ferroptosis that are in development—so the earlier a ferroptosis treatment can be tried, the better it’s likely to work. There’s lots more to explore here about the effects of NUPR1 and how it relates to stem cell function, both healthy regeneration and cancerous growth. 1. What does the underlined word “deficient” in Paragraph 3mean? A．Lacking. B．Sufficient. C．Flawless. D．Cautious. 2. How did the scientists make the new discovery? A．By observing the performance of older mice. B．By researching into the lung regeneration. C．By controlling the amount of NUPR1. D．By tracking the behavior of AT2 stem cells. 3. What can we learn from Paragraph 4 and 5? A．It’s better to carry out the ferroptosis-based cancer treatment earlier. B．What happens in mice cells doesn’t happen in human cells. C．The amount of iron can be lowered to enhance cell growth ability. D．Older cells are sensitive to cancer treatments based on ferroptosis. 4. What does the passage mainly talk about? A．The reason for decreased risk of cancer with people aging. B．The process of aging cells’ renewal in cancer treatments. C．The role of NUPR1 in reducing aging-related cancer risk. D．The effect of cells on lung regeneration and cancer risk. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项关于癌症风险与衰老关系的新研究 1. 词义猜测题题。根据第三段“What emerged was higher levels of a protein called NUPR1 in the older mice. This caused cells to act as if they were deficient in iron, which in turn limited their regeneration rates—putting restrictions on both healthy growth and cancerous tumors.(结果发现老年小鼠体内一种名为 NUPR1 的蛋白质水平较高。这导致细胞表现得好像 deficient铁，进而限制了它们的再生率 —— 对健康生长和癌细胞肿瘤都加以限制)” 以及第四段 “more NUPR1 leads to a drop in the amount of iron available to cells. When NUPR1 was artificially lowered or iron was artificially increased, cell growth capabilities were boosted again.(更多的 NUPR1 会导致细胞可用铁量的下降。当人为降低 NUPR1 或人为增加铁时，细胞生长能力又得到了提升)” 可知，NUPR1 水平升高使得细胞可用铁量下降，进而限制细胞再生，所以细胞表现得好像缺铁。划线词为“缺少的”。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The international team of scientists behind the study analyzed lung cancer in mice, tracking the behavior of AT2 stem cells. These cells are crucial for lung regeneration (再生), and are also where many lung cancers get started.(进行这项研究的国际科学家团队分析了小鼠的肺癌情况，追踪了 AT2 干细胞的行为。这些细胞对肺再生至关重要，也是许多肺癌的起源之处)” 可知，科学家是通过追踪 AT2 干细胞的行为来进行研究并获得新发现的。故选 D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“This perhaps also makes them more resistant to cancer treatments based on ferroptosis that are in development—so the earlier a ferroptosis treatment can be tried, the better it’s likely to work.(这可能也使它们对正在研发的基于铁死亡的癌症治疗更具抗性 —— 所以基于铁死亡的治疗尝试得越早，可能效果越好)” 可知，基于铁死亡的癌症治疗最好尽早进行。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Aging brings two opposing trends in cancer risk: first, the risk climbs in our 60s and 70s, as decades of genetic mutations(基因突变)build up in our bodies. But then, past the age of around 80, the risk drops again—and a new study may explain a key reason.(衰老在癌症风险方面呈现出两种相反的趋势：首先，在六七十岁时，由于数十年的基因突变在我们体内不断累积，患癌风险上升。但随后，过了大约 80 岁，风险又会下降 —— 一项新研究或许能解释其中的关键原因)” 引出话题。接着第三段提到 “What emerged was higher levels of a protein called NUPR1 in the older mice. This caused cells to act as if they were deficient in iron, which in turn limited their regeneration rates—putting restrictions on both healthy growth and cancerous tumors.(结果发现老年小鼠体内一种名为 NUPR1 的蛋白质水平较高。这导致细胞表现得好像缺铁，进而限制了它们的再生率 —— 对健康生长和癌细胞肿瘤都加以限制)”，点明 NUPR1 在降低老年癌症风险中的作用。后文继续阐述该蛋白质对细胞铁代谢以及癌症治疗的影响。可知文章主要讲述的是 NUPR1 在降低与衰老相关的癌症风险中的作用。故选C。 Passage 9 （2025·北京·三模）Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes. “Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said. Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said. Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels. 1. What can be inferred in the first paragraph? A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels. B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide. C．Nobody knows which one is important. D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming. 2. According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true? A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants. B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala. C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes. D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants. 3. Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations? A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong. B．The carbon dioxide played an important role. C．The moisture availability was different. D．The carbon dioxide level was different. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities. B．Global warming will cause major variation. C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth. D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对墨西哥北部和危地马拉北部湖泊沉积物的研究，指出气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”可知，气候变化对植物群落组成的影响比二氧化碳水平上升更大。由此可推断出，气候变化比二氧化碳水平上升对植物群落组成的影响更大。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants.(许多C4植物是热带草类，而大多数热带树木是C3植物)”可知，只是说大多数热带树木是C3植物，并非所有热带树木都是C3植物，D选项“Tropical trees are all C3 plants.(热带树木都是C3植物)”表述过于绝对，与原文不符。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，两个地方C3和C4植物的趋势不同是因为水分供应不同。故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”以及第四段中“The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，文章主要论述了气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。A选项“Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities.(气候因素决定植物分布和植物群落组成)”能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 Passage 10 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）Honeybees, despite their tiny brains, perform extraordinary feats of navigation. They routinely fly kilometers from their hives, locate scattered flowers, and return precisely — a skill critical to pollination and global food security. For decades, scientists believed bees relied solely on visual landmarks and the sun’s position to navigate. However, groundbreaking research published in 2024 revealed a hidden mechanism: sensitivity to Earth’s magnetic field. The discovery emerged from a coincidental observation. Biologists at Cambridge University noticed that bees in cloudy conditions, deprived of solar cues, still corrected their flight paths after displacement. Intrigued, they designed an experiment: bees were fitted with microscopic magnetic disruptors (微观磁干扰器), while control groups wore non-magnetic tags. When released in an unfamiliar field, the disruptor group showed 63% more directional errors, strongly implying magnetic perception. Further studies identified magnetite nanoparticles in bees’ abdomens (腹部) — minerals also found in migratory birds. These particles align with magnetic fields, creating internal “maps”. Remarkably, bees adjust this system daily using sunlight, blending magnetic and solar data for precision. Dr. Voss, co-lead researcher, explains, “It resembles using both GPS and a compass, which ensures reliability amid environmental changes.” This dual-system adaptation has evolutionary roots. Fossil records show bees existed 100 million years ago, when volcanic activity frequently altered landscapes. Magnetic sensing would have enabled ancestral bees to navigate landforms reshaped by eruptions — a survival trait passed to modern species. Today, this ability faces new challenges. Electromagnetic pollution from power lines and wireless networks can disturb weak geomagnetic signals, potentially misdirect bees. A 2025 German study found hive collapse rates 22% higher near high-voltage towers, suggesting a troubling link. Understanding bee navigation isn’t merely academic. With 75% of crops depending on pollinators, decoding their orientation systems could inform conservation strategies. Proposals include creating “magnetic corridors” shielded from interference, or designing urban green spaces with natural magnetic landmarks. As Prof. Patel notes, “Protecting bees requires safeguarding not just their food sources, but the invisible forces that guide them.” 1. What initially challenged the traditional belief about honeybee navigation? A．The discovery of magnetite in birds’ brains. B．Their accurate orientation under sunless skies. C．Hive collapse patterns near agricultural zones. D．Bees’ ability to fly long distances without resting. 2. Why did researchers use magnetic disruptors in the Cambridge experiment? A．To measure the strength of bees’ solar navigation. B．To test bees’ resistance to electromagnetic pollution. C．To determine if magnetism influences flight orientation. D．To observe how bees adapt to visual landmark changes. 3. What can be implied in Paragraph 4? A．The limitation of bees’ evolutionary roots. B．The need to reduce magnetic field where bees live. C．The potential impact of human activity on bee navigation. D．The superiority of magnetic sensors over visual navigation. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Critical Skill: How Bees Map Routes B．The Honeybee Migration: How Climate Impacts C．The Magnetic Mystery: How Honeybees Navigate D．A Hidden Mechanism: What Disrupts Bee Immigration 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蜜蜂非凡的导航能力，传统观点认为其依靠视觉地标和太阳位置导航，新研究发现蜜蜂还能感知地球磁场，同时指出人类活动可能干扰其导航，保护蜜蜂需重视这一因素。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“For decades, scientists believed bees relied solely on visual landmarks and the sun’s position to navigate.(几十年来，科学家们认为蜜蜂完全依靠视觉地标和太阳的位置来导航)”和第二段中“The discovery emerged from a coincidental observation. Biologists at Cambridge University noticed that bees in cloudy conditions, deprived of solar cues, still corrected their flight paths after displacement.(这一发现源于一次偶然的观察。剑桥大学的生物学家注意到，在多云条件下，失去太阳线索的蜜蜂在被移动后仍能修正飞行路径)”可知，蜜蜂在没有太阳的天空下仍能准确定位，这挑战了关于蜜蜂导航的传统观点。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Intrigued, they designed an experiment: bees were fitted with microscopic magnetic disruptors, while control groups wore non magnetic tags. When released in an unfamiliar field, the disruptor group showed 63% more directional errors, strongly implying magnetic perception.(出于好奇，他们设计了一个实验：给蜜蜂装上微观磁干扰器，而对照组则佩戴非磁性标签。当在一个陌生的场地放飞时，装有干扰器的一组蜜蜂的方向误差多出了63%，这有力地暗示了蜜蜂对磁场的感知能力)”可知，研究人员在剑桥的实验中使用磁干扰器，是为了确定磁场是否会影响蜜蜂的飞行方向。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Today, this ability faces new challenges. Electromagnetic pollution from power lines and wireless networks can disturb weak geomagnetic signals, potentially misdirect bees. A 2025 German study found hive collapse rates 22% higher near high voltage towers, suggesting a troubling link.(如今，这种能力面临着新的挑战。来自输电线和无线网络的电磁污染会干扰微弱的地磁场信号，可能会误导蜜蜂。2025年德国的一项研究发现，高压塔附近蜂群崩溃的比例高出22%，这暗示了一个令人担忧的联系)”可知，人类活动产生的电磁污染可能干扰蜜蜂的地磁感应，从而影响其导航，即人类活动对蜜蜂导航有潜在影响。故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“However, groundbreaking research published in 2024 revealed a hidden mechanism: sensitivity to Earth’s magnetic field.(然而，2024年发表的一项开创性研究揭示了一种隐藏的机制：对地球磁场的敏感性)”以及后文围绕蜜蜂利用磁场导航及其面临的挑战等内容可知，文章主要围绕蜜蜂如何利用感知地球磁场来进行导航展开。C项“The Magnetic Mystery: How Honeybees Navigate(磁性之谜：蜜蜂如何导航)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选C项。 1 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$新高三毕业班·衔接讲义 专题 S309 阅读理解之人文&科技 暑假自习提升（全国通用） 内 容 提 要 考点速览 思维导图，把握考点框架 精讲精练 讲练结合，梳理关键考点 难点突破 突出重难点，全面提升能力 真题演练 感受真题，快速突破壁垒 一、说明文核心特点 内容特征 聚焦自然现象（如地下水升温成因）、科学原理（像蝙蝠 “baby talk” 交流机制）、技术应用（例如 AI 教学对课堂的改变 ）等知识传播，用客观事实构建内容体系，传递专业领域信息。 结构特征 以总分结构为主流，首段常 “开门见山” 点明说明对象与核心观点，如《绿色建筑的节能奥秘》首段即揭示 “绿色建筑通过多技术实现低碳运行”；段落内部多有主旨句，或在段首总领、或在段尾总结，辅助读者快速抓取段落核心。 语言特征 专业术语密集，如 “生态系统（ecosystem）”“人工智能（artificial intelligence）” 等，保证内容严谨性；说明方法多样，举例子（如用 “某中学引入 AI 教学后，学生成绩提升 15%” 说明技术效果 ）、列数据（“地下水升温速率达每年 0.5℃” ）、作比较（“传统建筑能耗是绿色建筑的 3 倍” ）等，让抽象知识具象化。 二、四大核心考点与解题要点 考点一：细节理解题 命题规律 在列举信息（如 “绿色建筑采用的三项节能技术：太阳能板、隔热材料、智能系统” ）、例证阐述（以某建筑为例说明节能效果 ）、转折对比（“传统建筑高能耗，而绿色建筑……” ）处设题，考查对精准信息的抓取。 解题关键 定位原文：圈出题干关键词（如 “绿色建筑节能技术” ），快速扫读文本找对应段落；同义替换识别：选项常对原文词汇改写，如原文 “solar panels”，选项用 “solar - energy devices” 表述，需判断是否表意一致。 例题 原文：Bats use “baby talk” — simplified, high - pitched versions of adult calls — to teach pups new foraging sounds. In a study, researchers observed bat colonies, recording the communication between mothers and pups. 题目：How do bats teach their pups foraging sounds? 选项： A. By using complex adult - like calls. B. Through simplified, high - pitched “baby talk”. C. Via loud, long - distance screams. D. With quiet, short - range whispers. 解析：题干关键词 “teach pups foraging sounds” 定位到原文 “use ‘baby talk’ — simplified, high - pitched versions...” ，B 选项 “simplified, high - pitched ‘baby talk’” 与原文同义，选 B；A “complex adult - like” 与 “simplified” 矛盾，C“loud, long - distance”、D“quiet, short - range” 原文未提及。 考点二：语意猜测题 命题规律 考查生词（如 “replicate” ）、代词指代（“this process” 指代前文的建筑节能流程 ）等，需结合语境破解语义。 解题关键 上下文语境：看词汇前后句子的解释、举例，如 “Replicate every human — scientists are trying to make robots do this, meaning copy human actions.” ，“meaning” 后直接诠释词义；构词法辅助：前缀 “re -”（重复、再 ）、后缀 “- ate”（使…… ），辅助猜测 “replicate” 与 “复制” 相关。 例题 原文：Scientists aim to replicate every human action with robots, hoping to create assistants that can handle daily tasks. 题目：What does “replicate” mean in the text? 选项： A. Ignore B. Copy C. Change D. Destroy 解析：后文 “meaning copy human actions” 直接解释，“replicate” 意为 “复制” ，选 B；A “忽略”、C “改变”、D “摧毁” 均与语境不符。 考点三：推理判断题 命题规律 要求推断细节隐含信息（如从 “绿色建筑成本高 30%” 推断推广难点 ）、文章来源（是 “科技杂志” 还是 “文学文摘” ）等，需基于原文逻辑合理推导。 解题关键 忠于原文：不主观臆断，以文本信息为依据；逻辑关联：梳理事件因果、对比关系，如从 “AI 教学使课堂互动增加，学生参与度提升” ，推断 “AI 对教学模式有积极影响” 。 例题 原文：Green buildings use solar panels, advanced insulation, and smart systems. They reduce energy consumption by 50% compared to traditional buildings. 题目：Where is this text most likely from? 选项： A. A fashion magazine B. A science journal C. A travel guide D. A storybook 解析：文章围绕绿色建筑的科学技术（太阳能板、智能系统等 ）及数据说明，属于科技范畴，选 B；A “时尚杂志”、C “旅游指南”、D “故事书” 均不匹配内容主题。 考点四：主旨大意题 命题规律 聚焦对整体内容的提炼，常要求概括段落核心（如某段围绕绿色建筑哪种节能技术展开，说明其原理与优势 ） 或全文标题（需涵盖说明对象、核心关联内容 ） ，考查对文本的宏观把控与归纳能力。 解题关键 首尾段聚焦：说明文开篇多 “直切主题”，首段点明说明对象（如 “研究揭示肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” ）与核心方向；末段可能补充意义、总结结论（如 “该发现为设备优化提供依据” ），二者结合锁定主旨范围。 段落整合：提取各段关键词（研究背景、实验对象、过程、数据、结论等 ），梳理逻辑关联，提炼共性。若围绕 “肤色与可穿戴设备”，需整合 “肤色差异→实验验证→数据偏差→结论建议” 完整链条。 例题 原文： Studies show skin color affects wearable device data. Researchers have long noticed that devices like smartwatches might not work the same for everyone. To explore this, a team of scientists carried out experiments. They tested blood oxygen monitors on people with different skin tones — from very light to very dark. During the tests, they found that darker skin often caused inaccuracies in readings. For example, on dark - skinned participants, the devices sometimes showed lower blood oxygen levels than actual values. In contrast, light - skinned people had more accurate results. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that skin color plays a significant role in the performance of wearable health devices. They suggested future designs should account for these differences to ensure fairness and accuracy for all users. 题目：Which is the best title for the text? 选项： A. Wearable Devices: New Fashion Trends B. Skin Color and Wearable Device Accuracy C. How to Improve Wearable Devices D. The History of Wearable Device Development 解析： 第一步（首尾聚焦 ）：首段 “Studies show skin color affects wearable device data” 直接点明核心关联 —— 肤色与可穿戴设备数据的关系；末段 “suggested future designs should account for these differences” 强化 “肤色影响设备准确性，需优化” 的结论，锁定主旨围绕 “肤色” 和 “设备准确性” 展开。 第二步（段落整合 ）： o 第 1 段：提出 “肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” 研究主题，及 “开展不同肤色测试” 的实验背景； o 第 2 段：通过 “深色皮肤测试数据偏差、浅色皮肤相对准确” 的实验过程与结果，论证 “肤色影响设备准确性”； o 第 3 段：基于实验，得出 “肤色对设备性能有显著影响，需优化设计” 的结论。 整合后，全文围绕 “肤色如何影响可穿戴设备数据准确性” 展开，关键词为 “skin color”“wearable device”“accuracy” 。 选项分析： o A 选项 “New Fashion Trends”（时尚趋势 ）：原文未提可穿戴设备的时尚属性，偏离核心，排除； o B 选项 “Skin Color and Wearable Device Accuracy”（肤色与可穿戴设备准确性 ）：精准覆盖 “肤色”“设备”“准确性” 三大核心关键词，与段落整合的主旨一致，当选； o C 选项 “How to Improve Wearable Devices”（如何改进可穿戴设备 ）：原文仅在末段提及 “建议未来设计考虑肤色差异”，未详细讲 “改进方法”，属于局部内容，不能概括全文，排除； o D 选项 “The History of Wearable Device Development”（可穿戴设备发展历史 ）：全文聚焦 “肤色与设备数据的关系”，未涉及设备发展历程，排除。 指导：做主旨题时，先抓首尾段明确核心方向，再逐段提取关键信息（实验背景、过程、结论等 ），整合出完整逻辑链。对比选项时，判断是否覆盖全文核心关联（如 “肤色” 和 “设备准确性” ），排除仅提局部内容（如 “改进设备” ）或无关信息（如 “时尚趋势”“发展历史” ）的干扰项。 三、解题步骤与技巧 （一）快速浏览全文 操作：读首段明确说明对象（如 “本文讲绿色建筑节能” ），扫读各段首句，抓取段落主题（“太阳能板应用”“隔热材料优势” 等 ），50 - 60 秒完成，构建文章框架。 技巧：标记关键信息，如说明对象名称、核心研究结论（“肤色影响可穿戴设备数据” ），辅助后续解题定位。 例题辅助（以 “绿色建筑” 为例 ）：首段 “Green buildings are revolutionizing energy efficiency...” 点明主题，段首句 “Solar panels: key to energy collection”“Insulation materials: reducing heat loss” ，快速标记后，对文章围绕 “绿色建筑节能手段” 说明一目了然。 （二）审清题干要求 操作：明确题目类型（细节、语意、推理、主旨 ），确定解题方向；识别题干关键词（如人名、专有名词、数据 ），明确要找的信息。 技巧：圈出 “explain”（语意题 ）、“infer”（推理题 ）等词，区分题型；对 “bat pups”“green buildings’ energy - saving rate” 等关键词重点标注。 例题辅助：题干 “What does ‘replicate’ mean?” ，圈出 “mean” 识别为语意题，关键词 “replicate” ，解题时直奔词汇所在句及上下文。 （三）定位原文信息 操作：带着关键词回原文，逐段扫读找对应内容，关注同义替换表述（如原文 “energy - saving” ，选项用 “energy - efficient” ）。 技巧：利用段落结构，主旨句、举例前 / 后常是考点；注意逻辑词（but、however 表转折，是细节题常设点 ）。 例题辅助：题干关键词 “bat pups foraging sounds” ，回原文找 “bats teach pups new foraging sounds” 所在段落，快速定位到研究描述部分，精准找答案依据。 （四）对比分析选项 操作：逐一比对选项与原文，排除干扰项。 技巧：警惕 “绝对化表述”（如 “all”“never” ，原文多为 “some”“sometimes” ）；识别 “无中生有”（选项内容原文未提及 ）；确认 “同义替换合理”（词汇改写但表意一致 ）。 例题辅助：选项 “ A. By using complex adult - like calls.” ，原文是 “simplified... calls” ，“complex” 与 “simplified” 矛盾，直接排除；选项内容与原文不符的，均可依此筛除。 四、难点突破策略 （一）长难句分析 方法细则：面对长难句，分三步拆解 —— 1. 找主干：优先识别句子核心动作（主谓宾）或状态（主系表），这是理解句意的基础； 2. 拆修饰：定语从句（常由 that/which 引导）、状语（时间 / 地点 / 原因等）、插入语（逗号 / 破折号隔开的补充内容）属于修饰成分，可暂时忽略； 3. 理逻辑：梳理主句与从句的因果、转折等关系，还原完整语义。 示例： 原文长难句：“Meira, a determined surfer who had overcome multiple setbacks, flew to Hawaii for an operation that was so successful that she eventually stood up and learned to move with crutches.” 拆分步骤： ① 主干：Meira flew to Hawaii for an operation（梅拉前往夏威夷做手术）； ② 插入语 / 定语：“a determined surfer who had overcome multiple setbacks”（一位克服诸多挫折的坚定冲浪者，补充 Meira 身份）； ③ 定语从句：“that was so successful”（说明手术性质 —— 成功）； ④ 结果状语从句：“that she eventually stood up...”（手术成功带来的结果 —— 站起来用拐杖行走）。 解题应用：若题目问 “Meira 去夏威夷的目的及结果”，通过拆分可知，目的是 “做手术”，结果是 “手术成功后能站起来”。若选项出现 “Meira 为度假去夏威夷”（偏离主干 “做手术”）、“手术失败导致残疾”（与结果状语矛盾），可直接排除，快速锁定 “手术成功助力康复” 相关正确选项。 （二）专业术语理解 方法细则：分两类场景应对 —— 1. 上下文解释型：关注术语前后的 “即、也就是说、例如” 等提示词，或举例、定义性语句。比如文中说 “Ecosystems, like forests and oceans, are complex communities of living organisms.”，通过 “forests and oceans” 的举例，可理解 “ecosystems” 是 “生态系统”； 2. 构词法辅助型：利用词根、词缀推测。如 “artificial”（人工的）+“intelligence”（智能）→“artificial intelligence”（人工智能）；“bio-”（生物）+“technology”（技术）→“biotechnology”（生物技术） 。 示例： 原文：“The research focuses on groundwater recharge, a process where rainwater replenishes underground aquifers, and its impact on local ecosystems.” 术语拆解： ① “groundwater”：词根 “ground”（地面）+“water”（水）→地下水； ② “aquifers”：结合上下文 “rainwater replenishes underground...”（雨水补充地下……），可推测是 “地下蓄水层”（也可通过构词辅助：aqui - 与水相关，-fer 有 “承载” 意，即 “承载水的地下结构” ）。 解题应用：若题目问 “groundwater recharge 对生态系统的作用”，先通过术语理解，明确是 “雨水补充地下蓄水层的过程”，再结合后文 “impact on local ecosystems”，判断该过程与生态系统的关联（如维持水源、影响生物生存等）。遇到 “aquifers” 这类陌生词，通过构词 + 语境，可快速关联 “地下蓄水结构”，避免因术语卡壳错题。 （三）推理过度防范 方法细则：遵循 “三步走” 原则 —— 1. 找原文依据：推理的每一步必须有文本明确提及的信息支撑，杜绝 “我觉得、可能” 的主观联想； 2. 限定范围：结论要严格匹配原文的 “时间、地点、主体、条件”。比如原文说 “某绿色建筑在温带地区节能 40%”，不能推出 “所有地区绿色建筑都节能 40%”； 3. 验证必然性：推导结论时，反问 “是否 100% 成立？有没有其他可能性？”，若存在不确定，即为过度推断。 示例： 原文：“In a small town, green buildings reduced residents’ electricity bills by 40% due to energy - saving designs. However, these designs rely on ample sunlight, which the town has in abundance.” 推理验证： ① 依据原文：“green buildings reduced bills by 40%”（绿色建筑降电费 40%）+“designs rely on ample sunlight”（设计依赖充足阳光）； ② 合理推理：“该小镇绿色建筑因节能设计和充足阳光，实现电费降低”（限定 “小镇、依赖阳光” 条件）； ③ 过度推断：“所有绿色建筑都能降电费 40%”（忽略 “小镇阳光充足” 的特殊条件）；“绿色建筑设计无需考虑阳光”（与原文 “rely on ample sunlight” 矛盾）。 解题应用：若题目问 “从原文可推出什么”，选项 “绿色建筑能普遍降低电费 40%”，因未限定 “小镇、阳光充足” 条件，属于过度推断；而 “该小镇绿色建筑的节能设计与当地阳光条件相关”，则紧扣原文依据，是合理结论。解题时，用 “是否限定条件、是否有原文支撑” 验证选项，可有效规避主观臆想。 五、复习提升建议 （一）专题训练 建议：按考点分类练习，如每天 1 篇侧重细节理解的说明文，强化定位、同义替换识别能力；隔天练语意猜测、推理题，针对性突破。 （二）错题分析 建议：整理错题，标注错误类型（如 “定位偏差”“语意理解错” ），分析错因（是词汇没掌握还是逻辑没理清 ），定期复盘，同类题强化训练。 （三）限时训练 建议：模拟考试节奏，每篇说明文阅读限时 6 - 8 分钟，训练快速读文、精准解题的速度与效率，适应考场时间压力。 （四）词汇积累 建议：整理高频学术词汇（如 “ecosystem”“artificial”“replicate” ）、说明文专属短语（“in conclusion”“for example” ），通过造句、阅读语境巩固，提升语言基础。 真题速递 Passage 1 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 1. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 2. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 3. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 4. What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 2 （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1. What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 2. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 4. What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 名校模拟 Passage 3 （2025·四川绵阳·三模）Nursing homes have increasingly turned to robots to complete a variety of care tasks. A new study from a University of Notre Dame expert on the future of work finds that robot use is associated with increased employment and employee retention (留住), improved productivity and a higher quality of care. The research has important implications for the workplace and the long-term care industry. Yong Suk Lee, associate professor of technology, economy and global affairs, was the lead author for the study. “Our research focused on Japan because it is a super-aging society that provides a good example of what the future could involve elsewhere — a declining population, a growing share of senior citizens and a declining share of working-age people,” Lee said, “We need to be ready for this new reality.” In a future where there are more senior citizens requiring care, using robots in a targeted fashion could benefit workers and patients alike, Lee said. The study analyzed three types of robots that are increasingly used in assisted living facilities. Transfer robots, which nurses use to lift, move and rotate patients in beds and around rooms. Mobility robots, which patients use to move around and to bathe. Monitoring and communication robots, which include technologies such as computer vision and bed sensors that can record and examine patient data such as movement and share it with care providers. “We found that robot adoption aids care workers by reducing quit rates. This is important because employee turnover is a big concern in nursing homes. Workers typically experience a great deal of physical pain, particularly in their knees and back. The work is hard and the pay is low. So robot use was associated with employee retention.” Lee said, “Robots can improve productivity by shifting the tasks performed by care workers to those involving human touch, empathy and flexibility. Ultimately, robots can help workers provide a higher level of patient care.” “This research provides critical insights into how societies can successfully navigate the challenges of caring for aging populations,” Lee said. 1. Why did Yong Suk Lee focus his research on Japan? A．It encourages the elderly care industry. B．It has a sound foundation for robot nursing. C．Its super-aging society well reflects the trend. D．It owns the most advanced robots in the world. 2. What does the underlined word “rotate” in paragraph 3 mean? A．treat. B．examine. C．monitor. D．reposition. 3. Why does robot adoption reduce workers’ quit rates? A．It solves the issue of low pay. B．It eases their heavy working burden. C．It offers a good working environment. D．It helps to treat their occupational injuries. 4. What’s the passage mainly about? A．Japan’s exploration represents the care industry. B．High quality care for the elderly should be advocated. C．Nursing robots benefit staff retention and patient care. D．Robot adoption in nursing requires critical examination. Passage 4 （2025·广西·模拟预测）Here’s an all-too-familiar situation: You packed the night before for your week-long beach trip with enthusiasm. Luckily, you remembered all the essentials: socks, underwear and a phone charger, etc. But upon arrival, you realized that you had forgotten to grab your toothbrush. Actually, you can avoid this sort of awkwardness next time by using electronic devices, including smartphones. In a new study, researchers suggest that offloading important to-do items for example by setting reminders on your phone could bring glad tidings to less important items like your toothbrush. This practice can free up your memory for additional minor things. To demonstrate this, researchers developed a memory game to be played on a touchscreen computer. The test was undertaken by 158 volunteers aged between 18 and 71. Participants were shown up to 12 numbered circles on the screen, and had to remember to drag some of these to the left and some to the right. The number of circles that they remembered to drag to the correct side determined their rewards at the end of the experiment. One side was designated (指定) “high value”, meaning that remembering to drag a circle to this side was worth 10 times as much money as remembering to drag a circle to the other side. Participants performed this task 16 times. They had to use their own memory to remember for half of the trials and they were allowed to set reminders on the digital devices for the other half. The researchers found that participants tended to use the digital devices to store details of the high-value circles. And, when they did so, their memory for those circles was improved by 18%. “What is unexpected is that their memory for low-value circles was also improved by 27%, even in people who had never set any reminders for low-value circles,” said senior author, Sam Gilbert. However, when the researchers took those reminders away, the participants remembered the low-value circles better than the high-value ones. “We need to be careful when backing up the most important information — if a memory tool fails, we could be left with nothing but lower-importance information in our own memory,” Gilbert concluded. 1. What can be inferred from the situation described in paragraph 1? A．Our memory is easy to decline. B．Our memory is inaccurate occasionally. C．Our memory has an order of importance. D．Our memory has a preference for familiar things. 2. Which of the following can replace “bring glad tidings to” underlined in paragraph 2? A．Add up to. B．Take advantage of. C．Be favorable to. D．Be dependent on. 3. Which part of the findings surprised the researchers? A．People tend to prioritize resource-consuming tasks. B．Digital reminders harm our brain ability if used improperly. C．People offload high-value information on to external memory D．Digital reminders also enhance memory for low-value content. 4. What may Gilbert advise us to do? A．Have a change of memory tools regularly. B．Never rely too much on external memory aids. C．Remember to choose memory tools that suit us fine. D．Learn to sort high-value items from low-value ones. Passage 5 （2025·江西新余·模拟预测）Nine months ago, some men entered the Amazon rainforest to install the Internet. The Marubo tribe — who have lived for centuries along the Itui river-had asked to be connected via Elon Musk’s Starlink satellite network, so they could call for help in life-threatening situations and stay in touch with relatives having moved away. “When it arrived, everyone was happy,” one of the Marubo elders said. “But now, things have gotten worse.” Many members of the tribe — especially the teenagers — have addicted themselves to their phones all day, chatting online or brushing videos. The Marubo elders have tried to restore order by limiting screen time. They worry the damage being done to their young. The traditionally modest tribe are now having to deal with boys watching blue films and sharing horrible videos. Parents also worry about their children acting out after playing violent video games, and being targeted by strangers on social media. Marubo culture and history have been passed down orally for generations, creating a strong sense of identity. But now everyone is staring at their phones. One of the Marubo leaders sighs: “Everyone is so connected that they don’t even talk to their own family.’’ How to deal with it? Would we all behave differently if we could see ourselves from the wiser point of old age? Luckily, there may soon be an app for that. Researchers at MIT have designed an Al-powered chatbot that can simulate an old version of the user, and offer wise advice from the future. The Al uses the results of a personalised questionnaire to generate synthetic (合成) memories of the life you haven’t lived. Then it digitally enhances your profile picture to make you look old, and wears this face to adopt your elderly image. You can then quiz it about what will happen to you in the future, creating different outcomes by adjusting the answers in your questionnaire. Pat Pataranutapom, who devised the chatbot, says conversations with your older self can promote long-term thinking and behaviour change. You might, for example, finally study hard if Old You starts blaming Young You for your wasting time. I wonder what it would say to the teenagers of the Marubo? 1. Why does the author take the Marubo tribe for example? A．To state the world’s urgent need for the Internet. B．To prove unexpected side effects of the Internet. C．To present the wide coverage of the Internet. D．To introduce the topic of culture shock. 2. What makes Marubo elders concerned at present? A．Their survival crisis due to living in the rainforest. B．Their failure to get in touch with their relatives. C．Teenagers’ refusal to learn Marubo culture. D．Young people’s addiction to the Internet. 3. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A．How the Al-powered chatbot functions. B．Why the older one gets, the wiser one gets. C．What benefits an AI-powered chatbot bring. D．How AI designs a personalised questionnaire. 4. What’s Pat’s attitude to the effect of the Al-powered chatbot? A．Doubtful. B．Unclear. C．Positive. D．Negative. Passage 6 （2025·江西新余·模拟预测）Scientists from UNSW Sydney have developed a groundbreaking method to tackle the common problem of “forever chemicals” in water. These chemicals, known scientifically as polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are difficult to break down, causing significant environmental and health risks. The new method involves a novel catalyst (催化剂) system that promises a more efficient and sustainable solution, for breaking down these compounds. PFAS are widely used in various industries due to their resistance to heat, water, and oil. They’re found in products such as cookware, food packaging and clothing. Their widespread use has led to global pollution of water sources and soil. A study has shown that almost half of America tap water is polluted with alarming levels of PFAS, raising concerns about their environmental and health impacts. PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because their stable chemical structure makes them resistant to degradation. That means they persist in the environment and accumulate in the human body, potentially leading to harmful health outcomes. Current methods to remove PFAS from water such as activated carbon absorption have significant deficiencies. Activated carbon can absorb PFAS but requires burning to destroy the chemicals, which is environmentally harmful. Oxidizing agents can break down PFAS into smaller, more persistent structures, complicating the removal process. These methods are inefficient and not environmentally friendly, highlighting the need for better solutions. The catalyst system developed by Dr. Jun Sun can break the strong carbon-fluoride (强碳氟键) bonds in PFAS, using nano zero-valent metals (纳米零价金属) combined with a catalyst inspired by the structure of vitamin B12. The system was tested on common PFAS compounds like branched PFOS, showing impressive results. Dr. Sun explained, “The new system we’ve developed shows successful PFAS measures to solve water pollution in the lab, which we hope to eventually test at larger scales.” Within five hours, the new method achieved a 7% breakdown of PFAS, significantly outperforming existing B12-based catalysts, which managed less than 8% breakdown in the same period. While further research is needed before the method can be applied on a large scale, the team is optimistic. They plan to conduct more tests and explore integrating the catalyst into electro-chemical cells for broader application. 1. What do we know about PFAS? A．They are common chemicals. B．They are harmless compounds. C．They are widely used in agriculture. D．They damage the earth in many aspects. 2. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “deficiencies” in Paragraph 3? A．Strength. B．Shortcoming. C．Difference. D．Diversity. 3. What is the team’s plan for the future of the new method? A．To find other substitutes of PFAS. B．To apply it on a large scale immediately. C．To test it more before putting it to use widely. D．To develop new chemicals having similar features. 4. What is the main point of the passage? A．“ Forever chemicals” in water can be broken down. B．A catalyst system is saving human from disasters. C．Polluted water will be safe to drink in the future. D．PFAS can be used in more industries in future. Passage 7 （2025·福建福州·模拟预测）This might sound impossibly old-fashioned, but I still like the idea that education is about learning: facts, skills, culture, analysis, inspiration. It’s supposed to make us better citizens. But over the last decade, the goal of learning has given way to grades and degrees. The unfortunate result has been inflation (膨胀) of both. They rise ever higher; learning doesn’t. To avoid discouraging students, some school districts did away with D and F grades. Grade-point averages have consistently risen even though scores on nationwide standardized exams such as SAT have not. It’s not that I think standardized tests are the final word in measuring excellence. But when the gaps between grades and test scores are this wide and consistent, parents and the public should not be fooled. That’s true not just of low-achieving students. In a 2023 survey, educators said that close to half of students argue for higher grades than they earn, and 8 of 10 teachers give in. It’s hard to blame them: A third or more of students and parents disturb them when they don’t. Unearned grades are damaging in many ways. Some students, armed with good grades, march off to college to find themselves in remedial (补习的) classes because they haven’t learned enough to take college-level courses. Employers complain that high school and even college graduates lack basic skills needed in the workforce. There are also complaints from college professors that the students aren’t even good at reading books. Grade inflation has followed students into college. Some professors hesitate to grade accurately because of student evaluations, which are often more negative for tough graders. Remember that about 70% of college instructors are adjunct (兼职) professors who have few job protections. Many Ivy League students have learned to cherry-pick easy-grading professors. Yet a Brown University study found that students taking courses from professors with stricter grading standards learned more. We have to ask ourselves as a society: Do we want college to be a place of intellectual growth — or a performative exercise in grade fishing? 1. According to the passage, what has happened to the goal of education in the past decade?​ A．It has focused more on cultivating better citizens.​ B．It has gradually been replaced by the pursuit of grades and degrees.​ C．It has emphasized learning facts, skills, and culture more than before.​ D．It has become closely related to nationwide standardized exams.​ 2. Why do some school districts cancel D and F grades?​ A．To encourage students to work harder.​ B．To make grade-point averages more accurate.​C．To avoid making students feel discouraged.​ D．To match the results of standardized exams.​ 3. What can we infer from the passage about adjunct professors in college?​ A．They usually give students higher grades.​ B．They are more likely to grade students accurately.​ C．They have strong job security in colleges.​ D．They may be influenced by student evaluations when grading.​ 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?​ A．The Importance of Standardized Exams​ B．How to Improve Education Quality​ C．Grade Inflation: A Threat to Real Learning​ D．Students’ Struggle for Higher Grades Passage 8 （2025·四川成都·二模）Aging brings two opposing trends in cancer risk: first, the risk climbs in our 60s and 70s, as decades of genetic mutations(基因突变)build up in our bodies. But then, past the age of around 80, the risk drops again—and a new study may explain a key reason. The international team of scientists behind the study analyzed lung cancer in mice, tracking the behavior of AT2 stem cells. These cells are crucial for lung regeneration(再生), and are also where many lung cancers get started. What emerged was higher levels of a protein called NUPR1in the older mice. This caused cells to act as if they were deficient in iron, which in turn limited their regeneration rates—putting restrictions on both healthy growth and cancerous tumors. “The aging cells actually have more iron, but for reasons we don’t yet fully understand, they function like they don’t have enough,” says cancer biologist Xueqian Zhuang, from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center(MSK) in New York. The same processes were found to be happening in human cells too: more NUPR1 leads to a drop in the amount of iron available to cells. When NUPR1 was artificially lowered or iron was artificially increased, cell growth capabilities were boosted again. That potentially gives researchers a way of exploring treatments that target iron metabolism(代谢)—especially in older people. It could perhaps restore lung capacity in those experiencing long-term effects from COVID-19, for example. These findings also have implications for cancer treatments based on a type of cell death called ferroptosis(铁死亡), which is triggered by iron. This cell death is less common in older cells, the researchers found, because of their functional iron deficiency. This perhaps also makes them more resistant to cancer treatments based on ferroptosis that are in development—so the earlier a ferroptosis treatment can be tried, the better it’s likely to work. There’s lots more to explore here about the effects of NUPR1 and how it relates to stem cell function, both healthy regeneration and cancerous growth. 1. What does the underlined word “deficient” in Paragraph 3mean? A．Lacking. B．Sufficient. C．Flawless. D．Cautious. 2. How did the scientists make the new discovery? A．By observing the performance of older mice. B．By researching into the lung regeneration. C．By controlling the amount of NUPR1. D．By tracking the behavior of AT2 stem cells. 3. What can we learn from Paragraph 4 and 5? A．It’s better to carry out the ferroptosis-based cancer treatment earlier. B．What happens in mice cells doesn’t happen in human cells. C．The amount of iron can be lowered to enhance cell growth ability. D．Older cells are sensitive to cancer treatments based on ferroptosis. 4. What does the passage mainly talk about? A．The reason for decreased risk of cancer with people aging. B．The process of aging cells’ renewal in cancer treatments. C．The role of NUPR1 in reducing aging-related cancer risk. D．The effect of cells on lung regeneration and cancer risk. Passage 9 （2025·北京·三模）Rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other localized climate changes. “Nobody really knows what the increases in carbon dioxide are going to entail in terms of future changes in vegetation types,” said Mark Brenner, a University of Florida assistant professor of paleolimnology, the study of ancient lakes. “It looks like climate changes in different areas may be more important than carbon dioxide, at least carbon dioxide by itself,” he said. Brenner’s research team based their conclusions on an analysis of sediment (沉积物) from two lake bottoms, one in northern Mexico and one in northern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allowed them to analyze only the remains of land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the isotope composition of the leaf waxes, the researchers were able to distinguish two broad categories of plants living in these areas — so-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different photosynthetic (光合作用的) processes, the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. Many C4 plants are tropical grasses, while most tropical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments deposited over the last 27,000 years, from the last ice age to the current geological period. Over this period, there was a worldwide, relatively uniform increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period. But, in fact, the researchers found that trends in the two types of plants were different at the two locations. The changes were related not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears to be that climate factors, especially moisture availability, determine whether C4 or C3 plants dominate in an area, not carbon dioxide,” Brenner said. Many scientists believe global warming will cause major variation in local climates worldwide, with some wet areas becoming dry and dry areas becoming wet. If that happens, it could have more impact on relative C3 versus C4 plant distribution than the rising carbon dioxide levels. 1. What can be inferred in the first paragraph? A．Climate change affects plant community composition more than rising CO2 levels. B．Localized climate shifts may not be as crucial as carbon dioxide. C．Nobody knows which one is important. D．Carbon dioxide levels is crucial to the global warming. 2. According to the third paragraph, which one is NOT true? A．Tropical grasses are usually C4 plants. B．C3 and C4 plants used to live in northern Mexico and Guatemala. C．C3 and C4 plants don’t have the same processes. D．Tropical trees are all C3 plants. 3. Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the two locations? A．The assumption that carbon dioxide played the major role is wrong. B．The carbon dioxide played an important role. C．The moisture availability was different. D．The carbon dioxide level was different. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Climates factors determine the plant distribution and composition of plant communities. B．Global warming will cause major variation. C．How has Brenner’s research team proved a truth. D．C3 and C4 plants are important plants in determining the composition of plant communities. Passage 10 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）Honeybees, despite their tiny brains, perform extraordinary feats of navigation. They routinely fly kilometers from their hives, locate scattered flowers, and return precisely — a skill critical to pollination and global food security. For decades, scientists believed bees relied solely on visual landmarks and the sun’s position to navigate. However, groundbreaking research published in 2024 revealed a hidden mechanism: sensitivity to Earth’s magnetic field. The discovery emerged from a coincidental observation. Biologists at Cambridge University noticed that bees in cloudy conditions, deprived of solar cues, still corrected their flight paths after displacement. Intrigued, they designed an experiment: bees were fitted with microscopic magnetic disruptors (微观磁干扰器), while control groups wore non-magnetic tags. When released in an unfamiliar field, the disruptor group showed 63% more directional errors, strongly implying magnetic perception. Further studies identified magnetite nanoparticles in bees’ abdomens (腹部) — minerals also found in migratory birds. These particles align with magnetic fields, creating internal “maps”. Remarkably, bees adjust this system daily using sunlight, blending magnetic and solar data for precision. Dr. Voss, co-lead researcher, explains, “It resembles using both GPS and a compass, which ensures reliability amid environmental changes.” This dual-system adaptation has evolutionary roots. Fossil records show bees existed 100 million years ago, when volcanic activity frequently altered landscapes. Magnetic sensing would have enabled ancestral bees to navigate landforms reshaped by eruptions — a survival trait passed to modern species. Today, this ability faces new challenges. Electromagnetic pollution from power lines and wireless networks can disturb weak geomagnetic signals, potentially misdirect bees. A 2025 German study found hive collapse rates 22% higher near high-voltage towers, suggesting a troubling link. Understanding bee navigation isn’t merely academic. With 75% of crops depending on pollinators, decoding their orientation systems could inform conservation strategies. Proposals include creating “magnetic corridors” shielded from interference, or designing urban green spaces with natural magnetic landmarks. As Prof. Patel notes, “Protecting bees requires safeguarding not just their food sources, but the invisible forces that guide them.” 1. What initially challenged the traditional belief about honeybee navigation? A．The discovery of magnetite in birds’ brains. B．Their accurate orientation under sunless skies. C．Hive collapse patterns near agricultural zones. D．Bees’ ability to fly long distances without resting. 2. Why did researchers use magnetic disruptors in the Cambridge experiment? A．To measure the strength of bees’ solar navigation. B．To test bees’ resistance to electromagnetic pollution. C．To determine if magnetism influences flight orientation. D．To observe how bees adapt to visual landmark changes. 3. What can be implied in Paragraph 4? A．The limitation of bees’ evolutionary roots. B．The need to reduce magnetic field where bees live. C．The potential impact of human activity on bee navigation. D．The superiority of magnetic sensors over visual navigation. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．A Critical Skill: How Bees Map Routes B．The Honeybee Migration: How Climate Impacts C．The Magnetic Mystery: How Honeybees Navigate D．A Hidden Mechanism: What Disrupts Bee Immigration 24 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$