内容正文:
专题七 并列句和复合句
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。复合句是由一个主句和一个或者一个以上的从句构成的句子,主要包括名词性从句,状语从句和定语从句。
初中考点
高中考点
·并列句的应用
·名词性从句(宾语从句)
·状语从句
·定语从句
·熟练掌握并列句
·名词性从句中的另外三种形式:主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句
·进一步学习状语从句和定语从句
一、并列句
1.构成:简单句+并列连词+简单句。
2.常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有:and,but,or,so,for。
(1)and意为“和;并且”,表示顺延、并列关系。如:
Study hard,and you'll make progress.
努力学习,你就会取得进步。
(2)but意为“但是”,表示转折关系。如:
I like the story very much,but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.
我非常喜欢这个故事,可是李明却对它不感兴趣。
(3)or意为“否则;或者”,表示选择关系。如:Hurry up,or you'll be late.
快点儿,否则你会迟到的。
(4)so意为“所以;因此;于是”,for意为“因为”,二者都表示因果关系。如:
He got up late,so he was late for class.
他起晚了,所以上课迟到了。
I have to stay up,for I have a lot of work to do.我不得不熬夜,因为我有许多工作要做。
3.“祈使句+and/or+简单句”是一个固定句型,此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。如:
Study hard,and you will make progress.=If you study hard,you will make progress.
努力学习,然后你就会取得进步。
Hurry up,or you will be late.=If you don't hurry up,you will be late.
快点,否则你就会迟到。
4.其他的常用于连接并列句的并列连词有:then,while,when,yet,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,either...or...,both...and...,as well as。
二、复合句
1.宾语从句
(1)引导词及其作用
引导词
作用
例句
that
本身无意义,只起连接作用,口语中可省略
He said(that)Kate was good at swimming.
他说凯特擅长游泳。
what,which,who,whose,whom等
在从句中作一定的成分,如主语、宾语、定语等
I don't know what they are going to do.
我不知道他们打算干什么。
when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因),how(表方式)等
在从句中作状语
Could you tell me where you are from?你能告诉我你来自哪里吗?
if/whether
意为“是否”,不作句子成分,但不能省略
He asked me if Miss Wei was a teacher.他问我魏小姐是否是一名教师。
(2)语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,不管充当宾语从句的句子原来是什么语序,构成宾语从句时一定要用陈述语序。如:
I don't know where she comes from.
我不知道她来自哪里。
(3)时态
①如果主句是现在的时态,从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如:
I know he lives here.我知道他住在这儿。
I know he lived here ten years ago.
我知道他十年前住在这儿。
I have heard that he will come.
我已经听说他要来了。
②若主句是过去的时态,从句也要用过去的时态。如:I knew who lived here.
我知道了过去谁住在这儿。
He said that he had seen it.
他说他已经看了。
③若宾语从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象等,不管主句使用何种时态,从句都要用一般现在时。如:
The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.
老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。
(4)否定转移
在主从复合句中,当主句的主语为第一人称,谓语动词是think,believe,suppose等时,要将从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如:
I don't think he will come with you.
我认为他不会和你一起来。
2.状语从句
状语从
句的分类
从句的引导词
例句
原因状
语从句
because(因为),since(既然),as(由于)
I like to eat apples because they're good for my health.
我喜欢吃苹果,因为它们对我的健康有益。
Since everyone is here,let's begin our meeting.
既然每个人都在这儿,那我们开始开会吧。
续表
状语从
句的分类
从句的引导词
例句
目的状
语从句
so that(以便,为了),in order that(为了)
He gets up early every morning so that he can catch the early bus.他每天早上起得都很早,以便能赶上早班公交车。
结果状
语从句
so that(结果是),so...that/such...that(如此……以至于)
It's so hot that nobody wants to go out.天太热,以至于没人想出去。
让步状
语从句
though/although
(尽管,虽然),
even if(即使),whatever(无论什么),wherever(无论哪里),whenever(无论何时)
Wherever you go,I will go with you.无论你去哪儿,我都跟着你。
Whenever you come,I will wait for you.无论你什么时候来,我都会等你。
比较状
语从句
than(比……),as...as(和……一样),not as/so...as (不如……)
He is as tall as Tom is.
他和汤姆一样高。
地点状
语从句
where(……的地方),wherever(无论哪里)
Sit wherever you like.
请随便坐。
三、定语从句
关系词
功能
例句
who,
that
主语、
宾语、
表语
Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?你认识经常来这儿的那个女孩吗?
whom,
that
宾语
He's the boy(whom/that)I talked with just now.他是刚才和我谈话的男孩。
续表
关系词
功能
例句
that,
which
主语
A dictionary is a book that/which gives the meanings of words.字典是一本给出词语意思的书。
宾语
The school(that/which)we visited yesterday is a famous one in Shanghai.昨天我们参观的那所学校在上海很出名。
表语
This is the factory(that/which)we visited yesterday.这是昨天我们参观的工厂。
四、应注意的几个问题
1.if的不同用法
if有两个意思,作“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句,同whether,从句的时态由事实决定;作“假如,如果”讲时,引导条件状语从句,此时若主句为一般将来时或祈使句时,从句通常用一般现在时。
Do you know if he's married?
你知道他结婚了吗?
If it rains,we won't have a sports meeting.
如果下雨,我们就不开运动会了。
2.when引导的时间状语从句和宾语从句
(1)含有when引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,若主句是一般将来时,从句应用一般现在时;when引导其他时态的时间状语从句时,从句时态应与主句时态保持一致。
(2)when引导的宾语从句,首先要保证从句的陈述句语序,然后再根据主句的时态确定从句时态,使其基本与主句内容保持意义上的一致。如:
I don't know when my father will come back,but I'll tell you when he comes back.
我不知道我爸爸什么时候回来,但他回来我会告诉你。
3.when,while和as的区别
when,while和as引导的从句都可以使用延续性动词。when,as都可以与非延续性动词连用,而while则不能。
when可表示瞬间、时间段,表示从句与主句所叙述的动作、事情可同时发生,也可有先后。
while用于同时进行的两个延续性动作相伴随而发生,常对同类的两个动作进行比较。
as不指先后,而指并列发生,尤指两个动作或事件同时发生。如:
The film had been on when we arrived.
当我们到达时,电影已经开始了。
My mother was cleaning the room while I was doing my homework.
当我正在写作业时,我妈妈正在打扫房间。As I left the house,I forgot the key.
当我离开家时,我忘记带钥匙了。
4.关系词只能用which的情况
(1)引导非限定性定语从句时。如:
The tree,which is four hundred years old,is very famous here.
那棵(有)400年(历史)的树在这里很有名。
(2)关系词前有介词时。如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food.我们依靠土地来获得粮食。
5.关系词只能用that的情况
(1)当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,little,few等时;
(2)当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时;
(3)当先行词被the only,the very修饰时;
(4)当先行词被序数词或者形容词最高级修饰时;
(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。
一、状语从句
1.时间状语从句
as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant和once(一……就……)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,常译为“一……就……”。如:
The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming.
一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲快来了。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.
那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。
2.目的状语从句
for fear that,in case
引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕、担心某事会发生”;in case表示“以防出现某种情况”。如:
Mary didn't want to get out of bed,for fear that she might wake her baby(up).
玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。
Take your raincoat,in case it rains.
带上雨衣吧,以防下雨。
3.条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的从属连词除了:if,unless(=if...not如果不;除非……否则……),还有:so/as long as(只要),in case(如果),on condition that(条件是),suppose/supposing(that)(假设),providing/provided that(如果)等。如:
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you don't study hard).
除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。
As long as you don't lose heart,you will succeed.你只要不灰心就会成功。
Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us who else can we turn to for help?
假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁?
二、名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以特殊疑问词who,where,why等引导的从句;以what或whever等引导的名词性从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表:
主语
从句
宾语从句
表语
从句
同位语
从句
作及物
动词宾语
作介词
宾语
that
一般不
省略
可以
省略
一般不
省略
一般不
省略
一般不
省略
whether/
if(是否)
放于句
首时常
用whether
用whether
/if均可,
但有区别
常用
whether
常用
whether
常用
whether
特殊疑
问词
注意语序要用陈述句语序
what或
whatever等
注意语序要用陈述句语序
1.主语从句
一个句子充当主语就是主语从句。主语从句分三种类型:陈述句用that引导;疑问句用whether引导;特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导。
That he is an American is true.=It is true that he is an American.
他是美国人那是事实。
Whether he will go isn't decided.
他是否去还没确定。
What he said is true.他说的话是对的。
2.表语从句
一个句子充当表语就是表语从句。表语从句分三种类型:陈述句用that引导;疑问句用whether引导;特殊疑问句是用特殊疑问词引导。
My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。
My question is whether he can help us.
我的问题是他能否帮助我们。
The problem is where we should stay.
问题是我们应该待在哪里。
3.同位语从句
一个句子对前面的抽象名词(如:news,fact,suggest等)进行解释说明,这样的句子就叫同位语从句。
The news that Tom won the first prize surprised us.
汤姆获得一等奖的消息使我们吃惊。
三、定语从句
1.非限制性定语从句
(1)非限制性定语从句中,代词只能使用which(指物),who(指人),whom(指人),而不能使用that,且作宾语时也不能省略。
①The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from America.
那个来自美国的男孩擅长足球。
②That picture,which you gave me as a present,was lost yesterday.
你给我那幅画作为礼物,昨天丢了。
(2)非限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词作进一步补充说明,通常用逗号分开,在翻译时不要译为“……的……”。
2.whose引导的定语从句
whose(谁的)给人们的直觉是指人,其实它也可指物,在定语从句中作定语,其后要加一个名词。
①He has a friend whose wife is a doctor.
他有一个其妻是医生的朋友。
whose此处指人,相当于the friend's。
②I live in the house whose windows face south.我住在一座窗户朝南的房子里。
whose此处指物,相当于the house's或of the house。
3.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
由于结构的需要,有时定语从句的引导代词前需要加上一个介词,这时引导词只能使用whom(指人)或which(指物)。
(1)That is the room(which/that)I lived in ten years ago.=That is the room in which I lived ten years ago.
那就是我十年前住的房间。
介词in一旦提前,只能使用which且不可省略。
(2)I like the man(who/whom/that)I work with.=I like the man with whom I work.
我喜欢和我一块工作的那个人。
介词with一旦提前,只能使用whom,且不可省略。
4.when引导的定语从句
when仅指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于in,on,during,through后跟表示时间的名词the year,the day等。
(1)I will never forget the day when we first met.我将永远忘不了我们第一次见面的那一天。
此处when相当于on which即on the day。
(2)The days when we worked together were a happy time.
我们一起工作的日子是一段快乐时光。
此处when相当于in which即in the days。
5.where引导的定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于in,at,on后跟表示地点的名词the house,the place,the top等。
(1)We visited the factory where his father works.我们参观了他父亲工作的工厂。
此处where相当于in which即in the factory。
(2)This is the stop where I wait for the bus.
这就是我等公交车的车站。
此处where相当于at which即at the stop。
6.why引导的定语从句
why指原因,只修饰the reason,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于for后跟名词the reason。
I don't believe the reason why he came late.
我不相信他迟到的原因。
此处why相当于for which即for the reason。
Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空
1.This is one of the most exciting football games ________ I have ever seen.
2.John told his parents about the cities and the people ________ he had visited.
3.Maybe you leave a habit ________ is driving your family crazy.
4.I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
5.Ministry of Agriculture and Pural Affairs,PRC finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soiltesting program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
6.Do you know the reason ________ fruit and vegetables are often placed at a supermarket entrance?
7.I like big parties ________ you can dance, have fun and meet new people.
8.I remember the year ________ we spent our summer vacation at the beach.
9.Do you still remember the days ________ we traveled together?
10.He fell into the condition ________ his heart disqualified him for military service.
Ⅱ.用适当的连接词填空
1.Maybe it is ________ the first impression is the strength.China Daily has become one part of my life.
2.Every child needs to know ________ he is loved.
3.But perhaps ________ is significant is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
4.________ they'll fly to Inner Mongolia hasn't been decided.
5.Those who like teaching ________ they have acquired show better understanding and ability to remember knowledge.
6.________ concerns the rescuers most is the safety of the children.
7.While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
8.I was just letting off steam really, because I was so angry, but then my friend went and told everyone else ________ I'd said.
9.When you plan an exercise routine, the first thing to consider is ________ you expect to improve: heart and lung efficiency, muscle strength or flexibility.
10.It's known to most of us ________ harm smog will do to our health.
11.Since the birds are able to do ________ we are much more able to do than them, we should do this by ourselves.
12.If a foundation is so huge, just imagine ________ grand and tall the column above would be.
13.There is a general belief ________ more Chinese people will enjoy the Spring Festival in space in the future.
14.The tiger is ________ stands for strength and energy in traditional Chinese culture.
15.After half a year's study, he finally learned ________ the ancient bookbinding worked.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1.这个项目如此成功,学生们还在一次大型的国际性比赛中获得第二名。
The project was ________ successful ________ the students won second prize in a big international competition.
2.尽管我们的爱好各不相同,但我们还是好朋友。(even if/even though引导的让步状语从句)
_________________, we're still great friends.
3.正因为雪下得很大我才待在家里。(强调句型)
________________ I stayed at home.
4.为了学好该国的语言,我们应该了解这个国家以及它的文化。(so that)
We should learn about the country as well as its culture ________________.
5.在她的鼓舞下,我学会了在遇到困难时不轻易承认失败。
________________, I have learnt ________________.(分词短语作状语)
6.虽然她每天工作时间很长,但她仍抽空做家务并花时间陪我。
________________, she finds time to do housework and spends time with me.(状语从句)
7.这是一个必去的地方,你到那里的时候,你会爱上它。(such...that...)
It's ________________________ when you go there.
8.只要有节日存在,人们之间就会多些理解,少些抱怨,社会就会更加和谐。 (as long as引导状语从句)
________________ people will understand more and ________________, and the society will be more harmonious.
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专题七 并列句和复合句
语法要点专练
Ⅰ.
1.that 考查定语从句。句意:这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词football games,先行词指物,定语从句中缺少宾语,且先行词被形容词最高级修饰,应用关系代词that引导从句。故填that。
2.that 考查定语从句。句意:约翰把他去过的城市、见过的人告诉了他的父母。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the cities and the people,先行词既有人又有物,定语从句中缺少宾语,应用关系代词that引导从句。故填that。
3.that/which 考查定语从句。句意:也许你留下了一个让你的家人疯狂的习惯。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a habit,先行词指物,定语从句中缺少主语,应用关系代词that或which引导从句。故填that/which。
4.that/which 考查定语从句。句意:我错过了附近的桂林,这里是游客们的梦想之地,他们寻找石灰岩的山顶和漓江的黑暗水域,这些都是艺术家们在许多中国画中描绘的。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River,先行词指物,定语从句中缺少主语,应用关系代词that或which引导从句。故填that/which。
5.that/which 考查定语从句。句意:中国农业农村部发现,从2005年到2011年,化肥使用量减少了770万吨。2005年,中国政府启动了一项土壤测试项目,向农民提供具体的肥料建议。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a soiltesting program,先行词指物,定语从句中缺少主语,应用关系代词that或which引导从句。故填that/which。
6.why 考查定语从句。句意:你知道水果和蔬菜经常被放在超市入口处的原因吗?定语从句修饰先行词reason,在从句作原因状语,故填why。
7.where 考查定语从句。句意:我喜欢大型派对,在那里你可以跳舞,玩得开心,认识新朋友。定语从句修饰先行词parties,在从句作地点状语,故填where。
8.when 考查定语从句。句意:我记得我们在海滩度过暑假的那一年。空格处为定语从句的连接词,修饰先行词the year,从句中句子成分完整,所以需要填入关系副词;先行词为时间,所以用when。故填when。
9.when 考查定语从句。句意:你还记得我们一起旅行的那些日子吗?设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词the days,在定语从句作时间状语,关系副词when作时间状语引导定语从句。故填when。
10.where 考查定语从句。句意:他陷入这种境地——心脏病使他不符合服兵役的条件。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,从句缺状语,先行词是抽象地点名词“condition”,故用关系副词where或介词+关系代词in which的形式引导定语从句,鉴于该题属于无提示词的语法填空,故最好填一个词。故填where。
Ⅱ.
1.because 考查表语从句。句意:也许是因为第一印象就是力量吧。《中国日报》已经成为我生活的一部分。此处为连接词引导的表语从句,从句是完整的句子,但句意不完整,结合句意可知,此处表示“因为”应为because符合逻辑,所以此处使用连接词because。故填because。
2.that 考查宾语从句。句意:每个孩子都需要知道他被爱着。设空处引导宾语从句,连接词在从句中不作成分,只起到连接作用,应用连接词that引导。故填that。
3.what 考查主语从句的连接词。句意:但也许最重要的是人们与自然和谐相处的方式,创造了这些梯田,种植了水稻。分析句子结构可知,________ is significant作主语,空处应用连接词引导主语从句,由空后is significant可知,应用连接代词what引导,在从句中作主语。故填what。
4.When/Whether 考查主语从句的连接词。句意:他们什么时候飞往内蒙古还没有决定。由句意空处为主语从句的引导词,从句缺少时间状语,应用连接副词when。该句也可理解为:他们是否飞往内蒙古还没有决定。由句意空处为主语从句的连接词,连接词在从句中不作任何成分,应用whether。空处位于句首,首字母需大写。故填When/Whether。
5.what 考查宾语从句连接词。句意:那些喜欢教他们所学知识的人表现出更好的理解和记忆能力。由句意此处为宾语从句的引导词,从句谓语动词have acquired之后缺少宾语,应用连接代词what,意为“……的东西”。故填what。
6.What 考查主语从句。句意:救援人员最关心的是孩子们的安全。引导主语从句,从句缺少主语,指物,应用what,首字母大写。故填What。
7.that 考查同位语从句。句意:虽然它们很少出现在北纬88度以北,但有证据表明,它们的活动范围横跨北极,向南远至加拿大的詹姆斯湾。根据句子结构分析可知,主句为there be句型,空格后为同位语从句,解释说明中心词evidence的内容,从句句意完整,成分齐全,用连接词that引导从句,故填that。
8.what 考查宾语从句。句意:我只是在发泄情绪,因为我当时非常生气,但随后我的朋友却把我说的话告诉了所有人。空处引导told的宾语从句。从句中缺少宾语。且表示“我所说的话”,所以用连接词what引导该从句。故填what。
9.what 考查表语从句。句意:当你计划一项日常锻炼时,首先要考虑的是你希望提高什么:心肺效率、肌肉力量或灵活性。空处为表语从句,从句缺少宾语,指物,使用连接代词what。故填what。
10.what 考查主语从句。句意:我们大多数人都知道,烟雾对我们的健康将会有什么样的危害。It为形式主语,真正的主语为后面的主语从句,所以空处需要引导主语从句。此处需要what引导主语从句,作定语修饰harm,表示“雾霾会对我们的健康造成什么样的危害”。故填what。
11.what 考查宾语从句的连接词。句意:既然鸟类能做我们比它们更能做的事情,我们应该自己做。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,从句we are much more able to do than them中缺少do的宾语,应用指代事物的连接代词what引导。故填what。
12.how 考查宾语从句。句意:如果一个地基这么大,想象一下上面的柱子会有多雄伟多高。分析句子结构可知, grand and tall the column above would be是宾语从句,从句为感叹句,空处填词修饰形容词“grand and tall”,应用how来修饰。故填how。
13.that 考查同位语从句。句意:人们普遍认为,将来会有更多的中国人在太空过春节。此处为连接词引导的同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容,从句不缺少成分,句意完整,所以使用连接词that。故填that。
14.what 考查表语从句。句意:在中国传统文化中,老虎代表力量和活力。设空处引导表语从句,从句连接词在从句中作主语,表示“代表力量和活力的动物”,应用连接代词what引导该表语从句。故填what。
15.how 考查宾语从句的连接词。句意:经过半年的学习,他终于学会了古代装订是如何操作的。引导learned的宾语从句,结合句意可知,空处应用表示方式的连接副词how。故填how。
Ⅲ.
1.so that 2.Even if/Even though we have different hobbies 3.It was because it snowed heavily that
4.so that we can learn its language well 5.Inspired by her not to acknowledge defeat easily when I encounter difficulties 6.Though she works long hours daily
7.such a mustsee place that you'll fall in love with it
8.As long as there are festivals complain less
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