专题02.非谓语动词-【初升高】2025年新高一英语暑期衔接讲义（通用版）

非谓语动词 定义： 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），它们不受主语人称和数的限制，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化. 一．非谓语动词的分类及形式 根据传统语法，非谓语动词通常分为四种：不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。但在本讲义中，考虑到动名词和现在分词都属于-ing动词，故将非谓语动词分为三类：不定式、-ing 分词、-ed分词。 时态名称 主动语态结构（非谓语动词的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者） 被动语态结构（非谓语动词的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者） 肯定式 否定式 肯定式 否定式 一般体 不定式 to do not to do to be done not to be done -ing分词 doing not doing being done not being done 不定式的一般体所表示的动作一般与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时（主要为感官动词、begin、start等动词后不定式表示的动作）或之后发生： This morning I heard him cry in her room. I forgot to switch off my computer when leaving work. -ing分词的一般体表示一般性动作、正在进行的动作或表示与主句谓语动词同时发生的动作： My job is taking attendance and keeping the class disciplined. The road being built close by will make it much easier for us to commute between home and school. Seeing a cat, the mouse ran off. 非谓语动词的否定式除在其之前加not外，也可使用never等其它否定词，但在语气上可能具有一定的区别： Pauline asked me not to tell on her. Pauline asked me never to tell on her. 一般进行体 不定式 to being doing not to being doing ---------- ---------- -ing分词 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 不定式的一般进行体表示正在进行的动作，该动作通常与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生： I pretended to be watching a video when Sam entered my office. 完成体 不定式 to have done not to have done to have been done not to have been done -ing分词 having done not having done having being done not having being done 非谓语动词的完成体所表示的动作在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前发生： The disease was reported to have killed thousands of people in that area. I pretended to have seen the film when they talked about it. I went to bed early for having worked hard all day. (Or ‘Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.’) 非谓语动词的完成体不能后置作定语： Research having been done（= research that/which has been done） 完成进行体 不定式 to have been doing not to have been doing ---------- ---------- -ing分词 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 不定式的完成进行体所表示的动作在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前持续或一直在进行： The disease seems to have been spreading in that area recently. ( 动词不定式解析 ) 一．动词不定式的形式、时态和语态 用法： 1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”；否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。 The doctor advised me to take medicine.医生建议我吃药。 He told me not to do so.他叫我别那么做。 2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化： （1）一般式：主动语态→to do；被动语态→to be done （2）完成式：主动语态→to have done；被动语态→to have been done （3）进行式：主动语态→to be doing；被动语态→（无） （4）完成进行式：主动语态→to have been doing；被动语态→（无） 二．动词不定式的用法 用法： 1.不定式作名词的用法：不定式可以像名词一样，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。不定式作主语和表语 They agreed to give it to me the next day. 不定式作宾语 他们同意第二天将它给我。 I don’t wish the subject to be raised again. 不定式作宾语补足语 我不希望再提起这个话题。 2.不定式作副词的用法：不定式可作副词用，修饰动词或形容词，在句中作状语，表目的、原因、结果等。 He came to give us a talk yesterday. 不定式表目的 他昨天来（为了）给我们作报告。 I am sorry to hear the sad news.不定式表原因 听到这个坏消息，我很难过。 I was too tired to move.我累得不能动了。不定式表结果 3.不定式作形容词的用法：不定式作形容词用时，修饰名词或代词，在句中担任定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且不定式为不及物动词时，不定式后要加上相应的介词。 I have no friends to help me. 不定式to help和名词friends是主谓关系 我没有朋友来帮助我。 I have too many things to do. 不定式to do和名词things是动宾关系 我有太多事情要做。 提示：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式短语）移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“for sb.”前的形容词常表客观属性，“of sb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。 It is difficult for the students to read the book.学生们读这本书有点儿难。 It is careless of him to break the cup.他太粗心了，把杯子打碎了。 在hope，demand，agree，refuse等后可接不定式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope/demand/agree/refuse sb.to do。 不定式作宾语补足语，如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系，不定式用被动式。 注意：不定式与疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等连用构成不定式短语，在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem.做什么是个大问题。 I didn’t find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发。 She will tell us where to go and when to start.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。 The question is how to get there.问题是如何到那儿去。 三．动词不定式的省略 用法： 1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。 I heard her sing in the kitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。 2.两个（以上）不定式并列，尤其是由and或or连接时，第二个不定式中常常省略to。 I promised to finish my homework and (to) hand it in one time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 3.but，except，besides等前有行为动词do时，后可跟不带to的不定式。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.敌人除了投降，别无选择。 4.在had better do sth.；had/would rather do sth.；had/would rather do sth.that do sth.；cannot but do sth.等句型中，省略了to。 She would rather save money than buy clothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。 5.一个动词在前面已经出现过，再次以不定式形式出现时，为避免重复，可省略不定式中的动词原形，而只保留to。 He doesn’t go jogging as he used to.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。 提示：当一个不定式被省略时，如为“to do”型不定式，to要保留下来，表示省略了一个不定式；如为“to be”型或“to have done”型不定式，则保留to，并加be或have。 -Would you like to be a teacher?你想当老师吗？ -Yes,I’d like to be.是的，想。 四．动词不定式的重要句型 用法： 1.ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.表示“请/告诉某人（不要）做某事”。 Her mother asked her to wash the dishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。 2.want/wish (sb.) to do sth.表示“想（让某人）去做某事”。 I want/wish to be an actress.我想成为一名女演员。 3.hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”。 I hope to do it myself.我希望亲自做这件事。 4.too+形容词/副词+(to) do sth.表示“太……（以致）不能……”。 He was too nervous to say a word.他太紧张了，以至于说不出一句话来。 5.too...+for sb. to do sth.表示“对某人来说，太……以致不能……”。 It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.房间里太黑，他什么也看不见。 6.形容词+enough to do sth.表示“太……（以至）不能……”。 My son is old enough to go to school.我儿子足够大了，到上学的年龄了。 初中试题 1.Her manners were gracious(亲切的). I was the person who didn’t know what 　　　 (say).   2.There are plenty of things　　　(do)in Pennsylvania.  3.Miss White often has us 　　　(tell)interesting stories in her English class.  4.I’d like you　　　(share) your ideas about pollution.  5.It’s necessary for us　　　 (talk)to our parents when we have problems.  6.I was tired out,so I stopped the car　　　 (have) a short rest.  高中试题 1.However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense. 2.To eat one, you have to decide whether (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 3.Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of their contents. 4.For thousands of years, people have told fables（寓言） (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 5.She called for action (address)the struggles of people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. 6.A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 7. (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media 8.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that was previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 9.He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up (see) them. 10.Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her, Helen started to run. 11.That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans （continue） the practice. 12.Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not (do). 13.It is possible  (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. 14.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim (have) a low impact on the natural environment. 15.I decided to do something (educate) people about this problem. ( 动词ing形式解析 ) 一．动词-ing形式的概述 用法： 动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种，由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下（以及物动词do为例）： （1）一般式：主动语态→doing；被动语态→being done （2）完成式：主动语态→having done；被动语态→having been done （3）完成进行式：主动语态→having been doing；被动语态→（无） 如果是不及物动词，则没有被动语态，主动语态也没有完成进行式，以不及物动词go为例，其一般式为going，完成式为having gone。 The boy is fond of playing football.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运，差一点被抓到。 提示：动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。 Not knowing how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色，他去向她求助。 二．动词-ing形式的用法 用法： 1.动词-ing形式作主语，表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。 Reading books makes one wise.读书使人明智。 2.动词-ing形式作表语，表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。 Her interest is collecting shoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。 3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit，advise，consider，enjoy，can’t help，feel like等。 I enjoy listening to rock music.我喜欢听摇滚乐。 4.动词-ing形式作定语，表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。 There is a swimming pool in my card.我的院子里有一个游泳池。 5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel，hear，smell，listen to，leave，keep，set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系，且表示动作正在进行，状态正在持续。 What she said set me thinking deeply.她说的话使我深思。 6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。 Walking in the street,I saw a friend of mine.走在街上，我遇见了一个朋友。 提示：动词-ing形式作主语时，有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语，常见句型为：It’s no use/no good/useless/not any use+(sb’s)doing... It’s no good talking to him.同他谈没用。 初中试题 1.Paper had already existed(存在) in China, but the process for 　　　(produce) it was difficult and the paper was of low quality.  2.Amy practices 　　　(play) the piano for over two hours every day.  3.I’d like to give my thanks to Alice for 　　　(share)her exciting experiences in Africa.  4.People in ancient times believed that the plant could drive away evil(邪恶的)spirits and prevent them from 　　　(catch)an illness in winter.  5.I enjoy 　　　 (read) Chinese ancient poems aloud to better understand them.  6.—Have you read the book Jane Eyre? —Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth 　　　(read).  7.—China is getting better and better at making high technology products. —That’s right.People around the world can hardly avoid　　　 (buy)products made in China.  高中试题 1.So I am always left (want) more next time. 2.They talk to the flood of international tourists and to (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. 3. And the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the sixth century B.C. her fable begins, (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables. 4. (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage（遗产）while constantly growing. 5.She called for action to address the struggles of people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. 6.He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 7. the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 8. (cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 9. Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the (fall) child. 10. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, (think)it is food. 11.As a photographer, I have spent the last two years (record) everything I discovered. 12.After (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! 13.This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 14.They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 15.Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are. 16.A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for （be）Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week. 17.You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early by running. 18.I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged. 19.I still remember (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years. 20.Fast food is full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. ( 动词过去分词解析 ) 一．过去分词的概述 用法：过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形加-ed”，但也有不规则的形式，不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。 Look at the broken glasses.看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 二．过去分词的用法 用法： 1.过去分词作表语，表示被动或者表示主语所处的状态。 I was pleased at the news.听到这个消息，我很高兴。 2.过去分词作定语，一般都含完成和被动之意。但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义。 There are many fallen leaves on the ground.地上有许多落叶。 3.过去分词可在动词see，feel，hear，notice，watch，make，let，get等后作宾补，宾补和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系。 I heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 4.过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、结果等。 Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.虽然受伤了，那位勇敢的战士继续战斗。 高中试题 1.Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message (intend) for everyone. 2. it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads. 3.When (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. 4.In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, (surround)in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. 5.Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. 6.It can help to build a community with a (share) future for mankind,” he said. 7.One theory, increasingly (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. 8.In 1985，urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas. 9.From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss． 10.They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 11.A piece of stone (find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, 12.Earth Day， （mark）on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection. 13.Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem (call) caffeinism. 14. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel (challenge). 15.Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and their use unconsciously, meaning that you will tend to use the words (learn) this way in conversations almost automatically. ( 综合训练 ) 初中试题 1. （2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）My little brother suggested ________ for a walk. A. to go B. going C. goes 2. （2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题）China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 3. （2024·四川达州市·中考真题）Qiqi hopes ________ medicine in Sichuan University. A. studies B. studying C. to study 4. （2024·天津·中考真题）People may use different body language _________ the same feelings. A. show B. to show C. showed D. shows 5. （2024·云南省·中考真题）Our headmaster will invite a scientist ________ us a speech on space technology. A. give B. given C. giving D. to give 6. （2024·四川凉山·中考真题）______ teenagers’ eyesight, experts advise them to stay away from electronic products. A. Protect B. To protect C. Protecting 7. （2024·四川泸州市·中考真题）______ healthy, we students always do morning exercises every day at school. A. Keep B. To keep C. Keeping D. Keeps 8. （2024·四川自贡市·中考真题）To save energy, don’t forget ________ the light before you leave the room. A. turn off B. turning off C. to turn off 9．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there. A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit 10．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving. A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting 高中试题 一.单句语法填空： 1. Gao Changli, director-general of the TV drama department at the National Radio and Television Administration, said that the drama contains a lot of thoughts and knowledge __________ (inspire) by China’s traditional philosophy and culture, offering a distinctive edge for homegrown tales in the world’s sci-fi landscape. 2.Wearing a costume and armed with a prop spear (道具长矛), the 42-year -old walks confidently across the stage, __________ (practise) a variety of martial art movements, before ending the drill with a liangxiang (striking a pose on the stage). 3. __________ (stand) on the stage and performing can be tough, but when you do it in a group, it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase your confidence. 4. In 2018, a bamboo table __________ (produce) by the company of Wang’s family shined at the first Global Bamboo Congress. 5.The government is now considering a plan to train the saperas, as they are known, __________ (visit) schools and zoos to tell children about forests and wildlife. 6.__________ (go) ahead, China will expand imports of quality goods, improve its two-way investment structure and conclude free trade agreements with more countries along the Belt and Road. 7.In addition to providing services, the elderly employees participate in welfare activities __________ (organize) by volunteers, such as baking, dancing and learning English. 8.To prevent autumn dryness, many regions in China have the custom of drinking chrysanthemum wine, which is thought to boost heart health by strengthening blood vessels and __________ (stimulate) blood flow. 9. __________ (locate) in the capital’s eastern district of Tongzhou, the resort consists of the Universal Studios theme park, Universal City Walk Beijing and two hotels, along with 37 recreational facilities, themed attraction and dozens of food and beverage outlets. 10.But their trademark cloth-covered baskets, __________ (hang) from a bamboo pole carried across their shoulders, make them an easy target for police. 11.Should you require a 300-word text about a movie star __________ (write) in the style of Shakespeare, you will get it. 12.In 2018, A-Coffee was established in the city, training people with autism (自闭症) to become professional waiters and 78 (provide) them with opportunities for social interaction. 13.It was Dragonboat Day. Shiny white tents lined the waterfront, __________ (provide) shade and refreshments for Dragon Boat paddlers (桨手) from all over California, who gathered around the Castaic Lake for a festive competition. 14.Looking up, I see the vastness of the universe. __________ (bow) my head, I look at the multitude of the world. 15.The cafe has eight elderly employees with cognitive impairments __________ (work) with other waiters to help customers. 16.It said: “AI can deepen our understanding of information and turn it into useful knowledge more efficiently, __________ (make) it easier for people to get to the heart of what they’re looking for and get things done.” 17.Lin said a friend got him __________ (involve) in dragon boat racing over a decade ago. In 2018, they decided to host their own festival. 18.The seventh day of the seventh lunar month is Qixi, widely __________ (regard) as China’s Valentine’s Day. But do you know the origin of the festival? 19.Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity, Cristoforetti also has the ability __________ (work) at the Chinese space station, while others hope that there will be less conflict and more cooperation in the world. 20.In addition to providing services, the elderly there participate in welfare activities __________ (organize) by volunteers, such as baking, dancing and learning English. 二．语篇填空 On Thursday afternoon, President Biden announced more sanctions from the U.S. and its allies. “We will limit Russia’s ability 1 (do) business in dollars, euros, pounds, and yen, to be part of the global  economy.” We’re talking to reporter Paul Sonne. He has spent years 2 (report) from Russia and Ukraine. He was there for the annexation (吞并) of Crimea in 2014. And he has some insights into Putin’s calculus and whether Russian forces can be stopped. So, Paul, tell me exactly how this all unfolded on Thursday morning in Ukraine. Vladimir Putin made an announcement on television, 3 (say) that he had approved a military operation against Eastern Ukraine. But it was very clear from his statements that that operation was not going 4  (limit) to Eastern Ukraine. And within minutes of him 5 (make) that statement, suddenly, there were explosions in cities across Ukraine -- outside of Kiev, outside of Kharkiv, outside of cities in the south. And it was clear that the Russian military had immediately started its campaign completely 6  (dismantle) the Ukrainian military and its forces 7 (array) along the border in order to push back a Russian force. Early Thursday morning, Russia launched attacks on cities across Ukraine. This is a horrific 8 (turn) of events in world history. Russia is an incredibly powerful military, and we’re witnessing that in real time. We’re seeing Ukrainians 9 (suffer) deeply. And because Russia is a nuclear power, people in the United States and in Europe are feeling quite powerless 10 (do) anything about it. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 非谓语动词 定义： 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），它们不受主语人称和数的限制，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化. 一．非谓语动词的分类及形式 根据传统语法，非谓语动词通常分为四种：不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。但在本讲义中，考虑到动名词和现在分词都属于-ing动词，故将非谓语动词分为三类：不定式、-ing 分词、-ed分词。 时态名称 主动语态结构（非谓语动词的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者） 被动语态结构（非谓语动词的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者） 肯定式 否定式 肯定式 否定式 一般体 不定式 to do not to do to be done not to be done -ing分词 doing not doing being done not being done 不定式的一般体所表示的动作一般与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时（主要为感官动词、begin、start等动词后不定式表示的动作）或之后发生： This morning I heard him cry in her room. I forgot to switch off my computer when leaving work. -ing分词的一般体表示一般性动作、正在进行的动作或表示与主句谓语动词同时发生的动作： My job is taking attendance and keeping the class disciplined. The road being built close by will make it much easier for us to commute between home and school. Seeing a cat, the mouse ran off. 非谓语动词的否定式除在其之前加not外，也可使用never等其它否定词，但在语气上可能具有一定的区别： Pauline asked me not to tell on her. Pauline asked me never to tell on her. 一般进行体 不定式 to being doing not to being doing ---------- ---------- -ing分词 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 不定式的一般进行体表示正在进行的动作，该动作通常与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生： I pretended to be watching a video when Sam entered my office. 完成体 不定式 to have done not to have done to have been done not to have been done -ing分词 having done not having done having being done not having being done 非谓语动词的完成体所表示的动作在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前发生： The disease was reported to have killed thousands of people in that area. I pretended to have seen the film when they talked about it. I went to bed early for having worked hard all day. (Or ‘Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.’) 非谓语动词的完成体不能后置作定语： Research having been done（= research that/which has been done） 完成进行体 不定式 to have been doing not to have been doing ---------- ---------- -ing分词 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 不定式的完成进行体所表示的动作在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前持续或一直在进行： The disease seems to have been spreading in that area recently. ( 动词不定式解析 ) 一．动词不定式的形式、时态和语态 用法： 1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”；否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。 The doctor advised me to take medicine.医生建议我吃药。 He told me not to do so.他叫我别那么做。 2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化： （1）一般式：主动语态→to do；被动语态→to be done （2）完成式：主动语态→to have done；被动语态→to have been done （3）进行式：主动语态→to be doing；被动语态→（无） （4）完成进行式：主动语态→to have been doing；被动语态→（无） 二．动词不定式的用法 用法： 1.不定式作名词的用法：不定式可以像名词一样，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。 To see is to believe.眼见为实。不定式作主语和表语 They agreed to give it to me the next day. 不定式作宾语 他们同意第二天将它给我。 I don’t wish the subject to be raised again. 不定式作宾语补足语 我不希望再提起这个话题。 2.不定式作副词的用法：不定式可作副词用，修饰动词或形容词，在句中作状语，表目的、原因、结果等。 He came to give us a talk yesterday. 不定式表目的 他昨天来（为了）给我们作报告。 I am sorry to hear the sad news.不定式表原因 听到这个坏消息，我很难过。 I was too tired to move.我累得不能动了。不定式表结果 3.不定式作形容词的用法：不定式作形容词用时，修饰名词或代词，在句中担任定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，且不定式为不及物动词时，不定式后要加上相应的介词。 I have no friends to help me. 不定式to help和名词friends是主谓关系 我没有朋友来帮助我。 I have too many things to do. 不定式to do和名词things是动宾关系 我有太多事情要做。 提示：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式短语）移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“for sb.”前的形容词常表客观属性，“of sb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。 It is difficult for the students to read the book.学生们读这本书有点儿难。 It is careless of him to break the cup.他太粗心了，把杯子打碎了。 在hope，demand，agree，refuse等后可接不定式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语补足语，即不能说hope/demand/agree/refuse sb.to do。 不定式作宾语补足语，如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系，不定式用被动式。 注意：不定式与疑问词who，what，which，when，where，how等连用构成不定式短语，在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem.做什么是个大问题。 I didn’t find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发。 She will tell us where to go and when to start.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。 The question is how to get there.问题是如何到那儿去。 三．动词不定式的省略 用法： 1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。 I heard her sing in the kitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。 2.两个（以上）不定式并列，尤其是由and或or连接时，第二个不定式中常常省略to。 I promised to finish my homework and (to) hand it in one time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 3.but，except，besides等前有行为动词do时，后可跟不带to的不定式。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.敌人除了投降，别无选择。 4.在had better do sth.；had/would rather do sth.；had/would rather do sth.that do sth.；cannot but do sth.等句型中，省略了to。 She would rather save money than buy clothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。 5.一个动词在前面已经出现过，再次以不定式形式出现时，为避免重复，可省略不定式中的动词原形，而只保留to。 He doesn’t go jogging as he used to.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。 提示：当一个不定式被省略时，如为“to do”型不定式，to要保留下来，表示省略了一个不定式；如为“to be”型或“to have done”型不定式，则保留to，并加be或have。 -Would you like to be a teacher?你想当老师吗？ -Yes,I’d like to be.是的，想。 四．动词不定式的重要句型 用法： 1.ask/tell sb.(not) to do sth.表示“请/告诉某人（不要）做某事”。 Her mother asked her to wash the dishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。 2.want/wish (sb.) to do sth.表示“想（让某人）去做某事”。 I want/wish to be an actress.我想成为一名女演员。 3.hope to do sth.表示“希望做某事”。 I hope to do it myself.我希望亲自做这件事。 4.too+形容词/副词+(to) do sth.表示“太……（以致）不能……”。 He was too nervous to say a word.他太紧张了，以至于说不出一句话来。 5.too...+for sb. to do sth.表示“对某人来说，太……以致不能……”。 It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.房间里太黑，他什么也看不见。 6.形容词+enough to do sth.表示“太……（以至）不能……”。 My son is old enough to go to school.我儿子足够大了，到上学的年龄了。 初中试题 1.Her manners were gracious(亲切的). I was the person who didn’t know what 　　　 (say).   答案　to say　句意:我倒是那个不知道该说些什么的人了。特殊疑问词后面跟动词不定式,在句中作宾语。 2.There are plenty of things　　　(do)in Pennsylvania.  答案　to do　句意:在宾夕法尼亚有很多事情要做。此处用动词不定式表示目的。 3.Miss White often has us 　　　(tell)interesting stories in her English class.  答案　tell　句意:Miss White在她的英语课上经常让我们讲有趣的故事。have sb. do sth.要某人做某事。 4.I’d like you　　　(share) your ideas about pollution.  答案　to share　would like sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事。 5.It’s necessary for us　　　 (talk)to our parents when we have problems.  答案　to talk　句意:当我们遇到问题时和父母谈谈对我们来说是必要的。本题考查非谓语动词。由固定句型It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.“做某事对于某人来说是……的”可知答案为不定式。 6.I was tired out,so I stopped the car　　　 (have) a short rest.  答案　to have　句意:我疲惫不堪,所以我停下车短暂休息了一下。本题考查非谓语动词。to have a short rest在句中作目的状语。 高中试题 1.However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense. 【答案】to benefit 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：然而，如果你买的是一件，那么多买一件来享受降价是没有意义的。根据句意可知，此处表示目的，故填to benefit。 2.To eat one, you have to decide whether (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 【答案】to bite 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作宾语。句意：吃小笼包的时候，你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁，还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里，让热汤在舌头上爆炸。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，用不定式作宾语，空处与后面to put并列作宾语，故填to bite。 3.Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of their contents. 【答案】to be lifted 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作宾补语。句意：除了南翔，最好的小笼包有一个精致的，可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来，而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。根据搭配allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”可知，空格需用动词不定式作宾语补足语，补足语lift out与宾语them（指代小笼包）是逻辑上的动宾关系，空格需填动词不定式的被动式to be lifted，故填to be lifted。 4.For thousands of years, people have told fables（寓言） (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 【答案】to teach 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传授智慧。根据句意可知，此处表达“来传授知识和智慧”，所以用不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。 5.She called for action (address)the struggles of people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. 【答案】to address 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：她呼吁采取行动，解决世界各地面临“水太少或水太脏”的人们的斗争。文体句子结构可知address在句中作目的状语，故用不定式。故填to address。 6.A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 【答案】to journey 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作定语。句意：近日，一名来自北京的盲人徒步40天来到西安，作为“一带一路”徒步旅行的第一步。step前面有序数词first，应用不定式，作后置定语。故填to journey。 7. (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media 【答案】To strengthen 8．考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：为了加强与年轻人的联系，活动包括在社交媒体上的一系列公共宣传活动，邀请了来自世界各地的29名茶叶专业人士进行36小时不间断的直播。根据句意可知，此处表达“为了加强与年轻人的联系”，需要用不定式作目的状语。故填To strengthen。 8.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that was previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 【答案】to increase 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。文体句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作目的状语，故空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。 9.He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up (see) them. 【答案】to see 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：过了一会儿，艾瑞克听到孩子们在外面玩耍的声音，醒了过来。他把一把椅子推到阳台上，爬上去看他们。句中的climb up为谓语动词，设空处应该使用谓语动词。根据句意，他要爬到阳台去看他们（外面玩闹的孩子们。），故应该使用to do不定式作目的状语。故填to see。 10.Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her, Helen started to run. 【答案】to harm 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作定语。句意：海伦担心他可能有意伤害她，便开始快跑。文体句子结构，可知空处应填非谓语动词的形式，have an intention to do sth.意为“有意向做某事”，固定搭配，不定式作后置定语。故填to harm。 11.That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans （continue） the practice. 【答案】to continue 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作宾语。句意：他打算继续这个实践。动词plan后面跟动词不定式，plan to do sth“计划做”，故填to continue。 12.Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not (do). 【答案】to do 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作宾语。句意：通过触摸，这是画廊招牌告诉你不要做的一件事。tell sb not to do sth“告诉某人不要做某事”为固定短语。故填to do。 13.It is possible  (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. 【答案】to walk 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作主语。句意：骑行或者走完全程的14公里是可能的。固定句型It +be+adj+to do sth.，it为形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语。故填to walk。 14.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim (have) a low impact on the natural environment. 【答案】to have 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作宾语。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行和住宿的宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。aim to do为固定短语，表示“旨在，目的是”，符合句意，所以空处应用不定式形式。故填to have。 15.I decided to do something (educate) people about this problem. 【答案】to educate 【解析】考查非谓语动词-不定式作目的状语。句意：我决定做一些事情来教育人们这个问题。文体句子结构， (educate) people about this problem.用作目的状语，用不定式，所以填to educate。 ( 动词ing形式解析 ) 一．动词-ing形式的概述 用法： 动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种，由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下（以及物动词do为例）： （1）一般式：主动语态→doing；被动语态→being done （2）完成式：主动语态→having done；被动语态→having been done （3）完成进行式：主动语态→having been doing；被动语态→（无） 如果是不及物动词，则没有被动语态，主动语态也没有完成进行式，以不及物动词go为例，其一般式为going，完成式为having gone。 The boy is fond of playing football.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.这只松鼠很幸运，差一点被抓到。 提示：动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。 Not knowing how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色，他去向她求助。 二．动词-ing形式的用法 用法： 1.动词-ing形式作主语，表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。 Reading books makes one wise.读书使人明智。 2.动词-ing形式作表语，表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。 Her interest is collecting shoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。 3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit，advise，consider，enjoy，can’t help，feel like等。 I enjoy listening to rock music.我喜欢听摇滚乐。 4.动词-ing形式作定语，表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。 There is a swimming pool in my card.我的院子里有一个游泳池。 5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel，hear，smell，listen to，leave，keep，set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系，且表示动作正在进行，状态正在持续。 What she said set me thinking deeply.她说的话使我深思。 6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。 Walking in the street,I saw a friend of mine.走在街上，我遇见了一个朋友。 提示：动词-ing形式作主语时，有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语，常见句型为：It’s no use/no good/useless/not any use+(sb’s)doing... It’s no good talking to him.同他谈没用。 初中试题 1.Paper had already existed(存在) in China, but the process for 　　　(produce) it was difficult and the paper was of low quality.  答案　producing　for为介词,后面的动词应用v.-ing形式。produce应去掉不发音的e,加-ing,故答案为producing。 2.Amy practices 　　　(play) the piano for over two hours every day.  答案　playing　句意:Amy每天练习弹钢琴两个多小时。本题考查非谓语动词。practice doing sth.练习做某事。 3.I’d like to give my thanks to Alice for 　　　(share)her exciting experiences in Africa.  答案　sharing　句意:我想感谢Alice,因为她分享了她在非洲激动人心的经历。设空处在介词for后,因此使用动名词形式。 4.People in ancient times believed that the plant could drive away evil(邪恶的)spirits and prevent them from 　　　(catch)an illness in winter.  答案　catching　前面有介词from,所以本空应用动名词形式。 5.I enjoy 　　　 (read) Chinese ancient poems aloud to better understand them.  答案　reading　句意:为了更好地理解中国古诗,我喜欢大声朗读它们。考查非谓语动词。enjoy后动词应该用v.-ing形式,所以本题应填reading。 6.—Have you read the book Jane Eyre? —Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth 　　　(read).  答案　reading　句意:——你读过《简·爱》这本书吗?——读过,它是一本名著,并且它真的值得一读。本题考查非谓语动词。be worth doing值得做某事,固定用法。 7.—China is getting better and better at making high technology products. —That’s right.People around the world can hardly avoid　　　 (buy)products made in China.  答案　buying　句意:——中国在制造高科技产品方面变得越来越好了。——是的,全世界的人几乎都不能避免买到中国制造的产品。本题考查非谓语动词。avoid后加动名词作宾语,由此可知答案为buying。 高中试题 1.So I am always left (want) more next time. 【答案】wanting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作主补。句意：无论我在哪里买，一蒸笼都不够，而两蒸笼又显得太贪心了，所以我总是想下次再买。文体句子可知，此处考查“leave sb.+宾语补足语”，本句是被动语态，want是主语补足语，根据句意，I与want之间是主动的逻辑关系，用现在分词wanting，故填wanting。 2.They talk to the flood of international tourists and to (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. 【答案】visiting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作定语。句意：他们与蜂拥而至的国际游客和来访的中国动物园管理员交谈，这些管理员经常来检查从中国租借来的大熊猫。文体句子结构可知，空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语；visit对应的形容词为visiting“来访的”。故填visiting。 3. And the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the sixth century B.C. her fable begins, (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables. 【答案】borrowing 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作状语。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。 4. (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage（遗产）while constantly growing. 【答案】Having visited 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词完成式作状语。句意：在过去的10年里，我多次访问北京，我惊讶于这里的新旧共存，惊讶于一个城市如何在不断发展的同时保持如此丰富的文化遗产。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主句主语“I”之间为主动关系；根据时间状语“over the last 10 years”可知，用完成时态，由此推断，空处用现在分词的完成时态。置于句首，首字母大写。故填Having visited。 5.She called for action to address the struggles of people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. 【答案】facing 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作定语。句意：她呼吁采取行动，解决世界各地面临“水太少或水太脏”的人们的斗争。文体句子结构可知face与逻辑主语people构成主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语，故填facing。 6.He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 【答案】planning 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作状语。句意：9月20日，他从4700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。动词plan意为“计划”，和谓语之间没有连词，和主语构成主动关系，应用现在分词，作状语。故填planning。 7. the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 【答案】inviting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作状语。句意：同上。文体句式结构可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语the event与invite之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语,表主动关系。故填inviting。 8. (cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 【答案】Covering 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作状语。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。文体句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作状语，空处和逻辑主语the GPNP为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，首字母大写。故填Covering。 9. Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the (fall) child. 【答案】falling 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作定语。句意：当亨利看到一个小男孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时，他跑了100米，跳过了1.2米高的栅栏，伸出双臂去接要掉下来的孩子。句中的hold out为谓语动词，设空处应该使用非谓语动词。根据句意，fall为动词，意为“掉落”， child和fall之间是主动关系，同时表示正在进行的含义。故应该使用现在分词作定语。故填falling。 10. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, (think)it is food. 【答案】thinking 【解析】考查非谓语动词-现在分词作状语。句意：当我得知许多海洋动物吃塑料垃圾，以为那是食物时，我很难过。文体句子结构， (think)it is food.用作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用现在分词，所以填thinking。 11.As a photographer, I have spent the last two years (record) everything I discovered. 【答案】recording 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。句意：作为一名摄影师，我花了两年时间记录我发现的一切。spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。这里为非谓语动词担当宾语，用动名词形式。故填recording。 12.After (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! 【答案】spending 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作介宾。句意：在花了一些时间查看了城墙上所有的防御设备之后，我们决定是时候采取一些行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。此处After为介词，应用动名词，作介词宾语。故填spending。 13.This included digging up the road, (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 【答案】laying 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。这里是由and连接的三个动词-ing形式作宾语，故填laying。 14.They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 【答案】coming 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，所以空处填非谓语动词。名词earth与come back to之间为主动关系，这里the earth coming back to life是动名词的复合结构，作represent的宾语。故填coming。 15.Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are. 【答案】noting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词作宾语，故填noting。 16.A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for （be）Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week. 【答案】being 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。句意：一位90岁的女性被称为“年度女性”，因为她是英国年龄最大的全职员工，每周仍工作40小时。根据其前介词for可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语，故填being。 17.You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early by running. 【答案】dying 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作介宾。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处of是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying。 18.I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged. 【答案】looking 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。动词avoid后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。 19.I still remember (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years. 【答案】visiting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作宾语。此处指我记得去拜访一个在这里住了五年的朋友，表示记得做过某事用remember doing sth.，故填visiting。 20.Fast food is full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 【答案】eating 【解析】考查非谓语动词-动名词作介宾。句意：通过吃更多的快餐，人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐。by为介词，后接名词、动名词作宾语，故填eating。 ( 动词过去分词解析 ) 一．过去分词的概述 用法：过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形加-ed”，但也有不规则的形式，不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。 Look at the broken glasses.看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 二．过去分词的用法 用法： 1.过去分词作表语，表示被动或者表示主语所处的状态。 I was pleased at the news.听到这个消息，我很高兴。 2.过去分词作定语，一般都含完成和被动之意。但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动意义，只表示完成意义。 There are many fallen leaves on the ground.地上有许多落叶。 3.过去分词可在动词see，feel，hear，notice，watch，make，let，get等后作宾补，宾补和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系。 I heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 4.过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、结果等。 Wounded,the brave soldier continued to fight.虽然受伤了，那位勇敢的战士继续战斗。 高中试题 1.Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message (intend) for everyone. 【答案】intended 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：然而，在简洁的风格背后，是每个人都想要传达的重要信息。be intended for打算为……所用，在句中作定语，所以用过去分词形式。故填intended。 2. it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads. 【答案】built 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，狭窄的胡同和皇家宫殿，它是3000多年辉煌历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城公路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system of ring roads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填built。 3.When (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. 【答案】seen 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作状语（状语从句省略）。句意：从远处看，红树林显得更加壮观。逗号前面是when引导的状语从句的省略，当状语从句和主句主语是同一主语时，且从句含有be动词，从句可以省略主语和be动词。在从句中，主语为the mangrove forests，和动词see是被动关系，从句应用一般现在时的被动语态，完整形式为when they are seen from afar，省略主语和be动词，故填seen。 4.In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, (surround)in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. 【答案】surrounded 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：在明朝，紫禁城是中心，它被由内层和外层构成的同心圆包围。文体句子结构，was是谓语动词，空格处需要填非谓语动词作后置定语，主语the Forbidden City和surround之间是动宾关系，需填过去分词形式。故填surrounded。 5.Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. 【答案】held 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：受到在北京举行的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的启发，曹决定徒步穿越这条路线，以向古代丝绸之路致敬。动词hold意为“举行”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语“the Belt and Road Forum”之间构成被动关系，且动作已完成，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填held。 6.It can help to build a community with a (share) future for mankind,” he said. 【答案】shared 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：这有助于构建人类命运共同体。此处为非谓语动词做定语来修饰名词future。因为动词share和名词future之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填shared。 7.One theory, increasingly (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. 【答案】supported 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作状语。句意：被专家越来越多地支持的一个理论表明气味的偏好是习得的。文体句子结构可知，空格处的动词做非谓语，结合空格后的by experts可判断出该处意为“被专家们支持”，所以空格处应用过去分词表被动。故填supported。 8.In 1985，urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas. 【答案】studied 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：1985年，在被研究的国家中，超过四分之三的城市男性和女性的BMIs高于农村地区的男性和女性。文体句子结构可知，句子的谓语是had，所以study用非谓语形式，它的逻辑主语是countries，表被动关系，应该使用过去分词作定语。故填studied。 9.From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss． 【答案】resulting 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作状语。句意：2000年至2019年，全球共发生重大自然灾害7348起，造成经济损失2.97万亿美元。7,348 major natural disasters around the world与result是逻辑主谓关系，且表示一种自然的结果，应用现在分词，作结果状语。故填resulting。 10.They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 【答案】decorated 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作宾补。句意：它们被认为是很好的礼物，你经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。文体句子可知，空处作宾语them后的补足语。them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填decorated。 11.A piece of stone (find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, 【答案】found 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：在荷兰海滩上发现的一块石头表明，我们已经灭绝的人类亲戚尼安德特人比我们之前认为的更聪明。句子的谓语为suggests，设空处在句中作非谓语和逻辑主语之间是逻辑的被动关系。故答案为found。 12.Earth Day， （mark）on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection. 【答案】marked 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作状语。句意：地球日于4月22日举行，是一项旨在提高公众环保意识的年度活动。文体句式可知，设空处是要作名词Earth Day的后置定语，且两者之间是被动关系，要用过去分词。故填marked。 13.Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem (call) caffeinism. 【答案】called 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句中problem和动词call是被动关系，指这种问题被叫做caffeinism。此处用过去分词表被动，作problem的定语，故填called。 14. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel (challenge). 【答案】challenged   【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作表语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战性。feel为系动词，表示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。 15.Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and their use unconsciously, meaning that you will tend to use the words (learn) this way in conversations almost automatically. 【答案】learned 【解析】考查非谓语动词-过去分词作定语。句意：你自然会在对话中使用这些词汇。learned / learnt作后置定语修饰words，表示“已学过的词”， words与learn是被动的关系，因此用过去分词。故填learned/learnt。 ( 综合训练 ) 初中试题 1. （2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）My little brother suggested ________ for a walk. A. to go B. going C. goes 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我的小弟弟建议去散步。 考查非谓语动词。suggest doing sth“建议做某事”，固定短语，所以空处用动名词，故选B。 2. （2024·江苏省扬州市·中考真题）China has made great efforts ________ other countries build high-speed railways. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped 【答案】B 【解析】句意：中国帮助其他国家建设高速铁路做出了巨大努力。 考查非谓语动词。make great efforts to do sth.“努力做某事”，应用动词不定式。故选B。 3. （2024·四川达州市·中考真题）Qiqi hopes ________ medicine in Sichuan University. A. studies B. studying C. to study 【答案】C 【解析】句意：琪琪希望去四川大学学医。 考查非谓语动词。hope to do sth“希望做某事”，故选C。 4. （2024·天津·中考真题）People may use different body language _________ the same feelings. A. show B. to show C. showed D. shows 【答案】B 【解析】句意：人们可能会用不同的肢体语言来表达同样的感受。 考查非谓语动词。use sth to do sth“用某物做某事”，使用动词不定式，故选B。 5. （2024·云南省·中考真题）Our headmaster will invite a scientist ________ us a speech on space technology. A. give B. given C. giving D. to give 【答案】D 【解析】句意：我们的校长将邀请一位科学家为我们做一次关于空间技术的演讲。 考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选D。 6. （2024·四川凉山·中考真题）______ teenagers’ eyesight, experts advise them to stay away from electronic products. A. Protect B. To protect C. Protecting 【答案】B 【解析】句意：为了保护青少年的视力，专家建议他们远离电子产品。 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，专家建议青少年远离电子产品的目的是保护他们的视力，此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。 7. （2024·四川泸州市·中考真题）______ healthy, we students always do morning exercises every day at school. A. Keep B. To keep C. Keeping D. Keeps 【答案】B 【解析】句意：为了保持健康，我们学生每天在学校总是做早操。 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，学生们在学校做早操的目的是为了保持健康，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故选B。 8. （2024·四川自贡市·中考真题）To save energy, don’t forget ________ the light before you leave the room. A. turn off B. turning off C. to turn off 【答案】C 【解析】句意：为了节约能源，离开房间前别忘了关灯。 考查非谓语动词。forget to do忘记要去做某事（未做）；forget doing忘记做过某事（已做）。根据“To save energy, don’t forget ... the light before you leave the room.”可知，别忘记要去关灯，故选C。 9．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there. A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我决定去北京看望我在那里的一位老朋友。 考查非谓语动词。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，空格处应为动词原形，省略了动词不定式符号to，故选D。 10．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving. A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting 【答案】B 【详解】句意：为了减少空气污染，我们应该步行或乘公共汽车而不是开车。 考查动词形式。根据“we should walk or take the bus instead of driving.”可知，减少空气污染是目的，用动词不定式表目的。故选B。 高中试题 一.单句语法填空： 1. Gao Changli, director-general of the TV drama department at the National Radio and Television Administration, said that the drama contains a lot of thoughts and knowledge __________ (inspire) by China’s traditional philosophy and culture, offering a distinctive edge for homegrown tales in the world’s sci-fi landscape. 2.Wearing a costume and armed with a prop spear (道具长矛), the 42-year -old walks confidently across the stage, __________ (practise) a variety of martial art movements, before ending the drill with a liangxiang (striking a pose on the stage). 3. __________ (stand) on the stage and performing can be tough, but when you do it in a group, it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase your confidence. 4. In 2018, a bamboo table __________ (produce) by the company of Wang’s family shined at the first Global Bamboo Congress. 5.The government is now considering a plan to train the saperas, as they are known, __________ (visit) schools and zoos to tell children about forests and wildlife. 6.__________ (go) ahead, China will expand imports of quality goods, improve its two-way investment structure and conclude free trade agreements with more countries along the Belt and Road. 7.In addition to providing services, the elderly employees participate in welfare activities __________ (organize) by volunteers, such as baking, dancing and learning English. 8.To prevent autumn dryness, many regions in China have the custom of drinking chrysanthemum wine, which is thought to boost heart health by strengthening blood vessels and __________ (stimulate) blood flow. 9. __________ (locate) in the capital’s eastern district of Tongzhou, the resort consists of the Universal Studios theme park, Universal City Walk Beijing and two hotels, along with 37 recreational facilities, themed attraction and dozens of food and beverage outlets. 10.But their trademark cloth-covered baskets, __________ (hang) from a bamboo pole carried across their shoulders, make them an easy target for police. 11.Should you require a 300-word text about a movie star __________ (write) in the style of Shakespeare, you will get it. 12.In 2018, A-Coffee was established in the city, training people with autism (自闭症) to become professional waiters and 78 (provide) them with opportunities for social interaction. 13.It was Dragonboat Day. Shiny white tents lined the waterfront, __________ (provide) shade and refreshments for Dragon Boat paddlers (桨手) from all over California, who gathered around the Castaic Lake for a festive competition. 14.Looking up, I see the vastness of the universe. __________ (bow) my head, I look at the multitude of the world. 15.The cafe has eight elderly employees with cognitive impairments __________ (work) with other waiters to help customers. 16.It said: “AI can deepen our understanding of information and turn it into useful knowledge more efficiently, __________ (make) it easier for people to get to the heart of what they’re looking for and get things done.” 17.Lin said a friend got him __________ (involve) in dragon boat racing over a decade ago. In 2018, they decided to host their own festival. 18.The seventh day of the seventh lunar month is Qixi, widely __________ (regard) as China’s Valentine’s Day. But do you know the origin of the festival? 19.Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity, Cristoforetti also has the ability __________ (work) at the Chinese space station, while others hope that there will be less conflict and more cooperation in the world. 20.In addition to providing services, the elderly there participate in welfare activities __________ (organize) by volunteers, such as baking, dancing and learning English. 1. inspired 考查非谓语动词。句意：国家广电总局电视剧司司长高长力表示，这部剧包含了很多受中国传统哲学和文化启发的思想和知识，为世界科幻小说领域的本土故事提供了独特的优势。分析句子可知，句子主干成分完整，空处为非谓语动词，作thoughts and knowledge的后置定语，inspire和逻辑主语thoughts and knowledge之间是动宾关系，应用inspire的过去分词形式inspired。故填inspired。 2. practising 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。分析句式结构可知，此处用非谓语动词作状语，又因为practise和逻辑主语the 42-year-old之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语表主动关系。故填practising。 3. Standing 考查非谓语。句意：站在舞台上表演可能会很艰难，但当你在一群人中间表演时，它可以帮助你提高自我意识，增加你的自信。根据句中“and performing”可知，空处用动名词standing，与“performing”并列，作句子的主语，处于句首，所以首字母大写。故填Standing。 4. produced 考查非谓语动词。句意：2018年，王氏家族公司生产的一张竹桌子在第一届全球竹子大会上大放异彩。分析句子可知，空格处动词produce为后置定语修饰名词table且二者之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应使用过去分词形式。故填produced。 5. to visit 考查动词不定式作目的状语。句意：政府目前正在考虑一项计划，训练这些被称为“saperas”的人到学校和动物园向孩子们讲述森林和野生动物。此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故填to visit。 6. Going 考查非谓语动词。句意：今后，中国将扩大优质商品进口，改善双向投资结构，与更多一带一路沿线国家缔结自由贸易协定。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中做状语，应使用非谓语动词，因与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，使用现在分词，故填Going。 7. organized 考查过去分词。句意：除了提供服务外，老年员工还参加志愿者组织的福利活动，如烘焙、跳舞、学习英语等。动词organize意为“组织”，和谓语之间没有连词，根据by volunteers可知，和逻辑主语welfare activities构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填organized。 8. Stimulating 考查动名词。句意：为了预防秋季干燥，中国许多地区都有喝菊花酒的习俗，菊花酒被认为可以通过增强血管和刺激血液流动来促进心脏健康。根据句意及句子结构可知，and表示并列，故设空处与动名词strengthening保持一致，作介词by的宾语。故用动名词stimulating，故填stimulating。 9. Located 考查非谓语动词。句意：该度假村位于首都通州东区，由环球影城主题公园、北京环球城市大道和两家酒店组成，拥有37个娱乐设施、主题景点和数十家餐饮店。分析句子可知，句中有谓语动词“consists”且句中无连词，故空格处应用非谓语动词，“locate”意为“定位，把……安置在”，“be located in…”意为“坐落于……，位于……”，“resort”与“locate”之间为动宾关系，故空格处应用“locate”的过去分词“located”，句首单词首字母大写。故填Located。 10. hung 考查过去分词作后置定语。句意：但他们标志性的用布盖着的篮子，挂在肩上的竹竿上，使他们很容易成为警察的目标。此处baskets和动词hang之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。故填hung。 11. written 考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你需要一篇300字的关于电影明星的莎士比亚风格的文章，你会得到它。句中有谓语should require，前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰a 300-word text，且动词write和a 300-word text是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语，故填written。 12. providing 考查现在分词。句意：2018年，A-Coffee在该市成立，培训自闭症患者成为专业服务员，并为他们提供社交机会。动词provide意为“提供”，和系动词之间没有连词，和主语构成主动关系，所以应用现在分词形式作状语。故填providing。 13. providing 考查非谓语动词。句意：闪亮的白色帐篷排列在码头，为聚集在卡斯泰克湖周围来自加州各地的参加节日比赛的龙舟桨手提供了阴凉处和点心。分析句子可知，句中有谓语动词lined，故空格处应用非谓语动词，provide意为“提供”，tents和provide为逻辑上的主谓关系，故应用provide的现在分词providing，作状语。故填providing。 14. Bowing 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。逗号前部分是状语，空处应填非谓语动词，逻辑主语I和bow之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填Bowing。 15. working 考查非谓语动词。句意：这家咖啡馆有八名有认知障碍的老年员工，他们与其他服务员一起为顾客提供服务。分析句子结构可知work与逻辑主语eight elderly employees构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填working。 16. making 考查非谓语动词。句意：报告称：“人工智能可以加深我们对信息的理解，并更有效地将其转化为有用的知识，使人们更容易找到他们所寻找的东西的核心，并完成工作。”此处是非谓语动词作状语，表示自然而然的结果，应用现在分词形式，故填making。 17. involved 考查非谓语动词。句意：林说，十多年前，一位朋友让他参与了龙舟比赛。分析句子可知，句中有谓语动词got，故空格处应用非谓语动词，involve意为“参加”，him和involve为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用involve的过去分词involved，作宾语补足语。故填involved。 18. regarded 考查过去分词。句意：农历七月初七是七夕，被广泛认为是中国的情人节。分析句子可知，逗号前为句子，为主系表结构，所以空处用非谓语动词；句子主语The seventh day of the seventh lunar month与非谓语动词regard为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以此处用过去分词regarded，故填regarded。 19. to work 考查非谓语动词。句意：一些网友表示，凭借她的中文能力，克里斯托福雷蒂也有能力在中国空间站工作，而另一些人则希望世界上少一些冲突，多一些合作。该句中已有谓语动词has，故空处填非谓语动词，ability后常用不定式作后置定语。故填to work。 20. organized 考查非谓语动词。句意：除了提供服务，那里的老人还参加志愿者组织的福利活动，比如烘焙、跳舞和学习英语。分析句子结构可知organize与逻辑主语构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填organized。 二．语篇填空 On Thursday afternoon, President Biden announced more sanctions from the U.S. and its allies. “We will limit Russia’s ability 1 (do) business in dollars, euros, pounds, and yen, to be part of the global  economy.” We’re talking to reporter Paul Sonne. He has spent years 2 (report) from Russia and Ukraine. He was there for the annexation (吞并) of Crimea in 2014. And he has some insights into Putin’s calculus and whether Russian forces can be stopped. So, Paul, tell me exactly how this all unfolded on Thursday morning in Ukraine. Vladimir Putin made an announcement on television, 3 (say) that he had approved a military operation against Eastern Ukraine. But it was very clear from his statements that that operation was not going 4  (limit) to Eastern Ukraine. And within minutes of him 5 (make) that statement, suddenly, there were explosions in cities across Ukraine -- outside of Kiev, outside of Kharkiv, outside of cities in the south. And it was clear that the Russian military had immediately started its campaign completely 6  (dismantle) the Ukrainian military and its forces 7 (array) along the border in order to push back a Russian force. Early Thursday morning, Russia launched attacks on cities across Ukraine. This is a horrific 8 (turn) of events in world history. Russia is an incredibly powerful military, and we’re witnessing that in real time. We’re seeing Ukrainians 9 (suffer) deeply. And because Russia is a nuclear power, people in the United States and in Europe are feeling quite powerless 10 (do) anything about it. 1. to do 2. reporting 3. saying 4. to be limited 5. making 6. to dismantle 7. arrayed 8. turning 9. suffering 10. to do 【导语】周四下午，拜登总统宣布了来自美国及其盟友的更多制裁。他们将限制俄罗斯以美元、欧元、英镑和日元做生意的能力。记者 Paul Sonne多年来一直在俄罗斯和乌克兰进行报道，他对普京的算盘以及能否阻止俄罗斯军队有一些见解。俄罗斯有一支强大得令人难以置信的军队，而且还是一个核大国，美国和欧盟感到无能为力。 1. 考查动词不定式。句意：我们将限制俄罗斯以美元、欧元、英镑和日元做生意的能力。形容词able后常接不定式，因此ability也可以接不定式。故填to do。 2. 考查动名词。spend some time / energy (in) doing ...常常可译为“在做......花时间精力”。故填saying。 3. 考查现在分词。句意：弗拉基米尔·普京在电视上发表声明说，他已批准对乌克兰东部采取军事行动。根据句子结构和句意来判断，这里应该是现在分词做伴随状语。故填saying。 4.考查不定式被动式。句意：但从他的发言中可以清楚地看出，这一行动不会局限于乌克兰东部。根据句子结构和句意来判断，这里表示“不会被限制在...中”，be going to do ...，这里用不定式被动形式。故填to be limited。 5. 考查动名词复合结构。根据句子结构来分析，within minutes of him 5 (make) that statement，这里应该是动名词复合结构做介词within的宾语，相当于within minutes of his 5 (make) that statement。故填making。 6. 考查不定式。句意：很明显，俄罗斯军队已经立即开始了彻底解散乌克兰军队及其在边境部署部队的行动。根据句子结构来判断，这里是用动词不定式做目的状语。故填to dismantle。 7. 考查过去分词做后置定语。句意同上。这里指部署或驻扎在边境的部队，相当于一个定语从句that / which were arrayed。故填arrayed。 8. 考查动名词。此空前有不定冠词和形容词a horrific，后有介词of，提示词又是动词，因此这里应用动名词形式。故填turning。 9. 考查现在分词。句意：我们看到乌克兰人深受其害。see sb. doing ...表示“看到...正在做...”，用现在分词做宾补。另外，这里和逻辑上的主谓关系。故填suffering。 10. 考查不定式。句意：因为俄罗斯是一个核大国，美国和欧洲人感到无能为力。feeling quite powerless to do anything表示“对做...感到无能为力”。故填to do ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$