内容正文:
第四章 语法填空解题策略与训练
语法填空重在语境中考查考生的语法和词汇综合语言运用能力。它是命题人在预先选好的一篇地道的英语文章中,在保证句子成分、结构和语法等有效解题信息基本完备的基础上,挖去10个空所为。这10个空根据有无提示词可分为有提示词类和无提示词类两种。
一般来说,解题步骤为:
1.通读全文,理解大意;
2.确定固定搭配,使句子前后连贯;
3.分析句子结构或分析语义确定所填词汇;
4.语法是否正确,逻辑是否合理。
1.有提示词类:一般设置7个小题
高频考点
谓语动词
1~2题:考查时态、语态及主谓一致,其中涉及语态方面的不超过1题,答案最多三个单词。
非谓语动词
1~3题:考查不定式、动词ing形式与过去分词,每种最多设1题。
派生词
1~3题:考查方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、形容词派生为副词等。每种最多设1题。
名词
0~1题:主要考查可数名词的复数,也可能会考查名词的所有格。
形容词和副词类
0~1题:主要考查形容词和副词的转换,以及其比较级或最高级。
低频考点
代词:0~1题。一般给出人称代词的主格,要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物主代词、反身代词等。
2.无提示词类:一般设置3个小题
高频考点
介词
0~1题:重点考查常见介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词,一般不涉及短语介词。
冠词
0~1题:重点考查冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词,一般不涉及零冠词。
从属连词
0~2题:侧重于定语从句的引导词。此外,名词性从句、状语从句的引导词也偶有涉及。
低频考点
并列连词
0~1题:并列句的关联词也偶有涉及。
其他
0~1题:包括助动词(如强调谓语动词的do,does,did;构成部分倒装的do,does,did;构成一般疑问句的do,does,did),构成强调结构的it或that,连接性副词(before,ago,however,anyway...)等。
1.冠词
(1)无提示词。
(2)名词之前。
[示例] (1)There once were a goat and a donkey... So the farmer killed ________ goat and gave the donkey medicine made from its heart.
解析 the 表示特指。
(2)When I see a child subject to this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie. He was ________ shy , nervous perfectionist.
解析 a 表示泛指。
(3)...the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ________ small town some 20 kilometers away.
解析 a 表示泛指。
(4)I still remember taking _________ visiting friend from Canada to a local Black Country pub for lunch.
解析 a 表示泛指。
(5)He's ________ amazing singer, a music video director, a business owner.
解析 an 表示泛指,amazing首字母发元音音标,所以用an。
(6)One way that Americans do this is with ________ firm handshake.
解析 a 表示泛指。
(7)This is________ law of American—of all successful people.
解析 the 表示特指,有限定范围:of all successful people。
(8)________hour
________ honest boy
________ 8yearold boy
________Xray photo/umbrella/American
解析 an 表示泛指,同时,因为首字母发元音音标。
[解题技巧]
下列情况很可能填 a/an。
(1)________+可数名词(单数);
(2)________+形容词+可数名词(单数)。
下列情况下很可能填 the。
(1)________ (+定语)+名词+of等介词短语(表示特指);
(2)________ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指);
(3)________ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
2.介词
(1)无提示词:注意搭配问题。
(2)与名词相连构成介宾短语担任状语,补语等。
(3)与不及物动词构成动词短语接宾语。
[示例] (1)In short, I believe that it is ________ great use to keep a dairy in English...
解析 of 考查固定短语be of great use“很实用”。
(2)When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back________the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen.
解析 at 考查固定短语 look back at“回头看”。
(3)She found some good quality pipes________ sale.
解析 on 考查固定短语on sale “在售”。
(4)He was very tired ________ doing this for a whole day...
解析 after 考查固定短语:after doing this在做过这个一整天之后,很累了。
3.代词
(1)无提示词。
(2)作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格,注意形容词词性和名词性物主代词的区别。
(3)指示代词(it和this),不定代词,it用作引导词,反身代词等。
[示例] (1)She remembered how difficult it was to choose a suitable present for her father.
(2)When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in my village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused her.
(3)It has been said before, but experiencing it myself has made me want to say it again: a smile...
[解题技巧]
因句子的主语或宾语主要由名词、代词、动名词或不定式等充当,而名词、动名词或不定式等实词通常会放在有提示词的空格中考查,所以纯空格所填词在句子中作主语或宾语时,通常填代词,包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词(不能作主语)等。在名词前作定语就只能用形容词性物主代词了。
4.连词或从句引导词
(1)无提示词。
(2)两个主谓结构连接。
[示例] (1)Historically, it was famous for industry, which explains ________ the area is called the Black Country.
解析 why 考查定语从句的关系副词。
(2)It got its name during the industrial revolution, ________ factory pollution turned the local skies black and local dust from the mines made the soil the same color.
解析 when 考查定语从句的关系副词。
(3)Jane paused in front of a counter ________ some attractive ties were on display.
解析 where 考查定语从句的关系副词。
(4)One day, he came up with an idea ________ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.
解析 that 考查同位语从句,解释先行词idea。
[解题技巧]
(1)连接两个功能对等的单词或短语时,应填并列连词。常见的并列连词有:and; or; but;while;however;so;for;otherwise;both...and...;not only...but also...;neither...nor...;either...or...。
(2)若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间,没有句号或分号,也没有连词,那空格处必定是填连接词,否则,句子结构就不完整。根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系,或者根据句式结构,确定是并列句(多要求考生填and, but, while, when, or等)还是某种主从复合句。然后根据各类从句的特点,结合连接词的意义和用法,确定填具体的某个连词。
(3)常见的连接词有:
定语从句的引导词:关系代词:that;which;who;whom;whose;as。关系副词:when;where;why。
名词性从句:if;whether;what等。
状语从句: if;when; unless;before;after等。
5.谓语动词
(1)有提示词。
(2)与主语构成主谓结构。
[示例] (1)I was certain she would like it because I ________ (tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food.
解析 was told 考查被动语态。根据线索词by和语境的时态决定为一般过去时的被动语态,主语是I,谓语动词用was。
(2)His fear of failure ________ (keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon.
解析 kept 考查一般过去时态。根据语境得知用一般过去时态。
(3)Being too anxious to help an event develop often ________ (result) in the contrary to our intention.
解析 results 考查谓语动词的数。主语是动名词,谓语动词用单数,因为描述的是客观真理,用一般现在时态。
6.非谓语动词
(1)有提示词。
(2)除谓语动词以外的动词形式。
[示例] (1)We must also consider the reaction of the person ________ (receive) the gift.
解析 receiving 考查现在分词短语作后置定语。
(2)...I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left ________ (complete) the rest!
解析 to complete 考查动词不定式表示目的。
(3)My pupils, Donnie ________ (include), adored her.
解析 included 此处表示被动,过去分词做状语。
(4)Before the waitress could even finish describing the menu, my friend looked at me with his eyebrows (眉毛)_________ (raise).
解析 raised 考查with的复合结构:with+n.+分词,此处表示被动关系用过去分词形式。
7.词性转换
(1)有提示词。
(2)介词、冠词、所有格后接名词,形容词修饰名词、副词修饰形容词动词或整个句子。
[示例] (1)“Thirtyfive cents,” she said ________ (rude).
解析 rudely 考查副词修饰动词。
(2)As far as I am concerned, my ______ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish within easy reach.
解析 suggestion 考查名词作主语。
(3)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their ________ (nature) course.
解析 natural 考查形容词修饰名词。
(4)________ (doubt), although there is still room for improvement to this policy, I think it is still a good one which brings more good than harm to the students and the nation.
解析 Undoubtedly 考查副词作状语。
8.形容词的级
(1)有提示词。
(2)通常,有表示范围的in /of介词短语或形容词前有the时,一般要用最高级;than的前面一定要用比较级。
[示例] (1)One of the ________ (bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher...
解析 worst one of+the+最高级+名词:其中最……的东西。
(2)...We were both laughing the whole time at our complete inability to communicate in words. When it was time to leave, I said “thank you” in Korean, using some of the few words I had learned. I felt ________ (lonely) than I had expected that night.
解析 less lonely 根据提示词than知道用比较级,同时根据语境知道用否定意义的比较级。
(3)Lucille Clifton is an awardwinning poet and writer. Critics call her one of the ________ (great) writers of our time.
解析 greatest one of+the+最高级+人:其中最……的人。
1.根据句子结构,确定词性
一般有提示词: 动词, 名词, 形容词, 副词。
无提示词: 冠词 ,介词, 连词, 代词。
2.根据上下文意义及语法,确定词形
考点
考查语法点
冠词
定冠词,不定冠词
代词
人称代词,物主代词,不定代词,指示代词,反身代词
连词
并列句及复合句
介词
介词的常用用法及词组搭配
谓语动词
谓语动词的时态及语态, 及主谓一致
续表
考点
考查语法点
非谓语
非谓语动词 to do, doing, done 及变形
词性变化
词汇, 构词法
3.解题四步走
(1)通读全文,理解大意。
(2)分析句子,确定词性。
(3)根据语义, 确定词形。
(4)检查搭配, 前后连贯。
A
Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend 1.________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.They are 2.________ (treasure) of American heritage (遗产).How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in midSeptember 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 3.________ is now northwestern Wyoming.They 4.________(be) part of a 15member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
What should 5.________(do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud.This area, with 6.________ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved 7.________ all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the 8.________ (complete) of their journey.Their promotional work paid off.Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world.Yellowstone was the 9.________ (large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until WrangellSaint Elias in southern Alaska, 10.________ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
B
A total of 99 traditional culture enthusiasts, mostly in their 20s and 30s,1.________ (gather) at the television show Yellow River Culture Competition, where they provided a youthful interpretation of the 2.________ (country) “mother river”, according to a meeting recently 3.________(hold) in Beijing.
Initiated by Shandong Radio and Television Station in 4.________ (associate) with eight other provinces and regions along the banks of the Yellow River, the show adopted multiple formats to combine competitions and performances, such as singing folk songs and 5.________ (recite) poetry, to promote the history and culture of the civilizations that have thrived (繁荣) along the river for thousands of years.
The show invited four famous 6.________(scholar), namely Kang Zhen, Meng Man, Li Bo and Yang Yu, as guest celebrities, sharing lesserknown knowledge about the historic moments 7.________ have been part of Yellow River's cultures.
Meng Man, a professor at the Minzu University of China, quoted some of 8.________ most famous poems featuring the Yellow River in ancient China.“The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and the 9.________ (spirit) source of Chinese civilization.Through this program, the audience can not only have a deep understanding 10.________ the history of the Yellow River, but also take a close look at the happy life of the people living along its banks,” she added.
C
Music in its many forms is a powerful force.For centuries, people all over the world have created or listened to music in its 1.________ (variety) forms.The power of music can 2.________ (feel) from the beating of drums to the ringing of bells, from the sound of a piano to the clapping of hands and stamping of feet.
In many cultures, music making 3.________ (happen) with story telling.In some cultures it has been used 4.________(help) treat illnesses.Today, music therapy (疗法) is a way of helping people with disabilities.For some people who have trouble 5.________ (communicate) in words, music can be the bridge 6.________ helps them express themselves more 7.________ (free).
The power of music is this―it will touch all our lives in some way.It could be we are interested in the popular music of today and the classical music of yesterday, or have a fascination with creating wonderful instruments.It could be we join 8.________ band or an orchestra, become a street musician or 9.________ (compose), or we could simply be listeners.
Although the music today may be different 10.________ what the next generation will listen to, it will always be part of our world.
D
Why do many of us find 1.________ difficult or impossible to fall asleep in a bed other than our own? Is it because the bed is not 2.________(comfort)? According to a new study, a significant reason 3.________ people cannot sleep well is what the scientists call “first night effect”.They believe that one side of the brain acts 4.________ a “night watch” to warn us about potential dangers.It forces us 5.________ (stay) awake on the first night in a new environment.In the study, 35 young volunteers 6.________ (ask) to sleep in a lab for several days.Meanwhile, researchers watched their brain activities.
According to the researchers, on their first night, the left brains were more active than the right brains and people had 7.________ hard time sleeping.However, the activities of the left hemisphere of the brain decreased as days went by, 8.________ (fall) even to the point of complete calm.In this process, the participants got an increasingly better sleep experience.
The 9.________ (finding) suggest that the different rhythms of the two sides of the brain affect our sleep.When the two sides work 10.________ (different), the balance between them is broken.
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第四章 语法填空解题策略与训练
语法填空专练
A
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了美国国家公园的由来,即四个男人发现了一处非常美的自然风景区,决定好好保护它以供后人欣赏,并为此做出了许多努力。
1.to catch 考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管各级都有各种规模和类型的公园,但国家公园尤其吸引我们的注意,因为它们体积大,种类繁多。固定搭配:tend to do sth,表示“倾向于做某事”,不定式作宾语,故填to catch。
2.treasures 考查名词。句意:它们是美国传统的瑰宝。treasure表示“宝藏”,为可数名词,结合前文they are,应用复数形式,故填treasures。
3.what 考查宾语从句。句意:1870年9月中旬,在一个凉爽、繁星点点的夜晚,四个男人在火洞河边的营火前放松,这里现在是怀俄明州的西北部。后文为介词in的宾语,is前缺主语,指物,主语用what引导宾语从句,作介词in的宾语,故填what。
4.were 考查时态。句意:他们是一个由15人组成的探险队的一部分,他们花了近五个星期的时间来见证那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四个男人,时间为1870年,同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知,本空时态为过去式且为复数形式,故填were。
5.be done 考查被动语态。句意:对于这样一个美丽的地方,我们应该做些什么呢?主语what指物,与谓语动词do是被动关系,情态动词should后接be done构成被动语态,故填be done。
6.its 考查代词。句意:这个地区拥有独特的、令人惊叹的自然美景,必须作为国家公园保护好,为了所有国家的人都能享受。修饰名词beauty用形容词性物主代词its,故填its。
7.for 考查介词。句意同上。介词for表目的,表示“为了所有国家的人都能享受”。 故填for。
8.completion 考查名词。句意:他们都同意了,并发誓要在旅行结束后推广这个想法。冠词修饰名词,本空应填名词作宾语,complete名词形式为completion,不可数,故填completion。
9.largest 考查形容词最高级。句意:黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园,占地220万英亩,直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔—圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the,为形容词最高级标志词,结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知,用large的最高级largest作定语,故填largest。
10.which 考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句,先行词为WrangellSaint Elias,从句中作主语,指物,引导非限制性定语从句用which,故填which。
B
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。本文报道了关于《黄河文化大赛》电视节目的情况,介绍了参与人员、节目形式、受邀学者以及节目意义等内容。
1.gathered 考查时态。句意:据近日在北京举行的一场会议显示,共有99名传统文化爱好者聚集在电视节目《黄河文化大赛》上,他们大多年龄在二三十岁之间,为国家的“母亲河”提供了一种年轻的诠释。根据句意,此处描述的是过去发生的事情,时态使用一般过去时,谓语用gather“聚集”的过去式。故填gathered。
2.country's 考查名词所有格。句意:据近日在北京举行的一场会议显示,共有99名传统文化爱好者聚集在电视节目《黄河文化大赛》上,他们大多年龄在二三十岁之间,为国家的“母亲河”提供了一种年轻的诠释。这里需要一个形容词来修饰mother river,表示“国家的母亲河”,应用country“国家”的名词所有格形式country's。故填country's。
3.held 考查非谓语动词。句意:据近日在北京举行的一场会议显示,共有99名传统文化爱好者聚集在电视节目《黄河文化大赛》上,他们大多年龄在二三十岁之间,为国家的“母亲河”提供了一种年轻的诠释。本句谓语为gathered,此处为非谓语动词,hold“举办”与meeting之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,因此应该使用过去分词held作后置定语,修饰meeting。故填held。
4.association 考查固定搭配。句意:该节目由山东广播电视台联合其他八个黄河沿岸省份和地区发起,采用多种形式,将比赛和表演结合起来,如唱民歌和朗诵诗歌,以促进沿河繁荣数千年的文明历史和文化。in association with为固定搭配,意为“与……联合/合作”。故填association。
5.reciting 考查非谓语动词。句意:该节目由山东广播电视台联合其他八个黄河沿岸省份和地区发起,采用多种形式,将比赛和表演结合起来,如唱民歌和朗诵诗歌,以促进沿河繁荣数千年的文明历史和文化。recite“背诵”。本空与singing并列,作介词as的宾语,因此也应使用动名词形式reciting。故填reciting。
6.scholars 考查名词复数。句意:节目邀请了四位著名学者,即康震、蒙曼、郦波和杨雨作为嘉宾名人,分享了黄河文化中鲜为人知的历史时刻。根据空前的four可知,这里需要使用scholar“学者”的复数形式scholars。故填scholars。
7.that/which 考查定语从句。句意:节目邀请了四位著名学者,即康震、蒙曼、郦波和杨雨作为嘉宾名人,分享了黄河文化中鲜为人知的历史时刻。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词moments,关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,因此应使用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。
8.the 考查冠词。句意:中国民族大学教授蒙曼引用了中国古代一些最著名的描写黄河的诗歌。形容词最高级most famous前应加定冠词the。故填the。
9.spiritual 考查形容词。句意:黄河是中华民族的摇篮,中华文明的精神源泉。此处修饰名词source“来源”,应使用spirit的形容词形式spiritual“精神的”,作定语。故填spiritual。
10.of 考查介词。句意:通过这个节目,观众不仅可以深入了解黄河的历史,还可以近距离观察生活在黄河两岸的人们的幸福生活。本空用介词of“……的”。have a deep understanding of意为“深刻理解”。故填of。
C
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了音乐的作用和力量。
1.various/varied 考查形容词。句意:几个世纪以来,世界各地的人们以各种形式创作或聆听音乐。形容词various/varied作定语修饰名词。故填various/varied。
2.be felt 考查语态。句意:从鼓声到钟声,从钢琴声到拍手和跺脚,我们都能感受到音乐的力量。can后接动词原形, The power of music与feel为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填be felt。
3.happens 考查时态。句意:在许多文化中,音乐创作伴随着故事的讲述。陈述事实,为一般现在时,主语为music making,谓语为单数第三人称形式。故填happens。
4.to help 考查不定式。句意:在一些文化中,它被用来帮助治疗疾病。be used to do sth被用来做某事。故填to help。
5.communicating 考查动名词。句意:对于一些用语言交流有困难的人来说,音乐可以成为帮助他们更自由地表达自己的桥梁。have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难。故填communicating。
6.which/that 考查定语从句。句意:对于一些用语言交流有困难的人来说,音乐可以成为帮助他们更自由地表达自己的桥梁。先行词为bridge,关系词在从句中作主语,关系代词为which或者that。故填which/that。
7.freely 考查副词。句意:对于一些用语言交流有困难的人来说,音乐可以成为帮助他们更自由地表达自己的桥梁。副词freely作状语修饰动词express。故填freely。
8.a 考查冠词。句意:我们可以加入一个乐队或管弦乐队,成为一个街头音乐家或作曲家,或者我们可以只是一个听众。泛指一个乐队,用不定冠词,且band的首字母的发音为辅音音素,冠词为a。故填a。
9.composer 考查名词。句意:我们可以加入一个乐队或管弦乐队,成为一个街头音乐家或作曲家,或者我们可以只是一个听众。a后接单数名词composer作表语。故填composer。
10.from 考查介词。句意:虽然今天的音乐可能与下一代听的不同,但它将永远是我们世界的一部分。be different from为固定短语。故填from。
D
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们很多人在别人的床上很难或不可能入睡的原因。
1.it 考查代词。句意:为什么我们很多人发现在别人的床上很难或不可能入睡?分析句子结构可知,此处考查固定句型:主+v.+it + adj.+ (for sb)+to do,其中it为形式宾语,真正的宾语是不定式。故填it。
2.comfortable 考查形容词。句意:是因为床不舒服吗?分析句子结构可知,空前是系动词is,所以空处应填形容词作表语,再根据句意,此处表达“不舒服”之意。故填comfortable。
3.why 考查定语从句关系词。句意:根据一项新的研究,人们睡不好的一个重要原因是科学家们所说的“第一晚效应”。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词是reason,关系词在从句中作原因状语,应该用关系副词why引导。故填why。
4.as 考查介词。句意:他们认为,大脑的一侧扮演着“守夜人”的角色,警告我们潜在的危险。分析句子结构可知,此处考查固定搭配act as,意为“担任……角色”。故填as。
5.to stay 考查非谓语动词。句意:它迫使我们在新环境的第一个晚上保持清醒。分析句子结构可知,此处考查固定搭配force sb to do,意为“强迫某人做……”,用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to stay。
6.were asked 考查动词时态和语态。句意:在这项研究中,35名年轻志愿者被要求在实验室里睡上几天。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少谓语,所以ask作本句谓语动词,主语是volunteers,两者间是被动关系,应该用被动语态,描述的是已发生的事,用一般过去时,且主语是复数。故填were asked。
7.a 考查冠词。句意:人们很难入睡。分析句子结构可知,此处考查固定搭配have a hard time doing sth,意为“做某事有困难”。故填a。
8.falling 考查非谓语动词。句意:随着时间的推移,大脑左半球的活动减少,甚至下降到完全平静的状态。分析句子结构可知,本句已有谓语动词decreased,所以fall用非谓语形式,它的逻辑主语是activities,两者间是主谓关系,所以用现在分词作状语。故填falling。
9.findings 考查名词复数。句意:研究表明大脑两侧不同的节律影响我们的睡眠。空前是冠词The,空后是谓语动词suggest,所以空处应填名词复数形式。故填findings。
10.differently 考查副词。句意:当双方工作方式不同时,它们之间的平衡就被打破了。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空前的动词work,应该用副词修饰,different的副词形式是differently。故填differently。
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