内容正文:
专题五 非谓语动词
不能用来单独作谓语但又具有动词特征的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词的否定式,在其前加not或never(表示强调)。
初中考点
高中考点
·认识非谓语动词的形式
·非谓语动词的基本句法功能
·非谓语动词在具体语境中的灵活运用
·非谓语动词常用固定结构和句型
·非谓语动词的时态、语态
·非谓语动词的逻辑主语
·非谓语动词的习惯搭配和句型
·独立主格结构
·非谓语动词之间的用法区别及与句子之间的转换功能
一、动词不定式
1.动词不定式的句法功能
功能
例句
说明
主
语
To speak English is not easy for us.=It is not easy for us to speak English.讲英语对我们来说不容易。
不定式作主语时,常常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面
表
语
My work is to clean the room every day.=To clean the room every day is my work.我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。
多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换为作主语
宾
语
—What sports does he like to play?——他喜欢做什么运动?
—He likes to play basketball.——他喜欢打篮球。
只能作某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语
续表
功能
例句
说明
宾
补
My mother made me play the piano all the time.我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。
在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to
定
语
Have you got anything to say?你有要说的吗?
不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面
状
语
I'm sorry to trouble you.
(表示原因)很抱歉,给你添麻烦了。
I went to the library to
study English.(表示目的)我去图书馆学英语了。
不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致
2.it可代替动词不定式作主语、宾语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,其结构为:It+be+adj.(+for/of sb) +动词不定式。
To learn English well is useful.
→It is useful to learn English well.
It's important for us to protect the environment.
【注意】 在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。
It's very kind of you to help me.
你帮助我真是太好了。
(2)在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面。
I find it easy to read English every day.
我发现每天读英语很容易。
3.不定式的否定结构
不定式的否定结构由“not+不定式”构成。如:Please tell your child not to play in the street.
请告诉你的孩子不要在街上玩。
二、动名词
1.动名词的句法功能
(1)作主语
动名词作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如:Doing morning exercises is good for health.
做早操有益于健康。
(2)作表语
My favourite sport is swimming.
我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
(3)作宾语
Do you mind opening the window?
你介意开一下窗户吗?
(4)作定语
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池。
2.动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
有些动词既可以用动名词也可以用不定式作宾语,但它们所表达的意义不同。
三、分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的基本形式由“动词+ing”构成;过去分词的基本形式是“动词+ed”,但也有不规则的形式。
1.分词的句法功能
功能
例句
说明
定
语
Do you know the girl standing under the tree?你认识站在树下面的那位女孩吗?
Please hand in your written exercises.请交上你们的笔试练习。
现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词;过去分词作定语,其逻辑宾语是它所修饰的词
状
语
The students went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.学生们谈笑着走出了教室。
Seen from the hill,our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看,我们学校显得更美丽了。
现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语;过去分词的逻辑宾语为句子的主语
续表
功能
例句
说明
表
语
The situation is encouraging.
形势令人鼓舞。
The boy is too frightened to move.这个男孩太害怕了,以至于不能动了。
现在分词表示主语的性质、特征;过去分词表示某种状态
补
足
语
Don't keep us waiting for a long time.不要让我们等得太久。
I heard him singing in the classroom.我听到他正在教室里唱歌呢。
He'll have his hair cut after school.放学后他要去理发。
现在分词作补足语,被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系);过去分词作补足语,被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)
2.现在分词与过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。如:
the surprising news令人惊讶的消息
a surprised man一个感到惊讶的人
a moving film一场感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
(2)在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如:
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
3.易混句式have sb do sth,have sb/sth doing sth和have sth done的区别
(1)have sb do sth意为“让某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。如:The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。
(2)have sb/sth doing sth意为“让某人/物一直做某事”,have可以用keep代替,现在分词(doing)表示这个动作往往具有持续、进行的含义。如:
The two men had their lights burning all night long.那两个人让灯通宵亮着。
(3)have sth done意为“让某人做某事”,即ask sb else to do sth。过去分词(done)表示这个动作由他人(即非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。如:
The driver had his car washed once a week.
那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。
一、动词不定式的形式
动词不定式有时态和语态形式,见下表(以write为例):
时态
主动
被动
一般时
to write
to be written
进行时
to be writing
续表
时态
主动
被动
完成时
to have written
to have been
written
完成进
行时
to have been writing
I know him to be an expert.
我知道他是位专家。(一般时)
He seems to be thinking about something.(=It seems that he is thinking about something.)
他似乎正在考虑什么事。(进行时)
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.(=I am sorry that I have kept you waiting.)
对不起,让你久等了。(完成时)
【温馨提示】 only/just to do作状语时,表示令人失望的,不愉快的结果。
He hurried to the station just/only to learn that the train had left.
他急忙赶到火车站,结果得知火车已经开走了。
二、动名词的形式
动名词与现在分词形式相同,有时态和语态形式,见下表(以teach为例):
时态
主动
被动
一般时
teaching
being taught
完成时
having taught
having been taught
1.一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或之后。如:
They are all interested in climbing mountains.
他们对登山都很感兴趣。
By reading English every morning,you can learn it well.
通过每天早晨读英语,你就能把英语学好。
2.完成式强调动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:
How I regret having been idle when young!
我多么后悔年轻时虚度了时光啊!
3.当动名词的逻辑主语承受其动作时,动名词用被动语态,如:
The boy escaped being run over.
那男孩险些被车轧死。
4.动名词的逻辑主语
动名词前的名词所有格、人称代词宾格、形容词性物主代词及名词普通格为动名词的逻辑主语。如:
His son being ill worries him a lot.
他儿子生病使他很担心。
I object to his/him laughing at people in trouble.
我反对他嘲笑有难处的人。
三、分词的形式
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。及物动词的现在分词形式有时态和语态之分,不及物动词的分词形式只有主动语态。
1.分词的逻辑主语及独立结构
执行或承受分词动作的名词、代词等称为分词的逻辑主语。分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,否则分词要带自己的逻辑主语,这种带自己逻辑主语的分词,称为分词的独立结构。如:
Working hard,you'll succeed.
如果你努力工作,你将会成功。(working的逻辑主语与句子主语you一致)
Work done,they had a rest.工作完成后,他们休息了一会儿。(done的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,work done为独立结构作状语)
【注意】 有时分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,常用来表示说话人的某种态度,被视为独立成分,成为固定词组:generally speaking(总的说来),strictly speaking(严格地说),judging from(从……判断),allowing for(考虑到)等。
2.分词的时态
(1)一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之前发生。如:
He watched them playing football.
他观看他们踢足球。
I found the window broken by someone.我发现窗户被人打破了。
(2)完成时表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:Having finished his homework,Tom began to watch TV.
完成作业后,汤姆开始看电视。
Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I begged Helen ________ (stay), but she wouldn't listen.
2.From now on, I hope every one of us will struggle ________(make) our dream come true.
3.Many teenagers will struggle ________(find) a sense of belonging.
4.It is difficult ________ (describe) how I feel now.
5.With China playing a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to learn Chinese ________(appreciate) China's culture and history.
6.Please don't hesitate ________ (call) me if you need any help.
7.She doesn't like ________ (label) as an incapable woman.
8.Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People's Republic of China ________ (receive) a Nobel Prize, ________ (award) for her contributions to fight against malaria.
9.The building project ________ (carry) out next year is, I think, not easy to complete in time.
10.Tu Youyou's education was soon ________(prove) very useful.
11.My head ________( bury ) in my book , I didn't realize it was raining .
12.________ (judge) from his unhappy look, he was not satisfied with the results.
13.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________(seat) on benches.
14.The strong wind blew away good soil, ________(leave) only sand.
15.They have been discussing the problem for two hours, ________(reach) no agreement at last.
16.Michael noticed the little boy spinning the basketball around to keep himself ________ (entertain).
17.________(surround) by the clear waters, this forest can provide visitors with a wonderful chance to see endangered birds in the wild.
18.Seriously ________(injure), she had to be sent to hospital at once.
19.________ (compare) with my opponent, I deserved more recognition for my hard work.
20.There is much to learn ,share and celebrate on World Olive Tree Day, and UNESCO encourages everyone to participate in activities such as debates and exhibitions ________(organize) worldwide.
Ⅱ.根据要求完成句子
1.The war ________________(爆发), millions of people lost their homes.
2.All the boats were destroyed by them and left us no chance to leave the island.(用非谓语动词改写)
→All the boats were destroyed by them,__________________________________.
3.I was impressed by the beautiful scenery and forgot to go back home in time.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
→________________, I forgot to go back home in time.
4.The professor came into the lab, and was followed by a group of students.(用分词改写句子)(句型转换)
________________________________________________________________________
5.We're going ________ (去远足) in the mountain every day and ________ (欣赏) the beautiful views.
Ⅲ.语篇填空(根据提示或句意填空)
The Wandering Earth is a Chinese science fiction movie,1.________ is based on the novel of 2.________ same name by Liu Cixin, and was released on February 5, 2019, the Chinese New Year's Day.
After learning the sun is dying out, people all around the world feel 3.________(frighten),so they build giant planet thrusters (星球推进器) 4.________(move) the earth out of its orbit and sail 5.________ to a new star system.The 2,500 years' journey comes with unexpected dangers, but in order to save humanity, a group of young people come out bravely and fight hard for everyone's 6.________ (survive).
We 7.________(impress) to see the theme of this film.It doesn't particularly show somebody's ability to save our world 8.________ shows all the human beings are working together, 9.________ (spare) no effort to save this world.
The Wandering Earth is seen by people as the dawn(开端) of Chinese science fiction movies.It means that China's scifi movies have 10.________ (official) set sail.
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$
专题五 非谓语动词
语法要点专练
Ⅰ.
1.to stay 考查非谓语动词。句意:我请求海伦留下来,但她不听。beg sb to do sth为固定短语,意为“请求某人做某事”,空白处应填动词不定式,作宾补,故填to stay。
2.to make 考查非谓语动词。句意:从现在起,我希望我们每个人都将努力实现我们的梦想。struggle to do sth努力做某事,不定式作宾语。故填to make。
3.to find 考查非谓语动词。句意:许多青少年很难找到归属感。struggle to do sth为固定搭配,意为“努力做某事”,空处需填动词不定式to find,作宾语。故填to find。
4.to describe 考查动词不定式。句意:很难描述我现在的感受。it作形式主语构成句型“It is+形容词+to do”,故填to describe。
5.to appreciate 考查动词不定式。句意:随着中国在全球事务中发挥越来越大的作用,越来越多的国际学生开始学习汉语,以欣赏中国的文化和历史。此处为动词不定式作目的状语,故填to appreciate。
6.to call 考查非谓语动词。句意:如果你需要任何帮助,请不要犹豫给我打电话。hesitate to do sth是固定搭配,意为“犹豫做某事”,用不定式作宾语。故填to call。
7.to be labeled/being labeled 考查非谓语动词。句意:她不喜欢被称之为无能的女人。此处为非谓语动词作宾语,根据like to do sth和like doing sth意为“喜欢做某事”可知,此处使用不定式或动名词形式作宾语,且label与逻辑主语she之间为动宾关系,所以此处使用不定式或动名词的被动形式。故填to be labeled/being labeled。
8.to receive awarded 考查非谓语动词。句意:屠呦呦成为中华人民共和国首位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家,以表彰她在抗击疟疾方面的贡献。“(receive) a Nobel Prize”作后置定语,修饰名词词组the first female scientist,当名词前有序数词修饰时,用不定式作后置定语;“(award) for her contributions to fight against malaria”作伴随状语,与其逻辑主语Tu Youyou之间是动宾关系,用过去分词表被动。故填to receive;awarded。
9.to be carried 考查动词不定式。句意:我认为明年将要实施的建筑工程不容易及时完成。分析句子结构可知,该句的谓语是is,空处应用非谓语动词。根据时间状语next year可知,此处表示将要发生的事情,即动作未发生,空处应用动词不定式,作The building project的后置定语。动词短语carry out与名词project之间是动宾关系,应用动词不定式的被动形式。故填to be carried。
10.to prove 考查动词不定式。句意:屠呦呦的教育很快就证明是有用的。说明主语的内容,用不定式作表语。故填to prove。
11.buried 考查非谓语动词。句意:我埋头于读书,没有意识到正在下雨。空处需要非谓语动词和前面的名词“My head”构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语。该动词和“My head”之间为动宾关系,所以用过去分词。故填buried。
12.Judging 考查独立主格结构。句意:从他不高兴的表情来看,他对结果并不满意。Judging from为独立主格结构,在句中作状语,意为“根据……判断”,符合句意,故填Judging。
13.seated 考查非谓语动词。句意:销售活动通常在房子外面进行,观众坐在长凳上。此题考查的是with+宾语+宾补结构,空处需要非谓动词作宾语补足语。seat与the audience之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。故填seated。
14.leaving 考查非谓语动词。句意:强风吹走了好土,只留下沙子。leave的逻辑主语是前面的句子,两者之间是主谓关系,使用现在分词作结果状语,故填leaving。
15.reaching 考查非谓语动词。句意:这个问题他们讨论了两个小时,最后没有达成协议。此处reach与They构成主谓关系,故用现在分词作状语,故填reaching。
16.entertained 考查非谓语动词。句意:迈克尔注意到这个小男孩为了自娱自乐而旋转着篮球。此处为“keep+宾语+宾补”结构,逻辑主语himself与entertain构成动宾关系,故用过去分词作宾补,故填entertained。
17.Surrounded 考查非谓语动词。句意:这片森林被清澈的海水包围,为游客提供了一个观看野生濒危鸟类的绝佳机会。本句谓语为can provide,空处为非谓语动词,且this forest与surround“包围”为动宾关系,应用过去分词,作状语。故填Surrounded。
18.injured 考查非谓语动词。句意:她受了重伤,不得不立即送往医院。句子已有谓语,空处是非谓语动词,injure和she逻辑上是动宾关系,应用injure的过去分词形式,作原因状语。故填injured。
19.Compared 考查非谓语动词。句意:与我的对手相比,我理应因我的努力而获得更多的认可。本句谓语为deserved,空处为非谓语动词,且I与compare“比较”为动宾关系,应用过去分词,作状语,位于句首,首字母大写。故填Compared。
20.organized 考查非谓语动词。句意:在世界橄榄树日有许多值得学习、分享和庆祝的东西,联合国教科文组织鼓励每个人都参加在世界各地组织的辩论和展览等活动。此处organize与activities构成动宾关系,故用过去分词作定语。故填organized。
Ⅱ.
1.breaking out 2.leaving us no chance to leave the island
3.Impressed by the beautiful scenery 4.The professor came into the lab, followed by a group of students.
5.hiking enjoying
Ⅲ.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《流浪地球》这部电影的主要内容和意义。
1.which 考查非限制性定语从句。________ is based on the novel of ________ same name by Liu Cixin是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a Chinese science fiction movie,引导词在从句中作主语,指物,应用关系代词which引导该从句,故填which。
2.the 考查冠词。句意:《流浪地球》是一部中国科幻电影,改编自刘慈欣的同名小说。same常和定冠词the连用,故填the。
3.frightened 考查形容词。句意:在得知太阳正在消失后,世界各地的人们都感到很害怕。feel是系动词,后面接形容词作表语。表示“(人)害怕的”,应用frightened。故填frightened。
4.to move 考查非谓语动词。句意:所以他们建造了巨大的行星球推进器,把地球从轨道上移开,把它带到一个新的恒星系统。________( move ) the earth out of its orbit and sail ________ to a new star system.是“人们建造行星球推进器”的目的,表目的,用动词不定式。故填to move。
5.it 考查代词。句意:所以他们建造了巨大的行星球推进器,把地球从轨道上移开,把它带到一个新的恒星系统。该空作sail的宾语,指代the earth,应用it。故填it。
6.survival 考查名词。everyone's ________(survive)作介词for的宾语,应用名词。且空前有everyone's(所有人的)修饰。故填survival。
7.are impressed 考查时态和被动语态。该空作谓语。impress意为“给……留下印象”,主语we和impress之间是被动关系,该句用被动语态。且根据上下文,该句应用一般现在时态。故填are impressed。
8.but 考查固定搭配。句意:它并没有特别显示某个人拯救世界的能力,而是显示了所有人都在一起努力,不遗余力地挽救这个世界。not...but...表示“不是……而是……”,是固定搭配。故填but。
9.sparing 考查非谓语动词。________(spare) no effort to save this world是状语,主语all the human beings和spare no efforts之间是主谓关系,应用现在分词。故填sparing。
10.officially 考查副词。句意:《流浪地球》被人们视为中国科幻电影的开山之作。这意味着中国的科幻电影已经正式启航。该空修饰动词短语set sail,应用副词。故填officially。
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$