内容正文:
专题四 代词
代词是用来代替名词及其等同语的一种词,其主要作用是在句中起代替作用而避免名词的重复。代词必须和它所代替的名词在人称、性、数、格上一致。按其作用不同,代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。
初中考点
高中考点
·人称代词主格和宾格的用法
·形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法
·反身代词的用法
·常用不定代词的用法及辨析
·明确代词所代替的部分的词类和单复数
·区别各类代词的不同意义
·巩固some,any,none,no one,everything,anything,nothing,something,other,the other,another,both,all,either,neither等的用法
·it,this,that,these,those,one等的替代作用
·it的深化用法
一、人称代词的排列顺序
几个人称代词并列作主语时,排列顺序一般为:you and I;you and he/she;you,he/she and I;we and you;we and they;we,you and they。但承认错误时,I放在前:如:I and Tom made the mistake.我和汤姆犯了这个错误。
二、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区别
物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词,而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。如:这张票是她的,不是我的。
[误]This is hers ticket.It's not my.
[正]This is her ticket.It's not mine.
三、普通不定代词的用法
1.some与any
some和any均表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如:
There aren't any students in the classroom.教室里一个学生也没有。
Look! Some boys are playing football.
看!一些男孩正在踢足球。
2.many与much
many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,how连用。much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so,too,how连用。如:He never eats so much breakfast.他从不吃这么多早餐。
How many bottles of water do you need?你需要几瓶水?
3.either与neither
either指两个之中的任意一个,neither指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定结构either/neither of+名词(或代词)的复数+谓语动词;当either...or...和neither...nor...连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:
Neither of the books is good.
这两本书都不好。
4.both与all
both表示“两者都”,常与and连用;all指“三者或三者以上都”,常与of连用。如:
Both she and I are students.
她和我都是学生。
Both plans are good.两个计划都很好。
Jim,Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here.
吉姆,露西和莉莉都同意待在这里。
5.each与every
each和every都表示“每一”。each强调个体,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式。另外,each可指两个或两个以上的人或事物,而every只可指三个或三个以上的人或事物。如:
There are flowers on each side of the road.
路的两边都有花。
Every tree here is very tall.
这里的每棵树都很高。
四、little,a little,few,a few
代替复数名词
代替不可数名词
肯定
a few(有,一些)
a little(有一点儿)
否定
few(几乎没有)
little(几乎没有)
Would you please buy some salt for me,Tony?There is little left.
托尼,可以给我买些盐吗?已经快没有了。
I recognized a few of other people.
我认出了一些其他的人。
五、other,the other,others,the others,another
不定代词
意义
用法说明
other
另外的
只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one,my,your,his等,则可与单数名词连用
续表
不定代词
意义
用法说明
the other
两者中的
另一个
常与one连用,构成“one...,the other...”结构;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“其余的全部”
others
泛指别的
人或物
是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,可以构成“some...others...”结构
the
others
特指其余所有的人或物
是the other的复数形式,特指其余所有的人或物
another
任何一个,
另一个
指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作形容词或代词
一、指示代词that和those考查深化
that和those常用来代替前面提到过的名词,以免重复。如:
The weather in Chengdu is not so hot as that(=the weather)in Chongqing.
成都的天气没有重庆(的天气)那么热。
The books on the shelf are more interesting than those(=the books,the ones)on the desk.
架子上的书比桌子上的书有趣。
二、不定代词的特殊用法
1.all,everything,everyone,everybody,each,both等用于否定句表示部分否定。如:
All horses are animals but not all animals are horses.所有马都是动物,但并非所有的动物都是马。
2.不可以说everyone/everybody of...,可以说every one of...
3.all用作人称代词宾语的同位语时,all在人称代词之后,如:you all,us all,them all,相当于all of you,all of us,all of them。
三、代词it的考查深化
1.用作形式主语,代替由不定式、动名词或名词性从句充当的真正主语。如:
In fact it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.事实上,有重要的足球赛时,警察维持秩序是一项很困难的工作。
It's no use arguing with her about that matter.和她争论那件事没用。
It's true that he is ill.他生病了是真的。
2.作形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正宾语。如:
The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.主席认为有必要邀请史密斯教授来会上讲话。
He has made it a rule that he goes to bed late at night.他晚睡已成为习惯。
3.表示“喜欢”“恨”等心理活动的动词后面接it,然后再跟从句,it代指从句所表达的内容。此类动词有:hate,dislike,enjoy,appreciate等。如:I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
我很喜欢秋天的时候,天气晴朗。
4.用于强调结构,It is/was...that/who...。如:It was Bill that/who won the prize.
是比尔赢得了奖。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Have you ever asked ________ (you) why people often have trouble ________(learn) English?
2.________ is amazing that the boy worked out the difficult problem.
3.When he gets anxious, he often breathes deeply to calm ________ (he) down.
4.Heavy smoking may ruin ________(you), so you should give it up as soon as possible.
5.You'll spend one day travelling by boat to ________(you) accommodation in the middle of the forest.
6.The fact that she was a foreigner made ________ difficult for her to get a job in that country.
7.Many kids addict ________ (them) to surfing the Net, so they have lost interest in study.
8.He soon recovered (恢复)________ (he) and stopped crying.
9. ________ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
10.Some objects and events familiar to us seldom present ________ (they) to our senses in the way science requires them to be viewed.
11.During the summer break, Tim absorbed ________(he) in reading to enrich his knowledge.
12.He makes it a rule ________(get) up at six o'clock every day.
13.In ________ (I) view, there is connection between two things.
14.Every time I see him, he is always applying ________ (he) to his work.
15.Parents and teachers can set a good example for children by how they behave ________(they).
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.对我来说,是我最好的朋友改变了我对生活的态度。
________________, my best friend changed my attitude towards life.
2.一开始,我发现适应这儿的生活很难。(find+it+adj.+to do)
In the beginning, I ________________ the life here.
3.首先,交一些中国朋友对你来说很重要,他们可以在很多方面帮助你。(it is+adj.+for sb to do)
First of all,________________, who can help you in many ways.
4.性格外向使得我和我的新同学好好相处很容易。(make it+adj.+to do sth)
Being outgoing ________________________________________________________________.
5.对于高中生来说,在重要考试前感到焦虑紧张并不少见。(It+be+adj.+for sb+to do sth)
________________ before important examinations.
6.为了与我们更容易取得联系,你最好保持这张卡片在手边。(make+it+adj.+to do)
________________ in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
7.我相信,花一些时间在兴趣爱好上对我们来说是重要的。
I believe ________________ some time on our hobbies.
8.对你来说,思考你的学习策略很重要。
________________ think your learning strategies.
Ⅲ.语篇填空(根据提示或句意填空)
East or west, home is the best.However, home can also be a stressful place when heated 1.________ (argue) and cold silence are in the air.
You might feel anxious when shooting up 2.________ height compared to your friends, and get worried about other physical changes like weight problems and skin issues.Besides, you might have a desire to be more 3.________(independence) and take more responsibilities for yourself.If parents fail to notice your changes and needs, or treat you like a child 4.________ expect you to act like an adult, you 5.________ (lose) confidence in yourself, and your relationship can hit a freezing point.
The key to 6.________(handle) this situation is sincere and constant communication.It is necessary for you to open your hearts to each other, and talk about your feelings 7.________ (regular).Remember that it is completely normal 8.________ (struggle) with the stress that parentchild tensions create, and 9.________ you and your parents can work together to better your relationship.As Bin Xin said, “Home is the place 10.________ unhappiness and worries melt away.” Once the stormy period is over, your sweet home will still be your warmest harbor.
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专题四 代词
语法要点专练
Ⅰ.
1.yourself learning 考查代词和非谓语动词。句意:你有没有问过自己,为什么人们学习英语经常有困难?第一空作asked的宾语,且和主语you指代一致,所以应用反身代词yourself,表示“你自己”。have trouble (in) doing sth意为“做某事有困难”,动名词作宾语,所以第二空应用动名词learning。故填yourself;learning。
2.It 考查it作形式主语。句意:令人惊奇的是,这个男孩解出了这道难题。It is amazing that...为固定句型,it为形式主语,that引导的主语从句是真正的主语,位于句首,首字母需大写。故填It。
3.himself 考查代词。句意:当他焦虑时,他经常深呼吸使自己平静下来。固定搭配calm oneself down“冷静下来”,根据主语he可知,此处使用代词himself“他自己”作宾语。故填himself。
4.yourself 考查代词。句意:大量吸烟会毁了你自己,所以你应该尽快戒烟。此处表示“毁了你自己”应该使用反身代词作宾语。故填yourself。
5.your 考查代词。句意:你将用一天的时间坐船到你在森林中心的住处。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词,故填your。
6.it 考查形式宾语。句意:她是外国人的事实让她在那个国家找工作变得困难。空处需要it作形式宾语,构成“make it difficult for sb to do sth”的结构,意为“做某事对某人来说困难”,后面的动词不定式为真正的宾语。故填it。
7.themselves 考查代词。句意:许多孩子沉迷于上网,因此他们对学习失去了兴趣。此处使用固定搭配addict oneself to“沉溺于”,主语为Many kids,本空用代词themselves“他们自己”。故填themselves。
8.himself 考查代词。句意:他很快恢复了过来,不再哭了。空处作宾语,和句子主语He指同一对象,用反身代词himself作宾语;recover oneself意为“恢复正常;镇定下来”。故填himself。
9.It 考查形式主语。句意:众所周知,月球每月绕地球一周。it作形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。句首字母大写,故填It。
10.themselves 考查代词。句意:一些我们熟悉的物体和事件很少以科学要求的方式呈现在我们的感官中。空处作动词present的宾语,且作宾语的代词与主语Some objects and events指代相同,空处应用反身代词themselves,表示“它们自己”。故填themselves。
11.himself 考查代词。句意:暑假期间,蒂姆专心读书以丰富知识。分析句子可知,这里考查absorb oneself in doing sth表示“全神贯注于(做)某事 ”,为固定搭配,所以这里应填反身代词。故填himself。
12.to get 考查动词不定式。句意:他把每天6点钟起床当成一项习惯。该句为“make+it+adj./n.+to do sth”结构,其中it为形式宾语,动词不定式作真正的宾语,所以此处使用动词不定式形式。故填to get。
13.my 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:在我看来,这两件事之间存在联系。空处需要形容词性物主代词,修饰后面的名词,作定语。I形容词性物主代词为my “我的”。故填my。
14.himself 考查代词。句意:每次我见到他,他总是专心致志地工作。此处使用固定搭配apply oneself to“致力于”,结合主语he可知,应用反身代词himself“他自己”。故填himself。
15.themselves 考查代词。句意:父母和老师可以通过他们的行为举止为孩子们树立一个好榜样。behave oneself意为“表现得体”,此处应用反身代词themselves表示“他们自己”作宾语。故填themselves。
Ⅱ.
1.In my opinion 2.found it difficult to get used to
3.it is important for you to make some Chinese friends
4.makes it easy to get along well with my new classmates
5.It is not unusual/uncommon for senior high school students to feel anxious and nervous 6.To make it easier to get 7.it is important for us to spend
8.It's very important for you to
Ⅲ.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了“家”的意义。
1.argument/arguments 考查名词。句意:然而,当空气中有激烈的争吵和冰冷的沉默时,家,也就会成为一个充满压力的地方。此处heated修饰的是“争吵”这个名词,可指单数也可用复数。故填argument/arguments。
2.in 考查介词。句意:与你的朋友相比,你身高猛窜,你可能会感到焦虑,并担心其他身体变化,如体重问题和皮肤问题。固定搭配“shoot up in height”表示“长高,身高猛窜”。 故填in。
3.independent 考查形容词。句意:此外,你可能希望更加独立,为自己承担更多责任。此处用形容词independent表示独立的,作be动词的表语。故填independent。
4.but/while/yet 考查连词。句意:如果父母没有注意到你的变化和需要,或者像对待孩子一样对待你,却期望你表现得像个成年人,你就会对自己失去信心,你们的关系可能会陷入冰点。根据句意可知,前后句是转折关系,故填but/while/yet。
5.will lose 考查时态。句意:同上。此处考查由if引导的条件状语从句,主句用将来时,if从句为一般现在时。故填will lose。
6.handling 考查动词形式。句意:处理这种情况的关键是真诚和持续的沟通。由固定搭配“the key to doing”可知此处to为介词后接动名词。故填handling。
7.regularly 考查副词。句意:你们有必要彼此敞开心扉,经常谈论你们的感受。此处应用regularly修饰动词短语“talk about”。 故填regularly。
8.to struggle 考查非谓语动词。句意:记住,同父母与孩子之间的紧张关系所产生的压力作斗争是完全正常的,你和你的父母可以一起努力改善你们的关系。分析句式可知此句是it作形式主语,不定式“to struggle with the stress that parentchild tensions create”为真正的主语。故填to struggle。
9.that 考查宾语从句。句意:同上。分析句式可知此句为and连接的两个宾语从句,第二个that不能省略。故填that。
10.where 考查定语从句。句意:家就是那个烦恼与忧虑都消散不见的地方。先行词是place,关系词在句中作地点状语,关系副词为where。故填where。
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