衔接点19 高中题型之完形填空命题焦点层次（初高考点差异及衔接）- 2025年初升高英语无忧衔接（上海专用）

衔接点19 高中题型之完形填空命题焦点层次 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 上海初中完形填空文体:说明文为主、议论文、记叙文为辅; 文本设置6个挖空点。 上海高中英语完形填空，语篇较长，说明文或议论文居多，挖空点15个。备选项以实词为主；命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 衔接指引 初中阶段考查形式：备选项侧重以实词为主，主要以名词、动词、形容词为多、少量涉及副词、连词、介词短语及动词短语辨析。 高中阶段考查形式：备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。 【初中考点聚焦】 一：初中完形填空题型呈现以下特点: 1. 文体:说明文为主、议论文、记叙文为辅; 文本设置6个挖空点。 2. 话题:涉及青少年成长、科技发明、社会现象、教育引导等含哲理及教育意义的语篇; 3. 词数和段落:词数: 250~330个，生词0~2个; 段落: 以4~6段居多; 4. 微技能: 语境推断、 词汇复现、逻辑推理、生活/文化常识。 二：初中完形填空题型考点主要分布情况: 备选项以实词为主，主要以名词、动词、形容词为多、少量涉及副词、连词、介词短语及动词短语辨析。 【示例】 The Letter That Changed a Life A letter changed Levi Strauss’s life. In 1849 gold was discovered in California. Thousands of people rushed to California in 65 of finding gold and becoming wealthy. The people hoping to find gold were foolish and greedy. One of those who headed for California was Levi Strauss. Strauss was different. Strauss was a clever, hard-working man. He was 66 a new start in life. Up to this time, Strauss had worked for his two brothers in New York City. The brothers sold clothes and blankets and other goods. Strauss planned to set up a 67 business to his brothers’ in California. Over the years, Strauss’s business grew. In 1872 he got a letter from one of his customers, a tailor (裁缝) in Nevada. The tailor, Jacob Davis, had an idea for making better work pants. The pockets on work pants often tore. Jacob Davis 68 metal rivets (铆钉) to the pockets. Rivets are pieces of metal used to join things together. The rivets worked well, and the miners liked them. Davis didn’t have enough money to get a patent for his invention. He also needed help making the pants. In his 69 , Davis said that if they worked together, the two of them ‘‘could make a very large amount of money’’. Strauss could see that riveted work pants were a good idea. He agreed to help Davis. The two decided to make the pants. They decided to use denim cloth because it is a strong cloth that doesn’t tear easily and is long lasting. 70 , the riveted denims were called ‘‘dungarees’’. Dungarees is a word from the Hindi language of India that means “rough cloth”. Because they were tough and durable, dungarees were worn by thousands of farmers, miners, builders, and other workers. Later, dungarees came to be called “jeans”. “Jeans” is a better name for the pants than “dungarees”. 65．A．favour B．hopes C．honour D．charge 66．A．looking at B．looking up C．looking for D．looking after 67．A．different B．general C．familiar D．similar 68．A．added B．preferred C．changed D．returned 69．A．diary B．letter C．book D．invitation 70．A．In addition B．Instead C．At first D．However 【答案】65．B 66．C 67．D 68．A 69．B 70．C 【导语】本文主要讲的是一封信改变了Levi Strauss的一生。 65．句意：成千上万的人涌向加利福尼亚，希望找到黄金并变得富有。 favour赞同；hopes希望；honour尊敬；charge指责。根据下文“The people hoping to find gold were foolish and greedy.”可知，此处指的是人们希望找到黄金并变得富有。故选B。 66．句意：他在寻找生活的新开始。 looking at看；looking up查阅；looking for寻找；looking after照顾。根据上文“Strauss was a clever, hard-working man.”可知，Strauss在寻找生活的新开始。故选C。 67．句意：施特劳斯计划在加利福尼亚建立一家与他兄弟相似的公司。 different不同的；general普遍的；familiar熟悉的；similar相似的。根据“The brothers sold clothes and blankets and other goods. Strauss planned to set up a... business to his brothers’ in California.”可知，此处指建一个与他兄弟相似的公司。故选D。 68．句意：雅各布·戴维斯在口袋上添加了金属铆钉。 added添加；preferred更喜爱；changed改变；returned返回。根据“The pockets on work pants often tore. Jacob Davis…metal rivets to the pockets.”可知，工作裤上的口袋经常破，Jacob Davis在口袋上添加了金属铆钉；add…to…“将……添加到……”，为固定短语。故选A。 69．句意：戴维斯在信中说，如果他们一起工作，他们两个“可以赚一大笔钱”。 diary日记；letter信；book书；invitation邀请。根据上文“In 1872 he got a letter from one of his customers, a tailor in Nevada. The tailor, Jacob Davis, had an idea for making better work pants.”可知，此处指的是在Davis的信中。故选B。 70．句意：起初，铆钉牛仔裤被称为“工作服”。 In addition此外；Instead代替；At first起初；However然而。根据下文“Later, dungarees came to be called ‘jeans’.”可知，此处是介绍起初铆钉牛仔裤的名称。故选C。 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 上海高考英语完形填空，语篇较长，说明文或议论文居多，挖空点15个。不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 考点清单 · 考向一：[句内层次题]　 完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。 [示例1]　The amount and scale (规模) of environmental issues may seem too much for ordinary people. But with hard work and determination, anyone can 16 great things. 16． A．turn B．store C．achieve D．promise 【答案】C 【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了尹玉珍在沙漠中植树造林的真实故事，展现人类对抗自然困境的勇气与毅力。本题是句内层次题。句意：但只要有努力和决心，任何人都可以实现伟大的事情。A. turn转变；B. store储存；C. achieve实现；D. promise承诺。前面说到“The amount and scale(规模)of environmental issues may seem too much for ordinary people.”，But表转折，是想强调只要有努力和决心，任何人都可以“实现”伟大的事情。故选C项。 [示例2]　A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. 59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable 【答案】C [解析] 本题是句内层次题。该题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, noisy room with the television on存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的事实上的不公平。答案C。 [示例3]　 __________ its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a conventional office building. A. In place of B. Thanks to C. In spite of D. In addition to 【答案】B [解析] 本题是句内层次题。句意是“由于艺术性的设计及奇特的技术，环保建筑大楼比传统的办公大楼少消耗50%的能源”，前后文逻辑关系是因果关系，A. 在……位置；B. 多亏……；C. 尽管……；D. 此外……；所以此空答案为B。 · 考向二：[句组层次题]　 比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。 [示例1]The United States does not have a government office that regulates the film industry. Government, (1) _________, does link with the movie business in several ways. 1. A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. otherwise 【答案】C 【解析】本题是句组层次题。句意：美国没有专门管理电影业的政府机构，_______政府与电影业有着千丝万缕的联系。A. therefore, 因此；B. moreover, 而且，此外；C. however, 然而；D. otherwise, 否则，不然的话。根据关键信息 “... does not have ... , _________, does link with ...”可知本空要填转折词，故填C。 [示例2]　 Health care is a necessity for everyone, but not everyone has equal access to it. People in rural communities in particular face barriers to medical care that do not affect people in cities. This is true both in developed countries and in the developing ones and nonprofit organizations are working to address the 1 . A．affection B．medication C．inequality D．necessity 【答案】C 【解析】本题是句组层次题。句意：在发达国家和发展中国家都是如此，非营利组织正在努力解决这一不平等问题。A. affection感情；B. medication 药物；C. inequality不平等；D. necessity 必需品。根据上文“People in rural communities in particular face barriers to medical care that do not affect people in cities”可知，非营利组织正在努力解决不平等问题。故选C项。 [示例3]　 Su said Dunhuang can provide diverse cultural exchanges through its cultural relics (遗迹). “By digitizing these relics, we enable people worldwide to understand Dunhuang’s culture, thereby gaining a deeper appreciation for China’s historical 15 to diverse cultural exchanges — that is, an idea of inclusivity, mutual learning and a shared future,” he said. 15．A．adaptation B．attention C．admission D．commitment 【答案】D 【解析】本题是句组层次题。句意：他说：“通过将这些遗迹数字化，我们可以让世界人民了解敦煌文化，从而更深刻地理解中国在历史上致力于多元文化交流的理念，即包容、互学、共享命运。”A. adaptation适应；B. attention注意；C. admission承认，供认；D. commitment奉献，承诺。根据下文的“that is, an idea of inclusivity, mutual learning and a shared future”可知，此处指的是中国一直致力于多元文化的交流。故选D项。 · 考向三：【语篇层次题】 语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。 [示例] The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排) or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 50 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 51. in other words revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. 50. A. technique B. style C. process D. career 【答案】C [解析]本题是语篇层次题。参照下文第二段最后一句的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”可知答案C。process这个单词在下文复现。 Passage 1 The Role of Food in Human Culture There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world. With all the advances of the human race, we often forget that our 1 in the animal kingdom goes back even further and deeper, back to one of our most basic needs-food. 2 the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food. In the rest of the animal kingdom, food is by and large simply a matter of providing 3 to one’s body. Animals eat out of 4 . Humans, 5 , see food as so much more than a nutritional need. In fact, we often use food in a 6 way-overeating and eating unhealthy food — which negatively impacts our bodies instead. Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world but when you stop to think about it, isn’t that what most animals do? Why must we be 7 when eating? The answer lies in humankind’s deep 8 with food. It is not just about mindless eating — it is about preparing, creating, discovering, exploring, inventing, and changing our food and food landscape. The role of food in human culture truly does 9 us from our animal relatives. Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain. Having a strong desire and connection with food makes seeking it out a(n) 10 . Food is, of course, a necessity and anyone who has given a dog a treat understands that animals too get 11 and joy out of eating. For humans though, it goes further. Food is 12 . We don’t just use food to satisfy our own needs but to show a(n) 13 connection with others. Food is a way we connect and show love for others. You know a relationship is getting serious when your partner invites you over for a home-cooked meal. When a neighbor or friend 14 a loss, we bring them cookies and cakes. Preparing and sharing food with people you love 15 the connection you have. 1．A．uniqueness B．loneliness C．domination D．sacrifice 2．A．For B．As C．Beyond D．Since 3．A．pleasure B．nutrients C．treatment D．victory 4．A．curiosity B．importance C．wonder D．instinct 5．A．for example B．furthermore C．however D．for one thing 6．A．destructive B．creative C．initial D．practical 7．A．careful B．mindful C．forgetful D．stressful 8．A．connection B．appreciation C．attention D．function 9．A．embrace B．judge C．separate D．identify 10．A．opportunity B．victory C．challenge D．priority 11．A．sorrow B．satisfaction C．nutrients D．achievements 12．A．necessity B．nutrition C．joy D．love 13．A．necessary B．close C．emotional D．actual 14．A．settles B．struggles C．gathers D．suffers 15．A．promotes B．satisfies C．focuses D．seeks 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．D 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕食物在人类文化中的作用展开，阐述人类与动物在对待食物上的差异，强调人类与食物的情感联系使人类区别于动物。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着人类的所有进步，我们常常忘记我们在动物王国中的独特性可以追溯到更久远、更深刻的时期，追溯到我们最基本的需求之一——食物。A. uniqueness独特性；B. loneliness孤独；C. domination统治；D. sacrifice牺牲。根据前文“There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world.”表明人类有区别于动物世界的诸多方面，即人类具有独特性，所以此处应是说人类在动物王国中的独特性和食物相关。故选A项。 2．考查介词词义辨析。句意：除了我们与食物的技术关系，人类在与食物的情感联系方面也是独特的。A. For为了；B. As作为；C. Beyond除……之外；D. Since自从。后文“humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food”提到人类在情感联系方面也独特，意味着在技术关系之外还有情感联系这一独特之处。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在动物王国的其他成员中，食物大体上只是为身体提供营养的问题。A. pleasure快乐；B. nutrients营养；C. treatment治疗；D. victory胜利。根据前文“back to one of our most basic needs food”指出食物是基本需求，结合常识，动物进食主要是为了获取营养以维持身体机能。故选B项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：动物出于本能进食。A. curiosity好奇；B. importance重要性；C. wonder奇迹；D. instinct本能。前文提到在动物王国里食物主要是提供营养，说明动物进食是一种自然的、本能的行为，并非出于好奇等其他原因。故选D项。 5．考查介词短语和副词词义辨析。句意：然而，人类认为食物远不止是一种营养需求。A. for example例如；B. furthermore此外；C. however然而；D. for one thing首先。前文描述动物进食是为了营养，是本能行为，而本句“see food as so much more than a nutritional need”说对人类来说，食物远不止是一种营养需求，存在明显的转折关系。故选C项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，我们经常以一种破坏性的方式使用食物——暴饮暴食和吃不健康的食物——这反而对我们的身体产生负面影响。A. destructive破坏性的；B. creative有创造力的；C. initial最初的；D. practical实际的。后文“negatively impacts our bodies”明确指出这种使用食物的方式对身体有负面影响，说明是具有破坏性的。故选A项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么我们吃东西时必须用心呢？A. careful小心的；B. mindful留心的，用心的；C. forgetful健忘的；D. stressful有压力的。前文提到“Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world”，说明无意识进食是负面的，所以这里问为什么吃东西要与之相反，即要用心。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：答案在于人类与食物的深厚联系。A. connection联系；B. appreciation欣赏；C. attention注意；D. function功能。根据前文“ 2 the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food.”和后文“Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain.”可知，人类与食物有深厚联系。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：食物在人类文化中的作用确实使我们与动物亲戚区分开来。A. embrace拥抱；B. judge判断；C. separate分开，区分；D. identify识别。根据前文“There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world.”和“Humans, 5 , see food as so much more than a nutritional need.”可知，说明人类和动物有区别，食物让人类和动物区分开来。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对食物有强烈的渴望和联系使寻找食物成为优先事项。A. opportunity机会；B. victory胜利；C. challenge挑战；D. priority优先事项。前文“a strong desire and connection with food”和后文“Food is, of course, a necessity”提到食物是必需品，人类对它有强烈的渴望，所以寻找食物必然是优先要去做的事。故选D项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，食物是必需品，任何给过狗零食的人都明白，动物也能从进食中获得满足和快乐。A. sorrow悲伤；B. satisfaction满足；C. nutrients营养；D. achievements成就。根据“joy”可知，这里要表达动物进食能获得类似积极的感受，“satisfaction”与“joy”语义相近，且符合动物进食的感受。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食物是爱。A. necessity必需品；B. nutrition营养；C. joy快乐；D. love爱。后文“Food is a way we connect and show love for others.”明确说明食物是表达对他人爱的一种方式，所以这里说食物是爱。故选D项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们不仅用食物来满足自己的需求，还用来展示与他人的情感联系。A. necessary必要的；B. close亲密的；C. emotional情感的；D. actual实际的。后文“Food is a way we connect and show love for others.”体现出食物用于表达爱，爱是一种情感，所以这里是情感联系。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当邻居或朋友遭遇损失时，我们会给他们送去饼干和蛋糕。A. settles解决；B. struggles挣扎；C. gathers聚集；D. suffers遭受。根据常识，当别人遭受损失时我们会送去食物安慰，“suffer a loss”是固定表达，表示遭受损失。故选D项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：和你爱的人一起准备和分享食物会促进你们之间的联系。A. promotes促进；B. satisfies满足；C. focuses集中；D. seeks寻求。前文提到食物能展示情感联系，和爱的人分享食物自然会让这种联系变得更好，也就是促进联系。故选A项。 Passage 2 Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination 1 : We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even 2 tasks such as planning a vacation. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That 3 to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to be 4 with the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers 5 . “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under the 6 of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor, “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they 7 they did better.” Whatever the 8 (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause 9 . “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own 10 and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to 11 . “We used to believe 12 follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. For instance, you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a(n) 13 bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) 14 ,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, 15 yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around! ) 1．A．comes down to B．runs out of C．puts up with D．breaks away from 2．A．repetitive B．household C．educational D．enjoyable 3．A．opportunity B．inflexibility C．inability D．desire 4．A．concerned B．faced C．contented D．impressed 5．A．observe B．disagree C．cooperate D．confirm 6．A．concept B．progression C．restriction D．circumstances 7．A．realized B．doubted C．assumed D．neglected 8．A．consequence B．motivation C．occasion D．origin 9．A．variation B．reaction C．sympathy D．discomfort 10．A．negative B．intense C．emotional D．indescribable 11．A．think small B．push the boundaries C．aim high D．accept calculated risks 12．A．expressions B．purposes C．promises D．behaviors 13．A．relaxing B．consistent C．distinctive D．irregular 14．A．intention B．opinion C．comparison D．identity 15．A．challenge B．prepare C．improve D．reward 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．A 11．A 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了拖延的原因、影响以及克服拖延的方法。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们喜欢逃避，这就是拖延的本质：我们现在想要感觉良好。A. comes down to归结为；B. runs out of用完；C. puts up with忍受；D. breaks away from脱离。根据上文“We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination...” 可知，这里是在解释拖延的本质是什么，“comes down to” 有 “归结为” 的意思，符合语境。故选A。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你几乎可以在任何事情上拖延，甚至是像计划假期这样令人愉快的任务。A. repetitive重复的；B. household家庭的；C. educational教育的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据下文“ such as planning a vacation” 可知，计划假期通常是一件让人觉得愉快的事情，“enjoyable” 符合语境。故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那种无法采取行动的情况只会让她更加坚信自己永远不会做得更好。A. opportunity机会；B. inflexibility不灵活；C. inability无能，无法；D. desire欲望。根据文上文“Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years.” 可知，Kelli Saginak 多年来一直拖延找新工作，这体现了她无法采取行动，“inability” 符合语境。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果我不冒险、不做决定或不承诺，我就不必面对评判。A. concerned担心的；B. faced有……表面的；C. contented满足的；D. impressed印象深刻的。根据上文“If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit” 可知，Saginak 认为如果自己不做这些，就不用面对评判，“be faced with” 表示 “面对”，符合文意。故选B。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但研究人员不同意。A. observe观察；B. disagree不同意；C. cooperate合作；D. confirm确认。根据上文“Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers...” 可知，前面说一些人认为自己在压力下表现更好，而 “but” 表示转折，说明研究人员的观点与之不同，“disagree” 符合语境。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“几年前我做了一个实验，把拖延者置于时间的限制之下，” 心理学教授约瑟夫・法拉利说。A. concept概念；B. progression进步；C. restriction限制；D. circumstances情况。根据上文 of time以及下文“They did worse than non-procrastinators”可知，这里是说将拖延者置于时间的限制中，“restriction” 有 “限制” 的意思，符合文意。故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们比不拖延的人做得更差，但他们认为自己做得更好。A. realized意识到；B. doubted怀疑；C. assumed认为，假定；D. neglected忽视。根据文章第 3 段 “They did worse than non-procrastinators”以及“did better.” 可知，这里是说拖延者虽然实际表现更差，但他们自己却认为自己做得更好，“assumed” 符合语境。故选C。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论动机是什么（或者缺乏动机），拖延通常对你都没有好处。A. consequence结果；B. motivation动机；C. occasion场合；D. origin起源。根据上文 “Whatever the...(or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you.” 以及下文提到的拖延的各种不良影响可知，这里是说不管拖延的动机是什么，拖延通常对你都没有好处，“motivation” 符合语境。故选B。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：仅仅是想到你没有做的事情就可能会引起不适。A. variation变化；B. reaction反应；C. sympathy同情；D. discomfort不适。根据上文“Just thinking about what you haven’t done”以及下文“Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress...” 可知，拖延者会经历更高水平的压力，所以仅仅想到没做的事就会让人感到不适，“discomfort” 符合语境。故选D。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“拖延者会经历更高水平的压力，这既来自于把事情留到最后一刻，也来自于他们自己对拖延的消极和自我批评的感觉，” 谢菲尔德大学的心理学讲师富西亚・西罗伊斯说。A. negative消极的；B. intense强烈的；C. emotional情感的；D. indescribable难以形容的。根据下文“and self-critical feelings about their procrastination” 可知，这里说的是拖延者对自己拖延的消极感受，“negative” 符合语境。故选A。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：对于我们这些需要动力的人来说，最好的建议可能是从小事做起。A. think small从小事做起；B. push the boundaries突破界限；C. aim high志存高远；D. accept calculated risks接受有计划的风险。根据下文“So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes.” 可知，这里是说如果一直拖延开始锻炼，那就先穿上步行鞋，这是从小事做起，“think small” 符合语境。故选A。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我们过去认为行为遵循态度，但如果你能取得进步，哪怕是一点点，也会激励你，” 皮奇尔说。A. expressions表达；B. purposes目的；C. promises承诺；D. behaviors行为。根据下文“but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you” 以及 “So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes.” 可知，这里是说通过一些小的行为来取得进步从而获得动力，说明过去认为行为是遵循态度的，“behaviors” 符合文意。故选D。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，你可以把灯设置成定时调光开关，以鼓励一个固定的就寝时间。A. relaxing放松的；B. consistent一致的，固定的；C. distinctive独特的；D. irregular不规则的。根据上文“you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to” 可知，设置定时调光开关是为了鼓励有一个固定的就寝时间，“consistent” 符合语境。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“他们形成了一种意图，” 安德森说。“当灯光开始变暗时，我就开始上床睡觉。”A. intention意图；B. opinion意见；C. comparison比较；D. identity身份。根据下文“When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” 可知，这是一种意图，即看到灯光变暗就打算上床睡觉，“intention” 符合语境。故选A。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后，为你朝着目标迈出的每一步奖励自己。A. challenge挑战；B. prepare准备；C. improve提高；D. reward奖励。根据下文“After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show.” 可知，这里是说完成一件事就奖励自己看喜欢的电视节目，“reward” 符合语境。故选D。 Passage 3 One-Track Mind Do you ever check your social media feeds while doing your homework? Perhaps you’ve tackled two tasks at once, in the hope of finishing both in the shortest time possible? Multitasking is often seen as a sign of 1 and can make you feel as if you’re getting more done in fewer hours, but the evidence suggests 2 . Instead of providing a productivity boost, working on two or more tasks simultaneously actually 3 progress. It demands more energy and concentration and can often feel overwhelming. But why is this 4 ? American neuroscientist Robert Desimone at the MIT in the US researches the challenge of information overload. He says that multitasking usually means 5 swapping focus from one task to another. “In general, people often 6 themselves when they think they can perform two or more independent tasks at the same time,” says Robert. ‘Rather than carrying out the tasks simultaneously, they actually switch back and forth between them, with processing time wasted whenever they switch.’ Robert says that the brain’s need to shift focus so often means performance suffers, 7 the tasks are either closely related to each other or completely different. “You can normally walk and talk at the same time because the tasks 8 very different parts of the brain and they almost don’t 9 in the mental processing resources that are needed,” he says. “Walking is also an automated task (one that can be done largely without thinking) so there’s less 10 in the brain.” Imagine trying to read and have a conversation at the same time, 11 . This is much more difficult. The words on the page are different from the words being spoken aloud, but processing both uses the same resources in the brain-the working memory and language 12 systems. Patting your head while rubbing your tummy is notoriously 13 for the same reason. Research suggests it’s more productive to practise unitasking-focusing 14 on a single task until it’s complete. Focusing on one task has many long-term benefits, too. It can lead to better concentration, sounder sleep, reduced anxiety and higher self-esteem. If it sounds worth a(n) 15 , start by asking yourself whether you finished this article without doing anything else. 1．A．originality B．efficiency C．facility D．tendency 2．A．likewise B．indeed C．therefore D．otherwise 3．A．burns down B．breaks down C．slows down D．knocks down 4．A．the case B．the opposite C．the same D．the former 5．A．invariably B．currently C．previously D．repeatedly 6．A．fancy B．fool C．wonder D．defend 7．A．though B．since C．unless D．whether 8．A．contain B．involve C．include D．hold 9．A．overlap B．overtake C．overcome D．overlook 10．A．combination B．comparison C．composition D．competition 11．A．too B．though C．thus D．moreover 12．A．progressing B．processing C．proceeding D．producing 13．A．odd B．demanding C．amazing D．tricky 14．A．attentively B．defensively C．firmly D．exclusively 15．A．entry B．go C．site D．regard 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．D 6．B 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．D 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了多任务处理并不会提高效率，反而会降低效率，反而专注于一项任务有更多长期好处。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：多任务处理通常被视为效率的标志，会让你觉得自己在更短的时间内完成了更多的工作，但事实并非如此。A. originality独创性；B. efficiency效率；C. facility设施；D. tendency趋势。根据后文“can make you feel as if you’re getting more done in fewer hours”可知，多任务处理会让你觉得自己在更短的时间内完成了更多的工作，即通常被视为效率的标志，故选B。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：多任务处理通常被视为效率的标志，会让你觉得自己在更短的时间内完成了更多的工作，但事实并非如此。A. likewise同样地；B. indeed的确；C. therefore因此；D. otherwise并非如此，否则。根据前文“Multitasking is often seen as a sign of 1 and can make you feel as if you’re getting more done in fewer hours”（同时处理多项任务常被视为是效率的标志，并且会让你觉得你在更短的时间内完成了更多的事情）以及转折词“but”可知，证据表明情况并非如此。otherwise（并非如此；不然；相反）符合语境。故选D。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：同时处理两项或更多的任务不仅不能提高工作效率，反而会减慢进度。A. burns down被火烧毁；B. breaks down出故障；C. slows down减速；D. knocks down击倒。根据前文 “Instead of providing a productivity boost”（而不是提高工作效率）可知，同时处理两项或更多任务实际上会使进展变慢。slow down（减慢；减速）符合语境。故选C。 4．考查固定短语辨析。句意：但为什么会这样呢？A. the case情况；B. the opposite在对面；C. the same同样；D. the former前者。根据前文说同时处理多项任务会阻碍进展，以及后文解释原因可知，这里问为什么会是这种情况。the case（情况；情形）符合语境。故选A。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他说，多任务通常意味着反复地将注意力从一项任务转移到另一项任务。A. invariably始终如一地；B. currently目前；C. previously以前地；D. repeatedly重复地。根据后文“Rather than carrying out the tasks simultaneously, they actually switch back and forth between them, with processing time wasted whenever they switch.”（他们实际上不是同时执行这些任务，而是在这些任务之间来回切换，每次切换都会浪费处理时间）可知，同时处理多项任务通常意味着反复地从一项任务转移到另一项任务。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：罗伯特说：“一般来说，当人们认为自己可以同时完成两项或更多独立的任务时，他们往往会欺骗自己。”A. fancy幻想；B. fool愚弄；C. wonder想知道；D. defend防御。根据后文 “Rather than carrying out the tasks simultaneously, they actually switch back and forth between them, with processing time wasted whenever they switch.”（他们实际上不是同时执行这些任务，而是在这些任务之间来回切换，每次切换都会浪费处理时间）可知，当人们认为他们可以同时执行两项或更多独立任务时，他们常常欺骗了自己。故选B。 7．考查连词词义辨析。句意：罗伯特说，大脑需要转移注意力往往意味着表现会受到影响，无论这些任务是彼此密切相关还是完全不同。A. though虽然；B. since自从；C. unless除非；D. whether是否。根据后文 “the tasks are either closely related to each other or completely different.”（这些任务要么彼此密切相关，要么完全不同）以及前文 “Robert says that the brain’s need to shift focus so often means performance suffers”（罗伯特说，大脑如此频繁地转移注意力意味着表现会受到影响）可知，此处表示无论这些任务是彼此密切相关还是完全不同，大脑频繁转移注意力都会使表现受到影响。whether（无论；不管）常与 or 搭配，引导让步状语从句，符合语境。故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说：“通常情况下，你可以一边走路一边说话，因为这两项任务涉及大脑的不同部分，所需的心理处理资源几乎不会重叠。”A. contain包含；B. involve涉及；C. include包含；D. hold持有。根据前文“You can normally walk and talk at the same time”（你通常可以同时走路和说话）以及后文“very different parts of the brain”（大脑的非常不同的部分）可知，走路和说话这两项任务涉及大脑的非常不同的部分。故选B。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说：“通常情况下，你可以一边走路一边说话，因为这两项任务涉及大脑的不同部分，所需的心理处理资源几乎不会重叠。”A. overlap重叠；B. overtake接管；C. overcome克服；D. overlook忽视。根据前文 “very different parts of the brain”（大脑的非常不同的部分）可知，走路和说话这两项任务几乎不会在所需的心理处理资源上重叠。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“走路也是一项自动化的任务（基本上不用思考就能完成），所以大脑中的竞争较少。”A. combination结合；B. comparison对比；C. composition创作；D. competition比赛。根据前文 “Walking is also an automated task（one that can be done largely without thinking）”（走路也是一项自动化的任务（一项基本上可以不假思索就能完成的任务））可知，所以大脑中的竞争较少。故选D。 11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：想象一下，在阅读和交谈的同时，这要困难得多。A. too也；B. though然而；C. thus因此；D. moreover此外。根据前文 “You can normally walk and talk at the same time”（你通常可以同时走路和说话）以及后文“This is much more difficult.”（这要困难得多）可知，此处表示转折，though（不过；然而）符合语境。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：写在纸上的单词和大声说出来的单词是不同的，但是处理这两者使用的是大脑中相同的资源——工作记忆和语言处理系统。A. progressing进步；B. processing处理；C. proceeding开始行动；D. producing产生。根据前文“but processing both uses the same resources in the brain”（但是处理这两者都使用大脑中的相同资源）以及“language”可知，这里说的是语言处理系统。故选B。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：出于同样的原因，在揉肚子的同时拍你的头是出了名的棘手。A. odd古怪的；B. demanding要求高的；C. amazing惊人的；D. tricky难办的，棘手的。根据前文 “but processing both uses the same resources in the brain-the working memory and language…systems.”（但是处理这两者都使用大脑中的相同资源——工作记忆和语言处理系统）可知，同时拍头和揉肚子因为同样使用了相同的资源，所以变得非常难。故选D。 14．考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，练习单一任务——只专注于一项任务，直到它完成——效率更高。专注于一项任务也有很多长期的好处。A. attentively专心地，聚精会神地；B. defensively防御地；C. firmly坚决地；D. exclusively仅仅，专门地。根据前文 “Research suggests it’s more productive to practise unitasking”（研究表明，练习单项任务更有成效）可知，这里说的是专注于一项任务直到完成。exclusively（专门地；排他地）符合语境，focus exclusively on（专注于）。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这听起来值得一试，那么首先问问自己是否完成了这篇文章而没有做任何其他事情。A. entry进入；B. go尝试；C. site地点；D. regard尊重。根据前文 “It can lead to better concentration, sounder sleep, reduced anxiety and higher self-esteem.”（它可以带来更好的注意力、更安稳的睡眠、减少焦虑和更高的自尊）可知，此处表示如果听起来值得一试。go（尝试；努力）符合语境，worth a go（值得一试）。故选B。 一、完形填空（说明文） Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner. It has been decades since I’ve sat in a classroom in a gathering cloud of 1 or sincerely tried, lesson after lesson, to acquire a skill that was clearly not destined (注定的) to play a large role in my life. Learning to ride a bicycle in my early thirties was a(n) 2 — a little embarrassing when my husband had to run alongside the bike, as you would with a child but ultimately rewarding. Less so was the time when a group of Japanese schoolchildren tried to teach me paper folding at a public event. I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 3 yet another paper crane. Like Tom Vanderbilt, a journalist and the author of Beginners: The Joy and Transformative Power of Lifelong Learning, I learn new facts all the time but new skills 4 . Journalists regularly drop into 5 subcultures and domains (领域) of expertise, learning enough at least to ask the right questions. The distinction he draws between his energetic gathering of declarative knowledge, or knowing that, and his 6 attention to procedural knowledge, or knowing how, is familiar to me. The prospect of 7 myself as, say, a late-blooming skier or marathon runner sparks only an idle interest, something like 8 what it might be like to live in some small town down the road on the highway. There is certainly a way to see that 9 as something positive. If you love your job and find it intellectually and creatively fulfilling, you may not feel the urge to discover other rooms in the house of your mind, whatever 10 and missed opportunities may be lying there. But there are 11 forces at work, too. There’s the fear of being bad at something you think is worthwhile — and, even more so, being seen to be bad at it. What’s the point of starting something new when you know you’ll never be much good at it? Middle age brings greater emotional calm, an unremarkable advantage but a 12 . (The lows aren’t as low, the highs not as high.) Starting all over at something would put you right back into that emotional churn — excitement, self-doubt, but without renewable energy of youth. It might be fun, but it’s less likely to 13 your fate at forty or fifty. But isn’t that what makes lifelong learning so 14 ? As we fumble through (摸索着) new skills or ideas, we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity. In that way, learning becomes less about mastery and more about 15 the ongoing process itself. 1．A．dissatisfaction B．incomprehension C．uncertainty D．distrust 2．A．routine B．exception C．reminder D．obstacle 3．A．completed B．abandoned C．fixed D．ruined 4．A．carefully B．fast C．seldom D．frequently 5．A．popular B．unfamiliar C．contemporary D．established 6．A．durable B．focused C．limited D．deliberate 7．A．reinventing B．declaring C．justifying D．marketing 8．A．wondering B．ignoring C．recognizing D．describing 9．A．curiosity B．pleasure C．anxiety D．reluctance 10．A．satisfied needs B．hidden talents C．trained skills D．buried memories 11．A．less happy B．more entertaining C．less intense D．more visible 12．A．fear B．relief C．burden D．challenge 13．A．observe B．transform C．predict D．control 14．A．confusing B．discouraging C．engaging D．demanding 15．A．redefining B．completing C．reversing D．embracing 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．A 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章围绕中年人对学习新技能的心态展开，探讨了因害怕表现不佳、缺乏年轻时的精力而不愿重新开始的矛盾，同时肯定了终身学习在过程中带来的成长价值。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我坐在教室里，周围笼罩着一圈圈困惑的云雾，或者一堂又一堂地真诚尝试学习一项显然不会在我生命中起重要作用的技能，这已经是几十年前的事了。A. dissatisfaction不满；B. incomprehension困惑；C. uncertainty不确定；D. distrust不信任。根据上文“absolute beginner”以及语境可知，这里指作者作为初学者在课堂上常因不懂而困惑。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：三十出头学骑自行车是个例外 —— 当我丈夫不得不像你陪孩子一样在自行车旁跑时，有点尴尬，但最终很有收获。A. routine惯例；B. exception例外；C. reminder提醒；D. obstacle障碍。结合下文“I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 　3　 yet another paper crane.”以及语境可知，作者中年学习很少掌握一些知识，而学骑车是中年时少有的成功尝试，属于例外。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我永远不会忘记他们安静的困惑，因为我笨拙的手指又毁了一只纸鹤。A. completed完成；B. abandoned放弃；C. fixed修理；D. ruined毁坏。根据上文“clumsy fingers”及“quiet puzzlement”可知，这里指作者的笨拙导致纸鹤被毁坏，让孩子们很困惑。故选D项。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我一直在了解新的事实，但很少学习新技能。A. carefully仔细地；B. fast快速地；C. seldom很少；D. frequently频繁地。根据上文“I learn new facts all the time”以及but表示转折可知，这里指作者很少学会新技能。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：记者经常进入不熟悉的亚文化和专业领域，至少学到足够多的东西来提出正确的问题。A. popular流行的；B. unfamiliar不熟悉的；C. contemporary当代的；D. established资深的，知名的。根据下文“learning enough at least to ask the right questions”以及常识可知，记者的工作性质是要接触不熟悉的领域并需要不断学习。故选B项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他在积极收集陈述性知识（知道是什么）和对程序性知识（知道如何做）的有限关注之间的区别，我很熟悉。A. durable持久的；B. focused专注的；C. limited有限的；D. deliberate故意的。根据上文“learning enough at least to ask questions”可知，记者对“知道如何做”的关注是有限的，所以还需要不断学习。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：把自己重塑为大器晚成的滑雪者或马拉松选手的前景，只会激发一种闲散的兴趣，就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。A. reinventing重塑；B. declaring宣布；C. justifying证明；D. marketing营销。根据下文“late-blooming skier”以及语境可知，这里指作者假设对自我形象重塑。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：把自己重塑为大器晚成的滑雪者或马拉松选手的前景，只会激发一种闲散的兴趣，就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。A. wondering好奇；B. ignoring忽视；C. recognizing认出；D. describing描述。根据上文“sparks only an idle interest”以及语境可知，idle interest对应“好奇”的心态，这里指就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，有一种方式可以把这种不情愿视为积极的事情。A. curiosity好奇；B. pleasure快乐；C. anxiety焦虑；D. reluctance不情愿。根据上文“Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner”以及语境可知，作者不想念成为初学者的时刻，所以这里指作者对重新开始学习有不情愿。故选D项。 10．考查名词短语辨析。句意：无如果你热爱你的工作，并发现它在智力和创造性上都能满足你的需求，那么你可能就不会有发现自己内心其他空间的冲动，不管怎样隐藏的才华和错失的机会可能就在那里。A. satisfied needs满足了的需求；B. hidden talents隐藏的天赋；C. trained skills培训技能；D. buried memories埋藏的记忆。根据下文“missed opportunities”以及选项可知，与“missed opportunities” 并列的应是“隐藏的天赋”，这里指因为太满足于生活所以不会去发掘自己还有什么隐藏的天赋。故选B项。 11．考查形容词比较级辨析。句意：但也有不那么愉快的力量在起作用。A. less happy不那么愉快的；B. more entertaining更有趣的；C. less intense不那么强烈的；D. more visible更明显的。根据下文“the fear of being bad”以及语境可知，这是属于不愉快的因素。故选A项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：中年带来了更大的情绪平静，这是一个不起眼的优势，但也是一种解脱。A. fear恐惧；B. relief解脱；C. burden负担；D. challenge挑战。根据上文“greater emotional calm”以及语境可知，emotional calm对应的是一种解脱感，因为无需像年轻时那样大起大落。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但在四五十岁时，它不太可能改变你的命运。A. observe观察；B. transform改变；C. predict预测；D. control控制。根据上文“It might be fun”以及but表示转折可知，这里指中年学习难以改变命运。故选B项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这不正是让终身学习如此吸引人的原因吗？A. confusing令人困惑的；B. discouraging令人沮丧的；C. engaging吸引人的；D. demanding要求高的。根据下文“we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity”可知，终身学习是吸引人的。故选C项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学习不再是为了掌握，而是为了拥抱这个持续的过程本身。A. redefining重新定义；B. completing完成；C. reversing逆转；D. embracing拥抱。根据下文“ongoing process”以及语境可知，这里指我们应拥抱学习过程而非追求掌握一定知识。故选D项。 二、完形填空（说明文） Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims. Students in the study became 1 even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald’s so quickly on screen that they could not recognize it. Researchers say that daily exposure to fast food brands could have a subliminal (潜意识的) effect on 2 , making people hurry regardless of whether they are pushed for time. They conclude: “Our experiments suggest that the goal of saving time embedded in fast food may have the unexpected consequence of causing 3 and impatience.” Thinking about fast food increases 4 for time-saving products. “More 5 , we found that the mere exposure to fast food symbols reduced people’s willingness to save and led them to prefer immediate 6 over greater future return, finally harming their economic interest.” Student volunteers were quickly shown six logos from fast-food chains — McDonald’s, Burger King, KFC, Subway, Wendy’s and Taco Bell. They could not consciously see what they were but the subliminal effect was 7 . Their reading speed was measured before and after seeing the logos and it was significantly 8 afterwards. Participants also preferred time-saving products like three-in-one skincare treatments rather than 9 versions after seeing the logos. When asked whether they would accept a small sum of money immediately or a larger amount in a week’s time, they again chose 10 reward after being exposed to the brands. Researcher Chen-Bo Zhong, assistant professor of organizational behavior at Canada’s Toronto University, said: “Fast food represents a culture of time efficiency and immediate 11 .” The problem is that the goal of saving time gets activated upon exposure to fast food 12 whether time is a relevant factor in the context. “ 13 , walking faster is time-efficient when one is trying to make a meeting, but it’s a sign of impatience when one is taking a walk in the park.” “We’re finding that the mere exposure to fast food is 14 a general sense of hurriedness and impatience. When I sit in a fast food restaurant, I find myself gobbling (狼吞虎咽)  my Big Mac down at this incredible speed even though there is no 15 at all.” 1．A．hungry B．stressful C．anxious D．timid 2．A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behavior 3．A．inefficiency B．hurriedness C．depression D．ignorance 4．A．preferences B．implications C．ingredients D．intentions 5．A．naturally B．strikingly C．fortunately D．personally 6．A．gain B．proof C．response D．attention 7．A．recorded B．unfulfilled C．celebrated D．marked 8．A．reduced B．accelerated C．emphasized D．neglected 9．A．separate B．special C．expensive D．latest 10．A．potential B．constant C．intense D．instant 11．A．cultivation B．resistance C．satisfaction D．awareness 12．A．in terms of B．on account of C．regardless of D．with respect to 13．A．In other words B．On the contrary C．For example D．In addition 14．A．promoting B．assuming C．making D．demonstrating 15．A．chance B．sense C．rush D．harm 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．D 11．C 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现，快餐会让人失去耐心，变得不耐烦。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：参加研究中的学生甚至在屏幕上看到麦当劳汉堡连锁店的标识时很快就变得焦急起来，以至于他们都没认出它。A. hungry饥饿的；B. stressful有压力的；C. anxious焦虑的、焦急的；D. timid胆小的。根据上文“Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims.(一项新研究称，吃快餐会让人在不缺时间的情况下也变得不耐烦)”提到吃快餐会让人失去耐心，即使他们不缺时间，所以此处是说他们变得很焦急，故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员说，每天接触快餐品牌会对人们的行为产生一种潜意识的影响，使人们无论是否被时间所迫，都会匆忙行事。A. motivation动机；B. appearance出现；C. emotion情感；D. behavior行为。根据后文“making people hurry regardless of whether they are pushed for time”提到人们无论是否被时间所迫，都会匆忙行事，这是对人们的行为产生的影响，故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的结论是：“我们的实验表明，快餐中蕴含的节省时间的目标可能会产生意想不到的后果，即导致匆忙和不耐烦。”A. inefficiency效率低；B. hurriedness匆忙；C. depression沮丧；D. ignorance无知。呼应上文“making people hurry”指快餐会导致匆忙。故选B。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：考虑快餐会增加人们对省时产品的偏好。A. preferences偏好；B. implications暗示；C. ingredients材料；D. intentions意图。根据后文“for time-saving products”以及快餐属于省时食品，因此考虑快餐会增加人们对省时产品的偏爱，故选A。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：更为突出的是，我们发现，仅仅接触快餐符号就降低了人们的储蓄意愿，导致他们宁愿眼前获利，也不愿未来获得更大回报，最终损害了他们的经济利益。A. naturally自然地；B. strikingly显著地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. personally亲自地。根据后文“we found that the mere exposure to fast food symbols reduced people’s willingness to save”以及上文说的考虑快餐会增加人们对省时产品的偏好相比，空后的这个发现是更为突出的，故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. gain利润、收获；B. proof证据；C. respond回应；D. attention注意。根据空后的“finally harming their economic interest”可知，仅仅接触快餐符号就会导致人们宁愿眼前获利，也不愿未来获得更大回报，故选A。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们无法有意识地看到它们是什么，但潜意识的影响是显著的。A. recorded记载的；B. unfulfilled未满足的；C. celebrated著名的；D. marked显著的。后文“Their reading speed was measured before and after seeing the logos and it was significantly…afterwards.”提到他们的阅读速度在看到商标之前和之后进行了测量，之后明显更快，这说明对潜意识的影响是显著的，故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的阅读速度在看到商标之前和之后进行了测量，之后明显更快。A. reduced减少；B. accelerated加速；C. emphasized强调；D. neglected忽视。根据上文“Their reading speed was measured before and after seeing the logos and it was significantly”以及上文提到了快餐会导致人们匆忙，推测阅读速度在看到商标之前和之后进行了测量，之后明显更快。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：参与者也更喜欢省时的产品，比如三合一的护肤品，而不是单独版本。A. separate各自的、单独的；B. special特别的；C. expensive昂贵的；D. latest最新的。根据空前的“three-in-one skincare treatments rather than”可知此处是与三合一的护肤品的比较，指的是单独版本的护肤品，故选A。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当被问及他们会立即接受一小笔钱还是在一周后接受更多的钱时，他们再次选择了立即获得奖励。A. potential潜在的；B. constant不变的；C. intense紧张的；D. instant立即的、紧迫的。上文“we found that the mere exposure to fast food symbols reduced people’s willingness to save and led them to prefer immediate ____6____ over greater future return, finally harming their economic interest”说仅仅接触快餐符号就降低了人们的储蓄意愿，导致他们宁愿眼前获利，也不愿未来获得更大回报，所以此处是眼前获利的表现，指的是他们选择立即获得奖励，故选D。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：快餐代表着一种时间效率和即时满足感的文化。A. cultivation培养；B. resistance阻力；C. satisfaction满意、满足；D. awareness意识。上文“led them to prefer immediate ____6____ over greater future return, finally harming their economic interest”说快餐会让人们选择立即的奖励，这说明快餐会给人们带来一种即时满足感，故选C。 12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：问题是，不管时间是否与环境相关，只要接触到快餐，节省时间的目标就会被激活。A. in terms of依据；B. on account of因为；C. regardless of不管；D. with respect to至于。根据空后的“whether time is a relevant factor in the context”可知，不管时间是否与环境相关，只要接触到快餐，节省时间的目标就会被激活，故选C。 13．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，当一个人要去开会时，走得更快是有效率的，但是当一个人在公园散步时，这是一种不耐烦的表现。A. In other words换言之；B. On the contrary相反；C. For example例如；D. In addition此外。空后“walking faster is time-efficient when one is trying to make a meeting, but it’s a sign of impatience when one is taking a walk in the park”介绍的是一个具体的例子，需要用for example引出，故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们发现，仅仅接触快餐就促使人普遍感到匆忙和不耐烦。A. promoting促进、提升；B. assuming假定；C. making制作；D. demonstrating表明。根据空后的“a general sense of hurriedness and impatience.”可知，仅仅接触快餐就会促使一种普遍的匆忙和不耐烦的感觉，故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我坐在一家快餐店时，我发现自己正以惊人的速度狼吞虎咽地吃着我的巨无霸汉堡，尽管根本不着急。A. chance可能性；B. sense意义；C. rush匆促；D. harm损害。根据“even though”可知，表示转折关系，说明尽管并不着急，还是狼吞虎咽地吃巨无霸，故选C。 二、完形填空（议论文） Truth be told, a life- changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour. And although parents and teachers alike work diligently to prep their students with the cutting-edge classes and impressive transcripts, they’re 1 one vital skill: emotional intelligence. A poll of 1,502 first-year college students in the U.S. found that a majority of them wish they had received more 2 preparation for college. Emotional preparedness is 3 “the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments, 4 negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship,” according to the survey. “Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation — finding that seems 5 traditional higher education preparation,” said John McPhee, Executive Director of the Jed Foundation, which co- sponsored the survey. “It is clear that emotional preparedness should be better 6 the work that high school communities are doing to guide students through the transition into college.” Data show that college students 7 far more than their academics-- and their stress can take a serious toll (代价) on their 8 in school. Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses, followed by 30 percent who said their biggest 9 was to make new friends. 10 , keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders. All of these 11 had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom. Students who felt less emotionally prepared for college were more likely to have a lower grade point average, regularly 12 drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poor. “As high school seniors start applying to college around this time of year, parents and people 13 in their lives can play an important role in helping children build confidence and life skills, said Marisa Glandella-Porco, Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Porco Foundation, a survey co-sponsor. “It is important to 14 them to choose a college that best fits their needs first and foremost — not only in a(n) 15 sense, but also relative to emotional needs.” Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. 1．A．mastering B．employing C．forgetting D．preparing 2．A．emotional B．careful C．comprehensive D．active 3．A．compared with B．applied to C．adjusted to D．defined as 4．A．arouse B．control C．display D．hide 5．A．short of B．strict with C．contrary to D．proud of 6．A．reminded of B．combined with C．focused on D．devoted to 7．A．depend on B．worry about C．refer to D．respond to 8．A．performances B．grades C．subjects D．requirements 9．A．mistake B．decision C．event D．challenge 10．A．Otherwise B．Thus C．Besides D．However 11．A．pressures B．benefits C．behaviors D．thoughts 12．A．market B．ban C．consume D．produce 13．A．aggressive B．influential C．mysterious D．modest 14．A．offer B．guide C．warn D．command 15．A．good B．keen C．academic D．delicate 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。改变人生的大学生活并不是以高绩点或精彩的大学之旅开始或结束，尽管家长和老师都在努力为学生准备最先进的课程和令人印象深刻的成绩单，他们却忘记了一项重要的技能：情商。文章论述了大学生情商的重要性以及培养。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管家长和老师都在努力为学生准备最先进的课程和令人印象深刻的成绩单，他们却忘记了一项重要的技能：情商。A. mastering精通；B. employing雇佣；C. forgetting忘记；D. preparing准备。根据前句“Truth be told, a life-changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour.”以及下文可知，说实话，改变人生的大学经历并不是以高分或伟大的大学之旅开始或结束的，父母忘了准备一项重要的技能。故选C项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一项针对1502名美国大一新生的调查发现，大多数人都希望自己能对大学生活有更多的情感准备。A. emotional情感的；B. careful细心的；C. comprehensive综合的；D. active积极的。根据上段最后一句中的“emotional intelligence”可知，本句的意思是“大部分学生的大学生活需要情感上的准备”。故选A项。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：情感准备被定义为“照顾自己、适应新环境、控制负面情绪或行为以及建立积极关系的能力”。A. compared with与……相比较；B. applied to应用；C. adjusted to调整；D. defined as被定义为。根据下文“the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments”可知，后文是Emotional preparedness的定义。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：情感准备被定义为“照顾自己、适应新环境、控制负面情绪或行为以及建立积极关系的能力”。A. arouse引起，唤醒；B. control控制；C. display显示，表现；D. hide躲藏。根据下文“negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship”可推知，此处指要学会控制负面情感。故选B项。 5．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：调查数据表明，大学的准备工作不仅需要坚实的学术基础，这一调查结果似乎与传统的高等教育准备相反。A. short of缺乏，短缺；B. strict with对某人严格；C. contrary to与……相反；D. proud of因……而自豪。根据上文“Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation”可知，调查数据表明，大学的准备工作不仅需要坚实的学术基础，即这一调查结果似乎与传统的高等教育准备相反。故选C项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：很明显，情感准备应该更好地与高中社区为引导学生过渡到大学所做的工作相结合。A. reminded of提醒；B. combined with联合；C. focused on集中于；D. devoted to致力于。根据后文“the work that high school communities are doing”可推知，此处指情感准备应该更好地与高中社区为引导学生过渡到大学所做的工作相结合。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：数据显示，大学生担心的远不止学业，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的表现。A. depend on依赖，依靠；B. worry about担忧；C. refer to参考，涉及；D. respond to回应。根据下文“their stress can take a serious toll”可知，学生的压力很大，所以应该是“担心”。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：数据显示，大学生担心的远不止学业，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的表现。A. performances演出，表现；B. grades等级，分数；C. subjects学科，科目；D. requirements要求。根据下文“Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses”可知，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的成绩，即“学业的表现”。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：40%的调查参与者感到支付大学费用的压力，30%的人说他们最大的挑战是结交新朋友。A. mistake错误；B. decision决定；C. event事件；D. challenge挑战。根据上文提到了支付大学费用有压力，结合下文“to make new friends”可知，本句的意思是“最大的挑战是结交朋友”。故选D项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，与不在学校的家人和朋友保持联系（28%）和保持独立（16%）也是大学生的沉重负担。A. Otherwise否则，另外；B. Thus因此；C. Besides此外；D. However然而。后文“keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders.”是对上文的补充说明，副词besides承接上下文，表示“此外”。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所有这些压力都对课堂内外产生了负面影响。A. pressures压力；B. benefits利益；C. behaviors行为，举止；D. thoughts想法。根据后文“had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom”可知，所有这些压力都对课堂内外产生了负面影响。故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那些对上大学没做好心理准备的学生更有可能有较低的平均成绩，经常服用毒品和/或酒精，并把他们的大学生活整体评价为糟糕或可怜。A. market做买卖；B. ban禁止；C. consume消耗；D. produce生产。根据后文“drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poor.”可知，那些对上大学没做好心理准备的学生更有可能有较低的平均成绩经常消费（购买）毒品和/或酒。故选C项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：高中毕业生在每年的这个时候开始申请大学，父母和在他们生活中有影响力的人可以在帮助孩子建立信心和生活技能方面发挥重要作用。A. aggressive好斗的；B. influential有影响的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. modest谦虚的。根据“parents and people”和“play an important role in helping children build confidence and life skills”可知，父母和在他们生活中有影响力的人可以在帮助孩子建立信心和生活技能方面发挥重要作用。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：指导他们选择最适合自己需要的大学是很重要的——不仅在学术上，而且在情感上。A. offer提供；B. guide指导；C. warn警告；D. command命令。根据后文“them to choose a college that best fits their needs first and foremost”可推知，此处意为指引学生们去选择最适合的大学。guide sb. to do sth.表示“指导某人做某事”。故选B项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：指导他们选择最适合自己需要的大学是很重要的——不仅在学术上，而且在情感上。A. good好的；B. keen渴望的，热心的；C. academic学术的；D. delicate精美的，雅致的。由“a college that best fits their needs”可知，此处指在学术上，和在情感上都要指导学生，“academic sense”意为“学术意识”。故选C项。 20 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点19 高中题型之完形填空命题焦点层次 （初高衔接点及差异） 初中阶段 高中阶段 上海初中完形填空文体:说明文为主、议论文、记叙文为辅; 文本设置6个挖空点。 上海高中英语完形填空，语篇较长，说明文或议论文居多，挖空点15个。备选项以实词为主；命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 衔接指引 初中阶段考查形式：备选项侧重以实词为主，主要以名词、动词、形容词为多、少量涉及副词、连词、介词短语及动词短语辨析。 高中阶段考查形式：备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。 【初中考点聚焦】 一：初中完形填空题型呈现以下特点: 1. 文体:说明文为主、议论文、记叙文为辅; 文本设置6个挖空点。 2. 话题:涉及青少年成长、科技发明、社会现象、教育引导等含哲理及教育意义的语篇; 3. 词数和段落:词数: 250~330个，生词0~2个; 段落: 以4~6段居多; 4. 微技能: 语境推断、 词汇复现、逻辑推理、生活/文化常识。 二：初中完形填空题型考点主要分布情况: 备选项以实词为主，主要以名词、动词、形容词为多、少量涉及副词、连词、介词短语及动词短语辨析。 【示例】 The Letter That Changed a Life A letter changed Levi Strauss’s life. In 1849 gold was discovered in California. Thousands of people rushed to California in 65 of finding gold and becoming wealthy. The people hoping to find gold were foolish and greedy. One of those who headed for California was Levi Strauss. Strauss was different. Strauss was a clever, hard-working man. He was 66 a new start in life. Up to this time, Strauss had worked for his two brothers in New York City. The brothers sold clothes and blankets and other goods. Strauss planned to set up a 67 business to his brothers’ in California. Over the years, Strauss’s business grew. In 1872 he got a letter from one of his customers, a tailor (裁缝) in Nevada. The tailor, Jacob Davis, had an idea for making better work pants. The pockets on work pants often tore. Jacob Davis 68 metal rivets (铆钉) to the pockets. Rivets are pieces of metal used to join things together. The rivets worked well, and the miners liked them. Davis didn’t have enough money to get a patent for his invention. He also needed help making the pants. In his 69 , Davis said that if they worked together, the two of them ‘‘could make a very large amount of money’’. Strauss could see that riveted work pants were a good idea. He agreed to help Davis. The two decided to make the pants. They decided to use denim cloth because it is a strong cloth that doesn’t tear easily and is long lasting. 70 , the riveted denims were called ‘‘dungarees’’. Dungarees is a word from the Hindi language of India that means “rough cloth”. Because they were tough and durable, dungarees were worn by thousands of farmers, miners, builders, and other workers. Later, dungarees came to be called “jeans”. “Jeans” is a better name for the pants than “dungarees”. 65．A．favour B．hopes C．honour D．charge 66．A．looking at B．looking up C．looking for D．looking after 67．A．different B．general C．familiar D．similar 68．A．added B．preferred C．changed D．returned 69．A．diary B．letter C．book D．invitation 70．A．In addition B．Instead C．At first D．However 【高中考点聚焦】 课标解读 上海高考英语完形填空，语篇较长，说明文或议论文居多，挖空点15个。不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。 考点清单 · 考向一：[句内层次题]　 完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。 [示例1]　The amount and scale (规模) of environmental issues may seem too much for ordinary people. But with hard work and determination, anyone can 16 great things. 16． A．turn B．store C．achieve D．promise [示例2]　A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. 59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable [示例3]　__________ its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a conventional office building. A. In place of B. Thanks to C. In spite of D. In addition to · 考向二：[句组层次题]　 比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。 [示例1]The United States does not have a government office that regulates the film industry. Government, (1) _________, does link with the movie business in several ways. 1. A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. otherwise [示例2]　Health care is a necessity for everyone, but not everyone has equal access to it. People in rural communities in particular face barriers to medical care that do not affect people in cities. This is true both in developed countries and in the developing ones and nonprofit organizations are working to address the 1 . A．affection B．medication C．inequality D．necessity [示例3]　Su said Dunhuang can provide diverse cultural exchanges through its cultural relics (遗迹). “By digitizing these relics, we enable people worldwide to understand Dunhuang’s culture, thereby gaining a deeper appreciation for China’s historical 15 to diverse cultural exchanges — that is, an idea of inclusivity, mutual learning and a shared future,” he said. 15．A．adaptation B．attention C．admission D．commitment · 考向三：【语篇层次题】 语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。 [示例] The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排) or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 50 . What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 51. in other words revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. 50. A. technique B. style C. process D. career Passage 1 The Role of Food in Human Culture There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world. With all the advances of the human race, we often forget that our 1 in the animal kingdom goes back even further and deeper, back to one of our most basic needs-food. 2 the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food. In the rest of the animal kingdom, food is by and large simply a matter of providing 3 to one’s body. Animals eat out of 4 . Humans, 5 , see food as so much more than a nutritional need. In fact, we often use food in a 6 way-overeating and eating unhealthy food — which negatively impacts our bodies instead. Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world but when you stop to think about it, isn’t that what most animals do? Why must we be 7 when eating? The answer lies in humankind’s deep 8 with food. It is not just about mindless eating — it is about preparing, creating, discovering, exploring, inventing, and changing our food and food landscape. The role of food in human culture truly does 9 us from our animal relatives. Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain. Having a strong desire and connection with food makes seeking it out a(n) 10 . Food is, of course, a necessity and anyone who has given a dog a treat understands that animals too get 11 and joy out of eating. For humans though, it goes further. Food is 12 . We don’t just use food to satisfy our own needs but to show a(n) 13 connection with others. Food is a way we connect and show love for others. You know a relationship is getting serious when your partner invites you over for a home-cooked meal. When a neighbor or friend 14 a loss, we bring them cookies and cakes. Preparing and sharing food with people you love 15 the connection you have. 1．A．uniqueness B．loneliness C．domination D．sacrifice 2．A．For B．As C．Beyond D．Since 3．A．pleasure B．nutrients C．treatment D．victory 4．A．curiosity B．importance C．wonder D．instinct 5．A．for example B．furthermore C．however D．for one thing 6．A．destructive B．creative C．initial D．practical 7．A．careful B．mindful C．forgetful D．stressful 8．A．connection B．appreciation C．attention D．function 9．A．embrace B．judge C．separate D．identify 10．A．opportunity B．victory C．challenge D．priority 11．A．sorrow B．satisfaction C．nutrients D．achievements 12．A．necessity B．nutrition C．joy D．love 13．A．necessary B．close C．emotional D．actual 14．A．settles B．struggles C．gathers D．suffers 15．A．promotes B．satisfies C．focuses D．seeks Passage 2 Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination 1 : We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even 2 tasks such as planning a vacation. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That 3 to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to be 4 with the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers 5 . “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under the 6 of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor, “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they 7 they did better.” Whatever the 8 (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause 9 . “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own 10 and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to 11 . “We used to believe 12 follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. For instance, you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a(n) 13 bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) 14 ,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, 15 yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around! ) 1．A．comes down to B．runs out of C．puts up with D．breaks away from 2．A．repetitive B．household C．educational D．enjoyable 3．A．opportunity B．inflexibility C．inability D．desire 4．A．concerned B．faced C．contented D．impressed 5．A．observe B．disagree C．cooperate D．confirm 6．A．concept B．progression C．restriction D．circumstances 7．A．realized B．doubted C．assumed D．neglected 8．A．consequence B．motivation C．occasion D．origin 9．A．variation B．reaction C．sympathy D．discomfort 10．A．negative B．intense C．emotional D．indescribable 11．A．think small B．push the boundaries C．aim high D．accept calculated risks 12．A．expressions B．purposes C．promises D．behaviors 13．A．relaxing B．consistent C．distinctive D．irregular 14．A．intention B．opinion C．comparison D．identity 15．A．challenge B．prepare C．improve D．reward Passage 3 One-Track Mind Do you ever check your social media feeds while doing your homework? Perhaps you’ve tackled two tasks at once, in the hope of finishing both in the shortest time possible? Multitasking is often seen as a sign of 1 and can make you feel as if you’re getting more done in fewer hours, but the evidence suggests 2 . Instead of providing a productivity boost, working on two or more tasks simultaneously actually 3 progress. It demands more energy and concentration and can often feel overwhelming. But why is this 4 ? American neuroscientist Robert Desimone at the MIT in the US researches the challenge of information overload. He says that multitasking usually means 5 swapping focus from one task to another. “In general, people often 6 themselves when they think they can perform two or more independent tasks at the same time,” says Robert. ‘Rather than carrying out the tasks simultaneously, they actually switch back and forth between them, with processing time wasted whenever they switch.’ Robert says that the brain’s need to shift focus so often means performance suffers, 7 the tasks are either closely related to each other or completely different. “You can normally walk and talk at the same time because the tasks 8 very different parts of the brain and they almost don’t 9 in the mental processing resources that are needed,” he says. “Walking is also an automated task (one that can be done largely without thinking) so there’s less 10 in the brain.” Imagine trying to read and have a conversation at the same time, 11 . This is much more difficult. The words on the page are different from the words being spoken aloud, but processing both uses the same resources in the brain-the working memory and language 12 systems. Patting your head while rubbing your tummy is notoriously 13 for the same reason. Research suggests it’s more productive to practise unitasking-focusing 14 on a single task until it’s complete. Focusing on one task has many long-term benefits, too. It can lead to better concentration, sounder sleep, reduced anxiety and higher self-esteem. If it sounds worth a(n) 15 , start by asking yourself whether you finished this article without doing anything else. 1．A．originality B．efficiency C．facility D．tendency 2．A．likewise B．indeed C．therefore D．otherwise 3．A．burns down B．breaks down C．slows down D．knocks down 4．A．the case B．the opposite C．the same D．the former 5．A．invariably B．currently C．previously D．repeatedly 6．A．fancy B．fool C．wonder D．defend 7．A．though B．since C．unless D．whether 8．A．contain B．involve C．include D．hold 9．A．overlap B．overtake C．overcome D．overlook 10．A．combination B．comparison C．composition D．competition 11．A．too B．though C．thus D．moreover 12．A．progressing B．processing C．proceeding D．producing 13．A．odd B．demanding C．amazing D．tricky 14．A．attentively B．defensively C．firmly D．exclusively 15．A．entry B．go C．site D．regard 一、完形填空（说明文） Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner. It has been decades since I’ve sat in a classroom in a gathering cloud of 1 or sincerely tried, lesson after lesson, to acquire a skill that was clearly not destined (注定的) to play a large role in my life. Learning to ride a bicycle in my early thirties was a(n) 2 — a little embarrassing when my husband had to run alongside the bike, as you would with a child but ultimately rewarding. Less so was the time when a group of Japanese schoolchildren tried to teach me paper folding at a public event. I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 3 yet another paper crane. Like Tom Vanderbilt, a journalist and the author of Beginners: The Joy and Transformative Power of Lifelong Learning, I learn new facts all the time but new skills 4 . Journalists regularly drop into 5 subcultures and domains (领域) of expertise, learning enough at least to ask the right questions. The distinction he draws between his energetic gathering of declarative knowledge, or knowing that, and his 6 attention to procedural knowledge, or knowing how, is familiar to me. The prospect of 7 myself as, say, a late-blooming skier or marathon runner sparks only an idle interest, something like 8 what it might be like to live in some small town down the road on the highway. There is certainly a way to see that 9 as something positive. If you love your job and find it intellectually and creatively fulfilling, you may not feel the urge to discover other rooms in the house of your mind, whatever 10 and missed opportunities may be lying there. But there are 11 forces at work, too. There’s the fear of being bad at something you think is worthwhile — and, even more so, being seen to be bad at it. What’s the point of starting something new when you know you’ll never be much good at it? Middle age brings greater emotional calm, an unremarkable advantage but a 12 . (The lows aren’t as low, the highs not as high.) Starting all over at something would put you right back into that emotional churn — excitement, self-doubt, but without renewable energy of youth. It might be fun, but it’s less likely to 13 your fate at forty or fifty. But isn’t that what makes lifelong learning so 14 ? As we fumble through (摸索着) new skills or ideas, we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity. In that way, learning becomes less about mastery and more about 15 the ongoing process itself. 1．A．dissatisfaction B．incomprehension C．uncertainty D．distrust 2．A．routine B．exception C．reminder D．obstacle 3．A．completed B．abandoned C．fixed D．ruined 4．A．carefully B．fast C．seldom D．frequently 5．A．popular B．unfamiliar C．contemporary D．established 6．A．durable B．focused C．limited D．deliberate 7．A．reinventing B．declaring C．justifying D．marketing 8．A．wondering B．ignoring C．recognizing D．describing 9．A．curiosity B．pleasure C．anxiety D．reluctance 10．A．satisfied needs B．hidden talents C．trained skills D．buried memories 11．A．less happy B．more entertaining C．less intense D．more visible 12．A．fear B．relief C．burden D．challenge 13．A．observe B．transform C．predict D．control 14．A．confusing B．discouraging C．engaging D．demanding 15．A．redefining B．completing C．reversing D．embracing 二、完形填空（说明文） Eating fast food makes people impatient even when they are not short of time, a new study claims. Students in the study became 1 even when shown the logo of burger chain McDonald’s so quickly on screen that they could not recognize it. Researchers say that daily exposure to fast food brands could have a subliminal (潜意识的) effect on 2 , making people hurry regardless of whether they are pushed for time. They conclude: “Our experiments suggest that the goal of saving time embedded in fast food may have the unexpected consequence of causing 3 and impatience.” Thinking about fast food increases 4 for time-saving products. “More 5 , we found that the mere exposure to fast food symbols reduced people’s willingness to save and led them to prefer immediate 6 over greater future return, finally harming their economic interest.” Student volunteers were quickly shown six logos from fast-food chains — McDonald’s, Burger King, KFC, Subway, Wendy’s and Taco Bell. They could not consciously see what they were but the subliminal effect was 7 . Their reading speed was measured before and after seeing the logos and it was significantly 8 afterwards. Participants also preferred time-saving products like three-in-one skincare treatments rather than 9 versions after seeing the logos. When asked whether they would accept a small sum of money immediately or a larger amount in a week’s time, they again chose 10 reward after being exposed to the brands. Researcher Chen-Bo Zhong, assistant professor of organizational behavior at Canada’s Toronto University, said: “Fast food represents a culture of time efficiency and immediate 11 .” The problem is that the goal of saving time gets activated upon exposure to fast food 12 whether time is a relevant factor in the context. “ 13 , walking faster is time-efficient when one is trying to make a meeting, but it’s a sign of impatience when one is taking a walk in the park.” “We’re finding that the mere exposure to fast food is 14 a general sense of hurriedness and impatience. When I sit in a fast food restaurant, I find myself gobbling (狼吞虎咽)  my Big Mac down at this incredible speed even though there is no 15 at all.” 1．A．hungry B．stressful C．anxious D．timid 2．A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behavior 3．A．inefficiency B．hurriedness C．depression D．ignorance 4．A．preferences B．implications C．ingredients D．intentions 5．A．naturally B．strikingly C．fortunately D．personally 6．A．gain B．proof C．response D．attention 7．A．recorded B．unfulfilled C．celebrated D．marked 8．A．reduced B．accelerated C．emphasized D．neglected 9．A．separate B．special C．expensive D．latest 10．A．potential B．constant C．intense D．instant 11．A．cultivation B．resistance C．satisfaction D．awareness 12．A．in terms of B．on account of C．regardless of D．with respect to 13．A．In other words B．On the contrary C．For example D．In addition 14．A．promoting B．assuming C．making D．demonstrating 15．A．chance B．sense C．rush D．harm 二、完形填空（议论文） Truth be told, a life- changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour. And although parents and teachers alike work diligently to prep their students with the cutting-edge classes and impressive transcripts, they’re 1 one vital skill: emotional intelligence. A poll of 1,502 first-year college students in the U.S. found that a majority of them wish they had received more 2 preparation for college. Emotional preparedness is 3 “the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments, 4 negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship,” according to the survey. “Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation — finding that seems 5 traditional higher education preparation,” said John McPhee, Executive Director of the Jed Foundation, which co- sponsored the survey. “It is clear that emotional preparedness should be better 6 the work that high school communities are doing to guide students through the transition into college.” Data show that college students 7 far more than their academics-- and their stress can take a serious toll (代价) on their 8 in school. Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses, followed by 30 percent who said their biggest 9 was to make new friends. 10 , keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders. All of these 11 had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom. Students who felt less emotionally prepared for college were more likely to have a lower grade point average, regularly 12 drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poor. “As high school seniors start applying to college around this time of year, parents and people 13 in their lives can play an important role in helping children build confidence and life skills, said Marisa Glandella-Porco, Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Porco Foundation, a survey co-sponsor. “It is important to 14 them to choose a college that best fits their needs first and foremost — not only in a(n) 15 sense, but also relative to emotional needs.” Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. 1．A．mastering B．employing C．forgetting D．preparing 2．A．emotional B．careful C．comprehensive D．active 3．A．compared with B．applied to C．adjusted to D．defined as 4．A．arouse B．control C．display D．hide 5．A．short of B．strict with C．contrary to D．proud of 6．A．reminded of B．combined with C．focused on D．devoted to 7．A．depend on B．worry about C．refer to D．respond to 8．A．performances B．grades C．subjects D．requirements 9．A．mistake B．decision C．event D．challenge 10．A．Otherwise B．Thus C．Besides D．However 11．A．pressures B．benefits C．behaviors D．thoughts 12．A．market B．ban C．consume D．produce 13．A．aggressive B．influential C．mysterious D．modest 14．A．offer B．guide C．warn D．command 15．A．good B．keen C．academic D．delicate 11 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$