衔接点21 高中题型之阅读六选四巧解玄关（初高考点差异及衔接）- 2025年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

衔接点21 高中题型之阅读六选四巧解玄关 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 上海初中阶段，任务型阅读类型是“阅读简答题”，考查学生信息查找能力、语篇理解能力和归纳概括能力。一般以记叙文为主，设问以特殊疑问句居多。 上海高中阶段，任务型阅读类型是“六选四”，一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅。 衔接指引 初中阶段考查形式：侧重于对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次 高中阶段考查形式：体裁多样但以说明文和议论文为主，题材广泛且贴近生活，体现时代特征，设空合理均匀，干扰项具有一定迷惑性。 【初中任务型阅读考点聚焦】 1. 信息捕捉：考生需要能够快速从文章中捕捉到关键信息，理解文章的主旨大意，并能够根据这些信息回答相关问题。 2. 细节理解：考查学生对文章中具体细节的把握能力，包括人物、事件、时间、地点等具体信息的识别和理解。 3. 推理判断：考生需要根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，推断作者的意图、态度以及文章中未明确表述的含义。 4. 归纳总结：要求学生能够对文章的段落或全文进行归纳总结，概括出中心思想或主题。 5. 语言运用：考生在回答问题时，需要正确运用语言表达自己对文章的理解，包括时态、语态、词性转换等语言知识的运用。 【示例】 Answer the questions (根据短文内容回答下列问题) (12分) If you wake up with a cough and a sore throat, you can go to the doctor. But when the soil is sick, it is not able to tell anyone! This is the concept that made the EPA take action. They formed a group of professional soil doctors to monitor the health of dirt. Healthy soil is essential because it allows plants and animals to grow well. Healthy soil also prevent poisonous chemicals, holds water and gives some wastes time to be destroyed. But its ability to do these things is not unlimited. That’s when a soil doctor is needed. As the world’s economies and certain industries grow, so does soil pollution. Sources of this pollution include waste from factories and farms and household garbage as well as agricultural waste. Water often carries poisonous chemical from this waste into the fields where they work their way into the soil. These chemicals can cause plants to produce food that is harmful or prevents crops from growing at all. People need to be on the lookout for soil pollution to protect themselves and others. In 1984 in Taoyuan County, a chemical company let out wastewater into a rice field. In order to keep people from eating the poisonous rice, all of the crops had to be destroyed. In situations where soil is polluted, the first step soil doctors take is to stop the farming of the land. The EPA then treats the soil so that it can be used again. Some types of treatment take place onsite in the field and some are offsite. Eventually, crops can be planted again in the soil, but it could be years before that happens. Soil doctors can treat “sick” soil, but they prefer to prevent soil pollution. They try to manage the risk of pollution by testing dirt regularly. Soil doctors play an important role in preventing poisonous chemicals from harming plants, animals and people. But ordinary people can do their part by _____________________. 78．What action did the EPA take to help soil? 79．When does soil need to see a doctor? 80．What usually causes the soil pollution? 81．Without the help of soil doctors, what may happen? 82．Soil treatment is time consuming, isn’t it? 83．What responsibility should ordinary people take for keeping soil healthy? Complete the sentence in the last paragraph. . 【答案】78．They formed a group of professional soil doctors to monitor the health of dirt. 79．When its ability is not unlimited. 80．Waste from factories and farms and household garbage as well as agricultural waste. 81．Poisonous chemicals may be got from harming plants, animals and people. 82．Yes, it is./Yes. 83．caring for where waste goes 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了健康土壤以及如何治疗生病的土壤。 78．根据“They formed a group of professional soil doctors to monitor the health of dirt.”可知，他们组成了一个专业的土壤医生小组来监测土壤的健康状况。故填They formed a group of professional soil doctors to monitor the health of dirt. 79．根据“But its ability to do these things is not unlimited. That’s when a soil doctor is needed.”可知，但它做这些事情的能力并不是无限的。这时就需要土壤医生了。故填When its ability is not unlimited. 80．根据“Sources of this pollution include waste from factories and farms and household garbage as well as agricultural waste.”可知，污染源包括工厂的垃圾、农场和家庭垃圾还有农业垃圾，故填Waste from factories and farms and household garbage as well as agricultural waste. 81．根据“Soil doctors play an important role in preventing poisonous chemicals from harming plants, animals and people.”可知，土壤医生在防止有毒化学物质伤害植物、动物和人类方面发挥着重要作用，由此可知，如果没有土壤医生，有毒的化学物质可能伤害植物、动物和人们。故填Poisonous chemicals may be got from harming plants, animals and people. 82．根据“Eventually, crops can be planted again in the soil, but it could be years before that happens.”可知，作物可以再次在土壤中种植，但这可能需要数年时间，由此可知，这会很耗时。故填Yes, it is./Yes. 83．根据“People need to be on the lookout for soil pollution to protect themselves and others. In 1984 in Taoyuan County, a chemical company let out wastewater into a rice field.”可知，人们可以关注废弃物的去向，用以保护土壤。故填caring for where waste goes。 【高中六选四阅读考点聚焦】 课标解读 上海高中阶段，六选四阅读文章一般选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。可按这几个原则判断空格与选项是否匹配。 · 词汇与语法知识 词汇重复与同义替换 ：六选四文章中往往会有一些重要的词汇在上下文中重复出现，或者通过同义词、近义词的形式进行替换，以体现文章的连贯性和逻辑性。考生需要关注选项和上下文中是否存在这样的词汇线索，从而判断选项与空白处的匹配程度。 语法结构一致性 ：包括句子的时态、语态、主谓一致、代词指代等语法方面的一致性。例如，若原文中某一句子的时态为一般现在时，那么所选选项在时态上也应与之保持一致；代词的指代对象应在上下文中能够明确找到，并且在数、性别等方面与所指代的内容相符。 · 上下文语义连贯 逻辑连贯性 ：要求考生理解文章的整体逻辑结构，包括因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、总分关系等。所选选项必须能够与上下文在逻辑上保持一致，使整个文章的论述或叙述连贯合理，没有突兀或矛盾之处。 语义衔接 ：强调句子之间的语义连贯性，即选项在语义上应与上下文紧密相连，能够自然地融入到文章中，使文章的内容完整、通顺。考生需要仔细分析上下文的语义，理解作者的写作意图和思路，从而选择最符合语义衔接的句子。 · 文章主旨与细节理解 主旨大意把握 ：考生需能够准确把握文章的中心思想和主题，所选选项应与文章的主旨紧密相关，能够为中心思想服务，进一步阐述、解释或补充文章的主要内容，使文章的主旨更加突出和明确。 细节信息处理 ：考查考生对文章中具体细节信息的理解和把握能力，包括对事实、数据、例子、人物、事件等细节内容的准确把握。选项可能会涉及到对某个细节的进一步说明、解释或补充，需要在理解文章整体内容的基础上，关注细节信息，并能够根据上下文的语境选择最合适的选项来完善文章的细节内容。 考点清单 · 考点一：段首题 段首主题句或承上启下句 ：要求考生能够准确概括段落的主旨大意，所选句子通常是该段的核心观点句，能够引领整段内容，需与下文内容紧密相关，且与段落中的关键信息保持一致，常涉及对段落整体意义的把握和理解。 1、通常是段落的主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关的词，推断出主题句。 2、与后文是并列、转折或因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词，通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的。因此这两句之间会有某种的衔接手段。 3、段落间的过渡句。这时要瞻前顾后找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机衔接, 并结合下一段内容,看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。 【示例1】 ......... Purpose of sleep 　2　 Sleep helps our body heal(修复), grow, and stay healthy. It also gives us energy, so we can be active all day. Doctors and health scientists say: When you close your eyes and need to rest, sleep is just the very best! This is more than advice.   A. Sleepy animals B. Why do we need sleep? C. Some people talk in their dreams. 答案　2.B　 【解析】根据本段小标题Purpose of sleep可知本段是在解释需要睡觉的原因。故选B。 【示例2】 4 Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits. A．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. B．To fight family laziness, set an example. C．Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. D．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. 【答案】 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了几种战胜懒惰的方法。 【解析】下文“Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits.(足够的运动和均衡的饮食可以帮助你养成健康的生活方式，从而让你有更多的精力，提升你的精神状态)”阐述了运动和健康饮食对战胜懒惰的作用。C选项“Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness.(最后，定期锻炼可以帮助你战胜懒惰)”提出全文最后一个建议，引出了通过定期锻炼来战胜懒惰这一方法，与下文内容一致。故选C项。 【示例3】 3 They include wars, droughts, floods and the over-use of farming land. All these factors affect food production. Many people also blame greedy businessman for pushing up the prices of basic foods in the global market. But the most important reason, quite simply, is poverty, which has increased recently due to the financial crisis of 2008. A．More than a quarter are in sub-Saharan Africa. B．There are many reasons for world hunger. C．It takes the effort of every country to fight against world hunger. D．In those places, obesity is a far bigger problem than hunger. 【答案】3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过详细的数据和分析，揭示了全球饥饿问题的严重性、分布情况、成因以及可能的解决办法。 【解析】空格处是该部分的主题句。根据下文的内容“They include wars, droughts, floods and the over-use of farming land. All these factors affect food production. Many people also blame greedy businessman for pushing up the prices of basic foods in the global market. But the most important reason, quite simply, is poverty, which has increased recently due to the financial crisis of 2008.(它们包括战争、干旱、洪水和耕地的过度使用。所有这些因素都会影响粮食生产。许多人还指责贪婪的商人推高了全球市场上基本食品的价格。但最重要的原因，很简单，是贫困，由于2008年的金融危机，贫困最近有所增加。)”可知，该部分主要讲述的是导致世界饥饿的原因。B项“There are many reasons for world hunger.(世界饥饿有许多原因。)”填入空格处，符合语境，引出了后文对具体原因的列举。故选B项。 · 考点二：段中题 段中过渡句 ：主要起承上启下的作用，用于衔接前后文内容，使文章逻辑连贯。考生需理解上下文之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、递进、对比等，并选择能够恰当表达这种逻辑关系的句子填入空白处，以确保文章的连贯性和流畅性。若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。 1、盯紧横线的前后词语。根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词。 2、抓住过渡词，看住上下句。看与前文是否是转折或对比关系，此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立，对比关系。看与前文是否是并列或排比关系，在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节。因此，通常选项中会出现表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他线索。 【示例1】 From there, there is both good news and bad news. The bad news? ___10___ So, they have to judge if they are on the mark by themselves, Murray said. But the good news is that men and boys often do well when they go through treatment for their eating disorders. A. The eating disorder field has to treat males based on studies that include only females. B. Will a boy or man experience eating disorders in that way too? C. The best way to help them get into treatment is to share the truth — they are not alone. 【答案】 10. A 【解析】根据上文“From there, there is both good news and bad news. The bad news?(由此可见，既有好消息，也有坏消息。这个坏消息？)”可知，本句承接上文说明坏消息是什么，故A选项“饮食失调领域必须根据只包括女性的研究来治疗男性”符合语境，故选A。 【示例2】 Don’t worry if your gift isn’t usable immediately. In one experiment, researchers asked people to compare different types of gifts: One was immediately appealing, like a dozen flowers in full bloom, or, for a similar price, a gift that would be more satisfying in the long term, like two dozen buds that would bloom in a few days. 4 However, others who were asked which they’d like to receive picked the latter. A．Give people what they ask for: B．Give gifts that are actually usable. C．In it the wife discovers a diamond necklace. D．It also offers guidance for picking gifts, people will actually like. E．When people thought they would give the gift, they preferred the former. F．Gift givers think that unexpectedness adds value because it shows thoughtfulness 【答案】 4．E 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过事例就如何送礼提出了一些建议。 【解析】根据上文“Don’t worry if your gift isn’t usable immediately. In one experiment, researchers asked people to compare different types of gifts: One was immediately appealing, like a dozen flowers in full bloom, or, for a similar price, a gift that would be more satisfying in the long term, like two dozen buds that would bloom in a few days.(如果你的礼物不能立即使用，不要担心。在一项实验中，研究人员要求人们比较不同类型的礼物：一种是立即吸引人的礼物，比如一打盛开的鲜花；另一种是价格相似的礼物，从长远来看会更令人满意，比如几天后会开花的二十几朵花蕾)”以及后文“However, others who were asked which they’d like to receive picked the latter.(然而，当被问及他们想要哪种礼物时，其他人选择了后者)”可知，本句与后文都是在说明人们对于礼物的选择问题，后文提到了选择后者的情况，推测本句是在说明人们会选择前者的情况。故E选项“当人们认为他们将要送礼物时，他们更喜欢前者”符合语境，故选E。 【示例3】 Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.Couples and children may all have different energy levels, but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. 3 Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practise laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people. A．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. B．To fight family laziness, set an example. C．Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. D．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. E．Create a reward system for yourself, just as parents do for a child. F．With strong determination, you will be able to achieve your goal. 【答案】 3．B 【解析】下文“Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practise laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people.(饭后第一个收拾和洗碗。家里的其他人最终可能会效仿你，完成他们自己的任务。当你周围都是有动力的人时，就很难变得懒惰)”强调在家中要树立榜样来带动其他人，从而战胜家庭中的懒惰。B选项“To fight family laziness, set an example.(为了战胜家庭中的懒惰，树立一个榜样)”与下文内容逻辑相符。故选B项。 · 考点三：段尾题 段尾总结句 ：一般是用来总结段落内容的句子，也可能是引出下一段的过渡句。需要对前文内容进行概括和归纳，同时还要注意与下一段的衔接是否自然合理。 1、空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。 2、通常是结论、概括性语句 注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词：Therefore，as a result，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word，all in all，in conclusion等词语。选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。 3、所选答案是引出下一段的内容的句子 如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接，认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。 4、如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案应有这样的特征词。 【示例1】 As for their love lives, nine percent of women aged 45-54 met their husbands through the Internet, and forty-nine percent of women believe that the best age to get married is between 25 and 29. 4 A．It seems that British women aren’t too happy with their bodies. B．I want you to share opinions with us. C．Here are some of the results. D．Fifty-nine percent think fathers should take more responsibility for their children. E．More and more women prefer being alone to getting married. F．The biggest challenge for modem women is balancing home and work life (82%). G．Because they think they can make a rational choice at that age. 【答案】4．G 【导语】本文主要介绍 了对1000多名应该女性关于饮食习惯，人际关系，家庭价值观等问题的采访结果。 4．根据“forty-nine percent of women believe that the best age to get married is between 25 and 29”可知，结婚最好的年龄是25—29岁，接下来应表述为什么，这与选项G“因为他们认为在那个年龄段能够做明智的选择”符合语境，故选G。 【示例2】 Choosing, at its core, reflects our values and aspirations. It demands self-awareness and a clear understanding of our goals. For instance, consider a high school student torn between pursuing a passion for music and excelling in core academic subjects to se cure a better college future. 2 . A．But in the game world, not only can we easily bypass tough situations with simple cheats, but we can also start over afresh without any real-world consequences holding us back. B．such a decision is fraught with complexity, requiring careful consideration of personal interests, long-term ambitions, and the inevitable trade-offs involved. E．Focus on what you know and make the most of the time you have. F．Yet, unlike a game where shortcuts or tricks might help us overcome obstacles, real life offers no such luxuries. 【答案】 2．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，论述了在人生旅程中，学会选择、放手以及接受遗憾对于个人成长的重要性。 【解析】根据上文“For instance, consider a high school student torn between pursuing a passion for music and excelling in core academic subjects to se cure a better college future.( 例如，考虑一个高中生，他在追求音乐热情和在核心学术科目上取得优异成绩以获得更好的大学未来之间犹豫不决)”可知上文说的是一个高中生要在追求音乐热情和在核心学术科目上取得优异成绩以获得更好的大学未来之间进行选择，这种选择涉及到个人利益以及长期抱负，可推理出此处说的是这种决定是复杂的，需要权衡很多因素，与B项“such a decision is fraught with complexity, requiring careful consideration of personal interests, long - term ambitions, and the inevitable trade - offs involved.(这样的决定充满了复杂性，需要仔细考虑个人利益、长期抱负以及所涉及的不可避免的权衡)”表达的意思一致，故选B项。 【示例3】 This advertising is not just cloying (令人生厌的). It also feeds some false beliefs people commonly hold about what makes gift receivers happy. Fortunately, psychological and marketing research shows that these beliefs are wrong. 2 C．In it the wife discovers a diamond necklace. D．It also offers guidance for picking gifts, people will actually like. E．When people thought they would give the gift, they preferred the former. F．Gift givers think that unexpectedness adds value because it shows thoughtfulness 【答案】 2．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过事例就如何送礼提出了一些建议。 【解析】根据上文“This advertising is not just cloying (令人生厌的). It also feeds some false beliefs people commonly hold about what makes gift receivers happy. Fortunately, psychological and marketing research shows that these beliefs are wrong.(这种广告不仅令人腻味。它也助长了人们通常持有的关于什么能让收礼者快乐的错误信念。幸运的是，心理学和市场研究表明，这些观念是错误的)”可知，上文提到心理学和市场研究表明上述观念是错误的，本句为本段最后一句，推测应当说明如何帮助人们挑选真正喜欢的礼物。故D选项“它还提供了挑选人们真正喜欢的礼物的指导”符合语境，故选D。 【Passage 1】 How to Survive High School It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. 1 During high school, you may feel under pressure to fit in. You need to try your best to fight the negative feelings and learn to have a change. High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within. Make friends with a variety of people. Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. 2 Over time, you’ll develop a friend group filled with unique individuals that like you for who you are and add a lot of value to your life. But do remember — Stay away from the ones who hold negative attitudes towards everything. Spare regular time for exercise. 3 However, even if you’re not involved in a sport, try to exercise every day. Though you may feel like your study schedule is jam-packed, remember that staying fit will help improve your school performance. Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. 4 If possible, spend a few minutes before or after class talking with your teachers about things related to their subject. With these tips to survive high school, you will surely be proud of graduating as an all-round approaching adult. A．Let yourself be who you really are. B．Learn to change and impress your friends. C．Everybody has something to contribute to your growth as a person. D．Pressure from friends is one factor that turns teenagers into risk-takers. E．Try your best to be kind and friendly to everybody you take a class from. F．Joining a school sports team is also a great way to meet like-minded people. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．F 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如何度过高中生活，就此给出了一些实用的建议。 1．上文“It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. (甚至在高中度过一天都可能觉得不可能，更不用说三年了。然而，你可以做很多事情，让你的高中经历成为你人生中最美好的时光之一)”说明高中生活可能很艰难，但有很多方法可以让它变得美好。下文“High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within.(高中实际上给了你一个机会去发现真实的自己，成长为一个人，但重要的是，任何改变都应该来自内心)”表示应做真实的自己，A项“做真实的自己。”和上文为承接关系，引出下文关于如何在高中做自己的建议，符合语境。故选A。 2．上文“Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. (试着走出你的舒适区，和人们，尤其是陌生人开始对话)”说明要和不同的人交流，C项“每个人都能为你的个人成长做出贡献。”进一步说明和不同的人交流的好处，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 3．上文“Spare regular time for exercise. (定期抽出时间锻炼)”说明锻炼很重要。空处F项“加入学校运动队也是结识志同道合的人的好方法。”举例说明锻炼的具体方式，和前文为承接关系，且与下文“even if you’re not involved in a sport(即使你不参与体育运动)”呼应，符合语境。故选F。 4．上文“Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. (不要避免和老师互动。不过，你不必成为老师的宠儿)”说明要和老师互动。E项“尽你最大的努力对你上的每一门课的老师都友好和善。”给出和老师互动的具体建议，要对老师友好，E项承接上文，符合语境。故选E。 【Passage 2】 Nightly Sleep Is Key to Student Success For young adults, college is a time of transition. It may be the first time students have the freedom to determine how to spend their time, but this freedom comes with competing interests from academics, social events and even sleep. A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study to evaluate how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students’ end-of-semester grade point average(GPA). Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. 1 David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, led a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA． “Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. “ 2 The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms.” 3 The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to (相对应) a 0. 07 decrease in end-of-term GPA． “Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. “ 4 ” “A popular belief among college students is valuing studying more or partying more over nightly sleep,” said Creswell. “Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There’s real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep.” A．Here we show how this work translates to humans. B．Many college students experience irregular and insufficient sleep. C．The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. D．Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted. E．The results are available in the Feb.13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. F．Total nightly sleep is a potentially important and underappreciated behavior supporting academic achievement. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现夜间睡眠是学生取得优异成绩的关键。 1．上文“Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. (使用睡眠跟踪器，他们发现学生平均每晚睡眠6.5小时，但当学生每晚睡眠少于6小时时，负面结果就会积累起来。)”介绍了研究结果，空处也应是围绕研究结果来介绍，E项“研究结果发表在2月13日的《美国国家科学院院刊》上。”符合语境。故选E。 2．上文““Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. (“动物研究表明睡眠对学习和记忆是多么重要，”Creswell 说。)”可知，对动物的研究表明睡眠对学习和记忆很重要，下文“The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms. (大学一年级学生在学期开始时睡眠时间越少，学期结束时的平均绩点就越低。缺乏睡眠可能会损害学生在大学课堂上学习的能力。)”介绍了对于人而言，睡眠对学习和记忆也很重要，A项“这里我们展示这项工作如何影响人类。”符合语境。故选A。 3．下文“The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. (研究人员发现，睡眠时间少于6小时的学生，其学习成绩明显下降。)”介绍了研究发现，空处应该是介绍研究对象等，C项“这项研究对三所大学的五项研究中的600多名一年级学生进行了评估。”符合语境。故选C。 4．上文““Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. (克雷斯威尔说：“一旦你的睡眠时间降到6小时以下，你就开始增加大量的睡眠债务，这会损害学生的健康和学习习惯，破坏整个系统。”)”指出睡眠不足会损害学生的健康和学习习惯，破坏整个系统。空处也应是介绍睡眠不足的危害，D项“最令我惊讶的是，无论我们采取什么措施来消除这种影响，它仍然存在。”符合语境，承接上文，进一步描述睡眠不足的危害。故选D。 【Passage 3】 Stage Fright Imagine that you are an actor performing in a play for the first time. You have learned all your lines and you know where to walk on stage. Waiting behind the closed curtain, you can hear the audience whispering and taking their seats. Then your big moment arrives! The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. 1 The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. If you have experienced a moment like this, you know all too well what it means to have stage fright. It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. 2 People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. A person who suffers from stage fright may get sweaty hands, a dry mouth, a tight throat, or shaky knees. Stage fright is actually a form of panic, and these feelings are very real. 3 The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. Scientists refer to this as our bodies’ “fight or flight” reaction. As a result, we feel great energy that makes our hands sweat, our hearts race, and our knees shake. 4 Practicing your performance and following some simple tips can help calm nerves and manage the feelings caused by anxiety. First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. These might make your heart race even faster. Instead, try a banana! Some doctors believe that eating a banana can help calm your heart and the rest of your body. Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. These tips have helped many people learn to deal with their fears. A．However, there is a time when stage fright prevents you from stepping onstage. B．You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. C．Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. D．You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. E．With practice, we can learn how to relax while playing sports. F．The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了舞台恐惧的普遍性及其生理反应，并提供了缓解恐惧的实用建议。 1．前文“The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. (幕布升起，人群安静下来。你所能看到的只是聚光灯照在你身上)”描述舞台前的场景，后文“The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. (你的嘴巴发干，手心冒汗)”描述紧张的具体生理反应，此处需补充具体表现，因此D项“You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. (你试图说出台词，但似乎什么也说不出来)”符合语境，直接体现“舞台恐惧”的典型症状——因紧张而忘词或失声，与后文语意连贯。故选D。 2．前文“It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. (这是最常见的恐惧类型之一，当人们发现自己成为众人关注的焦点时，往往就会产生这种恐惧)”指出舞台恐惧很常见，后文“People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. (人们在运动、做演讲，甚至在课堂上发言时，都会经历这种恐惧)”列举运动、演讲等非舞台场景，此处点明这种恐惧不仅限于舞台，因此B项“You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. (你不必在舞台上才会经历舞台恐惧)”符合语境，承上启下，后文是对其例证。故选B。 3．后文“The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. (每个人的体验各不相同，但我们体内发生的化学反应却是相同的。当感到焦虑时，身体会产生一种化学物质，让我们做好“战斗或逃跑”的准备)”详细描述这种恐惧的化学过程，此处位于段首，是段落主旨句，需总领段落内容，因此C项“Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. (舞台恐惧是身体对压力的反应之一)”符合语境，点明其本质。故选C。 4．后文“First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. (首先，着装要舒适得体。其次，在表演前做深呼吸和伸展运动来放松身体。第三，避免饮用含咖啡因的饮料)”和“Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. (最后，当你面对观众时，试着把注意力集中在特定的人身上，而不是整个群体)”列举缓解恐惧的具体技巧，此处需从前文的负面描述过渡到这些方法，因此F项“The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. (关于舞台恐惧的好消息是，有方法可以应对它)”符合语境，自然引出解决方案，与后文的“some simple tips”呼应。故选F。 【Passage 1】 What I Think of Boxing as a Sport Boxing is a popular sport. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. It could be the toughest of all sports to survive. It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. 13 It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. 1 They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them a way of expressing it. 2 Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Besides, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing. They are usually in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out. To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. 3 . We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport. A．However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. B．Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. C．In boxing, fighters are required to hit a moving target. D．Many fans are drawn to the sport because they love the competition. E．Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. F．I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了拳击作为一项运动的吸引力及其危险性，作者表达了对这种攻击性运动的不支持态度，并提倡减少电视上的相关节目时间，推崇非攻击性运动英雄。 1．上文“It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. (拳击手需要在健身房花费数小时的时间，并且要历经数年才能培养出成为一名伟大拳击手所需要的特定特质)”描述了拳击手要成为优秀选手所付出的巨大努力和漫长过程，突出了成为优秀拳击手的不易，空处承接上文，E选项“Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. (也许这就是为什么成功的拳击手被视为大英雄的原因)”中“that”指代上文提到的成为优秀拳击手的不易，成功的拳击手因为付出了很多努力所以被视为英雄，与上文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选E。 2．上文“When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. (当他们观看拳击比赛时，他们会认同获胜的拳击手。这会让他们感觉自己就是赢家)”提到观众会因认同获胜拳击手而有自己是赢家的感觉，及下文“They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. (他们这么做是因为拳击手来自他们自己的国家，而且如果“他们的”拳击手输了，他们常常会觉得仿佛自己也输掉了一场战斗)”具体阐述了他们支持特定拳击手的原因。空处承上启下，B选项“Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. (有时粉丝们会支持某个特定的拳击手)”中“fans”与上文中的“they”相呼应，“supporting a particular boxer”引出下文对支持特定拳击手原因的解释，起到了很好的过渡作用。故选B。 3．下文“Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. (尽管拳击手在比赛中会戴上手套，业余拳击手甚至必须佩戴头盔这种坚固的硬质帽子，但在职业和业余拳击中仍然经常发生意外，有时后果十分严重)” 提到拳击比赛中拳击手可能遭遇的各种危险情况，空处需引出下文关于拳击危险性的内容，A选项“However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. (然而，拳击可能是一项非常危险的运动)”中“dangerous”与下文的“accidents”和“dramatic consequences”等相呼应，自然地引出了下文对拳击运动负面因素的讨论。故选A。 4．上文“To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. (总之，我个人一点也不喜欢像拳击这样的攻击性运动)”表明了作者对拳击这类攻击性运动的不喜欢，下文“We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. (我们可以在社会中把更多来自非攻击性运动的男女当作英雄来庆祝)”提出了对非攻击性运动的倡导，空处承上启下，F选项“I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. (我认为如果电视上少花些时间在攻击性运动上会更好)”中的“less time was given to aggressive sports on TV”与上文作者不喜欢攻击性运动的态度相呼应，同时引出下文对关注非攻击性运动的倡导，进一步阐述了作者对于攻击性运动在社会中呈现方式的看法，使上下文逻辑连贯，符合语境。故选F。 【Passage 2】 Exercise for a Better Brain Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. 1 When you’re active, they send chemical signals telling your brain, “Hey, it’s time to grow!” Recent research suggests physical activity has multiple brain benefits, encouraging the birth and growth of new brain cells that supply oxygen and blood sugar to brain cells. In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. 22 Without exercise, Suzuki says, “little baby neurons don’t get bigger and make thousands of new connections to other brain cells. With exercise, you get fully functioning adult brain cells.” Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体). 2 It’s a good deal. “There’s evidence these new brain cells are very active,” she says. “They’re excitable, like teenagers. They get involved in more memory circuits than older cells do. You get more connections.’ 3 If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. In a 2019 Boston University study of 2354 adults in their 40s through 60s, sedentary people who boosted their daily walking by 7500 steps or more had bigger brains than those who didn’t exercise equivalent to 1.4 to 2.2 fewer years of brain aging, the more light activity study participants logged, such as doing housework, shopping, gardening, or walking the dog, the greater the overall size of their brains. A．And once age-related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones. B．Tips have been offered as to how to do exercise. C．After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test. D．Besides, studies also suggest that dying cells and brain wastes can be cleared with enough exercise on a regular basis. E．But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. F．Again, a little goes a long way. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了运动对大脑的益处，如促进新脑细胞的生长、提高记忆力、延缓大脑衰老等，还指出少量运动也有很大作用。 1．上文“Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. (大多数时候，你的大脑是肌肉的“老板”——指挥你如何击球、弹钢琴或打开麦片盒) ”说明大脑对肌肉的支配作用。E选项“But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. (但当涉及到生长新的脑细胞时，越来越多的研究表明，当你运动时，你的肌肉起主导作用)”与上文形成转折，引出下文关于运动时肌肉对大脑细胞生长的影响，上下文语意衔接自然。故选E项。 2．上文“In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. (在2016年国家老龄问题研究所的一项研究中，那些每周三天在跑步机上跑45分钟的人提高了他们大脑衍生神经营养因子的水平，这种化学物质就像新脑细胞的肥料)”说明运动对大脑神经营养因子的积极影响。C选项“After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test.(经过四个月的锻炼，他们在记忆力测试中的分数提高了) ”进一步说明了运动带来的好处，即提高记忆力，与上文的研究结果相呼应。故选C项。 3．上文“Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体).(研究表明，在年轻人中，这可以增加海马体中的细胞总数)”说明运动对年轻人海马体细胞数量的积极影响。A选项“And once age related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones.(一旦与年龄相关的大脑变化在我们30多岁开始出现，运动有助于让脑细胞存活更长时间，并用新细胞取代旧细胞)”则说明了运动在年龄增长过程中对大脑细胞的作用，与上文关于运动对年轻人大脑细胞的影响构成递进关系。故选A项。 4．下文“If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. (她说，如果你不活跃，在街区周围散散步可能就足以促进神经可塑性。每一点运动都很重要) ”说明少量运动也有很大作用。F选项“Again, a little goes a long way.(同样，少量的运动也能产生很大的效果) ”能够概括下文的内容，引出下文关于少量运动益处的说明。故选F项。 【Passage 3】 How to Cope with Emotional Eating If you empty the fridge when you’re stressed or upset, that’s called emotional eating. Emotional eating affects most people from time to time. But regularly letting your feelings guide your food intake can affect your health. Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. 1 Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. Eating more food than your body needs can have dangerous results. People who eat for emotional reasons often gain too much weight. This puts them at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and cancer. Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. 2 Here are some tips for you to stop emotional eating episodes and break the cycle: Learn to recognize hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, ask yourself what’s driving it. If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. 2 If you don’t have those signs, you probably don’t need to eat right then. Find other interests. Finding an activity that you enjoy can increase self-confidence, which is often poor in emotional eaters. Examples might be yoga, playing a musical instrument, volunteering, or painting. 3 If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. A．Emotional eating results from certain feelings, such as anger or sadness. B．Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. C．But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. D．You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. E．These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. F．However, boredom can lead to emotional eating as well. 【答案】1．C 2．E 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了情绪化进食的诱因及其健康风险，并提供了实用建议，如识别真实饥饿信号和培养替代兴趣来打破这种不良循环。 1．前文“Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. (悲伤、无聊和其他负面情绪都可能引发情绪化进食。比如分手后吃掉整盒冰淇淋，或是周六晚上独自在家时吃完一整包薯片)”提到负面情绪会引发情绪化进食，并举例说明，后文“Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. (许多人在欢乐场合也会暴饮暴食，比如派对和婚礼上)”举例欢乐场合暴饮暴食的情况，此处需过渡句衔接到正面情绪也会引发情绪化进食，因此C项“But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. (但快乐的事件也可能导致情绪化进食)”符合语境，和前文构成转折，后文是对其展开说明。故选C。 2．前文“Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. (暴饮暴食同样会带来情绪上的负面影响)”提到暴饮暴食会影响情绪，此处需具体说明，因此E项“These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. (这些后果包括事后感到内疚或尴尬)”符合语境，承接前文，其中的These指代前文的emotional consequences。故选E。 3．前文“If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. (如果你真的饿了，你会注意到一些身体症状，比如胃里空空的感觉)”提到真实饥饿的身体症状，此处需补充其他征兆，因此B项“Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. (其他不太明显的饥饿信号包括脾气暴躁和注意力不集中)”符合语境，承接前文，其中的Other less obvious hunger cues与前文的physical symptoms对应。故选B。 4．后文“If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. (如果是这样的话，培养一项新的兴趣爱好就能充实你的时间，让你不太可能通过进食来寻求情感上的满足)”指出培养新兴趣能充实时间，从而解决情绪化进食，此处与情绪化进食是由无聊导致的情况有关，因此D项“You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. (你可能会发现自己的进食行为是由无聊驱动的)”符合语境，是培养兴趣能减少进食的前提条件，其中的boredom和后文的fill your hours呼应。故选D。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点21 高中题型之阅读六选四巧解玄关 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 上海初中阶段，任务型阅读类型是“阅读简答题”，考查学生信息查找能力、语篇理解能力和归纳概括能力。一般以记叙文为主，设问以特殊疑问句居多。 上海高中阶段，任务型阅读类型是“六选四”，一般以说明文和议论文为主，选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅。 衔接指引 初中阶段考查形式：侧重于对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次 高中阶段考查形式：体裁多样但以说明文和议论文为主，题材广泛且贴近生活，体现时代特征，设空合理均匀，干扰项具有一定迷惑性。 【初中任务型阅读考点聚焦】 1. 信息捕捉：考生需要能够快速从文章中捕捉到关键信息，理解文章的主旨大意，并能够根据这些信息回答相关问题。 2. 细节理解：考查学生对文章中具体细节的把握能力，包括人物、事件、时间、地点等具体信息的识别和理解。 3. 推理判断：考生需要根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，推断作者的意图、态度以及文章中未明确表述的含义。 4. 归纳总结：要求学生能够对文章的段落或全文进行归纳总结，概括出中心思想或主题。 5. 语言运用：考生在回答问题时，需要正确运用语言表达自己对文章的理解，包括时态、语态、词性转换等语言知识的运用。 【示例】 Answer the questions (根据短文内容回答下列问题) (12分) If you wake up with a cough and a sore throat, you can go to the doctor. But when the soil is sick, it is not able to tell anyone! This is the concept that made the EPA take action. They formed a group of professional soil doctors to monitor the health of dirt. Healthy soil is essential because it allows plants and animals to grow well. Healthy soil also prevent poisonous chemicals, holds water and gives some wastes time to be destroyed. But its ability to do these things is not unlimited. That’s when a soil doctor is needed. As the world’s economies and certain industries grow, so does soil pollution. Sources of this pollution include waste from factories and farms and household garbage as well as agricultural waste. Water often carries poisonous chemical from this waste into the fields where they work their way into the soil. These chemicals can cause plants to produce food that is harmful or prevents crops from growing at all. People need to be on the lookout for soil pollution to protect themselves and others. In 1984 in Taoyuan County, a chemical company let out wastewater into a rice field. In order to keep people from eating the poisonous rice, all of the crops had to be destroyed. In situations where soil is polluted, the first step soil doctors take is to stop the farming of the land. The EPA then treats the soil so that it can be used again. Some types of treatment take place onsite in the field and some are offsite. Eventually, crops can be planted again in the soil, but it could be years before that happens. Soil doctors can treat “sick” soil, but they prefer to prevent soil pollution. They try to manage the risk of pollution by testing dirt regularly. Soil doctors play an important role in preventing poisonous chemicals from harming plants, animals and people. But ordinary people can do their part by _____________________. 78．What action did the EPA take to help soil? 79．When does soil need to see a doctor? 80．What usually causes the soil pollution? 81．Without the help of soil doctors, what may happen? 82．Soil treatment is time consuming, isn’t it? 83．What responsibility should ordinary people take for keeping soil healthy? Complete the sentence in the last paragraph. . 【高中六选四阅读考点聚焦】 课标解读 上海高中阶段，六选四阅读文章一般选文逻辑严密、结构严谨，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。设空题型分布以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅，间或考查段属的结论概括性语句。六个备选项意义都与文章内容相关，有一定的干扰迷惑性。试题主要依据句子在上下文中衔接情况来命制，衔接手段分为三种：结构衔接、逻辑衔接、词汇衔接。可按这几个原则判断空格与选项是否匹配。 · 词汇与语法知识 词汇重复与同义替换 ：六选四文章中往往会有一些重要的词汇在上下文中重复出现，或者通过同义词、近义词的形式进行替换，以体现文章的连贯性和逻辑性。考生需要关注选项和上下文中是否存在这样的词汇线索，从而判断选项与空白处的匹配程度。 语法结构一致性 ：包括句子的时态、语态、主谓一致、代词指代等语法方面的一致性。例如，若原文中某一句子的时态为一般现在时，那么所选选项在时态上也应与之保持一致；代词的指代对象应在上下文中能够明确找到，并且在数、性别等方面与所指代的内容相符。 · 上下文语义连贯 逻辑连贯性 ：要求考生理解文章的整体逻辑结构，包括因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、总分关系等。所选选项必须能够与上下文在逻辑上保持一致，使整个文章的论述或叙述连贯合理，没有突兀或矛盾之处。 语义衔接 ：强调句子之间的语义连贯性，即选项在语义上应与上下文紧密相连，能够自然地融入到文章中，使文章的内容完整、通顺。考生需要仔细分析上下文的语义，理解作者的写作意图和思路，从而选择最符合语义衔接的句子。 · 文章主旨与细节理解 主旨大意把握 ：考生需能够准确把握文章的中心思想和主题，所选选项应与文章的主旨紧密相关，能够为中心思想服务，进一步阐述、解释或补充文章的主要内容，使文章的主旨更加突出和明确。 细节信息处理 ：考查考生对文章中具体细节信息的理解和把握能力，包括对事实、数据、例子、人物、事件等细节内容的准确把握。选项可能会涉及到对某个细节的进一步说明、解释或补充，需要在理解文章整体内容的基础上，关注细节信息，并能够根据上下文的语境选择最合适的选项来完善文章的细节内容。 考点清单 · 考点一：段首题 段首主题句或承上启下句 ：要求考生能够准确概括段落的主旨大意，所选句子通常是该段的核心观点句，能够引领整段内容，需与下文内容紧密相关，且与段落中的关键信息保持一致，常涉及对段落整体意义的把握和理解。 1、通常是段落的主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关的词，推断出主题句。 2、与后文是并列、转折或因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词，通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的。因此这两句之间会有某种的衔接手段。 3、段落间的过渡句。这时要瞻前顾后找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机衔接, 并结合下一段内容,看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。 【示例1】 ......... Purpose of sleep 　2　 Sleep helps our body heal(修复), grow, and stay healthy. It also gives us energy, so we can be active all day. Doctors and health scientists say: When you close your eyes and need to rest, sleep is just the very best! This is more than advice.   A. Sleepy animals B. Why do we need sleep? C. Some people talk in their dreams. 【示例2】 4 Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits. A．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. B．To fight family laziness, set an example. C．Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. D．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. 【示例3】 3 They include wars, droughts, floods and the over-use of farming land. All these factors affect food production. Many people also blame greedy businessman for pushing up the prices of basic foods in the global market. But the most important reason, quite simply, is poverty, which has increased recently due to the financial crisis of 2008. A．More than a quarter are in sub-Saharan Africa. B．There are many reasons for world hunger. C．It takes the effort of every country to fight against world hunger. D．In those places, obesity is a far bigger problem than hunger. · 考点二：段中题 段中过渡句 ：主要起承上启下的作用，用于衔接前后文内容，使文章逻辑连贯。考生需理解上下文之间的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、递进、对比等，并选择能够恰当表达这种逻辑关系的句子填入空白处，以确保文章的连贯性和流畅性。若空格句在段中，则需根据空格前后的句子内容及逻辑关系来确定答案。 1、盯紧横线的前后词语。根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词。 2、抓住过渡词，看住上下句。看与前文是否是转折或对比关系，此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立，对比关系。看与前文是否是并列或排比关系，在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节。因此，通常选项中会出现表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他线索。 【示例1】 From there, there is both good news and bad news. The bad news? ___10___ So, they have to judge if they are on the mark by themselves, Murray said. But the good news is that men and boys often do well when they go through treatment for their eating disorders. A. The eating disorder field has to treat males based on studies that include only females. B. Will a boy or man experience eating disorders in that way too? C. The best way to help them get into treatment is to share the truth — they are not alone. 【示例2】 Don’t worry if your gift isn’t usable immediately. In one experiment, researchers asked people to compare different types of gifts: One was immediately appealing, like a dozen flowers in full bloom, or, for a similar price, a gift that would be more satisfying in the long term, like two dozen buds that would bloom in a few days. 4 However, others who were asked which they’d like to receive picked the latter. A．Give people what they ask for: B．Give gifts that are actually usable. C．In it the wife discovers a diamond necklace. D．It also offers guidance for picking gifts, people will actually like. E．When people thought they would give the gift, they preferred the former. F．Gift givers think that unexpectedness adds value because it shows thoughtfulness 【示例3】 Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.Couples and children may all have different energy levels, but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. 3 Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practise laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people. A．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. B．To fight family laziness, set an example. C．Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. D．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. E．Create a reward system for yourself, just as parents do for a child. F．With strong determination, you will be able to achieve your goal. · 考点三：段尾题 段尾总结句 ：一般是用来总结段落内容的句子，也可能是引出下一段的过渡句。需要对前文内容进行概括和归纳，同时还要注意与下一段的衔接是否自然合理。 1、空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。 2、通常是结论、概括性语句 注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词：Therefore，as a result，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word，all in all，in conclusion等词语。选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。 3、所选答案是引出下一段的内容的句子 如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接，认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。 4、如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案应有这样的特征词。 【示例1】 As for their love lives, nine percent of women aged 45-54 met their husbands through the Internet, and forty-nine percent of women believe that the best age to get married is between 25 and 29. 4 A．It seems that British women aren’t too happy with their bodies. B．I want you to share opinions with us. C．Here are some of the results. D．Fifty-nine percent think fathers should take more responsibility for their children. E．More and more women prefer being alone to getting married. F．The biggest challenge for modem women is balancing home and work life (82%). G．Because they think they can make a rational choice at that age. 【示例2】 Choosing, at its core, reflects our values and aspirations. It demands self-awareness and a clear understanding of our goals. For instance, consider a high school student torn between pursuing a passion for music and excelling in core academic subjects to se cure a better college future. 2 . A．But in the game world, not only can we easily bypass tough situations with simple cheats, but we can also start over afresh without any real-world consequences holding us back. B．such a decision is fraught with complexity, requiring careful consideration of personal interests, long-term ambitions, and the inevitable trade-offs involved. E．Focus on what you know and make the most of the time you have. F．Yet, unlike a game where shortcuts or tricks might help us overcome obstacles, real life offers no such luxuries. 【示例3】 This advertising is not just cloying (令人生厌的). It also feeds some false beliefs people commonly hold about what makes gift receivers happy. Fortunately, psychological and marketing research shows that these beliefs are wrong. 2 C．In it the wife discovers a diamond necklace. D．It also offers guidance for picking gifts, people will actually like. E．When people thought they would give the gift, they preferred the former. F．Gift givers think that unexpectedness adds value because it shows thoughtfulness 【Passage 1】 How to Survive High School It may feel impossible to survive even a day of high school, let alone three years. However, there are a lot of things you can do to make your high school experience one of the best times of your life. 1 During high school, you may feel under pressure to fit in. You need to try your best to fight the negative feelings and learn to have a change. High school actually gives you an opportunity to discover a real YOU and grow as a person, but it’s important that any change should come from within. Make friends with a variety of people. Try to break out of your comfort zone by starting a conversation with people, especially strangers. 2 Over time, you’ll develop a friend group filled with unique individuals that like you for who you are and add a lot of value to your life. But do remember — Stay away from the ones who hold negative attitudes towards everything. Spare regular time for exercise. 3 However, even if you’re not involved in a sport, try to exercise every day. Though you may feel like your study schedule is jam-packed, remember that staying fit will help improve your school performance. Don’t avoid interacting with your teachers. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet, though. 4 If possible, spend a few minutes before or after class talking with your teachers about things related to their subject. With these tips to survive high school, you will surely be proud of graduating as an all-round approaching adult. A．Let yourself be who you really are. B．Learn to change and impress your friends. C．Everybody has something to contribute to your growth as a person. D．Pressure from friends is one factor that turns teenagers into risk-takers. E．Try your best to be kind and friendly to everybody you take a class from. F．Joining a school sports team is also a great way to meet like-minded people. 【Passage 2】 Nightly Sleep Is Key to Student Success For young adults, college is a time of transition. It may be the first time students have the freedom to determine how to spend their time, but this freedom comes with competing interests from academics, social events and even sleep. A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study to evaluate how the duration of nightly sleep early in the semester affects first year college students’ end-of-semester grade point average(GPA). Using sleep trackers, they found that students on average sleep 6.5 hours a night, but negative outcomes built up when students received less than six hours of sleep a night. 1 David Creswell, the William S. Dietrich II Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences, led a team of researchers to evaluate the relationship between sleep and GPA． “Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell. “ 2 The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms.” 3 The researchers found that students who receive less than six hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to (相对应) a 0. 07 decrease in end-of-term GPA． “Once you start dropping below six hours, you are starting to add massive sleep debt that can harm a student’s health and study habits, damaging the whole system,” said Creswell. “ 4 ” “A popular belief among college students is valuing studying more or partying more over nightly sleep,” said Creswell. “Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There’s real value in budgeting for the importance of nightly sleep.” A．Here we show how this work translates to humans. B．Many college students experience irregular and insufficient sleep. C．The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. D．Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it persisted. E．The results are available in the Feb.13 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. F．Total nightly sleep is a potentially important and underappreciated behavior supporting academic achievement. 【Passage 3】 Stage Fright Imagine that you are an actor performing in a play for the first time. You have learned all your lines and you know where to walk on stage. Waiting behind the closed curtain, you can hear the audience whispering and taking their seats. Then your big moment arrives! The curtain goes up, and the crowd falls silent. All you can see is the spotlight shining down on you. 1 The inside of your mouth is dry, and your hands are wet. If you have experienced a moment like this, you know all too well what it means to have stage fright. It is one of the most common types of fear and tends to strike people when they find themselves at the center of attention. 2 People experience this fear when playing sports, giving a presentation, or even speaking in class. A person who suffers from stage fright may get sweaty hands, a dry mouth, a tight throat, or shaky knees. Stage fright is actually a form of panic, and these feelings are very real. 3 The experience differs from person to person, but the same chemical process occurs in each of us. In reaction to anxiety, our bodies produce a chemical that prepares us to either fight or run away quickly. Scientists refer to this as our bodies’ “fight or flight” reaction. As a result, we feel great energy that makes our hands sweat, our hearts race, and our knees shake. 4 Practicing your performance and following some simple tips can help calm nerves and manage the feelings caused by anxiety. First, dress comfortably and appropriately. Second, before the performance, take deep breaths and stretch to help relax your body. Third, stay away from drinks that contain caffeine. These might make your heart race even faster. Instead, try a banana! Some doctors believe that eating a banana can help calm your heart and the rest of your body. Finally, when you look into a crowd, try to focus on particular people instead of the whole group. These tips have helped many people learn to deal with their fears. A．However, there is a time when stage fright prevents you from stepping onstage. B．You don’t have to be onstage to get stage fright. C．Stage fright is part of the body’s reaction to stress. D．You try to speak your lines, but nothing seems to come out. E．With practice, we can learn how to relax while playing sports. F．The good news about stage fright is that here are ways to deal with it. 【Passage 1】 What I Think of Boxing as a Sport Boxing is a popular sport. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. It could be the toughest of all sports to survive. It takes boxers hours in the gym and years to develop the specific characteristics needed to be a great boxer. 13 It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer. This gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. 1 They do that because the boxer comes from their own country, and if “their” boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them a way of expressing it. 2 Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, a kind of strong hard hat, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. Besides, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing. They are usually in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out. To conclude, I am personally not at all in favor of aggressive sports like boxing. 3 . We can celebrate more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport. A．However, boxing can be a very dangerous sport. B．Sometimes fans are supporting a particular boxer. C．In boxing, fighters are required to hit a moving target. D．Many fans are drawn to the sport because they love the competition. E．Perhaps that is the reason why successful boxers are treated as big heroes. F．I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV. 【Passage 2】 Exercise for a Better Brain Most of the time, your brain is the boss of your muscles — directing how you hit a ball, play the piano, or open a cereal box. 1 When you’re active, they send chemical signals telling your brain, “Hey, it’s time to grow!” Recent research suggests physical activity has multiple brain benefits, encouraging the birth and growth of new brain cells that supply oxygen and blood sugar to brain cells. In a 2016 National Institute on Aging study, people who ran on a treadmill for 45 minutes three days a week boosted their levels of brain-derived neurotrophic (神经营养的) factor, a chemical that acts like fertilizer for new brain cells. 22 Without exercise, Suzuki says, “little baby neurons don’t get bigger and make thousands of new connections to other brain cells. With exercise, you get fully functioning adult brain cells.” Studies suggest that in younger adults, this can add to the overall number of cells in the hippocampus (海马体). 2 It’s a good deal. “There’s evidence these new brain cells are very active,” she says. “They’re excitable, like teenagers. They get involved in more memory circuits than older cells do. You get more connections.’ 3 If you’re inactive, a stroll around the block may be all it takes to encourage neuroplasticity, she says. And every bit counts. In a 2019 Boston University study of 2354 adults in their 40s through 60s, sedentary people who boosted their daily walking by 7500 steps or more had bigger brains than those who didn’t exercise equivalent to 1.4 to 2.2 fewer years of brain aging, the more light activity study participants logged, such as doing housework, shopping, gardening, or walking the dog, the greater the overall size of their brains. A．And once age-related brain changes begin, starting in our 30s, exercise helps keep brain cells alive longer and replaces old cells with new ones. B．Tips have been offered as to how to do exercise. C．After four months of workouts, their scores improved on a memory test. D．Besides, studies also suggest that dying cells and brain wastes can be cleared with enough exercise on a regular basis. E．But when it comes to growing new brain cells, more and more research shows that when you exercise, your muscles take charge. F．Again, a little goes a long way. 【Passage 3】 How to Cope with Emotional Eating If you empty the fridge when you’re stressed or upset, that’s called emotional eating. Emotional eating affects most people from time to time. But regularly letting your feelings guide your food intake can affect your health. Sadness, boredom, and other negative feelings can drive emotional eating. Emotional eating includes eating a whole container of ice-cream after a breakup. Or eating up a bag of potato chips when you’re home alone on a Saturday night. 1 Many people overeat at joyous events, such as parties and weddings. Eating more food than your body needs can have dangerous results. People who eat for emotional reasons often gain too much weight. This puts them at greater risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and cancer. Eating too much has emotional consequences as well. 2 Here are some tips for you to stop emotional eating episodes and break the cycle: Learn to recognize hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, ask yourself what’s driving it. If you are truly hungry, you’ll notice physical symptoms, such as an empty stomach. 2 If you don’t have those signs, you probably don’t need to eat right then. Find other interests. Finding an activity that you enjoy can increase self-confidence, which is often poor in emotional eaters. Examples might be yoga, playing a musical instrument, volunteering, or painting. 3 If that’s so, then a new interest can fill your hours and make you less likely to look to food for emotional satisfaction. A．Emotional eating results from certain feelings, such as anger or sadness. B．Other less obvious hunger cues include a bad temper and trouble focusing. C．But happy events can cause emotional eating, too. D．You may find that your eating is driven by boredom. E．These include feeling guilty or embarrassed afterward. F．However, boredom can lead to emotional eating as well. 12 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$